Статті в журналах: "Heat of the cooling system"

1

Fedorovskiy, Konstantin Yu, and Nadezhda K. Fedorovskaya. "TEMPERATURES OPTIMIZATION OF TWO-CIRCUIT CLOSED COOLING SYSTEM OF SHIP'S POWER PLANT." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 62 (March 10, 2020): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi62.48.

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The issues of creating environmentally friendly highly reliable closed-loop cooling systems are considered in the paper. The achievement of these qualities is ensured by the rejection of cooling water intake. The analysis of various coolants of the power installation requiring cooling is carried out. It is shown that for the cooling of a number of coolants it is advisable to create double-circuit cooling systems. This requires the introduction of an additional heat exchanger and the separation of the temperature head between the cooled coolant and seawater. The authors suggest an approach that makes it possible to distribute this temperature head between the circuits optimally. This procedure involves comparing various heat exchangers based on their reduced area. A nomogram is presented to determine the optimal value of the temperature head.

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2

Balitskii, Alexander, Myroslav Kindrachuk, Dmytro Volchenko, Karol F. Abramek, Olexiy Balitskii, Vasyl Skrypnyk, Dmytro Zhuravlev, Iryna Bekish, Mykola Ostashuk, and Valerii Kolesnikov. "Hydrogen Containing Nanofluids in the Spark Engine’s Cylinder Head Cooling System." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010059.

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The article is devoted to the following issues: boiling of fluid in the cooling jacket of the engine cylinder head; agents that influenced the thermal conductivity coefficient of nanofluids; behavior of nanoparticles and devices with nanoparticles in the engine’s cylinder head cooling system. The permissible temperature level of internal combustion engines is ensured by intensification of heat transfer in cooling systems due to the change of coolants with “light” and “heavy” nanoparticles. It was established that the introduction of “light” nanoparticles of aluminum oxide Al2O3 Al2O3 into the water in a mass concentration of 0.75% led to an increase in its thermal conductivity coefficient by 60% compared to the base fluid at a coolant temperature of 90 °C, which corresponds to the operating temperature of the engine cooling systems. At the indicated temperature, the base fluid has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.545 Wm2×°C W/(m °C), for nanofluid with Al2O3 particles its value was 0.872 Wm2×°C. At the same time, a positive change in the parameters of the nanofluid in the engine cooling system was noted: the average movement speed increased from 0.2 to 2.0 m/s; the average temperature is in the range of 60–90 °C; heat flux density 2 × 102–2 × 106 Wm2; heat transfer coefficient 150–1000 Wm2×°C. Growth of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the cooling nanofluid was achieved. This increase is determined by the change in the mass concentration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the base fluid. This will make it possible to create coolants with such thermophysical characteristics that are required to ensure intensive heat transfer in cooling systems of engines with various capacities.

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Singh, Randeep, Masataka Mochizuki, Thang Nguyen, Tien Nguyen, Koichi Mashiko, and Kazuhiko Goto. "H212 Heat Pipe Based Emergency Core Cooling System for Nuclear Reactor." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2011 (2011): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2011.363.

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4

Wang, Yu, and Lin Ruan. "Self-Circulating Evaporative Cooling System of a Rotor and Its Experimental Verification." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050934.

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With the development of hydropower, the heat problem of a rotor cannot be ignored. This paper presents a topology of an evaporative cooling system for rotors. The system seals the pole coil in a tank and immerses the coil in the insulating coolant with a suitable boiling point. The latent heat of vaporization during the boiling of coolant is used to control the temperature rise of the pole coil. After explaining the circulation principle of the system, the effectiveness of the cooling system is verified by experiments. A small-scale experimental platform has been set up to test the effectiveness of the new topology. The comparison experiment with air-cooling shows that the phase change cooling system can not only provide hundreds of times the heat transfer capacity of air-cooling, but also the temperature rise of the coil is half that of air cooling. Based on the experimental results, the calculated formula of the heat transfer coefficient of the evaporative cooling system in the rotating state was fitted, and the deviation of the calculated result could be kept at less than 25%. Thanks to the evaporative cooling system, the rotor carries a high current density.

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5

Li, Qi Fen, Tao Li, Cui Cui Pan, Zhi Tian Zhou, and Wei Dong Sun. "Design and Calculation of Cooling System to Eliminate Non-Uniform Heat Transfer on Concentration PV System (CPV)." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.143.

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With characteristics of rapid start-up, small heat resistance，uniform temperature and strong heat transfer ability, heat pipe has been used as a facility in cooling system of concentration photovoltaic system. Through numerical calculation and analysis, heat transfer characteristics of the cooling systems are carried out in this paper. Focusing on research of conventional rectangular fin and small fin fixed on cooling systems, and the heat pipe radiator that may adopted, the high-efficiency cooling system and method which are matched with the requirement of high energy flow density and notuniformity temperature are discussed. Finally, optimization design of the cooling system structure is suggested in the paper.

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6

Grigoryan, Artak A., Karapet A. Ter-Zakaryan, Alexander I. Panchenko, Nadezhda A. Galceva, and Vladislav I. Krashchenko. "Heat- and cooling systems." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.4.7.

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Introduction. The article discusses the various aspects of the use of foamed polyethylene, implemented at sports facilities in Armenia. Firstly, it is a roof insulation system. Secondly, the implementation of insulation systems to preserve the cold in the territory of open sports facilities, in particular, to preserve snow reserves in ski resorts. Additional requirements are imposed on the thermal insulation material for such structures. The material, in addition to high thermotechnical properties, must be airtight, lightweight, easy to install and maintain, durable, resistant to infection by bacteria and fungi, it is easy to tolerate temperature extremes. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a study of the properties (heat conductivity density, vapor permeability, water absorption) and application features (resistance to the effects of temperature, humidity, aggressive components contained in the air, that is, its high operational stability) of rolled non-cross-linked polyethylene foam when creating insulating sheets that protect snow from melting. Results. It was found that polyethylene foam in the insulating system maintains the stability of mechanical and thermophysical properties. Taking into account all the functional features of the implementation of insulation systems, the principles of protection and preservation (conservation) of snow cover have been developed, implemented on the mountain slopes and plateau of ski facilities. Rolls of foamed polyethylene were joined end-to-end and mechanically fixed. Conclusions. Thus, a seamless insulating coating was formed, covering the entire hillside — “thermal blanket”. The insulation system is operated during the off-season between March and September, during a period of stable positive temperatures.

