Дисертації з теми "Hepatitis viruses Prevention"
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Fye, Haddy K. S. "Protein profiling for hepatocellular carcinoma biomarker discovery in West African subjects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8b9cddda-5c65-45f0-9354-9343c317bef6.
Повний текст джерелаSangfelt, Per. "Prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus infection /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-301-9/.
Повний текст джерелаYuen, Man-fung, and 袁孟峰. "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the Chinese: natural history, sequelae, treatment and prevention." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2333177X.
Повний текст джерелаMachiya, Tichaona. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers at the Princess Marina Hospital in Botswana, regarding hepatitis B prevention and control." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/457.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a highly infectious virus responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world wide. Chronic HBV carriers can transmit HBV parenterally in a hospital setting putting healthcare workers (HCWs) and their patients at risk of infection. Aim and objectives: This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards prevention and control of HBV amongst nurses, doctors and laboratory personnel. Objectives were to determine: (a) the knowledge; (b) the attitudes; (c) the practices of nurses, doctors and laboratory personnel; (d) if there are any associations between (1) knowledge and practice, and (2) attitudes and practice; (e) the predictors of HBV vaccination uptake. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to doctors, laboratory staff and nurses at Princess Marina Hospital. Results: Two hundred questionnaires were distributed and a total of 117 were returned, giving an overall response rate of 58.5%. More doctors had good knowledge (38.9% [7/18]), followed by 20% (4/20) of laboratory staff and 11.4% (9/79) of nurses. Most staff (100% [20/20] of laboratory staff; 97.5% [77/79] of nurses; 94.4% [17/18] of doctors) had positive attitudes. More laboratory staff (100 [20/20]) displayed good practices, followed by nurses (94.9% [75/79]); and lastly doctors (88.9% [16/18]). There were no significant associations between knowledge or attitudes and practices. Vaccination was inadequate, with 50.9% (59/116) of HCWs having received at least one dose, and of these only 61% (36/59) receiving all 3 doses. Needle stick injuries occurred in 31.6% (37/117), while 33.9% (39/115) reported blood or body fluid splashes. None of the HCWs accessed PEP after exposure. Being a laboratory worker (OR: 148.4) or doctor (OR: 125.7) were the only predictors of vaccination uptake. Conclusion: There is need to increase knowledge of HCWs, vaccination availability, vaccination uptake, PEP, and reduce the exposures of HCWs.
Wilson, Garrick Kenardo. "Mechanism(s) of hepatitis C virus induced liver injury." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3530/.
Повний текст джерелаSatekge, Mpho Margaret. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevention of hepatitis B virus infections, in final year college student nurses in Gauteng Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/236.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: Hepatitis B infection is a serious blood-borne disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which attacks the liver, and is the leading cause of liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver. HBV can be transmitted through exposure to infected blood and human secretions through needle stick / sharps injuries and splashes. Thus nurses are at high risk for HBV infection. The aim of the study: To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding the prevention of hepatitis B virus infections, in final year college student nurses in Gauteng province. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey on 350 final year nursing students was conducted in three Gauteng province nursing colleges, using an anonymous self administered questionnaire with questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HBV. The data were analysed using SPSS (statistical package for social science studies). Results: Of 350 questionnaires distributed, 312 student nurses returned completed forms (response rate: 89.14% [312/350]). The majority were females (86.8% [270/331]) and were below 31 years of age (30.1% [93/309]). The majority (87.6% [271/310]) had good knowledge of the causes and prevention of HBV. The unvaccinated respondents had fairly low positive attitudes, with a mean, mode and median score of 1 (possible score from -4 to +4). The majority (79% [244/310]) practiced good compliance with universal precautions of, and the majority (64.9% [202/311]) were vaccinated. College A displayed significantly higher knowledge (p<0.001), positive attitudes (p=0.001) and safer practices (p<0.001) than college B and C.
Schwarz, Anne-Katrin. "Defining the mechanism(s) of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/475/.
Повний текст джерелаLukhwareni, Azwidowi. "Exploring the Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis B Virus Diagnosis, Prevention and Control in Co-infected Adult South African Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/242.
