Статті в журналах: "Heating engineering calculation"

1

Melekhin, Andrei. "Development of engineering calculator for heating systems." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304001.

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The author has developed an engineering calculator for calculating the heat flow for heating buildings according to the enlarged parameters of the object. The algorithm of the calculator is based on the method of determining the amount of heat energy and heat carrier in water systems of municipal heat supply. The author carried out a systematic analysis of thermal loads on heating of buildings in Russia according to the data of implemented building projects. With this in mind, new coefficients a, n were calculated to determine the specific heating characteristics of the building for newly constructed buildings. The algorithm for calculating the heating of buildings according to the enlarged parameters of the object is corrected. The calculation algorithm is implemented in the software

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2

Meng, Da Wei, Bo Qun Zhang, and Xiao Xuan Shi. "Calculation of Temperature Rise for High-Voltage Induction Motor with Compact Type in Starting Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.232.

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Medium-sized high-voltage motor’s starter temperature rising is difficult to accurately calculate. In this paper, the heating and cooling process at the start of the motor windings are analyzed, from the perspective of practical engineering, according to the actual structure of the motor, the motor drag establish a network model and dynamic thermal network diagrams, calculating the electrical heating and cooling conditions. This paper took consideration of the influence to the motor heating from current and impedance changes in the process of starting. Taking the times as the step size and basing on the raw heat and heat capacity of each period to calculate the motor temperature rise of the motor windings. For example the motor of YJKK500-4, 2500kW motor, calculating the motor winding temperature raise, the calculation which achieved with the experimental results, the calculation method has the engineering practicality.

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3

Huo, Lin, and Tao Yang. "The Rapid Engineering Aero-Heating Calculation Method for Hypersonic Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (July 2015): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.59.

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The rapid engineering aero-heating calculation method for hypersonic vehicles is established for the question of computational efficiency during conceptual design stage. First the pressure distribution along vehicle’s surface is calculated by modified Newtonian theory. Secondly, the streamline along the surface is calculated with Newtonian steepest decent concept. Then by using reference enthalpy method, the heat flux on the surface is given. Finally, the heat flux on the surfaces of blunted cone, lifting body and wave-rider vehicle is calculated The analysis result shows the method used in this paper is fit for hypersonic vehicles, and can satisfies the aero-heating calculation during conceptual design stage in both efficiency and accuracy.

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4

CHULKOV, Alexander A., Yury S. VYTCHIKOV, and Igor V. KUDINOV. "RESEARCH OF HEATING APPLIANCE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES." Urban construction and architecture 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2016.04.8.

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The results of thermotechnical testing of aluminium, iron and bimetal heaters are presented. Heating capacity of appliances is determined by experiments, heat time is found by experimental and theoretical methods. Engineering method of dynamic properties calculation is proposed. Results analysis shows the differences between heat time and estimated heat time. In this regard correction index is added in calculation formula.

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5

Deliiski, Nencho, Anton Geffert, Jarmila Geffertova, Veselin Brezin, and Izabela Radkova. "Engineering Approach for Computation of the Energy Consumption Needed for Defrosting and Subsequent Heating of Frozen Wood Chips." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.50.

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An engineering approach for the calculation of the specific mass energy consumption, which is needed for defrosting and the subsequent heating of the frozen wood chips above the hydroscopic range, (in kWh·t-1), has been suggested. Equations for easy calculation of have been derived, depending on the wood moisture content u, on the fiber saturation points of the wood species at 20 °C and at –2 °C (i.e. at 293.15 K and at 271.15 K), and respectively, on the initial chips’ temperature, T0 , and on the final temperature of the heated after their defrosting chips, T1.For the calculation of the according to the suggested approach and equations a software program has been prepared in MS Excel 2010. With the help of the program calculations have been carried out for the determination of the energy consumption , which is needed for defrosting and subsequent heating of oak, acacia, beech, and poplar frozen chips with moisture content in the range from u = 0.4 kg·kg-1 to u = 1.0 kg·kg-1, initial temperature t0 = –20 °C and t0 = –10 °C until reaching of the chips‘ mass temperature of t1 = 80 °C, t1 = 100 °C, and t1 = 120 °C at the end of the heating.

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6

Tokarev, Vyacheslav V., and Zoya I. Shalaginova. "Development of operating conditions of district heating systems with quality regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 102 (2019): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910203011.

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District heating systems (DHS) have developed as large-scale and very complex engineering structures. In different countries of the world, are used various strategies of their regulation: by quality, by quantity, by combining of quality and quantity. The purpose of the operating conditions development is to find such conditions under which the supply of consumers with the required amount of heat by given quality while observing all the technical and technological requirements. The task of calculating the DHS conditions is to find the distribution of flows, pressures and temperatures across all elements of the design scheme for a given topology, hydraulic and thermal characteristics of its elements and boundary conditions. There are two types of calculation of DHS conditions: adjustment and verification. In article presented DHS operating regime development technology. The “Angara-HN” software can perform the whole complex of calculations.

