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Статті в журналах з теми "Heat"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Gurney, Shae C., Katherine S. Christison, Tyler Stenersen, and Charles L. Dumke. "Effect of uncompensable heat from the wildland firefighter helmet." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 12 (2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf20181.

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Heat accumulation from wearing personal protective equipment can result in the development of heat-related illnesses. This study aimed to investigate factors of heat stress with and without a US standard issue wildland firefighter helmet. Ten male subjects finished a 90-min exercise protocol in a heat chamber (35°C and 30% relative humidity), with standard issue meta-aramid shirt and pants and a cotton t-shirt, and either with or without a wildland firefighter helmet. A randomised crossover design was implemented, with a minimum 2-week washout period. Heart rate, physiologic strain index, perceived head heat, head heat and skin blood flow of the head and neck were measured. At the conclusion of the 90-min trial, heart rate, physiological strain index, core temperature, rating of perceived exertion and perceived head heat showed a main effect of time (P < 0.05). Perceived head heat and head heat exhibited a main effect of trial (P < 0.05). The change in physiologic strain was positively correlated with the change in skin blood flow of the head (r = 0.72, P = 0.02). These data suggest that the current wildland firefighter helmet contributes to heat accumulation. The design of the wildland firefighter helmet lacks ventilation, which, from these data, may result in metabolic alterations and perceived discomfort.

2

Choi, Byung-Hui, and Chang-Oh Kim. "A Study on the Numerical Analysis of Heat Sink for Radiant Heat of Automotive LED Head Lamp." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 13, no. 10 (October 31, 2012): 4398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.10.4398.

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3

van der Laarse, Willem J. "Heart heat separation." Journal of Physiology 595, no. 14 (June 16, 2017): 4579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp274564.

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4

Voelker, R. "Heat and Heart Attack." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 18 (May 12, 1999): 1689—c—1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.18.1689-c.

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5

Voelker, Rebecca. "Heat and Heart Attack." JAMA 281, no. 18 (May 12, 1999): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.18.1689-jwm90003-4-1.

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6

Desai, Yash, Haitham Khraishah, and Barrak Alahmad. "Heat and the Heart." Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 96, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.59249/hgal4894.

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7

Ahmad, Mateen, Waseem Saeed, and Khaqan Javed. "Temperature Distribution Analysis along the Length of Floating Head Multi Stream Heat Exchanger." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 12, no. 3 (September 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2021.12.3.790.

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Heat transfer between two streams is common and simple and well established and perfectly commercialized. Normally, the exchanger that is used for this purpose is shell and tube heat exchanger but in some industrial production unit where more than one reactant is to be preheated or pre-cooled for chemical reaction and same as post heating and post cooling required of multiple streams at same or different temperatures, Problem that is associated with such type shell and tube heat exchanger is that it can’t handle the multiple stream and for handling multiple streams we required more number of exchangers due to which capital cost increases and required more care of handling because the number of units increases. To overcome this problem, we need more than one heat sinks with one or more than one heat source that will minimize the covered volume per unit heat transfer area, the number of unit operation, operation time, man power and the capital cost with increasing thermal efficiency and heat utilization so to overcome this problem we need to move towards multi stream heat exchanger for handling multiple streams at once for heat exchange. Multi stream heat exchanger is opening of a new class of heat transfer equipment which deals more than two different streams for heat exchange. Such a way number of units can be reduced, which minimize time and space. With a little bit increase in complexity the operational cost will decrease and improve the thermal efficiency of heat transfer equipment, which minimize thermal losses and maximize the heat utilization which directly decrease the equipment size and capital cost. In the previous study we have discuss our research on the fabrication and Comparative Study of Floating Head (Triple pipe) Multi Stream Heat Exchanger with Shell & Tube This work is about the investigation involves the tentative examination of the heat exchange through the Floating Head Multi-Stream Heat Exchanger to evaluate the temperature distribution along the length, in which cool liquids are flowing through the inner and external pipe and hot liquid is moving through the central pipe of the exchanger.

8

Nelson, Michael D., Luis A. Altamirano-Diaz, Stewart R. Petersen, Darren S. DeLorey, Michael K. Stickland, Richard B. Thompson, and Mark J. Haykowsky. "Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function during tilt-table positioning and passive heat stress in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 2 (August 2011): H599—H608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00127.2011.

