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Статті в журналах з теми "Heat Transmission"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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1

Chang, Liang, Zhiwei Li, Sheng Li, Wenang Jia, and Jian Ruan. "Heat Loss Analysis of a 2D Pump’s Transmission." Machines 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10100860.

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Highly enhanced pump power density inevitably results in a profound rise in pump temperature, which seriously influences both power loss and service performance. Heat loss analysis is an important part of analyzing the mechanical and cooling efficiency of a 2D piston pump. This paper focuses on heat loss analysis of this pump’s transmission. Firstly, theoretical and experimental studies are carried out on the thermal–hydraulic model to investigate the heat loss of the pump’s transmission. A pump test rig is developed and thermal experiments are conducted, from 1000 rpm to 6000 rpm. Furthermore, its transient thermal simulation model is implemented with Ansys software to capture the pump’s thermal status. The test convective heat transfer coefficients and temperature data are set in the model, and the simulation results are mutually validated with the experimental ones. Finally, the transmission’s heat loss is compared with its reference churning loss formula. The distribution of the transient heat loss is 49.66% into the end cap, 27.74% into the cylinder head, 13.30% into the inner cylinder, and 9.30% into the oil. The heat loss simulation results agree with the churning loss below 4000 rpm; therefore, the transmission thermal model is accurate and efficient.

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2

Willits, A. B. "HEAT TRANSMISSION AND TRANSMITTERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 22, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1910.tb04546.x.

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3

Quintanilla, R., and B. Straughan. "Explosive instabilities in heat transmission." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 458, no. 2028 (December 8, 2002): 2833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2002.1009.

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4

Cathcart, W. L. "HEAT LOSSES IN STEAM TRANSMISSION." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 27, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 529–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1915.tb00539.x.

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5

Marki, J., R. A. Pitts, T. Eich, A. Herrmann, J. Horacek, F. Sanchez, and G. Veres. "Sheath heat transmission factors on TCV." Journal of Nuclear Materials 363-365 (June 2007): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.01.197.

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6

Sultan, M. A., T. Z. Harmathy, and J. R. Mehaffey. "Heat transmission in fire test furnaces." Fire and Materials 10, no. 2 (June 1986): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100202.

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7

Cao, Wenbo, Fengxia Zhang, Jianhang Hu, Shiliang Yang, Huili Liu, and Hua Wang. "DEM Investigation on the Flow and Heat Transmission Characteristics of Multi-Size Particles Mixed Flow in Moving Bed." Processes 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2024): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12020408.

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Анотація:

The moving bed heat exchanger (MBHE) has been widely applied in the recovery of waste heat of industrial particles. Currently, investigations focus on uniform-size particles in the MBHE, but few studies are conducted on multi-size particles produced by industrial granulation. Therefore, based on the discrete element method (DEM), the heat transmission model of multi-size particles is established, and flow and heat transmission processes of typically normal distribution particles in the MBHE are studied. In conclusion, there are significant differences in particles tangential velocity and contact number in local regions of a heat exchanger pipe, resulting in different local heat transmission coefficients. In addition, the increases in outlet particle velocity and inlet particle temperature significantly enhance the heat transmission. When the outlet particle velocity grows from 1 mm/s to 5 mm/s, the overall heat transmission coefficient increases by 36.4%, and as the inlet particle temperature rises from 473 K to 873 K, the overall heat transmission coefficient increases by 16.1%.

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8

Wang, Xi, Bin Chao Liu, Hong Yu Guan, Zhi Wen Cheng, Hong Ren Li, and Yan Jiang. "Dynamic Transmission Experiment Research of Underground Heat Storage." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.328.

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The circular layout of the heat transfer soil tank experiments on the dynamic transmission of underground storage mechanism. By analyzing and comparing the dynamic and static, with or without heat shield of the storage conditions, explore ways to make a favorable energy storage ,which has better effect on energy injected and preservation. The results show that, compared to the static continuous loading , intermittent loading and storage with heat shield are more conducive to the storage of energy injected and improve the ability of cohesion of temperature field; controlling the ratio of the heat for the heat shield to the total load is the key issues on application of heat screen.

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9

Tso, C. P., S. C. Yap, and K. S. Chan. "Heat transmission in cylindrical and spherical shells with exponential heat sources." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 23, no. 7 (July 14, 1990): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/23/7/004.