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7

VYTCHIKOV, Yury S., Mikhail Ye SAPAREV, and Vladislav A. GOLIKOV. "USE OF MONOLITHIC FOAM CONCRETE IN ENCLOSING STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES WITH VARIABLE THERMAL CONDITIONS." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.04.2.

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This article considers the features of the use of monolithic foam concrete as a heat-insulating layer in the building enveloping structures of buildings operated under intermitt ent heating conditions. To assess the eff ectiveness of the use of monolithic foam concrete in building enveloping structures, a thermal engineering calculation of the outer wall, insulated with the use of monolithic foam concrete, was carried out. Based on the calculations carried out by the authors, graphs of the dependence of the heating time of multilayered enclosing structures on the thickness of the heat-insulating layer and the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the structure were obtained. The optimum range of thicknesses and densities of monolithic foam concrete for thermal insulation of external walls of buildings, operated in conditions of intermitt ent heating, is off ered. This calculation also showed that the use of foam concrete as a heater from the inside of the outer wall can reduce the load on the foundation of the building.

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8

Pakere, Ieva, Dace Lauka, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Estimation of Carbon Emission Reduction from Upgrading the DH Network to the 4th Generation. Multivariate Linear Regression Model." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0055.

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Abstract The district heating (DH) system consists of three basic elements – a heat source, heating network and heat consumers. All of these elements have a definite role in the overall development of the DH system. The transition to 4th generation DH (4GDH) involves changes in each of those elements that interact with each other. Therefore, various related processes form the potential energy savings and reduction of CO2 emissions when introducing 4GDH as whole system in all elements. To estimate the potential outcome from such projects it requires complex engineering calculations, which is not always possible without relevant expertise. The article describes a novel simplified methodology for evaluating the potential GHG emission reduction when implementing 4GDH. Thus, it is proposed to use a simplified calculation formula from linear regression model for the calculation of CO2 reduction.

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9

Tuomas, Edvardas, and Saulius Neverbickas. "METHODOLOGY OF THE PRIMARY DATA RECONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PIPE HEATING SYSTEMS/VIENVAMZDŽIŲ ŠILDYMO SISTEMŲ PIRMINIŲ DUOMENŲ NUSTATYMO METODIKA." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 5 (October 31, 1999): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1999.10531482.

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The majority of dwellings in Lithuania are situated in blocks of flats. The dwellings were built after World War II and they are heated by single pipe central heating systems, connected to district heating. The dwellers are not quite satisfied with such a heating system and try to improve it, but do that in a wrong way, by increasing the surface of radiators. Such means lead to violation of thermal regime and comfort conditions for other dwellers. There exists sometimes the necessity of reconstructing premises and together—the heating system. During the reconstruction the primary heat fluxes from radiators should be known, but very often such data are lost and only the size of radiators (number of sections) are known. To reconstruct the required primary data for single pipe systems is complicated because the temperatures of inlet and outlet water for radiators are unknown. In this article the methodology is proposed how to perform the calculations leading to the required data. The aim of calculations is the establishment of heat fluxes from each radiator connected to the riser. Heat flux from radiator can be calculated according the formula (1) but the complex coefficient is unknown. It could be found from formulae (2) but some magnitudes are unknown. According to the proposed methodology the values of unknown magnitudes are taken approximately and calculations are performed with iterations. In such a way the flow rate of water in riser is established from formula (3), which is the same for each radiator (the property of single pipe system). From formulas (3) and (4) an equation is produced (5), and is used for calculations of unknown temperatures. The equation (6) is used for calculation of heat fluxes from radiators. To carry out the above-mentioned calculations without computer practically is impossible due to many cycles of iteration. The programme was prepared to make easy all these calculations. The scheme of algorithm of programme is given in Fig 1. An example of calculation is given in this article. Calculations were fulfilled by newly created programme. The riser chosen for calculation is shown in Fig 2. The results of calculation are given in Table 1. The table shows that according to the proposed methodology the programme based on it can be used for reconstruction of primary data of single pipe heating systems successfully.

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10

Drojetzki, Lawrence, and Janusz Wojtkowiak. "Ceiling mounted radiant panels – calculations of heat output in heating and cooling application." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400035.

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This paper describes calculations of heat exchange between a radiant heating and cooling ceiling panel and the surrounding space. The calculations were created on the basis of empirical equations published in literature and experimental research of radiant ceiling panels carried out at the Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Poznan University of Technology. Changes in heating or cooling output vs. air and panel surface temperature difference were investigated. Based on the calculation results, the influence of the colour, gloss and shape of the panels surface on the heating or cooling capacity was indicated. Performed calculations show that the proportion of radiation in the whole heat exchange for the matte black ceiling panel reach 50% for cooling and 75% for heating mode for the considered temperatures. Comparing two rectangular, square and circular panels with the same area, it has been shown that the shape of the surface affects the heat exchange due to the difference in convectional flows in the boundary layers for different cases. Possible explanations of the discrepancies between the theoretical model and experimental results were presented.