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7

Xu, Shanglong, Weijie Wang, Zongkun Guo, Xinglong Hu, and Wei Guo. "A multi-channel cooling system for multiple heat source." Thermal Science 20, no. 6 (2016): 1991–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140313123x.

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High-power electronic devices with multiple heating elements often require temperature uniformity and operating within their functional temperature range for optimal performance. A multi-channel cooling experiment apparatus is developed for studying heat removal inside an electronic device with multiple heat sources. It mainly consists of a computer-controlled pump, a multi-channel heat sink for multi-zone cooling and the apparatus for measuring the temperature and pressure drop. The experimental results show the system and the designed multi-channel heat sink structure can control temperature distribution of electronic device with multiple heat sources by altering coolant flow rate.

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8

Song, Yufei, Zhiguo Liu, Shiwu Li, and Qingyong Jin. "Design and Optimization of an Immersion Liquid Cooling System in Internet Datacenter." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390629.

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With the development of high-performance chips, the heat flux of Internet datacenter (IDC) is on the rise, and heat dissipation becomes a major bottleneck of IDC development. The cooling needs of the IDC room can hardly be met by the traditional method of air cooling. In recent years, immersion liquid cooling has attracted a growing attention, due to its excellent performance. This paper designs and optimizes an immersion liquid cooling system for IDC. Multiple numerical simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of the system parameters on heat dissipation, and improve the system efficiency using a dielectric coolant. Specifically, 20 graphics processing units (GPUs) and 2 central processing units (CPUs) were set up in each machine of the liquid cooling server. Then, the GPU and CPU temperature was examined under different opening positions on the server top plate, inlet coolant temperatures, and coolant flow speeds. The results show that a 30mm-wide, 430mm-long opening should be set at the upper part of the GPU array, 20mm away from the top plate. The cooling effect can be optimized at the inlet temperature of 30℃, and the coolant flow speed of 3m3/h.

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9

Kulkarni, Shubham S. "A Glance on Radiant Cooling Technology for Heating and Cooling for Residential and Commercial Building Application." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 07, no. 3&4 (November 6, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202005.

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As we know that nowadays due to the hot and humid weather and the increasing temperature the high amount of energy consumption is used for the heating & cooling purpose in residential as well as in commercial building for air conditioning systems. To overcome this problem and to reduce the energy consumption as well as good thermal comfort to people in the indoor environment, use the radiant heating & cooling system is a better way. This concept is used to cool or heat the room and absorbs the indoor sensible heat by thermal radiation. The system removes heat by using less energy and more energy-efficient. This system uses water as a medium to cool or heat the room space. There are three types discussed in these papers for cooling & heating. In this paper, we did an overall study regarding radiant heating and cooling systems. It reduces the energy lost due to the duct leakage. It also has a lower life cycle cost compared to conventional. In this paper, we have reviewed how to reduce energy consumption and give thermal comfortable air-condition through radiant cooling and chilled ceiling panel system.

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10

Zarzycki, Robert. "The use of heat from the CO2 compression system for production of system heat." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900135.

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The study presents the concept and computations of the CO2 compression for the purposes of transport and underground storage of the gas. Cooling between individual stages is needed to reduce the power needed for CO2 compression. Heat obtained from the cooling process can be used to provide heat to the municipal heat power systems. A design of a heat accumulator for storage of excess heat was proposed in order to improve heat supply safety. The solution proposed in the study allows for heating condensing power units using waste heat from the CO2 cooling process.

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11

Zuo, Z. J., Si Bi, L. R. Fu, Z. Q. Weng, and S. H. Peng. "Cooling System Design of Ion Nitriding and PCVD Composite Treatment Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3462.

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Keywords: ion nitriding furnace cooling system vacuum system Abstract. About fuction of vacuum plasma nitriding furnace cooling system, and its design and calculation of main parts, in particular control of water consumption. The cooling water system have been set into the water flowing through the four heat shield, and gradually take the heat, then the coolant out by outlet pipe. Cooling water flows through layers of insulation to varying degrees of cooling, to ensure that each level of temperature, precise calculation of water flow can only be guaranteed to ensure the maximum water savings and cooling the furnace down. This article provide the basis for vacuum furnace cooling system design in the future.

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12

Araswati, Nurbaiti, Herry Suhardiyanto, and Mohamad Solahudin. "Analysis of Heat Transfer in Cooling Pipe for Root Zone Cooling System." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 05, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.05.3.253-260.

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13

Qian, Suxin, Yao Wang, Lifen Yuan, and Jianlin Yu. "A heat driven elastocaloric cooling system." Energy 182 (September 2019): 881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.094.

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14

Lei, Chun Li, Zhi Yuan Rui, Te Li, and Qin Wu. "Research on the Cooling System of High-Speed Motorized Spindle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 1707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.1707.

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In order to control effectively the temperature of the motorized spindle, based on thermodynamics, heat transfer theory and fluid dynamics control theory, the model of motorized spindle with cooling system is established and simulated. Based on the idea of orthogonal experiment and simulation experiment, the comprehensive tests are built, and the optimum matching relation between the heat flux of motor and the flow velocity of cooling liquid is determined in this article. The results show that the flow velocity of coolant can be adjusted according to the heat flux of motor which can control the temperature in the steady range and improves the cooling effect.

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15

Sim, Jason, Rozli Zulkifli, and Shahrir Abdullah. "Conceptual Thermosyphonic Loop Cooled Thermoelectric Power Cogeneration System for Automotive Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.294.

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Thermoelectric cogeneration may be applied to the exhaust of an automobile to generate additional electric power, by applying a temperature differential across the thermoelectric power generation modules. To obtain maximum net power, the highest allowable temperature difference should be obtained. Therefore, a cooling system should be employed to ensure that the cold side of the thermoelectric modules remain as cold as possible. An evaporative cooling system patented by Einstein and Szilard is used as a base for a non-parasitic cooling system to be used together with thermoelectric modules. The cooling system utilizes the same heat which powers the thermoelectric modules as a power source. By utilizing the high solubility of ammonia in water, the solubility dependency with temperature, and usage of polar and non-polar solvents to direct the flow of ammonia as a coolant, it is possible to create a cooling system which performs better than passive heat sinks, but negates the power requirements of active cooling systems.