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The ventricular response to passive heat stress has predominantly been studied in the supine position. It is presently unclear how acute changes in venous return influence ventricular function during heat stress. To address this question, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function were studied in 17 healthy men (24.3 ± 4.0 yr; mean ± SD), using two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler ultrasound, during tilt-table positioning (supine, 30° head-up tilt, and 30° head-down tilt), under normothermic and passive heat stress (core temperature 0.8 ± 0.1°C above baseline) conditions. The supine heat stress LV volumetric and functional response was consistent with previous reports. Combining head-up tilt with heat stress reduced end-diastolic (25.2 ± 4.1%) and end-systolic (65.4 ± 10.5%) volume from baseline, whereas heart rate (37.7 ± 2.0%), ejection fraction (9.4 ± 2.4%), and LV elastance (37.7 ± 3.6%) increased, and stroke volume (−28.6 ± 9.4%) and early diastolic inflow (−17.5 ± 6.5%) and annular tissue (−35.6 ± 7.0%) velocities were reduced. Combining head-down tilt with heat stress restored end-diastolic volume, whereas LV elastance (16.8 ± 3.2%), ejection fraction (7.2 ± 2.1%), and systolic annular tissue velocities (22.4 ± 5.0%) remained elevated above baseline, and end-systolic volume was reduced (−15.3 ± 3.9%). Stroke volume and the early and late diastolic inflow and annular tissue velocities were unchanged from baseline. This investigation extends previous work by demonstrating increased LV systolic function with heat stress, under varied levels of venous return, and highlights the preload dependency of early diastolic function during passive heat stress.

9

Périard, Julien D., Sebastien Racinais, and Michael N. Sawka. "Heat adaptation in humans with controlled heart rate heat acclimation." European Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 4 (January 30, 2021): 1233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04614-7.

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10

CHEN, Ying, Guangcheng DING, and Yongkang SHI. "C303 A NEW TECHNOLOGY COUPLING WITH HEAT PUMP WATER HEAT, DEHUMIDIFICATION AND REFRIGERATION(Heat Pump-1)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.3 (2009): _3–151_—_3–156_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.3._3-151_.

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11

EIAMSA-ARD, Smith, K. WONGCHAREE, S. RATTANAWONG, Petpices EIAMSA-ARD, M. PIMSARN, and Chinaruk THIANPONG. "A306 TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A HEAT EXCHANGER WITH POROUS TWISTED TAPE INSERTS(Heat Transfer-2)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.3 (2009): _3–31_—_3–36_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.3._3-31_.

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12

Horowitz, Michal. "Matching the Heart to Heat-Induced Circulatory Load: Heat-Acclimatory Responses." Physiology 18, no. 6 (December 2003): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/nips.01453.2003.

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Heat acclimation enhances cardiac efficiency by increasing stroke volume and decreasing heart rate. These adaptations involve biochemical changes in the contractile apparatus, switched on by altered expression of genes coding contractile and calcium-regulatory proteins and partially mediated by persistent low thyroxine. Heat acclimation also produces cross-tolerance to oxygen deprivation, thus reinforcing cardiac adaptation to oxygen demand/supply mismatching via energy-sparing pathways.

13

Barrett, Karlene T., John A. Daubenspeck, and Richard J. A. Wilson. "Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide drives cardiorespiratory responses to heat stress in neonatal mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 313, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): R385—R394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00118.2017.

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The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has emerged as a principal and rate-limiting regulator of physiological stress responses in adult rodents and has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Recent studies show that PACAP plays a role in neonatal cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and hypothermia, but not hyperthermia, which is often associated with SIDS. Here we tested the hypothesis that, consistent with a role in SIDS, PACAP is involved in regulating the neonatal cardiorespiratory responses to severe heat. To address this, we used head-out plethysmography and surface ECG electrodes to study the cardiorespiratory physiology of conscious neonatal PACAP-null and wild-type mice at ambient temperatures of 32°C (baseline) and 40°C (heat stress). We also assessed body surface temperature as an indicator of cutaneous heat loss. Our results show that wild-type neonatal mice respond to heat stress by increasing ventilation ( P = 0.007) and associated expired CO2 ( P = 0.041), heart rate ( P < 0.001), and cutaneous heat loss ( P < 0.001). In PACAP-null neonates, this heat response is impaired, as indicated by a decrease in ventilation ( P = 0.04) and associated expired CO2 ( P = 0.006) and a blunted increase in heart rate ( P = 0.001) and cutaneous heat loss ( P = 0.0002). In addition, heart rate variability at baseline was lower in PACAP-null neonates than wild-type controls ( P < 0.01). These results suggest that, during heat stress, PACAP is important for neonatal cardiorespiratory responses that help regulate body temperature. Abnormal PACAP regulation could, therefore, contribute to neonatal disorders in which the autonomic response to stress is impaired, such as SIDS.

14

Pathak, Shriram, and Amit Kaimkuriya. "Heat Transfer Augmentation in Heat Exchanger using Nanofluid: A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11421.