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11

Zhang, Lin Hua, Dong Yang, Ling Liu, and Ting Ting Chen. "The Research of Heat Loss Calculation Model of Directly-Buried Heating Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2106.

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In this paper, we shall discuss the calculate method of heat loss of central heating pipes.the calculation formulas available are too complicated and inconvenienced to analysis the dynamic thermal conditions of heating pipeline. Therefore, this paper presents one order polynomial with least-squares solution, and then establishes linear equations of heating pipeline heat loss that the hot water temperature as a variable alone. It is based on the comparision and analysis of buried hot water heating pipeline heat loss formula. This method will simplify not only the calculation, but also the model of calculation analysis for different diameter, different insulation materials. The result is that the deviation of the formula is caused mainly by the thermal resistance. The relative errors of simplified formula and the selection formulas are less than 3%, which can meet the requirements for engineering applications.

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12

Qu, Bao Zhong, Cheng Hong Zhang, and Cheng Guang Zhang. "Study on Missile Thick Wall Temperature Calculation for Aerodynamic Heat." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2501.

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Due to the missile in flight, the airflow temperature around the missile body shall rise and the surface of the missile body shall also be heated. It introduces the engineering calculation method of thick wall aerodynamic heating of the missile, including air flow parameters, heat exchange coefficient and the head surface temperature calculation formula of the missile body.

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13

Noh, Jackyou, Jong Gye Shin, Kwang Hee Ko, and Jae An Chun. "An Embedded Prototype for a Distributed and Automated Line Heating System." Journal of Ship Production 25, no. 04 (November 1, 2009): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2009.25.4.182.

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Automated line heating systems have been developed based on stand-alone operation with no consideration of the extensibility and maintainability. In the line heating shop, many of the line heating works are performed simultaneously; therefore, a collaborative and simultaneous automated line heating system is needed. In order to develop such a new line heating system, the current line heating process was analyzed, and then a distributed and automated process was determined, and the parts to be distributed and automated were identified to propose a distributed and automated line heating system based on modularization and network. Information and data flow from production design to robot control have been analyzed and integrated in the system. The system has two main processes: the calculation of the line heating information and execution of a working unit without calculation. A prototype of the system has been developed to study the feasibility of the system. Tests were carried out by using real production design data of a middle-sized Korean shipyard.

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14

Lu, Li Bing, Meng Gao, and Dong Li. "Three Calculation Methods for the Influence of Heat Loss by Infiltration." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1589.

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For multi-storey buildings,different calculation methods of cold air infiltration heat consumption have great impact on heating heat load of rooms in winter. With taking different methods,the calculation results will vary widely when architectual desigh institutes calculate room heat load. This paper compared the gap method,the ventilation rate method and the percentage method for the certain rooms infiltration heat loss,trying to make that simple and in line with the actual engineering calculation method.

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15

Maistrenko, A. V. "Building structures thermal calculation." Advanced Engineering Research 21, no. 3 (October 18, 2021): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2021-21-3-260-267.

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Introduction. The thermal calculation of a volumetric structure using the finite element method is considered. According to the plans of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, a powerful wind energy industry will be created in the country in the coming years. In this regard, calculations in the production of building structures of wind power plants are currently becoming a challenge. The production of such fiberglass structures is a complex thermochemical process, including the polymerization of the binder under strictly specified thermal conditions. The work objective is to develop a method for three-dimensional finite element calculation of the non-stationary heating mode of a complexshaped composite structure.Materials and Methods. The determination of the temperature fields of a complex-shaped structure made of inhomogeneous materials causes using numerical methods and, first of all, the finite element method. The finite element modeling of the behavior of composite materials under molding is still incomplete. For its partial solution, the well-known heat conduction equation is adapted for a specific problem based on the first law of thermodynamics. New finite element models describing the thermal fields in the structure during its manufacture are proposed. The accuracy of modeling thermal processes is specified. Numerical simulation of heating is carried out.Results. The solution to the problem was performed in the multifunctional software complex ANSYS with the implementation of the calculation method in the parametric programming language APDL. The temperature fields of the blade elements of wind power plants at the stage of their manufacture were calculated, which made it possible to identify the characteristic features of the production process of these structures and to obtain recommendations for clarifying the process of their gluing.Discussion and Conclusions. The results obtained can be used in thermal calculations of elements of complex layered structures made of composite materials in wind power, mechanical engineering, aircraft, shipbuilding, instrumentation, etc.

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16

Demirbas, Ayhan. "Calculation of higher heating values of fatty acids." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 18 (September 16, 2016): 2693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2015.1115924.

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17

CHULKOV, Alexander A. "STUDY OF THE HEAT-SHIELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE-LAYER EXTERIOR WALLS OF BUILDINGS WITH INTERMITTENT HEATING." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.04.3.