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16

Pendhari, Asiya S. "Indirect Evaporative Cooling: An Efficient and Convenient Energy System." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics and Computational Fluid Dynamics 07, no. 3&4 (November 6, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202006.

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Evaporative cooling is now an alternative method for the conventional air cooling method. This method does not only save energy but also protect the environment from global warming and hazardous gases. Thus this system is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Evaporative cooling system is further divided into two categories that are direct evaporative cooling system and an indirect evaporative cooling system. The direct evaporative cooling system is not much efficient due to high wet bulb temperature and moisture thus rather than using the direct evaporative cooling system the indirect evaporative cooling system is preferred. This paper discusses comparative studies of performance, working principles, material selection criteria’s and various methods. It also explains the performance under different weather conditions, hybrid structure to reduce the load on the further system. It summarises various aspects like wick attained aluminium sheet is the best material for IEC or counter-flow heat exchanger is effective than parallel-flow heat exchanger. It finally results that indirect evaporative cooling system is moisture free, very effective and environment savings. That can be used in various residential and commercial sectors effectively as an alternative for conventional energy-consuming system.

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17

Ding, Yuzhang, Haocheng Ji, Rui Liu, Yuwei Jiang, and Minxiang Wei. "Study of the thermal behavior of a battery pack with a serpentine channel." AIP Advances 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 055028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089378.

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To effectively enhance the thermal security of the Li-ion battery packs used in the electric vehicle industry, novel cooling systems equipped with serpentine channels are established. Then, the heat generation model is established and verified experimentally. In this research study, the structure of the cooling channel, the coolant velocity, the coolant temperature, and the coolant flow direction are considered to be the influencing factors. The results demonstrate that, by adopting the serpentine cooling channel, a better thermal conductivity can be obtained, and the type-B cooling system possesses a more reasonable structure. For different types of liquid cooling systems, the coolant temperature has a small influence on the temperature nephogram; however, for the same type of system, the coolant temperature strongly influences the temperature distribution. Similarly, the temperature difference is only related to the type of cooling system, with ∼6.09 and 5.53 K obtained for the type-A and type-B cooling systems, respectively. Furthermore, allowing the coolant in the serpentine cooling channels to flow in opposite directions can lower the value of the maximum temperature and temperature difference.

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Zhou, Yuxin, Zhengkun Wang, Zongfa Xie, and Yanan Wang. "Parametric Investigation on the Performance of a Battery Thermal Management System with Immersion Cooling." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 2554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072554.

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Lithium-ion batteries will generate a large amount of heat during high-rate charging and discharging. By transferring the heat to the environment in time, the batteries can be kept in a suitable temperature range. This allows them to work normally, prolongs their cycle life, and reduces the risk of thermal runaway. Immersion cooling is a simple and efficient thermal management method. In this paper, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) with immersion cooling was designed by immersing the lithium-ion cells in the non-conductive coolant—dimethyl silicone oil. The electric–thermal coupled model was adopted to obtain the heat production and temperature distribution of the cell during discharging, and the performance of the system was obtained by numerical calculation. It was found that, compared with natural cooling, immersion cooling could significantly reduce both the maximum temperature (MAT) of the cell and the temperature of the tabs during the 3C discharging process. However, the maximum temperature difference (MATD) of the cell was significantly increased. To solve this problem, the effects of the flow rate, viscosity, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the coolant on the performance of immersion cooling were further investigated and discussed, including the MAT and MATD of the cell, and the pressure drop of the coolant. The method and results could provide references for the design and application of the BTMS with immersion cooling in the future.

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19

KENNY, THOMAS W., KENNETH E. GOODSON, JUAN G. SANTIAGO, EVELYN WANG, JAE-MO KOO, LINAN JIANG, ERIC POP, et al. "ADVANCED COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROPROCESSORS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 01 (March 2006): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406003655.

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Recent trends in processor power for the next generation devices point clearly to significant increase in processor heat dissipation over the coming years. In the desktop system design space, the tendency has been to minimize system enclosure size while maximizing performance, which in turn leads to high power densities in future generation systems. The current thermal solutions used today consist of advanced heat sink designs and heat pipe designs with forced air cooling to cool high power processors. However, these techniques are already reaching their limits to handle high heat flux, and there is a strong need for development of more efficient cooling systems which are scalable to handle the high heat flux generated by the future products. To meet this challenge, there has been research in academia and in industry to explore alternative methods for extracting heat from high-density power sources in electronic systems. This talk will discuss the issues surrounding device cooling, from the transistor level to the system level, and describe system-level solutions being developed for desktop computer applications developed in our group at Stanford University.

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20

Zhao, Xiangyang. "Thermal performance analysis and optimal control of power lithium cell thermal management system for new energy vehicles." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191220129z.

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To improve the service life and performance of lithium cells in new energy electric vehicles, the thermal management system of lithium cells in new energy vehicles is analyzed through simulation experiments in this research. Firstly, the calculation model of set of cells and cooling structure is built, and then a lithium cell management system is designed. On this basis, the cooling structure of lithium cell is optimized. Finally, the simulation results of the calculation model and the simulation results of the heat dissipation performance of the thermal management system in the cooling structure of lithium cell are analyzed, including influence of three factors (coolant flow, inlet temperature of coolant, and discharge multiple) on the heat dissipation of the thermal management system of lithium cell. The results show that the calculation model constructed in this research is feasible. When the optimal structure, coolant flow value, inlet temperature of coolant, and discharge multiple are determined, the thermal management system of lithium cell has a good cooling effect under the optimal parameters. Therefore, the results of this research can provide a good theoretical basis for heat management and heat dispersion technology in new energy electric vehicles.

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21

Lunyaka, K., O. Kliuiev, S. Rusanov, and O. Kliuieva. "THE RESEARCH OF THE WORK OF THE HEAT ACCUMULATOR OF THE PRE-STARTING SYSTEM OF WORMING UP OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.3.2020.9.