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15

Hirano, Shigeki, Tsuyoshi Kawanami, Shigeki Hirasawa, Koji Fumoto, and Masahiro Ikegawa. "C304 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETOCALORIC HEAT PUMP(Heat Pump-2)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.3 (2009): _3–157_—_3–161_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.3._3-157_.

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16

Shaimerdenova, К. М., E. R. Schrager, A. S. Tussypbaeva, and Zh K. Nausharban. "Investigation of heat exchange processes in vertically arranged heat exchangers." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 94, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ph2/66-72.

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17

SHIN, Sora, Joonhee PARK, and Joo-Young LEE. "Does the hair influence heat extraction from the head during head cooling under heat stress?" Industrial Health 53, no. 6 (2015): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0005.

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18

Lv, Hong Yu, and Xue Xun Bian. "Analysis of Heat Dissipation and the Energy Conservation in Cast Iron Dryer Head of Paper Machine." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.293.

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Analyzed the result computed of finite element heat transfer, discovered the temperature difference between the two sides of head is very small. Therefore its hot loss is very big. In addition, the temperature of dryer head flank is basically the same. Therefore the dryer head's heat dissipation can be simplified as a question of univariate heat conduction, also simplified to be a big plate heat conduction problem. This article offers simple algorithmic analysis of dryer head temperature field algorithm and the heat dissipation computation, and studied the head temperature computation and the heat dissipation analysis with a heat preservation board added. The importance that increased heat preservation board for energy conservation is pointed out.

19

ASANO, Hitoshi, Junichi FUJIYAMA, Eisaku TSUJIMOTO, Tetsurou HAMADA, and Makoto HIROTSU. "F107 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPACT LATENT HEAT RECOVERY HEAT EXCHANGER FOR GAS WATER HEATER IN HOUSEHOLD USE(Heat Exchanger)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.1 (2009): _1–329_—_1–334_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.1._1-329_.

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20

Tolibjonovich, Tojiboyev Boburjon, and Qodirov O‘ktamjon Abdumannonovich. "HEAT CONSUMPTION COATS." American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume02issue05-08.

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21

Николаев, В. А., and И. В. Кряклина. "Heat-Exchange Surface Calculation of Heat-Conducting Medium and Grain Trashed Heap." Vestnik APK Verhnevolzh`ia, no. 4(52) (December 25, 2020): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35694/yarcx.2020.52.4.013.

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Для энергосбережения при сушке зерна в контактно-конвективной сушилке предлагается использовать тепло охлаждающей жидкости двигателя внутреннего сгорания. Жидкость поступает в трубки контактно-конвективной сушилки. Трубки теплоносителя расположены наклонно под углом 40° параллельно друг другу по всей ширине сушилки. Над ними, в шахматном порядке – паросборники. Над паросборниками установлен плавающий разравнивающий транспортёр, который изменяет своё положение в зависимости от объёма зерна в контактно-конвективной сушилке. Рассмотрена отдельная зерновка, движущаяся по поверхности трубки теплоносителя. В результате нагрева зерновки происходит её отпотевание – появление влаги на поверхности зерновки. Произведён теплотехнический расчёт поверхности теплообмена теплоносителя и зернового вороха, определено количество тепла, передающегося зерновому вороху в результате контактного теплообмена. Установлено, что использование тепла охлаждающей жидкости двигателя внутреннего сгорания в контактно-конвективной сушилке приводит к энергосбережению при сушке зерна. For energy saving at grain drying in contact-convection drier it is proposed to use heat of cooling liquid of internal combustion engine. The liquid enters the tubes of the contact-convection drier. Heat carrier tubes are set at an angle of 40 ° parallel to each other along the full width of the drier. There are steam headers staggering above them. An amphibious leveling carrier is installed above the steam headers which changes its position depending on the volume of grain in the contact-convection drier. Separate caryopsis moving along surface of heat-conducting medium tube is considered. As a result of the heating of the caryopsis its sweating occurs – the appearance of moisture on the surface of the caryopsis. Thermotechnical calculation of heat-exchange surface of heat-conducting medium and grain trashed heap is performed, amount of heat transferred to grain trashed heap as a result of contact heat exchange is determined. It has been found that using the cooling liquid heat of the internal combustion engine in the contact-convection drier leads to energy saving when drying grain.

22

Balmain, Bryce, Ollie Jay, Surendran Sabapathy, Danielle Royston, Glenn Stewart, Rohan Jayasinghe, and Norman Morris. "Exercising In The Heat Disrupts Human Heat Balance In Heart Failure Patients." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486687.57542.9b.

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23

Fan, T. H., and F. B. Cheung. "Modeling of Transient Turbulent Natural Convection in a Melt Layer With Solidification." Journal of Heat Transfer 119, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824137.