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The description of the thermal regime of an individual building operated in the intermitt ent heating mode is presented. A technique has been developed for determining the required thickness of two-layer external walls, which ensures the fulfi llment of sanitary-hygienic and comfortable living conditions, as well as the minimum time for their heating in the process of a room’s heating. On the basis of the author’s methodology, the heat engineering calculation of a two-layer outer wall of a frame building, insulated with a ventilated facade, was carried out. The results of the thermal calculation of the two-layer outer wall of the building, operated under intermitt ent heating, are presented. The graph shows the change in the temperature of the internal air in individual buildings that are operated periodically.

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18

Xia, Yunyan, Dawei Meng, and Yongming Xu. "Calculation for the Heating and Safe Operation Time of YKK Series High-voltage Motors in Starting Process." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2013): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001307010039.

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In order to analyze the heating and cooling conditions of high voltage motors of YKK series in starting process, the starting characteristics and ventilation systems are calculated. The starting characteristics calculation method is improved and compared with the static characteristic, dynamic characteristics come to more consistent with the actual situation. The calculation result of heating is more accurate according to the calculation of dynamic characteristics. A windresistance network model is built combined with the motor cooling structure to calculate the distribution of air flow in the motor. The locked-rotor safety running time in starting process is calculated based on the accurate calculation of heating and cooling condition. The result is more close to the experiment and it has an important significance to the design and improvement of YKK series high voltage motor.

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19

Fu, Yong Zheng, Yao Xiong, and Hui Hui Liu. "Discussion of Hydraulic Calculation Methods for Hot Water Heating Direct Return System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3049.

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For hot water heating direct return system, the common hydraulic calculation method in engineering design is constant temperature drop method,which is calculated from the farthest riser loop. Due to the limit of the minimum pipe size, the method is usually difficult to achieve the hydraulic balance for every riser loop, and it needs the utilization of valves to meet the need. In this paper, through a calculation example, it has explained that every riser loop is very easy to achieve hydraulic balance without the utilization of valves when the system is calculated from the nearest riser loop. Besides, the calculation order of this method has been given.

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20

Safonov, A. N., E. A. Shcherbakova, M. N. Ivlieva, A. N. Trofimov, and Ya A. Krasnov. "Calculation of the kinetics of steel austenization in laser heating." Journal of Engineering Physics 57, no. 6 (December 1989): 1470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871392.

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21

Conte, M., B. Pinedo, and A. Igartua. "Frictional heating calculation based on tailored experimental measurements." Tribology International 74 (June 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.01.020.

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22

Liu, Gang, Guang Yu, and Qingyuan Xue. "Study on variable condition model for steam turbine based on internal and external characteristics." MATEC Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 03071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235503071.

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It is not easy to carry out the detailed variable condition calculation of steam turbine in engineering application. In this paper, a variable condition calculation model based on the internal and external characteristics of steam turbine is proposed, and a variable condition calculation model of constant power and constant flow is established. The model is applied to calculate 75% THA, 50%THA, typical industrial and heating extraction conditions of a subcritical 330 MW unit. The error is small compared with the design value, and the calculation accuracy meets the requirements. The results show that the model has high accuracy and can meet the requirements of engineering application.

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23

Ivančić, Aleksandar, Joaquim Romaní, Jaume Salom, and Maria-Victoria Cambronero. "Performance Assessment of District Energy Systems with Common Elements for Heating and Cooling." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082334.

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District energy systems, especially those integrating renewables or low exergy sources, have multiple elements for generating heating and cooling. Some of these elements might be used for both purposes: heating and cooling, either simultaneously or alternatively. This makes it more complex to separate the assessment and have a clear picture on performance of cooling service on one side, and heating services on the other, in terms of energy, environmental, and economic results. However, a correct comparison between different district energy configurations or among district energy and conventional solutions requires split assessment of each service. The paper presents a methodology for calculating different district heating and cooling system key performance indicators (KPIs), distinguishing between heating and cooling ones. A total of eleven indicators are organized under four categories: energy, environment, economy and socio-economy. Each KPI is defined for heating service and for cooling service. According to this, the methodology proposes a demand-based and an investment-based share factors that facilitate the heating and cooling KPI calculation.

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24

VYTCHIKOV, Yury S., Mikhail Ye SAPAREV, and Vladislav A. GOLIKOV. "OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT-SHIELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTERIOR WALLS OF COUNTRY COTTAGES, INSULATED WITH MONOLITHIC FOAM CONCRETE." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.03.5.

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The heat-shielding properties of three-layer external walls insulated with monolithic foam concrete are considered in the article. The temperature is given in rooms operated in intermitt ent heating conditions. An optimal exterior wall design is proposed using monolithic foam concrete for the construction of country cott ages. For this design, the results of heat engineering calculations are presented using the analytical dependence of determining the heat transfer resistance, which ensures the minimum warm-up time of the wall. The results of the calculation are presented in tabular form for a given heating time and density of foam concrete. Also a relationship is described to determine the maximum allowable resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall at diff erent densities of monolithic foam concrete.