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Problem statement. Starting internal combustion engines for a large car fleet at ambient temperature of less than 5 ºС requires considerable time; it leads to increased wear of the components of the connected engine pairs, increased fuel consumption during start-up and warm-up and increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere with exhaust fumes. Therefore, prestart warming up of car engines is given great attention. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis Recently, this problem has been solved by using heat accumulators, moreover, heat accumulators with heat storage material of a phase transition are given preference. The engine exhaust gases (temperature 600-700 ºС) or the engine cooling liquid (water, tosol cooling agent) are used as a heat transfer agent. Given the negative impact of high temperatures on the heat storage material, the metal of the heat storage structure and overheating (boiling) of the engine coolant, the first way has certain disadvantages. In this regard, we consider it more promising to use a liquid cooling engine as a coolant for a heat accumulator. High temperatures have no positive affect on the heat storage material, the metal of the heat storage structure and these are a cause for boiling a coolant –cooler of the engine. In this regard, we consider more promising to use a cooling fluid of the heat accumulator as a heat transfer agent. The aim of this work is to develop a new design of a heat accumulator for pre-starting warming up of a car engine, to make the experimental installation to research its work and conducting researches in order to find the time of charging and discharging of the heat accumulator, to construct operating modes during charging and discharging, to determine the necessary mass of the heat-accumulating material and the battery size. Base material The experimental installation was a closed system: the heat accumulator — a passage of the VAZ 2109 car engine cooling system. Taking into account the work peculiarities of the heat accumulator in the cooling system of the car engine, unlike other areas where all mass of the heat storage material constantly is in contact with the substance which the heat storage material giving up heat, in our case, the engine cooling liquid is located in the heat accumulator and in the cooling jacket. They mixes before starting the engine, while its temperature decreases. The time of charging and staying of the heat accumulator in the charged state has been determined, the operating modes during charging and discharging have been constructed, the necessary mass of the heat-accumulating material and the battery size has been determined. Conclusions The experimental model of the heat accumulator of the pre-starting system of worming up of the engine of the car has been developed. This experimental model is included in a closed circuit with engine cooling system. On the model the researches of charging and discharging process of the heat accumulator have been conducted. The required time for these processes has been determined and on this basis the modes of operation of the heat accumulator - engine cooling system have been constructed. The temperatures of tosol cooling agent in the cooling system were calculated and it allowed finding mass (volume) of heat storage material of the heat accumulator and it served as the basis for determining the size of the heat accumulator. Establishment of a computerized control system on/off control of the heat accumulator in order to maintain the desired temperature of the engine coolant liquid using of heat storage material of phase transition and controlling this system using supplements to phones.

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22

Kaya, Mehmet. "Experimental Study on Active Cooling Systems Used for Thermal Management of High-Power Multichip Light-Emitting Diodes." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/563805.

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The objective of this study was to develop suitable cooling systems for high-power multichip LEDs. To this end, three different active cooling systems were investigated to control the heat generated by the powering of high-power multichip LEDs in two different configurations (30 and 2 × 15 W). The following cooling systems were used in the study: an integrated multi-fin heat sink design with a fan, a cooling system with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), and a heat pipe cooling device. According to the results, all three systems were observed to be sufficient for cooling high-power LEDs. Furthermore, it was observed that the integrated multifin heat sink design with a fan was the most efficient cooling system for a 30 W high-power multichip LED. The cooling system with a TEC and 46 W input power was the most efficient cooling system for 2 × 15 W high-power multichip LEDs.

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Lee, June-Seok, and Ui-Min Choi. "Comparison of Heat-Pipe Cooling System Design Processes in Railway Propulsion Inverter Considering Power Module Reliability." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 4676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244676.

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In this paper, the effect of the heat-pipe cooling system design processes on the reliability of the power module in a railway propulsion inverter was investigated. The existing design processes for the heat-pipe cooling system guarantee that the junction temperature of power devices does not exceed the maximum allowable junction temperature when the railway propulsion inverter operates under its mission profile; therefore, each step of the design process was reviewed to analyze the effect of the heat-pipe cooling system. Based on the processes, in the calculation for the required thermal resistance of the heat-pipe cooling system, two difference losses were considered with the thermal resistances of the insulated gate bipolar mode transistor (IGBT) module and the thermal grease at an interface between the baseplate of IGBT module and heat-pipe cooling system. The control scheme and mission profile of the train were taken into account to calculate the power losses. Then, the designed heat-pipe cooling systems were compared in terms of the size and weight. In addition, the junction temperatures and lifetimes of the power module with heat-pipe cooling systems designed by different power losses were estimated and compared. Finally, guidelines for a heat-pipe system cooling design are proposed.

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Duong, Xuan Quang, Ngoc Vi Cao, and Jae Dong Chung. "Heat Recovery Time of Adsorption Cooling System." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 02 (June 2018): 1850014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518500141.

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In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model of finned-tube type adsorbers was developed and used to examine heat recovery time to improve the performance of an adsorption cooling system. The optimal heat recovery time, which resulted in the highest COP, was determined for a range of heat source temperatures (60–90[Formula: see text]C) and cycle times (600–1200[Formula: see text]s). The introduced heat recovery process enhanced COP, but also reduced SCP. This penalty became more serious when the hot water temperature was low and cycle time was short, which serves as a guideline for when heat recovery should be adopted in a given operating condition.

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25

Reynolds, Luke F., Christine A. Short, David A. Westwood, and Stephen S. Cheung. "Head Pre-Cooling Improves Symptoms of Heat-Sensitive Multiple Sclerosis Patients." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 1 (January 2011): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100011136.

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Abstract:Background:Damage to the central nervous system by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) leads to multiple symptoms, including weakness, ambulatory dysfunction, visual disturbances and fatigue. Heat can exacerbate the symptoms of MS whereas cooling can provide symptomatic relief. Since the head and neck areas are particularly sensitive to cold and cooling interventions, we investigated the effects of cooling the head and neck for 60 minutes on the symptoms of MS.Methods:We used a double blinded, placebo controlled, cross-over study design to evaluate the effects of head and neck cooling on six heat-sensitive, stable, ambulatory females with MS (Extended Disability Status Scale 2.5-6.5). To isolate the effects of perceived versus physiological cooling, a sham cooling condition was incorporated, where subjects perceived the sensation of being cooled without any actual physiological cooling. Participants visited the clinic three times for 60 minutes of true, sham, or no cooling using a custom head and neck cooling hood, followed by evaluation of ambulation, visual acuity, and muscle strength. Rectal and skin temperature, heart rate, and thermal sensation were measured throughout cooling and testing.Results:Both the true and sham cooling elicited significant sensations of thermal cooling, but only the true cooling condition decreased core temperature by 0.37°C (36.97±0.21 to 36.60±0.23°C). True cooling improved performance in the six minute walk test and the timed up-and-go test but not visual acuity or hand grip strength.Conclusions:Head and neck cooling may be an effective tool in increasing ambulatory capacity in individuals with MS and heat sensitivity.