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The phenomenon of turbulent natural convection in a horizontal heat-generating melt layer with solidification taking place at the cooled upper and lower boundaries is investigated theoretically. The objective is to determine the transient behavior of the crust at the upper and lower surfaces and the effect of crust formation on the turbulent natural convection process in the melt layer. Various surface temperatures, latent heats, and the heat source strengths are considered along with the effects of the Stefan number and Rayleigh number. Special attention is given to the interaction between the melt pool heat transfer and the crust dynamics. Numerical results are presented for the transient crust thickness, transient temperature distribution, eddy heat transport, and the heat transfer characteristics at the solid-liquid interface during the freezing process. The present study provides basic information needed to predict the transient behavior of a melt pool in a reactor lower head following a severe core-meltdown accident.

24

Lochan, Rajeev, Rajeev Lochan, Hari Mohan Sharma, and Deepak Agarwal. "Heat Transfer Improvement in Heat Exchanger using Porous Medium: a Review." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management 3, no. 6 (November 17, 2016): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijirem.2016.3.6.2.

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25

Adamovský, D., P. Neuberger, D. Herák, and R. Adamovský. "Exergy of heat flows in exchanger consisting f gravity heat pipes." Research in Agricultural Engineering 51, No. 3 (February 7, 2012): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4906-rae.

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The paper deals with the analysis of the impact of inlet air temperature on the exergy efficiency and exergy of the losing heat flow and determination of the relation between the exergy and thermal efficiency in an exchanger consisting of gravity heat pipes. The assessment of heat processes quality and transformation of energy in the exchanger are also dealt with.

26

Alam, Irsad, and Prof Rohit Soni. "Techniques for Heat Transfer Augmentation in A Heat Exchanger: A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 2630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd12764.

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27

SARADA, Yukihiro, Ryosuke MATUMOTO, and Mamoru OZAWA. "A301 HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNALLY FINNED TUBE(Heat Transfer-1)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.3 (2009): _3–1_—_3–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.3._3-1_.

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28

Marzia, Khanam, Takahiko Miyazaki, Bidyut Baran Saha, and Shigeru Koyama. "Investigations of optimum heat exchanger shape for adsorption heat pump applications." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2016.26 (2016): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2016.26.403.

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29

Yamazaki, Fumio, and Kunshige Hamasaki. "Heat acclimation increases skin vasodilation and sweating but not cardiac baroreflex responses in heat-stressed humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 4 (October 2003): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00063.2003.

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In the present study, to test the hypothesis that exercise-heat acclimation increases orthostatic tolerance via the improvement of cardiac baroreflex control in heated humans, we examined cardiac baroreflex and thermoregulatory responses, including cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor responses, during whole body heating before and after a 6-day exercise-heat acclimation program [4 bouts of 20-min exercise at 50% peak rate of oxygen uptake separated by 10-min rest in the heat (36°C; 50% relative humidity)]. Ten healthy young volunteers participated in the study. On the test days before and after the heat acclimation program, subjects underwent whole body heat stress produced by a hot water-perfused suit during supine rest for 45 min and 75° head-up tilt (HUT) for 6 min. The sensitivity of the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) was calculated from the spontaneous changes in beat-to-beat arterial pressure and HR. The HUT induced a presyncopal sign in seven subjects in the preacclimation test and in six subjects in the postacclimation test, and the tilting time did not differ significantly between the pre- (241 ± 33 s) and postacclimation (283 ± 24 s) tests. Heat acclimation did not change the slope in the HR-esophageal temperature (Tes) relation and the cardiac baroreflex sensitivity during heating. Heat acclimation decreased ( P < 0.05) the Tes thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation in the forearm and dorsal hand and for sweating in the forearm and chest. These findings suggest that short-term heat acclimation does not alter the spontaneous baroreflex control of HR during heat stress, although it induces adaptive change of the heat dissipation response in nonglabrous skin.

30

Phillips, K. "BEETLES `HEAR' HEAT THROUGH PRESSURE VESSELS." Journal of Experimental Biology 211, no. 16 (August 15, 2008): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.022947.

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31

Aitken-Buck, Hamish M., and Regis R. Lamberts. "To the heart of activation heat." Journal of Physiology 595, no. 14 (June 9, 2017): 4577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp274582.

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32

Mussivand, Tofy. "Heat Energy for Heart Failure Treatment." Journal of Cardiac Failure 16, no. 8 (August 2010): S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.06.088.

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33

Jones, Chris. "1381: Heat waves and heart failure." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 6, no. 1_suppl (March 2007): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2007.01.074.

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34

Sun, Jian, and Wei Qiang Liu. "Effect of Heat Leading of Windward Leading Edge Using Heat Pipe with Porous." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.674.