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25

Dughiero, F., S. Lupi, and P. Siega. "ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF TRAVELLING WAVE INDUCTION HEATING SYSTEMS." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb051870.

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26

Ford, J., A. J. Griffiths, and J. A. Brandon. "Optimization of the fuel input to an industrial heating plant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 212, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406981521574.

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The paper describes the calculation of the minimum amount of fuel required to warm a simple model of a batch heating plant that has an active temperature constraint on the furnace gas. The method of calculation combines optimal control theory and a direct search with a downhill simplex to place the temperatures of the multiple nodes of the load inside a target envelope. The split boundary value problem is solved by shooting. Shooting is facilitated by omitting from the plant model the thermal storage of the gas enclosed within the plant. The purpose of the calculation is to illustrate that minimizing a linear integral of fuel flow does not lead to bang-bang control and that the constraint on the gas temperature is easily handled by treating it as a control constraint.

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Monstvilas, Edmundas, Vytautas Stankevicius, Juratė Karbauskaitė, Arunas Burlingis, and Karolis Banionis. "HOURLY CALCULATION METHOD OF BUILDING ENERGY DEMAND FOR SPACE HEATING AND COOLING BASED ON STEADY-STATE HEAT BALANCE EQUATIONS." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.689994.

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Correct evaluation of solar heat gains through fenestration into the rooms has a great impact on energy demand calculations for buildings. This article presents an hourly energy demand calculation method for heating and cooling, which considers the fact that the solar radiation flow passed through the transparent fenestration into the rooms is not adequate to the thermal energy flow. This method considers that the thermal energy flow in the rooms transformed from solar thermal radiation depends on the short-wave thermal radiation absorption coefficient of internal surfaces of the rooms. The value of short-wave thermal radiation absorption coefficient forms a considerable impact on the flow of thermal energy gains in the room. The presented method differs from others on that score that it considers additionally physical lows, according to which the solar short-wave thermal radiation energy admitted into the room is converted into the thermal energy. This hourly method enables precise calculating the hourly mean of indoor temperature and energy demand for heating and cooling of the buildings during the day.

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Wang, Ying Ying, and Yan Feng Liu. "A Proposal for Winter Outdoor Design Temperature of Intermittent Heating." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5021.

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Based on the statistical method of the heating outdoor design temperature in HVAC design code, we use two calculation methods to analyze the outdoor design temperature and the heating load of some typical cities for intermittent heating . The results show that: the heating outdoor design temperature is higher 3.8 °C and 4.6 °C than that of the current standard value for long-term and short-term intermittent heating respectively, accordingly, the heating load of the long-term and short-term intermittent heating can be reduced by 9% and 15% according to the new outdoor design temperature calculated by this paper.

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Fomenko, Igor, Daria Shubina, Denis Gorobtsov, and Olga Sirotkina. "Thawing of permafrost soils under the water intake facility (the Taas-Yurekh river, Yakutia, Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914009002.

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Infrastructure development and oil field exploitation are facing great difficulties. This is caused by the engineering geological conditions changing and transformation of the upper part of the section due to the anthropogenic influence. The article contains the results of researching permafrost soils conditions in the bucket-type water intake facility foundation near the Taas-Yurekh River, Yakutia, Russia (the eastern block of Srednebotuobinskoye oil/gas-condensate field). As a result of the research area engineering geological conditions analysis, the geotechnical scheme was constructed, and on the base of it the soils thawing depth mathematical modelling due to the water heating influence was performed. The soils thawing depth calculation due to the heating of the water in the reservoir was performed with the TEMP/W software of GeoStudio, which is based on the finite element method. The forecast for the end of the facility lifetime was based on the temperature measurements in the reservoir and the soil surface. The calculations results show that the maximum thawing depth due to the water heating influence will be 36 meters with the lower border temperature of -1°C, and it decreases to 16 meters with -10°C lower border temperature.

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30

Zhai, Qing Zhi, Jian Hua Yang, and Yang Chen. "Web-Aided Design for Dimensioning Power Cables." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2233.

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The size selection of cables is not only to avoid the excessive heating and the danger of fire, but also to insure the service and the reliability of the concerned electric circuit. In the context of the dimension of the cables, some standards should be observed and necessary calculations should be done. With the requirement of the worldwide expansion application on Internet, the approach and the architecture of a complete Web-aided design platform are proposed for dimensioning the cables. The platform supports some calculation methods which are necessary for selecting the cables. Both XML documents and databases are used to interchange power system data and calculation results between Web servers and clients.

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31

Hazama, Taira, and Kenji Yokoyama. "Development of versatile nuclear heating calculation system in MARBLE." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (May 2013): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2013.785280.

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32

Zadvinskaya, Taisia Olegovna, and Alexandr Sergeevich Gorshkov. "Comprehensive Method of Energy Efficiency of Residential House." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1570.