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Steiert, C., Ju Weber, and J. Weber. "EXAMINATION OF COOLING SYSTEMS IN MACHINE TOOLS REGARDING SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 4563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_7_2021060.

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Abstract When analyzing machine tools it is observable that despite sufficient cooling capacity thermo-elastic deformation of the machine structure is badly compensated due to heat input. The reason is the missing adaption of coolant and heat input into the system structure during the process, resulting in insufficient productivity and quality. In this paper, various system configurations are shown that can be used to achieve both adequate thermal performance and a reduction in energy consumption.

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Himasekhar, K., J. Lottey, and K. K. Wang. "CAE of Mold Cooling in Injection Molding Using a Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899774.

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In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the design of cooling systems in injection molding, as it became clear that cooling affects both productivity and part quality. In order to systematically improve the performance of a cooling system in terms of rapid, uniform, and even cooling, the designer needs a CAE analysis tool. For this, a computer simulation has been developed for three-dimensional mold heat transfer during the cooling stage of an injection molding process. In this simulation, mold heat transfer is considered as cyclic-steady, three-dimensional conduction; heat transfer within the melt region is treated as transient, one-dimensional conduction; heat exchange between the cooling channel surfaces and coolant is treated as steady, as is heat exchange with the ambient air and mold exterior surfaces. Numerical implementation includes the application of a hybrid scheme consisting of a modified three-dimensional, boundary-element method for the mold region and a finite-difference method with a variable mesh for the melt region. These two analyses are iteratively coupled so as to match the temperature and heat flux at the mold-melt interface. Using an example, the usefulness of the simulation developed here in the design of a cooling system for an injection molding process is amply demonstrated.

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Wang, Jing Gang, Xiao Xia Gao, Bo Liang, and Hua Hui Zhou. "The Study of Cooling Water Waste Heat Recovery in Chemical Plant by Heat Pump System." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 986–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.986.

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A large number of cooling water exists in chemical plant, use water source heat pump and lithium bromide absorption heat pump system to achieve water cooling instead of cooling tower, at the same time, extract heat for building cooling and heating. Respectively introduced the summer cooling system and winter heating system, and a feasibility analysis was carried out. The conclusion is get: water source heat pump system and lithium bromide absorption heat pump system for cooling water waste heat recovery is certain feasibility; the environment optimization can be achieved in chemical plant, at the same time, energy conservation and emission reduction is realized.

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OH, SEUNG TAEK, BIDYUT BARAN SAHA, KEISHI KARIYA, YOSHINORI HAMAMOTO, and HIDEO MORI. "FUEL CELL WASTE HEAT POWERED ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEMS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 21, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132513500107.

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In the present paper, the effect of desorption temperature on the performance of adsorption cooling systems driven by waste heat from fuel cells was analyzed. The studied adsorption cooling systems employ activated carbon fiber (ACF) of type A-20–ethanol and RD type silica gel–water as adsorbent–refrigerant pairs. Two different temperature levels of waste heat from polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are used as the heat source of the adsorption cooling systems. The adsorption cycles consist of one pair of adsorption–desorption heat exchanger, a condenser and an evaporator. System performance in terms of specific cooling capacity (SCC) and coefficient of performance (COP) are determined and compared between the studied two systems. Results show that silica gel–water based adsorption cooling system is preferable for effective utilization of relatively lower temperature heat source. At relatively high temperature heat source, COP of ACF–ethanol based adsorption system shows better performance than that of silica gel–water based adsorption system.

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30

Xinchun Li, Zhongwei Wang, and Zhongwei Wang. "Performance parameters analysis of an organic Rankine cycle for power generation from the heat of cooling scramjet." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 009–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2020.1.2.0032.

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An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for power generation system is proposed for cooling scramjet. The heat which must be taken away by fuel coolant from cooling scramjet is converted to other forms of energy to decrease fuel coolant flow. A parametric study of an ORC power generation system has been performed. The multiplication ratio of fuel heat sink, the efficiency and output power of the system changing with the condenser outlet fuel coolant temperature are evaluated. The results show that the optimal condenser outlet fuel coolant temperature is 510K in a certain working condition, and the multiplication ratio of fuel heat sink is 0.0635, the efficiency of the system is 11.74% and the output power is 35.13kW. The effect of the cycle pressure ratio on the efficiency, output power and the multiplication ratio of fuel heat sink is also analyzed and it has a big significant influence. It is known through thermodynamic analyses that ORC power generation system for cooling scramjet would reduce the fuel coolant flow and give some output power for hypersonic vehicle.

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Sabek, S., K. Ben Nasr, R. Chouikh, and A. Guizani. "Analytical Study of a Heat Recovery/Desiccant Cooling System under Tunisian Climatic Conditions." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 3, no. 3 (2015): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2015.v3.188.

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32

Mhammad, Aree A., Faraidun K. Hama Salh, and Najmadin W. Abdulrahman. "Numerical Solution for Non-Stationary Heat Equation in Cooling of Computer Radiator System." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 12, no. 1 (November 5, 2008): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10199.

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33

Wang, Xingxing, Shengren Liu, Yujie Zhang, Shuaishuai Lv, Hongjun Ni, Yelin Deng, and Yinnan Yuan. "A Review of the Power Battery Thermal Management System with Different Cooling, Heating and Coupling System." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15061963.

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The battery thermal management system is a key skill that has been widely used in power battery cooling and preheating. It can ensure that the power battery operates safely and stably at a suitable temperature. In this article, we summarize mainly summarizes the current situation for the research on the thermal management system of power battery, comprehensively compares and analyzes four kinds of cooling systems including air cooling, liquid cooling, phase-change materials and heat pipe, two types of heating systems including internal heating and external heating, and the corresponding characteristics of the coupled system in no less than two ways. It is found that liquid cooling system and its heating system, phase-change material cooling system and it is heating system, heat pipe cooling system, coupling cooling system and its heating system have great research prospects, it also provides a certain reference for future research directions.

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Guo and Ye. "Numerical and Experimental Study on a High-Power Cold Achieving Process of a Coil-Plate Ice-Storage System." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214085.