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10

Hagoort, Jacques. "Ramey's Wellbore Heat Transmission Revisited." SPE Journal 9, no. 04 (December 1, 2004): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/87305-pa.

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11

Durston, A. J. "THE TRANSMISSION OF HEAT THROUGH TUBE PLATES." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 5, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 436–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1893.tb04363.x.

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12

Khroustalev, B. M., and V. D. Sizov. "DETERMINING HEAT TRANSMISSION RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSING STRUCTURES." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 61, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2018-61-1-47-59.

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Анотація:

Fulfillment of the activities aimed to an increase of the thermal resistance of enclosing structures requires the determination of their thermophysical characteristics with the use of the determination method based on the solution of problems of heat conduction, establishing the con- nection between the spatial and temporal temperature changes under the effect of heat source. This work uses the solution of the problem under nonstationary heating of the enclosing structure in the form of unrestricted plate with boundary conditions of the III kind. According to the known relations and graphs alterations in surface temperature depending on warm-up time, on thermal resistance of constructions and on arguments of Fo and Bi, i. e. initial and boundary conditions are determined. The graphic dependencies that have been obtained show that the surface temperature depends on the thermal resistance, while the temperature at the opposite surface during heat expo- sure remains practically unchanged during t = 5 h. Thus, if the outside air temperature is altered, then the rate of change of surface temperature or relative temperature q make it possible to deter- mine the thermophysical characteristics by solving the inverse problem of thermal conductivity with the use of the converted ratio to determine R as a function R = f(q, t). If the constructed graphic dependencies R = f(q, t) are used at different heat transfer coefficients, then according to the measured temperatures at different time intervals it is possible to determine thermal resistance in the same time intervals and, according to their average value, determine the required resistance to heat transfer R. The estimated ratio of analytical and graphic dependencies that we have obtained demonstrate the adequacy of the conducted full-scale measurements, if the areas with homogeneous temperature field and temperature history are chosen, and they can be used in determining the heat resistance of the enclosing structure in the form of unrestricted plate with boundary conditions of the III kind.

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13

York, Ashley. "Turning up the heat on virus transmission." Nature Reviews Microbiology 18, no. 5 (March 17, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0360-9.

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14

Hetsroni, G., M. Gurevich, and R. Rozenblit. "Metal foam heat sink for transmission window." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48, no. 18 (August 2005): 3793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.02.040.

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15

Prabhakaran, R., M. Kontopoulou, G. Zak, P. J. Bates, and V. Sidiropoulos. "Simulation of Heat Transfer in Laser Transmission Welding." International Polymer Processing 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2005-0069.

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Abstract A numerical simulation of the heat transfer during laser transmission welding is presented. A finite difference approach was used to solve the one-dimensional unsteady-state heat conduction problem and to investigate the effect of welding conditions on the time-dependent temperature profiles for PA 6. For the needs of the simulation, the process was divided into heating and heat redistribution periods. The absorption coefficient of the laser-transparent part was measured experimentally and that of the laser-absorbing part was fitted using experimental data. The predicted temperature profiles were combined with experimental meltdown data to estimate the heat-affected zone thickness in the welded specimens. Good agreement was found between the estimated and measured heat-affected zone thickness values.

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16

Sørensen, Lars. "Heat Transmission Coefficient Measurements in Buildings Utilizing a Heat Loss Measuring Device." Sustainability 5, no. 8 (August 21, 2013): 3601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su5083601.

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17

He Ji-Zhou and He Bing-Xiang. "Energy selective electron heat pump with transmission probability." Acta Physica Sinica 59, no. 4 (2010): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.59.2345.

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18

Datciuk, T. A., A. M. Grimitlin, S. M. Anisimov, and A. V. Tsygankov. "Transmission and infiltration heat losses of residential buildings." Вестник гражданских инженеров 18, no. 6 (2021): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2021-18-6-115-120.

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Анотація:

The article considers some issues regarding the determining of the thermal performance of enclosing structures and compliance with the requirements for natural ventilation. Various ventilation devices are used to organize the air supply to residential buildings. On the basis of mathematical modeling and laboratory tests, the authors show the feasibility of predicting the heat losses of buildings and the quality of the air in residential buildings.