Повний текст джерелаBackground and Objectives: South Africa is one of the countries highly affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Some drugs (e.g. lamivudine) used as part of combination antiretroviral regimens for HIV treatment have dual activity against HBV and HIV. Despite high infection rate with both viruses, routine screening for HBV before initiation of treatment for HIV is not yet a standard practice. This study undertook to investigate: (1) the burden of HBV co-infection in HIV-positive patients enrolling for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at Dr George Mukhari hospital, (2) the impact of anti-HBV containing HAART regimens on HBV during the management of HBV/HIV co-infected patients, (3) the co-evolution of HBV and HIV drug-resistant strains, and (4) the correlation of HBV genotypes with response to anti-HBV containing HAART regimens. Study Population and Methods: To investigate the burden of HBV/HIV co-infections, a cohort of 192 HIV patients who were candidates for ARV treatment at Dr George Mukhari hospital were studied by screening for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti- HBc) (Elecsys 2010, Roche Diagnostics) and HBV DNA with an in-house nested PCR assay targeting HBV polymerase gene. Quantitation of HBV DNA positive samples was performed with Roche Cobas Taqman HBV test 48 assay. To investigate the impact of lamivudine-containing HAART regimens on HBV during the management of HBV/HIV co-infected patients, as well as the coevolution of HBV and HIV drug-resistant strains, a total of 78 patients were studied. HBV virological response against lamivudine containing-HAART regimens [1a (lamivudine, stavudine and efaverenz); 1b (lamivudine, stavudine and neviripine)] was measured (Cobas Taqman HBV test 48, Roche diagnostics). HBV direct sequencing targeting HBV polymerase gene was performed on all baseline samples (n=78) and additional samples collected at various time points (n = 45). Direct sequencing was also performed on 30 HIV baseline samples targeting the HIV reverse transcriptase and protease genes (Spectru-Medix SCE 2410 Genetic Analysis System and ABI PRISM® 3100 Genetic Analyzer version 3.7). To explore the genetic diversity of HBV and HIV strains circulating in Pretoria and surrounding areas, as well as the correlation of HBV genotypes with response to lamivudine-containing-HAART regimens in co-infected patients, all baseline and follow-up HBV and HIV sequences were analysed, compared and correlated with treatment. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic studies for both HBV and vi HIV were conducted with MAFFT, Mega 4 and neighbour joining phylogenetic trees generated with the PHYLIP programme. Results: Three significant findings were observed in this study. Firstly, the majority of South African HIV patients enrolling for HAART were exposed to HBV infection and either had acute or chronic HBV infections. A total of 63.0% of patients were found to have one or more HBV markers, with 40.6% having detectable HBV DNA as an indication of replication. The study also detected 22.9% with positive HBsAg, and 23% of 77% HBsAg-negative patients having occult hepatitis B infection. Secondly, HBV/HIV co-infected patients do benefit during the management of HIV infections with lamivudine-containing HAART regimens. A total of 68.4% of patients responded to HAART, with undetectable HBV DNA during 18 to 24 months of follow-up. A total of 91.3% of HIV patients also responded to HAART with an undetectable HIV viral load during 6 to 12 months of follow-up. However, a total of 18% of patients had persistent HBV DNA, yielding various HBV virological responses against lamivudine containing-HAART regimens. This proportion of patients poses a question regarding the management of HBV and HIV coinfections, as guidelines on the use of HAART with anti-HBV activity from developed countries, may not necessarily be followed in developing countries. The results further showed that baseline drug-resistance was more frequent with HIV than HBV in this cohort of patients. The following HIV primary drug resistant mutants were observed: nine major NRT's primary mutants, M41L (1/30), E44A (1/30), V75M (1/30), F77L (1/30), V118I (1/30), M184V (1/30), L210S (1/30), T215Y (1/30) and V90I (1/30), and five major NNRT’s primary mutants were also detected, K103N (3/30), Y318CFSY (1/30), E138Q (1/30), P225H (1/30) and K238T. However, all followup samples had undetectable HIV viral load. In contrast to HIV, only one patient was detected with HBV mutant, M204I, at baseline. The mutant reversed to wild type during 6 months and other follow-up (12, 18 and 24 months). Finally, this study indicated that the HBV genotype A is still the most prevalent genotype circulating in South Africa. Of the 78 HBV sequences, 77 were genotype A and 1 sequence was