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By the uses of finite element method and finite volume method, we calculated the solid domain and fluid domain of windward leading edge which is flying under one condition. And the paper proved that heat pipes which covered on the leading edge have effect on thermal protection. The maximum temperature of the head decreased 12.2%. And the minimum temperature of after-body increased 8.85%. Achieving the transfer of heat from head to after-body, the front head of the thermal load was weakened and the ability of leading edge thermal protection was strengthen. The effect of the thickness of heat pipe, black level of covering materials and equivalent thermal conductivity of heat pipes on the wall temperature were discussed for the selection of thermal protection materials of windward leading edge to provide a frame of reference.

35

Losnegard, Thomas, Martin Andersen, Matt Spencer, and Jostein Hallén. "Effects of Active Versus Passive Recovery in Sprint Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0218.

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Purpose:To investigate the effects of an active and a passive recovery protocol on physiological responses and performance between 2 heats in sprint cross-country skiing.Methods:Ten elite male skiers (22 ± 3 y, 184 ± 4 cm, 79 ± 7 kg) undertook 2 experimental test sessions that both consisted of 2 heats with 25 min between start of the first and second heats. The heats were conducted as an 800-m time trial (6°, >3.5 m/s, ~205 s) and included measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2) and accumulated oxygen deficit. The active recovery trial involved 2 min standing/walking, 16 min jogging (58% ± 5% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. The passive recovery trial involved 15 min sitting, 3 min walk/jog (~ 30% of VO2peak), and 3 min standing/walking. Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were monitored throughout the recovery periods.Results:The increased 800-m time between heat 1 and heat 2 was trivial after active recovery (effect size [ES] = 0.1, P = .64) and small after passive recovery (ES = 0.4, P = .14). The 1.2% ± 2.1% (mean ± 90% CL) difference between protocols was not significant (ES = 0.3, P = .3). In heat 2, peak and average VO2 was increased after the active recovery protocol.Conclusions:Neither passive recovery nor running at ~58% of VO2peak between 2 heats changed performance significantly.

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Rasch, W., P. Samson, J. Cote, and M. Cabanac. "Heat loss from the human head during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.590.

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Evaporative and convective heat loss from head skin and expired air were measured in four male subjects at rest and during incremental exercise at 5, 15, and 25 degrees C ambient temperature (Ta) to verify whether the head can function as a heat sink for selective brain cooling. The heat losses were measured with an open-circuit method. At rest the heat loss from head skin and expired air decreased with increasing Ta from 69 +/- 5 and 37 +/- 18 (SE) W (5 degrees C) to 44 +/- 25 and 26 +/- 7 W (25 degrees C). At a work load of 150 W the heat loss tended to increase with increasing Ta: 119 +/- 21 (head skin) and 82 +/- 5 W (respiratory tract) at 5 degrees C Ta to 132 +/- 27 and 103 +/- 12 W at 25 degrees C Ta. Heat loss was always higher from the head surface than from the respiratory tract. The heat losses, separately and together (total), were highly correlated to the increasing esophageal temperature at 15 and 25 degrees C Ta. At 5 degrees C Ta on correlation occurred. The results showed that the heat loss from the head was larger than the heat brought to the brain by the arterial blood during hyperthermia, estimated to be 45 W per 1 degree C increase above normal temperature, plus the heat produced by the brain, estimated to be up to 20 W. The total heat to be lost is therefore approximately 65 W during a mild hyperthermia (+1 degrees C) if brain temperature is to remain constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Boonruksa, Pongsit, Thatkhwan Maturachon, Pornpimol Kongtip, and Susan Woskie. "Heat Stress, Physiological Response, and Heat-Related Symptoms among Thai Sugarcane Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176363.

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Prolonged or intense exposure to heat can lead to a range of health effects. This study investigated heat exposure and heat-related symptoms which sugarcane workers (90 sugarcane cutters and 93 factory workers) experienced during a harvesting season in Thailand. During the hottest month of harvesting season, wet bulb globe temperature was collected in the work environment, and workloads observed, to assess heat stress. Urine samples for dehydration test, blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature were measured pre- and post-shift to measure heat strain. Fluid intake and heat-related symptoms which subjects had experienced during the harvesting season were gathered via interviews at the end of the season. From the results, sugarcane cutters showed high risk for heat stress and strain, unlike factory workers who had low risk based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for heat stress. Dehydration was observed among sugarcane cutters and significant physiological changes including heart rate, body temperature, and systolic blood pressure occurred across the work shift. Significantly more sugarcane cutters reported experiencing heat-related symptoms including weakness/fatigue, heavy sweating, headache, rash, muscle cramp, dry mouth, dizziness, fever, dry/cracking skin, and swelling, compared to sugarcane factory workers. We conclude that the heat stress experienced by sugarcane cutters working in extremely hot environments, with high workloads, is associated with acute health effects. Preventive and control measures for heat stress are needed to reduce the risk of heat strain.