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Heat dissipation of high-power lasers needs a cold storage and supply system to provide sufficient cooling power. A compact coil-plate heat exchange device has been proposed and applied in the phase-change cold storage system with ice as the cold-storage medium and glycol aqueous solution as the coolant. The heat exchanger consists of several stacked coil-plate units and each unit is constructed with a flat plate and serpentine coils welded on the plate. A simulation model on the cold achieving process of a coil-plate unit was built and verified by the corresponding experiment. The influences of the structural parameters (tube diameter, tube pitch, and plate spacing) of the unit and the inlet temperature and volume flow rate of the coolant on the heat exchange power density were analyzed to obtain the maximal cooling effect in a limited time period. It was found that the heat exchange power density is limited when the tube pitch and plate spacing are large, otherwise, the effective cooling time period is limited. A small plate spacing can make the power density decrease rapidly in the later stage. The inlet coolant temperature can significantly affect the heat exchange power density while the coolant volume flow rate in tube has a small effect on the power density when the coolant is in turbulent state. In a time period of 900 s, for a coil-plate heat exchanger with a plate size of 940 mm ×770 mm and a tube pitch of 78 mm, when the plate spacing is 20 mm, the average heat exchange power density is 5.1 kW/m2 when the inlet temperature and volume flow rate of the coolant are 20 °C and 0.5 m3/h, respectively. The total cooling power of several stacked coil-plate units in the limited time period can match the high requirement of laser heat dissipation.

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35

Amon, Cristina H., S. C. Yao, C. F. Wu, and C. C. Hsieh. "Microelectromechanical System-Based Evaporative Thermal Management of High Heat Flux Electronics." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1839586.

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This paper describes the development of embedded droplet impingement for integrated cooling of electronics (EDIFICE), which seeks to develop an integrated droplet impingement cooling device for removing chip heat fluxes over 100W/cm2, employing latent heat of vaporization of dielectric fluids. Micromanufacturing and microelectromechanical systems are used as enabling technologies for developing innovative cooling schemes. Microspray nozzles are fabricated to produce 50–100 μm droplets coupled with surface texturing on the backside of the chip to promote droplet spreading and effective evaporation. This paper examines jet impingement cooling of EDIFICE with a dielectric coolant and the influence of fluid properties, microspray characteristics, and surface evaporation. The development of micronozzles and microstructured surface texturing is discussed. Results of a prototype testing of swiss-roll swirl nozzles with dielectric fluid HFE-7200 on a notebook PC are presented. This paper also outlines the challenges to practical implementation and future research needs.

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36

Ali, Kashif, Rizwan Mahmood Gul, Salman Noshear Arshad, and Muhammad Ali Kamran. "Personalized Cooling System Using Phase Change Materials." Key Engineering Materials 875 (February 2021): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.875.184.

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The most widely used personal protective system against heat stress is cooling vest that contains phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage. PCMs have the property of absorbing/releasing heat when they change their phase at their melting point. If the PCM has greater heat of fusion, more heat is absorbed; furthermore, good thermal conductivity assists in efficient removal of heat. In this work different PCMs are explored for use in personalized cooling vest. Hexadecane is finally selected to be used as a PCM having a melting point of 18-20 °C (which lies in the human thermal comfort) and heat of fusion of 241 kJ/kg. Carbon nanotubes have excellent capability of increasing thermal conductivity of a material. Carbon nanotubes were added in hexadecane, and latent heat of fusion of the mixture increased up to 262.6 kJ/kg.

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37

Chang, He, Xiu Min Yu, Xian Qu, Wen Chao Zhang, Pin Sun, and Wei Dong. "Energy and Distribution Analysis on Engine Bench." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.301.

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Engine is carried the test on the thermal balance test and the drag test in the vehicle working condition to analysis the distribution of energy from combustion. The heat of coolant that combustion flow into the cooling system in different temperature is not the same. The results show that the engine heat comes into the cooling system ranging minimum at 3000-4000r/min, the effective power output accounts for the total energy up to 25% at full load reaching the maximum. Based on the data, it is established the control system of engine cooling module that can be controlled by the engine speed, torque and power, when the ECU reads the signal to forecast the combustion energy flow to the cooling system in the target vehicle working conditions establish the cooling module heat release control system.

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38

Oh, Jewon, Daisuke Sumiyoshi, Masatoshi Nishioka, and Hyunbae Kim. "Examination of Efficient Operation Method of ATES System by Comparison Operation with WTES System of Existent Heat Storage System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 10321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110321.

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Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system is widely used mainly in Europe and USA. In this paper, we examined the efficient operation method of ATES by comparing it with the water thermal energy storage (WTES) system of an existent thermal energy storage (TES) system using simulation. This study uses three aquifers: pumping wells, thermal storage wells, and reducing wells. The initial temperature is 19.1 °C groundwater from the surrounding area. ATES systems use the same operating methods as WTES systems to reduce heat storage efficiency and increase energy consumption. The operation that combines the ATES system with the pre-cooling/pre-heating coil can be used for air conditioning operation even if the heat storage diffuses or the pumping temperature changes. The aquifer heat storage system was used for the pre-cooling/pre-heating coil, and the cooling power consumption was reduced by 20%. The heating operation could not maintain heat for a long time due to the influence of groundwater flowing in from the surroundings. Therefore, it is recommended to use the stored heat as soon as possible. When energy saving is important by introducing a pre-cooling/pre-heating coil, the operation is performed by storing heat at a low temperature close to geothermal heat and also using groundwater heat. In addition, if the reduction of peak power in the daytime is important, it is appropriate to operate so that the heat stored in the pre-cooling/pre-heating coil is used up as much as possible. As a result, it was found that it is effective to operate the ATES system in combination with a pre-cooling/pre-heating coil. In cooling operation, ATES-C1-7 was the lowest at coefficient of performance (COP) 2.4 and ATES-C2-14 was the highest at COP 3.7. In heating operation, ATES-H1-45 was the lowest at COP1.2, and in other cases, it was about the same at COP2.4-2.8. In terms of energy efficiency, the heating operation ATES-H1-45 had a low energy efficiency of 4.1 for energy efficiency ratio (EER) and 3.9 for seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). In other cases, the energy efficiency was 8.2–12.4 for EER and 8.7–15.3 for SEER.