genotype G. This is the first report from Africa of the detection of HBV genotype G. HIV subtype C remains the predominant prevailing subtype in South Africa. HBV genotype or HIV subtype C was not observed to influence any treatment outcome following treatment with vii lamivudine-containing HAART regimens. The study also indicated that patients on lamivudinecontaining HAART regimens do benefit not only by suppressing HIV and HBV viral load, but also improving immunity (i.e. CD4 cells count increases). Conclusion: Overall, the present study highlights the need for screening HBV before initiation of any HAART containing anti-HBV regimens in HBV/HIV co-infected patients. It necessitates the use of molecular assays for effective laboratory in diagnosis of occult HBV infections in HIVpositive patients, especially in developing countries where these assays are not widely available. While lamivudine-containing HAART regimens do benefit both HBV and HIV patients in co-infected individuals, however, whether HBV virological response is temporary or sustained is unknown at this stage. What is certain is that these patients require an effective monitoring programme as (1) a small percentage experience variable HBV virological responses (partial, reactivation, or no response), and (2) hepatitic flares are likely to develop if HAART is terminated (e.g. by patient), or the current HAART regimen is switched to another regimen without anti-HBV activity. HBV genotype A remains the dominant genotype in South Africa, but novel genotypes can be detected. HIV subtype C was found to be the prevalent subtype. HBV genotype or HIV subtype C were not seen to influence any treatment outcome following treatment with lamivudine-containing HAART regimens. Recommendations: HIV patients should be screened for HBV before initiation of anti-HBV containing HAART regimens. The screening of HBV in HIV patients is also important since some drugs included as part of HAART (e.g. nevirapine) may cause hepatotoxicity and exacerbate HBV infections leading to increased morbidity and mortality due to liver complications. Immunization and immune boosters of HIV patients with low (< 10IU/L) or no immunity against HBV should be done as this could be beneficial, although these patients may not respond optimally, or their immunity may wane faster due to immunocompromised status. Monitoring of both HBV and HIV resistant strains should be conducted for timely detection for the occurrence of multiple resistant mutations, which could limit future therapeutic option for both viruses.
Hutchinson, Sharon J. "Modelling the hepatitis C virus disease burden among injecting drug users in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1340/.
Повний текст джерелаStone, Jack Elliot. "Analysing the role of incarceration in the transmission and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus amongst people who inject drugs." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743044.
Повний текст джерелаBrimacombe, Claire. "The role of CD81 in hepatoma biology and hepatitis C virus infection." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3131/.
Повний текст джерелаPalmateer, Norah E. "Determining the effectiveness of harm reduction interventions in the prevention of hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs in Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5234/.
Повний текст джерелаMalavaud, Sandra. "Exposition professionnelle, moyens de prevention et attitudes vis-a-vis des patients infectes par les virus de l'hepatite b et de l'immunodeficience humaine : une enquete parmi le personnel hospitalier du chu de toulouse (1988)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU31509.
Повний текст джерелаAlswaidi, Fahad M. "Understanding why the Saudi premarital screening programme for thalassemia and sickle cell disease does not always meet in objective of preventing marriage amongst "at-risk" couples, and was testing for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses a useful addition to the programme?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549336.
Повний текст джерелаAbadie, Laurence. "Traitement de l'hépatite C en ville : rôle du pharmacien." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P154.
Повний текст джерелаCrowther, Carol. "Recombinant Pegylated first and third generation adenovirus vectors for delivery of anti-Hepatitis B virus RNA interference effectors." Thesis, 2014.
Знайти повний текст джерелаBloom, Kristie Michelle. "Inactivation of hepatitis B virus CCCDNA using engineered transcription activator-like affector nucleases." Thesis, 2014.
Знайти повний текст джерелаHung, Hui-Fang, and 洪惠芳. "Economic Evaluation of Preventive Strategies on Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Sequelae." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75491898060093542764.