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19

YOSHIDA, Makoto, Takashi KAWATO, Toshinori FUJITA, Kenji KAWASHIMA, and Toshiharu KAGAWA. "Modeling of Gas Transmission Systems Considering Heat Transfer." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 39, no. 3 (2003): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.39.253.

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20

Minaguchi, D., M. Ginno, K. Itaka, H. Furukawa, K. Ninomiya, and T. Hayashi. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 1 (January 1986): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5528218.

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21

Minaguchi, D., M. Ginno, K. Itaka, H. Furukawa, K. Ninomiya, and T. Hayashi. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1, no. 1 (1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1986.4307881.

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22

Лучаков and Yu Luchakov. "HEAT TRANSMISSION IN TISSUES OF A HOMEIOTHERMAL ORGANISM." Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59300a8b49e788.61178934.

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23

You, Junyu, Hamid Rahnema, and Marcia D. McMillan. "Numerical modeling of unsteady-state wellbore heat transmission." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 34 (August 2016): 1062–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.004.

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24

Nishikawa, T., T. Gao, M. Hibi, M. Takatsu, and M. Ogawa. "Heat transmission during thermal shock testing of ceramics." Journal of Materials Science 29, no. 1 (1994): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00356595.

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25

Jim, C. Y., and Hongming He. "Estimating heat flux transmission of vertical greenery ecosystem." Ecological Engineering 37, no. 8 (August 2011): 1112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.02.005.

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26

Yaroker, Kh G., A. N. Kornaev, A. V. Spiridonov, and T. V. Chernorutskaya. "Transmission of solar radiation by heat-absorbing glass." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 7 (July 1987): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00703428.

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27

Shiraishi, K., and S. Takamura. "Heat transmission through plasma sheath with energetic electrons." Contributions to Plasma Physics 32, no. 3-4 (1992): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.2150320311.

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28

Bi, Xiao Ping, Yi Jun Li, Yang Gao, and Ning Ma. "A Study on Modeling the Temperature of Vehicle Transmission Device." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1193.

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Анотація:

In order to study the components temperature and the transmission oil temperature that flowing through the components of vehicle transmission device, based on the basic theory of heat transfer, this paper establishes heat production model, component temperature model and transmission oil temperature model of the vehicle transmission, calculates the models coupling and iterative, compares the calculating results with testing results. The results show that the maximum relative error of transmission temperature between the calculating results and the testing results is less than 10%.

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29

Viertel, Jacob, and Rachmadian Wulandana. "Two Dimensional CFD Analysis and Flow Optimization of Transmission Cooling Scoop for Longitudinal Powertrain Applications." International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials 2, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v2i1.39.

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Анотація:

Two dimensional finite area method simulation was conducted to optimize the convective cooling performance of a transmission cooling scoop for longitudinal vehicle powertrain applications. Cooling of the transmission in an automobile is important to prevent premature wear or sudden failure caused by prolonged overheating of internal transmission components. The most common method for transmission cooling requires a small energy input for powering a pump to cool the transmission by circulating transmission fluid through a heat exchanger. An alternative cooling method was designed utilizing a simple scoop geometry to induce forced convection from ambient air to cool the transmission with no energy input requirement. Two dimensional simulation of this alternative cooling method was conducted in ANSYS Fluent. Fluid flow and heat transfer performance were analyzed for three proposed cooling scoop designs. Further flow optimization was achieved with parametric study regarding angle at which the cooling scoop is positioned relative to the transmission. Three dimensional simulation was conducted for improved observation of the physical model. Based on the simulation results, optimal geometry and future design improvements have been determined. A peak simulated heat transfer of 11.14 kW/m^2 was achieved with scoop angle of 45 degrees. Future research investigating the effects of induced turbulence to improve convective heat transfer would be beneficial.

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30

Md Saquib Akhter, Ratnesh Kumar, Uday Kumar Singh. "Heat Transfer Enhancement in Heat Exchanger using Double Sinusoidal Shape Fins." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 3 (November 14, 2023): 3345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.1856.