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39

Dementyev, A. A., and A. V. Kostyukov. "Cooling of rotary heat exchanger frame." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 1-1 (January 10, 2013): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68180.

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MAEDA, Shinnosuke, Tomohiro MARUYAMA, Toru KAWAMATA, and Tadayoshi ONDA. "Adsorption heat pump for vehicle cooling system." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2016.21 (2016): D244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2016.21.d244.

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41

Zhang, Chuanwei, Zhan Xia, Huaibin Gao, Jianping Wen, Shangrui Chen, Meng Dang, Sujing Gu, and Jianing Zhang. "A Coolant Circulation Cooling System Combining Aluminum Plates and Copper Rods for Li-Ion Battery Pack." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174296.

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The spontaneous combustion of electric vehicles occurs frequently, and the main reason is the thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery. In order to prevent the heat that is produced in the use of a lithium-ion battery out of control, this study proposed a coolant circulation cooling system, that is, the heat generated by the lithium-ion battery is transferred to heat sinks through aluminum plates and copper rods, and then dissipated through the coolant. Based on a CALB-LB5F73 LiFePO4 battery pack, experiments with the coolant circulation cooling system were conducted to study the temperature rise characteristics at different ambient temperatures. The temperature of the battery pack was still close to the upper limit of permitted temperature when the ambient temperature reached 313 K. Further improvement, increasing the diameter of copper rod of the system was proposed to enhance heat dissipation and simulations with this scheme were completed. The findings show that the cooling system can clearly reduce the temperature of a lithium-ion battery pack and control the temperature within the safe temperature range.

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42

Yang, Shutong, Youlei Wang, and Yufei Wang. "Optimization of Cascade Cooling System Based on Lithium Bromide Refrigeration in the Polysilicon Industry." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091681.

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Cascade cooling systems containing different cooling methods (e.g., air cooling, water cooling, refrigerating) are used to satisfy the cooling process of hot streams with large temperature spans. An effective cooling system can significantly save energy and costs. In a cascade cooling system, the heat load distribution between different cooling methods has great impacts on the capital cost and operation cost of the system, but the relative optimization method is not well established. In this work, a cascade cooling system containing waste heat recovery, air cooling, water cooling, absorption refrigeration, and compression refrigeration is proposed. The objective is to find the optimal heat load distribution between different cooling methods with the minimum total annual cost. Aspen Plus and MATLAB were combined to solve the established mathematical optimization model, and the genetic algorithm (GA) in MATLAB was adopted to solve the model. A case study in a polysilicon enterprise was used to illustrate the feasibility and economy of the cascade cooling system. Compared to the base case, which only includes air cooling, water cooling, and compression refrigeration, the cascade cooling system can reduce the total annual cost by USD 931,025·y−1 and save 7,800,820 kWh of electricity per year. It also can recover 3139 kW of low-grade waste heat, and generate and replace a cooling capacity of 2404 kW.

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Jarrah, H. T., S. S. Mohtasebi, E. Ettefaghi, and F. Jaliliantabar. "Experimental investigation of Silver / Water nanofluid heat transfer in car radiator." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 7743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.1.2021.10.0610.

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Currently available fluids for heat transfer including refrigerants, water, ethylene glycol mixture, etc., have been widely exploited in various fields, especially in automobile cooling systems, for many years. However, these fluids possess poor heat transfer capability which means that to achieve acceptable heat transfer activity, high compactness and effectiveness of heat transfer systems are essential. This research work concentrates on preparation and use of water based Silver containing nanofluids in automobile cooling system. Nanoparticles volume fraction, fluid inlet temperature, coolant and air Reynolds numbers were optimized so that the heat transfer performance of the car radiator system was totally improved. It was found that increasing these parameters leads to enhancement of the heat transfer performance. In the best condition, the Ag/water nanofluids with low concentrations could amend heat transfer efficiency up to 30.2% in comparison to pure water.

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Zhang, Junhong, Zhexuan Xu, Jiewei Lin, Zefeng Lin, Jingchao Wang, and Tianshu Xu. "Thermal Characteristics Investigation of the Internal Combustion Engine Cooling-Combustion System Using Thermal Boundary Dynamic Coupling Method and Experimental Verification." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082127.

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The engine cooling system must be able to match up with the stable operating conditions so as to guarantee the engine performance. On the working cycle level, however, the dynamic thermo-state of engines has not been considered in the cooling strategy. Besides, the frequent over-cooling boiling inside the gallery changes the cooling capacity constantly. It is necessary to study the coupling effect caused by the interaction of cooling flow and in-cylinder combustion so as to provide details of the dynamic control of cooling systems. To this end, this study develops a coupled modeling scheme of the cooling process considering the interaction of combustion and coolant flow. The global reaction mechanism is used for the combustion process and the multiphase flow method is employed to simulate the coolant flow considering the wall boiling and the interphase forces. The two sub-models exchange information of in-cylinder temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and wall temperature to achieve the coupled computation. The proposed modeling process is verified through the measured diesel engine power, in-cylinder pressure, and fire surface temperature of cylinder head. Then the effects of different cooling conditions on the cyclic engine performances are analyzed and discussed.

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Li, Jing Ming, Fu Chuan Song, Guo Biao Gu, and Xin Dong Tian. "Application of Air-Cooled Close-Loop Self-Circulation Evaporative Cooling System on Wind Power Generator." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.675.

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The application of evaporative cooling technology in the cooling of large wind power generator is a new attempt in the discovery of wind power energy. In some particular circumstances, the air-cooling condenser must be adopted as the secondary cooler in the evaporative cooling system of large wind generator. For the cooling medium in the air-cooling condenser is the air and the distribution of temperature is uneven along the cooling tube, so it’s necessary to do deep research on it. Experiments are carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of the air-cooling condenser used in the Close-loop Self-circulating (CLSC) evaporative cooling system. The temperature distribution and the heat transfer can be acquired from the experiment. Thorough study is carried out on restart up of the close-loop evaporative cooling system of the wind power generator. Experiments are done in the laboratory and real wind power generator, and it’s found that there is a critical point in the restart up of the generator. Only if the flow head overcome the critical point can the wind power generator restart automatically. The result shows that heat transfer can be enhanced by some special method and the air-cooling condenser can satisfy the demand of the cooling system.