Повний текст джерела臺灣大學
預防醫學研究所
98
Background Hepatitis B virus infection is a major health problem worldwide. Understanding the mode of HBV transmission route is important but it is difficult to observe directly so mathematical modeling is an alternative approach. There are multi-level prevention strategies for perinantal transmission including immunization, immunoglobulin injection and maternal lamivudine prophylaxis use in third gestation trimester. Moreover, there is lacking of evaluation, particularly long-term follow-up, of the cost and effectiveness of these prevention strategies simultaneously for the hepatitis B virus infection and its related sequelae. The current thesis focused on three major themes, including (1) modeling the dynamics of HBV infection with a stochastic process making allowance for the mixture proportion of vertical transmission and horizontal transmission; (2) assessing the efficacy of lamivudine use in arresting perinatal transmission through a meta-analysis of literatures; (3) economic evaluation of long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of universal vaccination and lamivudine use. Method For transmission mode, a five-state stochastic model, including susceptible, latent period, active viral replication, carrier and recovery, was use to quantify the dynamics of HBV infection with the consideration of vertical transmission and horizontal transmission. By including three studies on maternal lamivudine use in late pregnancy, a meta-analysis using a Bayesian approach was conducted. A decision analysis was performed to compare total costs and effectiveness between the prevention strategies: universal vaccination and no-vaccination in the year of 1984 and maternal lamivudine use and universal vaccination in the year of 2008. The Markov process was defined as a series of states including acute hepatitis B virus infection, asymptomatic carrier, chronic hepatitis, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, hepatoma, and death. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life years gained and acute infection averted calculated at a 3% discount rate. By assigning a series of specific distributions to each parameter, a probabilistic cost-effective analysis using Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to yield 5000 incremental cost-effectiveness ratio replicates. Result In five-state model, the transmission parameter of annual infection rate for susceptible subjects was estimated to be 1.1-3.5% and 0.072-1.112 per year from latent period to active viral replication. Approximately with rate of 0.119-0.184 per year active viral replication may leave as chronic carrier. Annual recovery rates were 1.4-2.4% and 4.8-8.8% for carrier and transient viremia, respectively. Approximately 41.4-80.2% infected subjects were derived from vertical transmission. After allowing for heterogeneity, the efficacy of the maternal lamivudine use statistically significantly halves perinatal transmission compared with the untreated group (RR= 0.52, 95% CI: 0.24-0.94). The effectiveness of a universal vaccination program for reducing hepatocellular carcinoma cases and deaths was approximately 86% compared to no vaccination. The average life years gained per subject as a result of such a universal vaccination was 3.9. The vaccination program dominated over a no-vaccination program (less cost and more effectiveness). Given literature review on the application of lamivudine, the overall efficacy in reducing Hepatitis B virus DNA level was 98.3 % and 48 % in reducing vertical transmission with outcomes measured by HBsAg or Anti-HBc. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for prophylactic strategy versus routine active-passive immunoprophylaxis was $47,059 from health care payer perspective whereas dominance has been noted for societal viewpoint. Conclusion Prophylactic lamivudine use can reduce 50% chance of perinatal transmission related to hepatitis B virus infection based on integrated empirical data. The proportion of vertical transmission among all HBV infection varies even in different areas of the same country, which was higher in southern area (80%) and lower in northern area (41%) of Taiwan. The vaccination program dominated over a no-vaccination program (less cost and more effectiveness). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for prophylactic maternal lamivudine use versus routine universal vaccination was $47,059 from health care payer perspective whereas dominance has been noted for societal viewpoint. These findings suggest the administration of lamivudine to mothers with high HBV viremia added to current vaccination strategy may improve the vaccination breakthrough and seem to be cost-effective.
鳥居, ゆか, and Yuka Torii. "Causes of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus under the at-risk prevention strategy in Japan." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20394.
Повний текст джерелаCurado, Ana Raquel Dias. "Management of hepatitis C virus infection : are children the same as adults?" Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/24844.