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The improvement of heat transmission in compact heat exchangers is a challenging and continuous area of study for heat exchanger applications. Without expanding the heat exchanger's overall volume, the current study takes into consideration a small heat exchanger that is used in the cooler device for the enhancement study. To calculate the potential using CFD, enhancements to the current flat-finned heat exchanger are simulated for pressure loss and fan discharge modeling. The current study's primary goal is to alter the fin profile to enhance heat transmission without increasing a significant pressure drop, which is accomplished via a perforated, wavy fin. Variations in the perforation's pitch and diameter are taken into account during simulation, and the resulting pitch and perforated profile are then experimentally assessed to determine whether the cooling effects improve. By using simulation, it is discovered that the cooling effect is improved by 28% and that the pressure drop caused by the fin's perforation is reduced by 4.5% when compared to the current design.

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31

Kačur, Jozef, and Patrik Mihala. "Numerical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transport with Inner Heat Exchange in Unsaturated Porous Media." Diffusion Foundations 27 (May 2020): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.27.166.

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We are focused to the numerical modelling of heat, contaminant and water transport in unsaturated porous media in 3D. The heat exchange between water and porous media matrix is taken into the account. The determination of heat energy transmission coefficient and matrix heat conductivity is solved by means of inverse problem methods. The mathematical model represents the conservation of heat, contaminant and water mass balance. It is expressed by coupled non-linear system of parabolic-elliptic equations. Mathematical model for water transport in unsaturated porous media is represented by Richard's type equation. Heat transport by water includes water flux, molecular diffusion and dispersion. A successful experiment scenario is suggested to determine the required parameters including heat transmission and matrix heat conductivity coefficients. Additionally we investigate contaminant transport with heat transmission and contaminant adsorption. The obtained experiments support our method suitable for solution of direct and inverse problems. This problem we have discussed previously in 1D model, but preferential streamlines in 1D thin tubes shadow accurate results in determination of required parameters. In our presented setting we consider a cylindrical sample which is suitable in laboratory experiments for inverse problems.

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32

Jaroš, P., and M. Vertaľ. "Water vapor transmission parameters of the Kežmarok sandstone." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012038.

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Abstract Dynamic complex heat and water transport in building constructions can be calculated using modern simulation software such as Wufi, Delphin, Math, Comsol Multiphysics and other. This software is suitable for the evaluation of the thermal and hygric processes in constructions of historical buildings. Because it includes many important factors such as dynamic boundary conditions, solar radiation, driven rain, ground water, diffusion and others. The heat and water transport parameters of historical materials are needed for simulation of coupled heat and water transport in building materials. The Kežmarok sandstone was chosen for analysis. One of the important material parameters for evaluation of complex heat and water transport in building constructions are water vapor transmission parameters. Vapor transport can be described as water vapor diffusion resistance factor, water vapor diffusion coefficient and diffusion equivalent air layer thickness. The dry cup and wet cup method were used to determine the water vapor transmission parameters of Kežmarok sandstone.

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33

Moskalenko, Nikolay, Ibragim Dodov, and Azat Akhmetshin. "Numerical modeling of radiation heat exchange in combustion chambers and heat exchangers of power installations." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020903018.

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The application of numerical modeling is considered to solve the problems of radiation heat exchange in structurally inhomogeneous two-phase media which are realized during the combustion of fuel in boiler units atmospheric emissions from air carriers when they move at supersonic speeds. The optically active ingredients of the gas phase of the combustion products have a sharp selection of spectral absorption lines (radiation) which causes a difference in the spectral transmission functions for selective radiation from the spectral transmission functions for non-selective radiation (gray body). In the presence of a dispersed phase of the combustion products acute selection is subjected to such a parameter of the radiation propagation medium as the probability of quantum survival. The number of spectral lines determining the spectral transmission functions increases with temperature and is determined by hundreds of thousands of lines at high temperatures. In this paper we consider a closed simulation of radiation heat transfer in combustion chambers when the temperature field in the combustion chambers is calculated first and then the flux of thermal radiation to the tube heat-receiving surfaces.

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34

DOLGUSHIN, А. А., A. F. KURNOSOV, and R. V. CHERNUKHIN. "HEAT EXCHANGE OF THE TRANSMISSION UNITS OF TRUCK ENGINE." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 62, no. 2 (June 21, 2024): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2024-62-2-65-70.