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Adamovský, R., D. Adamovský, and D. Herák. "Exergy of heat flows of the air-to-air plate heat exchanger." Research in Agricultural Engineering 50, No. 4 (February 8, 2012): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4939-rae.

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Based on extensive measurements of the temperature, humidity and flow rate of the heated and cooled air in the plate heat exchanger this article analyses the influence of air inlet temperatures on both the exergy efficiency of the heat exchanger and the heat loss exergy. Furthermore, it describes the dependence between the thermal and exergy efficiency of the heat exchanger. The analysis of the tested heat exchanger indicated that the exergy efficiency of heat utilization from cooled air increases with rising inlet air temperature different, while the exergy efficiency of the heat transfer from cool to heated air decreases. In addition, the experiments confirmed the validity of the relationship between heat loss exergy and the values of air inlet temperatures.

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Lee, Seung-Rae. "Evaluation of Heat Exchange Rate of Different Types of Ground Heat Exchangers." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33, no. 6 (2013): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2013.33.6.2393.

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Flouris, Andreas D., Andrea Bravi, Heather E. Wright-Beatty, Geoffrey Green, Andrew J. Seely, and Glen P. Kenny. "Heart rate variability during exertional heat stress: effects of heat production and treatment." European Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 4 (January 5, 2014): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2804-7.

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Wu, Haoyu, Shaomin Xiong, Sripathi Canchi, Erhard Schreck, and David Bogy. "Nanoscale heat transfer in the head-disk interface for heat assisted magnetic recording." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 9 (February 29, 2016): 093106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4943111.

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Kurz, Andrea, Daniel I. Sessler, Richard Christensen, and Martha Dechert. "Heat Balance and Distribution during the Core-Temperature Plateau in Anesthetized Humans." Anesthesiology 83, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199509000-00007.

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Background Once triggered, intraoperative thermoregulatory vasoconstriction is remarkably effective in preventing further hypothermia. Protection results from both vasoconstriction-induced decrease in cutaneous heat loss and altered distribution of body heat. However, the independent contributions of each mechanism have not been quantified. Accordingly, we evaluated overall heat balance and distribution of heat within the body during the core-temperature plateau. Methods Nine minimally clothed male volunteers were anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane and maintained in an approximately 22 degrees C environment. They were monitored for approximately 2 h before vasoconstriction and for 3 h subsequently. Overall heat balance was determined from the difference between cutaneous heat loss (thermal flux transducers) and metabolic heat production (oxygen consumption). Arm and leg tissue heat contents were determined from 19 intramuscular temperatures, ten skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature. Heat constrained by vasoconstriction to the trunk and head was calculated by subtracting the expected change in that region (overall heat balance multiplied by the fractional weight of the trunk and head) from the actual change (change in distal esophageal temperature multiplied by the specific heat of human tissue and the weight of the trunk and head); the result represents the amount by which core heat exceeded that which would be expected based on overall heat balance, assuming that the change was evenly distributed throughout the body. Results Vasoconstriction and passive tissue cooling decreased heat loss but not to the level of heat production. Consequently, heat loss exceeded metabolic heat production throughout the study. Core temperature decreased approximately 1.3 C during the 2-h prevasoconstriction period; however, core temperature remained virtually constant during the subsequent 3 h. In the 3 h after vasoconstriction, arm and leg heat content decreased 57 +/- 9 kcal, and vasoconstriction constrained 22 +/- 8 kcal to the trunk and head. Conclusions These results confirm the efficacy of thermo-regulatory vasoconstriction in preventing additional core hypothermia. Decreased cutaneous heat loss and constraint of metabolic heat to the core thermal compartment contributed to the plateau.

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Stulc, P., L. L. Vasiliev, V. G. Kiseljev, and Ju N. Matvejev. "Heat pipe heat exchangers in heat recovery systems." Journal of Heat Recovery Systems 5, no. 5 (January 1985): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-7593(85)90172-9.

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Trachsel, Lukas D., Hadiatou Barry, Hugo Gravel, Parya Behzadi, Christine Henri, and Daniel Gagnon. "Cardiac function during heat stress: impact of short-term passive heat acclimation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 319, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): H753—H764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2020.

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A lower heart rate during heat exposure is a classic marker of heat acclimation (HA). It remains unknown if improved cardiac function contributes to this response. A 7-day passive HA protocol did not alter cardiac systolic function during passive heating, whereas it improved some indexes of diastolic function in young adults. Nonetheless, heart rate during heating was unaffected by HA. These results suggest that passive HA induces limited adaptations in cardiac function during passive heating.