Повний текст джерелаA Hepatite C tornou-se um relevante problema de saúde pública. Cerca de 3% da população mundial está infectada, no entanto, a prevalência nas crianças é baixa. Distintamente dos adultos, em que a principal via de transmissão é o uso de drogas injectáveis, actualmente, na idade pediátrica, a transmissão vertical é a principal causa. Na sua maioria, as crianças infectadas pelo vírus da Hepatite C são assintomáticas e apresentam uma progressão geralmente lenta da doença. Ainda assim, alguns grupos seleccionados podem beneficiar de tratamento em idade pediátrica com interferão (IFN) alfa peguilado e ribavarina. A abordagem da Hepatite C na criança pode mudar drasticamente num futuro próximo com a introdução de regimes terapêuticos sem IFN, adequados à populacão pediátrica. Esta revisão tem como objectivo proporcionar informação actualizada sobre a abordagem da Hepatite C na idade pediátrica e perspectivar as diferenças desta infecção no adulto e na criança.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has become a public health issue. About 3% of the world’s population is affected by HCV. However, prevalence of HCV infection in children is low. Unlike adults, in which the main route of transmission is by intravenous drug use, the most common via of HCV infection in children is, currently, vertical transmission by HCV infected mothers. Nearly all of infected children are asymptomatic, showing a slowly progressive course of disease. Nevertheless, selected children may benefit from treatment with pegylated interferon (IFN)-alfa plus ribavirin. The possibility of IFN-free regiments, suitable for pediatric population, can drastically chance the management of HCV infection in children in the near future. The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the management of HCV infection in the pediatric age group, as well as the differences between the HCV infection in children and adults.
Yi-WenLiu and 劉依雯. "Application with Theory of Planned Behavior for Preventing Hepatitis C Virus Infection in A Hyper-endemic Rural Area." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22565160399229596656.
Повний текст джерела國立成功大學
護理學系碩博士班
99
Purpose: The theory of planned behavior was applied to frame and determine the correlates, in order to predict the behaviors required for preventing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Method: The cross-sectional design used to survey related information. We recruited 238 residents who were aged above 20, from a remote rural area with HCV endemic in northern area of southern Taiwan. After informed consent given, 193 subjects completed the survey. The response rate was 81.1%. The structured questionnaire, which was well developed and examined for content validity and internal consistency reliability, was used to generate data, collected by a well-trained interviewer in a community activity center. The predictors of behaviors for HCV prevention were determined by stepwise multiple linear regression. Results: After adjusting for age, the indicators and the power estimated including: intentions at 49%, family support at 12.8% and perceived behavioral controls at 1.2% could significantly predict the behaviors for preventing HCV infection, respectively. Conclusion: We suggest that intention be promoted firstly; it would effectively improve residents』 execution of activities related to the prevention of behaviors related to HCV infection. Family support is positively effective as well, in regard to HCV prevention.
Liu, Ziqing. "Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Hepatocytes and Astrocytes." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5277.
Повний текст джерелаApproximately 2.8% of the world population is currently infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are often generated in chronic hepatitis C patients yet fail to control the infection. In the first two chapters of this study, we focused on two alternative routes of HCV transmission, which may contribute to HCV’s immune evasion and establishment of chronic infection. HCV was transmitted via a cell-cell contact-mediated (CCCM) route and in the form of exosomes. Formation of HCV infection foci resulted from CCCM HCV transfer and was cell density-dependent. Moreover, CCCM HCV transfer occurred rapidly, involved all four known HCV receptors and intact actin cytoskeleton, and led to productive HCV infection. Furthermore, live cell imaging revealed the temporal and spatial details of the transfer process. Lastly, HCV from HCV-infected hepatocytes and patient plasma occurred in both exosome-free and exosome-associated forms and the exosome-associated HCV remained infectious, even though HCV infection did not significantly alter exosome secretion. In the third chapter, we characterized HCV interaction with astrocytes, one of the putative HCV target cells in the brain. HCV infection causes the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in more than 50% of chronically infected subjects but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We showed that primary human astrocytes (PHA) were very inefficiently infected by HCV, either in the free virus form or through cell-cell contact. PHA expressed all known HCV receptors but failed to support HCV entry. HCV IRES-mediated translation was functional in PHA and further enhanced by miR122 expression. Nevertheless, PHA did not support HCV replication regardless of miR122 expression. To our great surprise, HCV exposure induced robust IL-18 expression in PHA and exhibited direct neurotoxicity. In summary, we showed that CCCM HCV transfer and exosome-mediated HCV infection constituted important routes for HCV infection and dissemination and that astrocytes did not support productive HCV infection and replication, but HCV interactions with astrocytes and neurons alone might be sufficient to cause CNS dysfunction. These findings provide new insights into HCV infection of hepatocytes and astrocytes and shall aid in the development of new and effective strategies for preventing and treating HCV infection.