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Анотація:

A significant share of goods in agriculture are transported by road at low ambient temperatures. Changing the properties of oils in these conditions significantly reduces the efficiency of the machines and requires additional measures for the thermal preparation of the units. (Research purpose) The research purpose is identifying heat flows between the engine and the transmission units of a truck and their effect on the thermal mode of the middle and rear axles. (Materials and methods) We performed experimental studies on a KamAZ 65115 car. Convective heat flows and heat transfer through thermal conductivity in the "engine-transmission units" system, as well as their effect on the thermal mode of transmission gearboxes, were studied. (Results and discussion) The effect of the engine on the thermal mode of the gearbox was established: the oil temperature rise was five degrees; the oil temperature stabilization time was 70-74 minutes. The effect of the engine on the thermal mode of the middle and rear axles was not revealed. It was shown that the main heat flows causing the gearbox to heat up are the air flows washing the block and crankcase of the engine. An increase in the air flow velocity to 25 meters per second leads to a decrease in temperature near the engine block by 2.5 percent to 278 kelvin, and near the crankcase by 3 percent to 253 kelvin. (Conclusions) Engine temperature has a significant effect only on the temperature of the gearbox. At air speeds above 10 meters per second, stabilization of transmission temperature is observed. Heat flows that cause additional heating of the gearbox are formed on the side surfaces of the cylinder block and the engine oil sump.

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35

Rashid, Farhan Lafta, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Emad Hasani Malekshah, Aissa Abderrahmane, Kamel Guedri, and Obai Younis. "Review of Heat Transfer Analysis in Different Cavity Geometries with and without Nanofluids." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142481.

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Анотація:

Many strategies have been attempted for accomplishing the needed changes in the heat-transfer rate in closed cavities in recent years. Some strategies used include the addition of flexible or hard partitions to the cavities (to split them into various pieces), thickening the borders, providing fins to the cavities, or altering the forms or cavity angles. Each of these methods may be used to increase or decrease heat transmission. Many computational and experimental investigations of heat transport in various cavity shapes have been conducted. The majority of studies focused on improving the thermal efficiency of heat transmission in various cavity containers. This paper introduced a review of experimental, numerical, and analytical studies related to heat transfer analyses in different geometries, such as circular, cylindrical, hexagonal, and rectangular cavities. Results of the evaluated studies indicate that the fin design increased heat transmission and sped up the melting time of the PCM; the optimal wind incidence angle for the maximum loss of combined convective heat depends on the tilt angle of the cavity and wind speed. The Nusselt number graphs behave differently when decreasing the Richardson number. Comparatively, the natural heat transfer process dominates at Ri = 10, but lid motion is absent at Ri = 1. For a given Ri and Pr, the cavity without a block performed better than the cavity with a square or circular block. The heat transfer coefficient at the heating sources has been established as a performance indicator. Hot source fins improve heat transmission and reduce gallium melting time.

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36

Leu, T. S., N. J. Huang, and C. T. Wang. "Dimensional Effect of Micro Capillary Pumped Loop." Journal of Mechanics 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100003014.

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Анотація:

AbstractThis study discusses the components' geometry and its effect on the capability of heat transmission and pressure drop because of its evident influence on the performance of micro capillary pumped loop (MCPL). On analyzing the dimensional effect on heat transmission and pressure gradient of MCPL device, some results were yielded and addressed as follows: The vapor line was the most important factor among the components of MCPL in heat transmission and pressure drop. Furthermore, the depth of vapor line was the main parameter because of its drastic effect. In addition, at depth of vapor line, hv, ranging from 20 μm to 150 μm, the amount of heat transferred for system will increase, but decrease the pressure drop. However, for hv larger than 150 μm, the heat transfer and pressure drop both will reach a limit. A new family of geometrical dimensions of MCPL possessing an excellent heat flux of 178 W/cm2 would be obtained. These findings will be useful in designing a better MCPL.

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37

Critoph, Robert E., and Angeles M. Rivero Pacho. "District Heating of Buildings by Renewable Energy Using Thermochemical Heat Transmission." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041449.