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Fischer, Ludger, Ernesto Mura, Geng Qiao, Poppy O’Neill, Silvan von Arx, Qi Li, and Yulong Ding. "HVDC Converter Cooling System with a Phase Change Dispersion." Fluids 6, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030117.

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High voltage direct current converters require efficient cooling of thyristors via heat sinks. Currently, infrastructures use deionised water as a means of cooling the high voltage direct current converters; however, recent research has shown that other fluids have potential to offer more efficient cooling. Phase change dispersions are a new class of heat transfer fluids that employ the latent heat of phase change, thus offering isothermal cooling during melting. For cooling applications, the temperature increase during operation is thus lowered when using phase change dispersions (compared to water) and consequently, the heat sink and thyristors surface temperatures are reduced. In this investigation, a phase change dispersion with non-conductive components, high stability, high capacity and low viscosity has been developed and tested. An experimental setup of a real size heat sink has been installed and the heat transfer behaviour of both the formulated phase change dispersion and water have been investigated and a comparison has been presented. Using water as the heat transfer fluid, the temperature increase from inlet to outlet of the heat sink was 4 K and with the formulated phase change dispersion (at the same mass flow rate and heat input) the temperature increase was 2 K. The phase change dispersion caused a 50% reduction in the heat sink surface temperature. Furthermore, the global heat transfer coefficients obtained for the phase change dispersion were found to be independent of the heating input applied, unlike the trend found for water, additionally, the global heat transfer coefficients were found to be similar to those obtained for water at the same mass flow rates and reached a maximum value of 6100 W m2 K−1. Despite this, the pressure drops and viscosities obtained for the phase change dispersion were higher than for water. Overall, the current investigation demonstrates the ability of using a phase change dispersion as a cooling fluid for the cooling of electronic components, which thus far is limited to using air and water cooling and cannot reach the cooling capacity achieved by phase change dispersions.

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47

Eloyan, Karapet, Alexey Kreta, and Egor Tkachenko. "Two-phase cooling system with controlled pulsations." EPJ Web of Conferences 196 (2019): 00021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919600021.

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One of the promising ways of removing large heat fluxes from the surface of heat-stressed elements of electronic devices is the use of evaporating thin layer of liquid film, moving under the action of the gas flow in a flat channel. In this work, a prototype of evaporative cooling system for high heat flux removal with forced circulation of liquid and gas coolants with controlled pulsation, capable to remove heat flux of up to 1,5 kW/cm2 and higher was presented. For the first time the regime with controlled pulsation is used. Due to pulsations, it is possible to achieve high values of critical heat flux due to a brief increase in the flow rate of the liquid, which allows to "wash off" large dry spots and prevent the occurrence of zones of flow and drying.

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El Bedaiwy, MF, MS El Morsi, and MA Serag-Eldin. "Deferred Cooling System for Desert Climates." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 2020): 168781401988805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019888057.

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The paper presents the design of a novel heat rejection system suitable for desert climates where daytime temperatures are typically high, nighttime cooling through sky radiation exchange is highly effective, and freshwater is scarce. Desert climates also feature high solar energy intensities during daytime, which can be exploited to power thermodynamic cycles. However, such cycles reject heat during operation, and daytime temperatures are too high for employing air cooling whereas scarcity of freshwater limits the applicability of evaporative cooling. We propose a system that defers dissipation of heat rejected during daytime operation to nighttime when ambient conditions are much more favorable for heat dissipation to the atmosphere. The paper presents the proposed design, its method of operation, and its implementation in a solar-driven ice-making plant in Upper Egypt. A mathematical model was developed to predict system performance and support decision-making over equipment sizing. It was used to simulate the performance of the deferred cooling system over a week. Using weather data collected at New Cairo (30.02 °N latitude, 31.5 °E longitude) in April 2017, the model demonstrated that the system could achieve a maximum temperature drop of 16 °C, which corresponds to a cooling of 47 MJ/m2/night.

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Li, Na. "The Ratio of Cumulating Cooling Load in Ground-Source Heat Pump System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1825.

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In south of China, such as Shanghai and Hangzhou, the single ground-source heat pump is not viable for buildings of all functions. The ratio of cumulating cooling load is vital to the combined ground-source heat pump system, which means ratio of cumulating cooling load removed by secondary cooling source. This paper gives some reasonable ratios of cumulating cooling load through simulating to ground-source heat pump systems of residence, hotel, market and office.

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Cabezon, Francisco A., Tyler C. Field, Jay S. Johnson, Allan P. Schinckel, and Robert Merton Stwalley. "Initial Evaluation of Sow Cooling Pad Coolant Protocols on Performance and Physiological Conditions Measured by Precision Animal Data System." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, no. 1 (2022): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14699.

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HighlightsThe sow physiological heat stress indicators showed significant improvement with cooling pad use.Time-triggered coolant flows demonstrate significant potential to cool overheated animals.Temperature-triggered coolant flows have the potential to operate effectively and maintain animals.A sensor and data collection system for a sow cooling pad was evaluated within a farrowing barn environment.Abstract.Thermal stress in swine has numerous negative effects on animal productivity and well-being. Researchers have developed a hog cooling pad that previous continuous coolant flow testing has determined to be efficient in removing heat from a simulated animal, effective in its use of coolant, and simple to build and maintain. Preliminary live animal experimentation with a single, second-prototype design under intermittent coolant flow was conducted at the conclusion of bench testing within a farrowing barn environment. The cooling pad was installed in a farrowing crate and preliminary live animal heat transfer data were collected. Two series of tests were conducted, triggering the coolant flow by set time cycles and by temperature limits. Three different sets of ambient barn conditions were examined (23°C, 28°C, and 33°C). In addition to the thermal reaction of the cooling device, animal temperatures and respiration rates for the treatment animal and a control animal were also collected during the experimentation. During time-controlled testing, the rectal temperature of the cooled sow was lower than the control sow (P = 0.02). The skin temperature of the cooled sow was also lower than the control sow (P = 0.04), and the respiration rate of the cooled sow was lower than the control sow (P = 0.02). These results indicated that temperature-controlled cooling might work well for ‘maintenance’ operations, while a time-controlled flow could potentially be used to extract greater levels of energy from an overheated animal. Results were encouraging enough that further testing with larger sample sizes to confirm these results for both control protocols is planned. Keywords: Cooling systems, Heat transfer, Physiological stress indicators, Swine, Thermal stress.

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