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The article describes a method of increasing the efficiency of heat energy. The method is based on installation of heat metering system and automatic controlled domestic heating plant in residential building. An example of comparative calculation of the heat input and estimation for heat energy in a typical residential building, according to different methods which are used for the calculation of extra charge by the energy supplier, in the presence of the heat metering system and automatic controlled domestic heating plant and without. Calculated payback period of the proposed activities.

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33

Vytchikov, Yuri S., Аlexey Yr Vytchikov, Mikhail E. Saparev, and Alexander A. Chulkov. "Features of calculation of heat consumption for heating energy-efficient buildings." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.04.8.

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In connection with the implementation of the energy saving program in construction, the regulatory requirements for thermal protection of enclosing structures have significantly increased, which has led to the construction of energy efficient buildings with low energy consumption. The article presents the results of the heat engineering calculation of an 8-storey residential building under construction in the city of Samara. The outer walls of the first two floors are insulated with a facade system, the upper floors are made in the form of well masonry, as a heater for which thermal insulation is designed in the form of a cassette of three sheets of foam foam, mounted on a wooden frame. An assessment of the energy efficiency of the above-mentioned building was made and an analysis was made of the influence of the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall on the value of the specific heat consumption for heating the building, as well as increased heat loss in window slopes on the energy consumption in a residential building.

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34

Yang, Shihai, Huiling Su, Xun Dou, Mingming Chen, and Yixuan Huang. "Heat Balance Calculation and Energy Efficiency Analysis for Building Clusters Based on Psychrometric Chart." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 7606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227606.

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How to perform accurate calculation of heat balance and quantitative analysis of energy efficiency for building clusters is an urgent problem to be solved to reduce building energy consumption and improve energy utilization efficiency. This article proposes a method for the heat balance calculation and energy efficiency analysis of building clusters based on enthalpy and humidity diagrams and applies it to the energy management of building clusters containing primary return air systems and heating pipe networks. Firstly, the basic structure and energy management principle of building clusters with a primary return air system and a heating pipe network were given, and the heat balance calculation and energy efficiency analysis method based on i-d diagram was proposed to realize the accurate calculation of heat load and the quantification of energy utilization. Secondly, the energy management model of the building cluster with a primary return air system and a heating pipe network was established to efficiently manage the indoor temperature and the heating schedule of ASHP, HN and HI. Finally, the proposed method was validated by calculation examples, and the results showed that the proposed method is beneficial for improving the energy economy and energy efficiency of building clusters.

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35

Andreev, Vladimir Igorevich, I. I. Frolova, and L. Yu Sigunova. "Calculation of Temperature Stresses in Polymers in the Cycles Heating-Cooling Process." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.9.

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In the constructions of multilayer cylindrical shells in heat-and-power engineering the materials, exhibiting rheological properties, such as concrete, polymers or fiber glass are widely used. In this connection, the study of temperature stresses in polymers, the analysis of the influence of various factors on the processes course under consideration, is of great importance. The paper presents an analytical solution of the thermal creep problem in polymers using the Kelvin-Voigt model for a rigidly clamped rod for various cases of temperature loading. The analysis of these solutions is also made on the example of a specific material for certain laws with changing temperature loads.

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36

Manako, V. V., V. A. Putilin, and A. V. Kamashev. "Calculation of temperature under heating by an immobile laser beam." High Temperature 49, no. 1 (February 2011): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x10051025.

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37

Nekora, Valeriia, Stanislav Sidnei, Taras Shnal, Olga Nekora, Ludmila Lavrinenko, and Serhii Pozdieiev. "Thermal effect of a fire on a steel beam with corrugated wall with fireproof mineral-wool cladding." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 1(113) (October 31, 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.241268.

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This paper reports a study into the possibility of applying a simplified approach, recommended by standards for conventional steel beams, to determine the heating temperature under the conditions of a fire in relation to steel I-beams with a corrugated wall. The research is predetermined by the limitation of methods that make it possible to determine the heating temperature of this type of beam in a fire using engineering methods with a small amount of calculations. Technical data on steel beams with cladding have been considered for calculation, the features of heat impact of fire on them have been analyzed, a calculation procedure has been devised, the estimation schemes have been built, and the calculations have been performed. Data on the temperature distribution in the cross-sections of beams with and without cladding were obtained by using a simplified method recommended by standards and the refined method based on a finite-element method. Mathematical models have been constructed for calculations that describe the effect of a standard temperature regime of fire on the distribution of temperature in each minute in the cross-sections of steel beams with and without cladding. The models have been described on the basis of the differential equation of thermal conductivity, boundary conditions of the third kind, which take into consideration convective and radiant heat transfer. It was established that the mineral wool cladding of the beam with a corrugated wall is a reliable fire protection agent. The heating temperature of the beam does not reach a critical value of 500 °C in 60 minutes, which provides the class of this beam with the most stringent requirements for its fire resistance in accordance with the classification in line with the acting norms in Ukraine. The simplified method, recommended by the current standards of the European Union and Ukraine, could be effectively used to analyze the fire resistance of these beams and is the basis of the procedure for the estimated assessment of the fire resistance of these structures

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38

Liu, Xing Jia. "Optimization for Matching Absorption of Infrared Radiation Heating in whole Wavelength Region." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.91.