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Анотація:

The decarbonisation of building heating in urban areas can be achieved by heat pumps connected to district heating networks. These could be ‘third-generation’ (85/75 °C), ‘fourth-generation’ (50/40 or 50/25 °C) or ‘fifth-generation’ (near ambient) water loops. Networks using thermochemical reactions should require smaller pipe diameters than water systems and be more economic. This work investigates thermochemical transmission systems based on liquid–gas absorption intended for application in urban district heating networks where the main heat source might be a MW scale heat pump. Previous studies of absorption for heat transmission have concentrated on long distance (e.g., 50 km) transmission of heat or cold utilizing waste heat from power stations or similar but these are not directly applicable to our application which has not been investigated before. Absorbent-refrigerant pairs are modelled using water, methanol and acetone as absorbates. Thermodynamic properties are obtained from the literature and modelling carried out using thermodynamic analysis very similar to that employed for absorption heat pumps or chillers. The pairs with the best performance (efficiency and power density) both for ambient loop (fifth-generation) and high temperature (fourth-generation) networks use water pairs. The next best pairs use methanol as a refrigerant. Methanol has the advantage of being usable at ambient temperatures below 0 °C. Of the water-based pairs, water–NaOH is good for ambient temperature loops, reducing pipe size by 75%. Specifically, in an ambient loop, heat losses are typically less than 5% and the heat transferred per volume of pumped fluid can be 30 times that of a pumped water network with 10 K temperature change. For high temperature networks the heat losses can reach 30% and the power density is 4 times that of water. The limitation with water–NaOH is the low evaporating temperature when ambient air is the heat source. Other water pairs perform better but use lithium compounds which are prohibitively expensive. For high temperature networks, a few water- and methanol-based pairs may be used, but their performance is lower and may be unattractive.

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38

Xu, Aixue, Huijuan Qi, and Hongnian Wen. "Thermal energy storage technology and its application in power data remote transmission." Thermal Science 27, no. 2 Part A (2023): 1175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2302175x.

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In order to meet the current situation of the strong growth of energy demand, the authors put forward the research of thermal energy storage technology and its application in power data remote transmission. The main content of the technology is based on heat energy storage technology, discuss the advantages of heat energy storage technology, and study the stability analysis in the remote transmission of power data, finally, the stability performance of heat energy storage technology in power data remote transmission is obtained through experiments. The experimental results show that the energy storage is added at bus 6 of the power supply end, and the transmission distance between the energy storage power station and bus 6 is changed and the energy storage output is kept at 100 MW, the power of the connecting line is 400 MW. With the increase of the transmission distance, the variation trend of the interregion oscillation mode and the oscillation mode in Region 1 and Region 2 is that the oscillation frequency increases, the characteristic root moves to the left and the damping ratio increases, but the change is small. In conclusion it proves that heat energy storage technology has outstanding advantages, it has a broad development prospect and an important role in power data remote transmission.

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39

Kustov, Borislav, and Mihail Gerasimchuk. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THERMAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH A MOBILE HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 2018, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2018-1-28-31.

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Experimental studies of heat transfer in a heat exchanger of the "pipe-in-pipe" type with a rotating tube have been performed. It is established that in the investigated range of hot coolant flow rate, the rotation of the pipe makes it possible to increase the values of the heat transfer coefficients by 19-28%.

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40

Urch, Catherine. "Normal Pain Transmission." Reviews in Pain 1, no. 1 (August 2007): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/204946370700100102.

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• Acute (normal) pain transmission is part of a survival response to prevent tissue damage and attend to and protect damaged tissue. • A cycle of afferent transmission, response to stimuli, followed by temporary hypersensitivity, then attenuation and resolution occurs. • Primary afferent, spinal cord ascending and descending pathways are fixed; however the response elicited is highly dynamic and not a linear relationship with input intensity. • Somatic inputs are topographically accurate, in contrast to diffuse visceral inputs. • Primary afferents code differentially for stimuli (heat, acid, pressure etc) and intensity. • The dorsal horn allows extensive modulation of initial inputs, either excitation or inhibition. • Higher CNS areas allow extensive modulation of inputs, account for the conscious recognition of pain: the intensity, location, emotional and memory aspects. • Descending pathways arising from midbrain regions can be inhibitory or excitatory.

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41

M. Al-Makhyoul, Ziad, and Dr Ghalib Y.Kahwaji. "VALIDATION OF THE TOTAL RESISTANCE HEAT DISSIPATION MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH ANNULAR FINS." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 14, no. 3 (September 28, 2006): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2006.45305.