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McCleave, Erin L., Katie M. Slattery, Rob Duffield, Philo U. Saunders, Avish P. Sharma, Stephen Crowcroft, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Impaired Heat Adaptation From Combined Heat Training and “Live High, Train Low” Hypoxia." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0399.

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Purpose: To determine whether combining training in heat with “Live High, Train Low” hypoxia (LHTL) further improves thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to a heat-tolerance test compared with independent heat training. Methods: A total of 25 trained runners (peak oxygen uptake = 64.1 [8.0] mL·min−1·kg−1) completed 3-wk training in 1 of 3 conditions: (1) heat training combined with “LHTL” hypoxia (H+H; FiO2 = 14.4% [3000 m], 13 h·d−1; train at <600 m, 33°C, 55% relative humidity [RH]), (2) heat training (HOT; live and train <600 m, 33°C, 55% RH), and (3) temperate training (CONT; live and train <600 m, 13°C, 55% RH). Heat adaptations were determined from a 45-min heat-response test (33°C, 55% RH, 65% velocity corresponding to the peak oxygen uptake) at baseline and immediately and 1 and 3 wk postexposure (baseline, post, 1 wkP, and 3 wkP, respectively). Core temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, sodium concentration, plasma volume, and perceptual responses were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Results: Submaximal heart rate (effect size [ES] = −0.60 [−0.89; −0.32]) and core temperature (ES = −0.55 [−0.99; −0.10]) were reduced in HOT until 1 wkP. Sweat rate (ES = 0.36 [0.12; 0.59]) and sweat sodium concentration (ES = −0.82 [−1.48; −0.16]) were, respectively, increased and decreased until 3 wkP in HOT. Submaximal heart rate (ES = −0.38 [−0.85; 0.08]) was likely reduced in H+H at 3 wkP, whereas CONT had unclear physiological changes. Perceived exertion and thermal sensation were reduced across all groups. Conclusions: Despite greater physiological stress from combined heat training and “LHTL” hypoxia, thermoregulatory adaptations are limited in comparison with independent heat training. The combined stimuli provide no additional physiological benefit during exercise in hot environments.

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Iguchi, Masaki, Andrew E. Littmann, Shuo-Hsiu Chang, Lydia A. Wester, Jane S. Knipper, and Richard K. Shields. "Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.2.184.

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Context: Conditions such as osteoarthritis, obesity, and spinal cord injury limit the ability of patients to exercise, preventing them from experiencing many well-documented physiologic stressors. Recent evidence indicates that some of these stressors might derive from exercise-induced body temperature increases. Objective: To determine whether whole-body heat stress without exercise triggers cardiovascular, hormonal, and extra-cellular protein responses of exercise. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five young, healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; age = 22.1 ± 2.4 years, height = 175.2 ± 11.6 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 14.8 kg, body mass index = 22.6 ± 4.0) volunteered. Intervention(s): Participants sat in a heat stress chamber with heat (73°C) and without heat (26°C) stress for 30 minutes on separate days. We obtained blood samples from a subset of 13 participants (7 men, 6 women) before and after exposure to heat stress. Main Outcome Measure(s): Extracellular heat shock protein (HSP72) and catecholamine plasma concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and heat perception. Results: After 30 minutes of heat stress, body temperature measured via rectal sensor increased by 0.8°C. Heart rate increased linearly to 131.4 ± 22.4 beats per minute (F6,24 = 186, P < .001) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 16 mm Hg (F6,24 = 10.1, P < .001) and 5 mm Hg (F6,24 = 5.4, P < .001), respectively. Norepinephrine (F1,12 = 12.1, P = .004) and prolactin (F1,12 = 30.2, P < .001) increased in the plasma (58% and 285%, respectively) (P < .05). The HSP72 (F1,12 = 44.7, P < .001) level increased with heat stress by 48.7% ± 53.9%. No cardiovascular or blood variables showed changes during the control trials (quiet sitting in the heat chamber with no heat stress), resulting in differences between heat and control trials. Conclusions: We found that whole-body heat stress triggers some of the physiologic responses observed with exercise. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether carefully prescribed heat stress constitutes a method to augment or supplement exercise.

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Krajewski, Witold K. "Heat Balance of the Model Ingot Head." Materials Science Forum 649 (May 2010): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.649.533.

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The paper brings data about heat balance of the killed steel ingot head. The balance is obtained on basis of the temperature measurement in the system: ingot body - ingot head - ingot mould - insulating sleeves – radiation shield - ambient. The measurements were performed using model sys-tem (1:5) of the 20000 kg flat ingot. The balance shows that about 86% of the heat issued during solidification of the ingot head is transferred to the ingot mould through the insulating sleeves. In order to decrease this heat, insulating sleeves of low thermal conductivity are required, which should allow reducing dimensions of the ingot head and increasing the metal yield.