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Based on the analysis of the absorption spectrum of dried object and the radiation spectrum of heater, the concept of Matching Absorption Degree in Whole Wavelength Region (MADWWR) and its design optimization method are put forward. The corresponding mathematical model is established. Taking soft-base coat drying for example, design optimization of MADWWR is carried out in different temperatures. The optimal values of MADWWR and surface temperature of heater are obtained. The effectiveness of the results is verified by the engineering example. The calculation method and the corresponding calculation program of optimal matching degree are universal, which can provide useful guidelines for the energy-saving design of infrared heating and drying.

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39

Ratushnyak, G., O. Pankevych, and V. Pankevych. "HEAT ENGINEERING FEATURES OF TRANSPARENT FENCING STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 30, no. 1 (2021): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2021-1-148-156.

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The use of glass fencing structures - panoramic windows in the residential segment of modern city development is investigated. The peculiarities of the use of panoramic windows in the residential segment of the region are determined. An analysis of scientific publications in magazines with the impact - a factor and the approaches to increasing the energy efficiency of the thermal insulation shell of the building with glass elements of the facade are determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of panoramic windows in terms of heat engineering properties of a fencing structure are outlined. It is determined that according to the normative method of calculating the given thermal resistance, there may be a significant difference in calculating the entire facade and design for one room. To confirm the comparative calculation, which resulted in the resulting thermal resistance for a fragment of the facade (where there are two windows) is 3,3 m2 K / W (corresponding to the requirements of the normative value), and when calculating the fragment of this facade of a separate room with a panoramic window with a panoramic window. The result of the given thermal resistance is 2,6 m2 K / W (which is significantly lower than the normative value). The factors influencing the technical state of panoramic windows are outlined and lead to a decrease in the heat-insulating characteristics of the enclosing structures of the building; As well as measures and organizational and technical solutions, which allows the use of panoramic windows in modern housing construction. It is proposed for the heating of premises with panoramic windows of the scheme of placement of heating systems, namely: installation of vertical radiators on the side of the double-glazed windows; Planting a convector-type floor battery; arrangement of the system "Warm floor" and combined systems; internally floor convectors; infrared heaters; Installing slit or plinth convectors in the floor below the window, on the wall or ceiling. Recommended investors of new apartments to pay attention not only to the facade of the facade in the design decisions of external enclosures of buildings with the use of panoramic windows, as well as technical solutions of windows, ventilation and heating systems, which significantly affect the energy efficiency of the future apartment.

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40

Kuz’michev, Aleksey V., Stanislav S. Trunov, and Dmitriy A. Tikhomirov. "Conditions for the Effective Use of Air Curtain on Objects of Agricultural Production." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-54-59.

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Creating and maintaining a microclimate in animal housing is an energy-intensive technological process that consumes up to 70 percent of the thermal energy consumed on cattle farms. Improving heating and ventilation systems aimed at reducing energy consumption is an urgent task. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to analyze the theoretical models for calculating air curtains and evaluate the possibility of their use for agricultural production facilities and to identify promising directions in the design solutions for thermal air curtains aimed at rural consumers. (Materials and methods) The article considers the theoretical justification and calculation of air curtains. The authors studied the physical model of interaction of air jets in openings, which serves as the basis for mathematical calculation of air curtains in engineering practice. The article describes the features of using the models for calculating air curtains for agricultural objects and the energy parameters of the curtains depending on the design characteristics and external environmental factors. (Results and discussion) The effect of the air curtain on the energy characteristics of the room has been studied. It was found that it is necessary to determine the type of air curtain that is optimally suitable for protecting the gate opening, with or without heating the air curtain. Authors have found that the engineering methods of calculation are based on different experimental data, which leads to a discrepancy in the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the designed curtain, overestimating its energy intensity and power. The calculation of heat curtains, operating modes should be carried out taking into account the variable effects of external physical factors, the equipment should correspond to a specific room. (Conclusions) The use of air curtains reduces or eliminates the penetration of external cold air into the room through the openings of external gates, requires a smaller volume of air supplied by the curtain, compared to the mass of the incoming air flow.

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41

Park, Chul. "Calculation of Stagnation-Point Heating Rates Associated with Stardust Vehicle." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 44, no. 1 (January 2007): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.15745.

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42

Bertilsson, Kent, C. Harris, and Hans-Erik Nilsson. "Calculation of lattice heating in SiC RF power devices." Solid-State Electronics 48, no. 12 (December 2004): 2103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2004.08.001.

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43

GRIGORIEV, Boris V., and Ulyana Yu SHASTUNOVA. "IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF THE FUEL OIL HEATING SYSTEM AT THE TYUMEN TETS-2." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 7, no. 1 (2021): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2021-7-1-79-91.