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42

Xue, Heng, Zuxi Huang, Liqiang Zhao, Hehua Wang, Bo Kang, Pingli Liu, Fei Liu, Yi Cheng, and Jun Xin. "Influence of acid-rock reaction heat and heat transmission on wormholing in carbonate rock." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 50 (February 2018): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2017.12.008.

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43

Yusufov, Sh A. "THERMOELECTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER - HEAT TRANSMISSION INTENSIFIER FOR MAINTAINING A THERMAL REGIME IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 47, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2020-47-1-48-57.

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Abstract. Aim. The article presents a thermoelectric heat exchanger / heat transfer intensifier design for ensuring the thermal regime of electronic equipment located in external installations.Method. Methods for modelling heat exchange processes were applied.Result. A thermoelectric system is proposed, consisting of a heat exchanger / heat transfer intensifier component located in an external installation. In structural terms, the external installation comprises a compartment disposing electronic heatgenerating components, in which are located channels for ventilating external air, while a second compartment contains elements that require to be sealed from external influences, in cluding contact with external cooling air. A mathematical model is provided for determining the temperature of air flows from the heatexchange surfaces of a thermoelectric system (TES), as well as the limiting length of a thermoelectric system to achieve equal output temperature at given supply currents of thermoelectric batteries.Conclusion. On the basis of the conducted studies, it is concluded that a longer thermoelectric system for ensuring the intensification mode corresponds to an increased difference in the temperature of the coolant at the inlet. The temperature of the air flow at the outlet becomes lower with a further increase in length due to the thermoelectric heat exchanger entering the operating mode of the thermoelectric refrigeration unit.

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44

Shi, Yaran, Jixiang Yan, Yuan Zhou, Dong Xu, and Laifeng Li. "Experimental study on nitrogen pulsating heat pipes with different heat transmission distances and configurations." Cryogenics 141 (July 2024): 103898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103898.

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45

Wang, Xiao, Ru Jian Ma, and En Ping Zhang. "Design of Remote Transmission System for Wireless Heat Metering." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1337.

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A design scheme is proposed in this paper for heat metering remote transmission system based on the Xbee Pro module. Wireless network technology is used in the scheme. A dynamic monitoring, control and transmission network is composed by the wireless network system and the computer in the monitoring and control center. The real-time data detected from heat metering system can be transmitted and monitored. Xbee Pro module and MSP430FW427 single-chip micro-computer are used in the nodes or terminals of the system. The self-provided functions and modules of the components are taken into sufficient consideration in the design to make the system performance as superior as possible and the system structure as simple as possible. In this way, the transmission system with low power consumption and simple structure is achieved.

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46

Wang, Xiao, Ru Jian Ma, and En Ping Zhang. "Design of Remote Transmission System for Wireless Heat Metering." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6293.

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Анотація:

A design scheme is proposed in this paper for heat metering remote transmission system based on the Xbee Pro module. Wireless network technology is used in the scheme. A dynamic monitoring, control and transmission network is composed by the wireless network system and the computer in the monitoring and control center. The real-time data detected from heat metering system can be transmitted and monitored. Xbee Pro module and MSP430FW427 single-chip micro-computer are used in the nodes or terminals of the system. The self-provided functions and modules of the components are taken into sufficient consideration in the design to make the system performance as superior as possible and the system structure as simple as possible. In this way, the transmission system with low power consumption and simple structure is achieved.

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47

NISHIKAWA, Tadahiro, Tie GAO, and Manabu TAKATSU. "Heat Transmission on the Thermal Shock Test of Ceramics." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 42, no. 476 (1993): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.42.507.

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48

Zhang, Ruquan, Nanping Deng, Bowen Cheng, Shangyong Zhang, and Ying Wu. "Mathematical Model of Embedded Temperature Sensing Fabric Heat Transmission." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 24, no. 5(119) (September 1, 2016): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1215531.

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49

GILKEY, P. B., and K. KIRSTEN. "HEAT CONTENT ASYMPTOTICS WITH TRANSMITTAL AND TRANSMISSION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS." Journal of the London Mathematical Society 68, no. 02 (September 25, 2003): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0024610703004526.

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50

Desheng Cheng, Ge Li, Fei Xie, Hua Li, and Qiang jiang Chen. "Simulation of heat transfer performance of NBI transmission line." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 20, no. 4 (August 2013): 1293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.6571447.

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