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Sekiguchi, Yasuki, Erica M. Filep, Courteney L. Benjamin, Douglas J. Casa, and Lindsay J. DiStefano. "Does Dehydration Affect the Adaptations of Plasma Volume, Heart Rate, Internal Body Temperature, and Sweat Rate During the Induction Phase of Heat Acclimation?" Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 6 (August 1, 2020): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0174.

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Clinical Scenario: Exercise in the heat can lead to performance decrements and increase the risk of heat illness. Heat acclimation refers to the systematic and gradual increase in exercise in a controlled, laboratory environment. Increased duration and intensity of exercise in the heat positively affects physiological responses, such as higher sweat rate, plasma volume expansion, decreased heart rate, and lower internal body temperature. Many heat acclimation studies have examined the hydration status of the subjects exercising in the heat. Some of the physiological responses that are desired to elicit heat acclimation (ie, higher heart rate and internal body temperature) are exacerbated in a dehydrated state. Thus, euhydration (optimal hydration) and dehydration trials during heat acclimation induction have been conducted to determine if there are additional benefits to dehydrated exercise trials on physiological adaptations. However, there is still much debate over hydration status and its effect on heat acclimation. Clinical Question: Does dehydration affect the adaptations of plasma volume, heart rate, internal body temperature, skin temperature, and sweat rate during the induction phase of heat acclimation? Summary of Findings: There were no observed differences in plasma volume, internal body temperature, and skin temperature following heat acclimation in this critically appraised topic. One study found an increase in sweat rate and another study indicated greater changes in heart rate following heat acclimation with dehydration. Aside from these findings, all 4 trials did not observe statistically significant differences in euhydrated and dehydrated heat acclimation trials. Clinical Bottom Line: There is minimal evidence to suggest that hydration status affects heat acclimation induction. In the studies that met the inclusion criteria, there were no differences in plasma volume concentrations, internal body temperature, and skin temperature. Strength of Recommendation: Based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Scale, Level 2 evidence exists.

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Reynolds, Luke F., Christine A. Short, David A. Westwood, and Stephen S. Cheung. "Head Pre-Cooling Improves Symptoms of Heat-Sensitive Multiple Sclerosis Patients." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 1 (January 2011): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100011136.

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Abstract:Background:Damage to the central nervous system by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) leads to multiple symptoms, including weakness, ambulatory dysfunction, visual disturbances and fatigue. Heat can exacerbate the symptoms of MS whereas cooling can provide symptomatic relief. Since the head and neck areas are particularly sensitive to cold and cooling interventions, we investigated the effects of cooling the head and neck for 60 minutes on the symptoms of MS.Methods:We used a double blinded, placebo controlled, cross-over study design to evaluate the effects of head and neck cooling on six heat-sensitive, stable, ambulatory females with MS (Extended Disability Status Scale 2.5-6.5). To isolate the effects of perceived versus physiological cooling, a sham cooling condition was incorporated, where subjects perceived the sensation of being cooled without any actual physiological cooling. Participants visited the clinic three times for 60 minutes of true, sham, or no cooling using a custom head and neck cooling hood, followed by evaluation of ambulation, visual acuity, and muscle strength. Rectal and skin temperature, heart rate, and thermal sensation were measured throughout cooling and testing.Results:Both the true and sham cooling elicited significant sensations of thermal cooling, but only the true cooling condition decreased core temperature by 0.37°C (36.97±0.21 to 36.60±0.23°C). True cooling improved performance in the six minute walk test and the timed up-and-go test but not visual acuity or hand grip strength.Conclusions:Head and neck cooling may be an effective tool in increasing ambulatory capacity in individuals with MS and heat sensitivity.

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Aguilar Osorio, Rita, and Keith Cliffe. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Losses between a Partition Plate and the Wall of the Head of a Plastic Heat Exchanger." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.650.

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For this research it was considered that the heat exchanger was affected by leakage in the head across the partition plate and the wall between the tube passes. Leakage was a problem in the plastic shell and tube heat exchanger, because it was difficult to seal the partition plate to the head of the exchanger. The material used for manufacturing the heat exchanger was polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF. In order to predict the amount of flow leaking through the clearances of the tube passes, a numerical simulation was carried out using the computational Fluid Dynamics CFD Fluent Software. To obtain the percentage of the heat loss across the 4 tube passes, different clearance sizes between the partition plate and the wall of the head of the exchanger were analysed. For the smaller clearance size of 0.2 mm the heat transfer coefficient was reduced up to 15%. These results suggest that the flow mass bypassing the head between tube passes affect the results of the heat transfer coefficient and confirm the experimental observation, that its performance was affected by leakage between tube passes. This research served as an extension of the preliminary plastic heat exchanger design.