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This article describes an engineering solution that allows a significant reduction in the material costs of heating reserve fuel (fuel oil) at the energy facility of the Tyumen Thermal Power Plant No. 2 (TETs 2), as well as make the heating system more reliable and less energy-intensive. Using the methods for calculating the input and output parameters of the supply pipeline and finding the surface area of the heat exchange of the coil, the authors describe the means for finding the thickness of the thermal insulation of the pipe and tank. The main equations for creating calculation methods are the heat balance equation. Using the criterion dependencies has helped in calculating the process of convective heat transfer. In addition, the authors provide the graphs for determining the steam flow rate depending on the ambient air temperature and wind speed and nomograms for determining the temperature inside the thermal insulation of the tank.

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44

Buday, Peter. "The most Significant Factor Affecting the Calculation of Specific Heat Consumption for Heating for Family Houses According to STN 73 0540." Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (January 2016): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.171.

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According to requirements of STN 73 0540-2, 2012 is defined the requirement to meet energy criteria using the specific heat consumption for heating as well as normalized value of specific heat consumption for heating with expectation of achieving of energy efficiency in buildings. These requirements are followed by springboard to legislative evaluation of buildings in terms of energy performance of building (promulgation 364/2012 Z.z.) – using of energy certificate.Although very significant aspect in this process is the way to implement complex environmental engineering, efficiency of the entire system, the heating medium, renewable energy, energy efficiency is the basis on specific heat consumption for heating. Paper is dealing with assessment of this parameter.

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45

Kutnyi, B. A., та B. R. Novakh. "LATENT HEAT ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE AS А PART OF THE VENTILATION SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSE". ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 1, № 48 (27 березня 2017): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.48.806.

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Energy efficient ventilation systems allow to minimize the heat energy consumption for heating supply air, which is very relevant in the context of rising energy prices. It is dealt with the variant of the installation seasonal phase-change heat storage device in the system of ventilation with recuperation of heat energy. Preliminary engineering calculations were perfomed and the quantity of heat storage material (water) necessary for the operation of the ventilation system was determined. The diagrams of change the temperature of the air at the output from the accumulator and distribution of water and ice during the heating period were given. In the article the calculation of seasonal heat storage device on the basis of the water in the supply air ventilation systems are considered , which allows to minimize costs of thermal energy for heating the outside air before it enters to the premises of the house. It is proved that in modern economy conditions development the energy-efficient ventilation system is a promising direction of research and implementations.

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46

Kane, T., S. K. Firth, T. M. Hassan, and V. Dimitriou. "Heating behaviour in English homes: An assessment of indirect calculation methods." Energy and Buildings 148 (August 2017): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.059.

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47

Zhang, Ji Ping, and Guang Wei Wang. "Temperature Field Simulation of Flame Deformation Correction for Thin Plate." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1217.

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Flame deformation correction is the main means for correcting welding deformation of thin plate, and the temperature field simulation is an important component during the flame deformation correction calculation, which will directly determine the calculation accuracy and complexity. In order to simplify the calculation, firstly, the temperature field calculation is divided into three separate processes, secondly each process id divided into heating step, heat conduction step and heat exchanging step, and mathematical models of the three processes are established through dispersing in time and space. Experiments show that this method not only can simplify the calculation, but also is with high calculation accuracy, so it is with important application value.

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48

SAPAREV, Mikhail E., Yury S. VYTCHIKOV, Andrey S. PRILEPSKY, and Maxim I. URYADOV. "INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE DENSITY OF MONOLITHIC EXPANDED-CLAY CONCRETE ON THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS OPERATED UNDER VARIABLE HEAT MODE." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.03.7.

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This article presents the results of a theoretical study of the impact of the density of monolithic expanded clay concrete on the specific energy consumption in the operation of the cottage building in conditions of intermittent heating. In view of the fact that the outer walls are made in the form of well masonry of various materials, in order to simplify the solution of the problem, averaging of their main thermal characteristics is made. In determining the effect of heating the outer wall and the specific energy used the author's approximate analytical method, convenient for engineering calculations. The study showed that the use no-fine expanded-clay lightweight concrete significantly reduces the specific energy consumption compared to conventional large-porous expanded clay. The lowest energy consumption according to the calculation results refers to the minimum density of sandless no-fine expanded-clay lightweight concrete, equal to 300 kg/m3.

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49

Deng, P., B. K. Jeon, H. Park, and W. S. Yang. "Coupled Neutron and Gamma Heating Calculation Based on VARIANT Transport Solutions." Nuclear Science and Engineering 193, no. 12 (July 1, 2019): 1310–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00295639.2019.1621617.

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50

Gotombeck, M. A., J. Thiele, and O. Dössel. "MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WITH IMPLANTED NEUROSTIMULATORS: NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF THE INDUCED HEATING." Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 47, s1b (2002): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmte.2002.47.s1b.660.

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