Статті в журналах: "Heat cost allocator"

1

Michnikowski, Paweł, and Tomasz Cholewa. "On the Use of Base Temperature by Heat Cost Allocation in Buildings." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 6346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196346.

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Heat cost allocators (HCAs) have a high market share in existing buildings, which may cause problems, especially with variable heat cost allocation due to wrong readings from HCAs and/or the method used in the heat cost allocation process. That is why we proposed two easily applicable and clear methods, which may be used with two types of HCAs commonly used in the billing practice. The proposed methods were presented on the example of the actual allocation of variable heating costs for a multi-family building located in Poland, and the results of billing were compared with three other methods of variable heating costs allocation. Owing to the proposed methods, higher (K = 0.5260 for schema A, K = 0.4468 for schema B) values of the correlation coefficient between heating costs and the average indoor temperature were obtained than for the methods commonly used in accounting practice. Additionally, the use of the proposed method allows for the elimination of defective indications of heat cost allocators in the billing process and discrepancies in the indications of HCAs in individual flats, which do not have technical justification and violate the norms of social coexistence.

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2

Cholewa, Tomasz, Alicja Siuta-Olcha, Anna Życzyńska, Aleksandra Specjał, and Paweł Michnikowski. "On the Minimum and Maximum Variable Cost of Heating of the Flat in Multifamily Building." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020995.

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Heat cost allocation is commonly used in existing buildings supplied by centralized sources of heating/cooling and provided with individual metering systems. However, this process is not always fair for the users, since “fairness” strongly depends on the methods established to allocate variable and fixed costs among the dwellings. That is why unrealistic cost for heating may be allocated for specific flats. However, there is a lack of evidence about procedures as to how maximum and minimum variable cost of heating may be calculated for specific flats in multifamily building for a specific heating season. This paper presents different methods for estimation of maximum and minimum variable cost of heating of flat in multifamily buildings, the use of which depends of the availability of input data for specific buildings. Evaluation of the proposed methods is made on the example of a case study multifamily building located in Poland. It was shown that the maximum variable costs of heat purchase for specific flats in the analyzed building were in the range from 169% to 256% of the average unit cost of heat, depending on the method used. The recommendation about the accuracy of proposed methods is also provided by the authors.

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3

Almarri, Khalid, Saleh Alzahrani, and Halim Boussabaine. "An evaluation of the impact of risk cost on risk allocation in public private partnership projects." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 8 (September 16, 2019): 1696–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-04-2018-0177.

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Purpose A unique aspect of PPP is the opportunity for the transfer of risk ownership to the private sector. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how risk cost influences risk allocation. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was used to collect data. The questionnaire included nine sub-categories of risks. To quantify the influence of risk cost on risk allocation, a dependency risk matrix was employed. Heat maps techniques were used to visualise the results of the survey. Findings The findings show which risks within the endogenous or exogenous groups are to be allocated to the public sector, the private sector, or to be shared. The finding from this research provides a baseline for the PPP stakeholders in developing guidelines for estimating the value of risk costs in the risks register as well as serving as a mechanism for risk allocation. Research limitations/implications The context of the study may limit the generalisability of the results. Practical implications The study provides practical guidance to PPP stakeholders on risk allocation appetite. Originality/value This study extends the processes and methods by which PPP project’s risk is allocated to create a better value for all the stakeholders.

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4

Slijepčević, Sunčana, Davor Mikulić, and Kristijan Horvat. "Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of the Installation of Heat-Cost Allocators in Multifamily Buildings in Croatia." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030507.

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In order to improve energy efficiency, the Croatian government introduced an individual metering obligation for all district heat network users. The purpose of the research was to evaluate this policy measure regarding its effects on tenants’ behavior and energy savings, but also from the perspective of cost-effectiveness. The sample includes approximately 20% of all Croatian users of district heat energy. Energy savings related to the installation of heat cost allocators are calculated by comparing the specific heat energy consumption, corrected for the number of heating degree days, in periods before and after the installation of the heat cost allocators. The cost-effectiveness assessment is based on the concept of the net present value. The transition to individual metering in Croatia resulted in significant energy savings averaged from 20 to 35%. However, low heat energy prices in cities with a dominant share of heat energy consumption did not ensure a positive net present value of investment for all buildings.

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5

Zhang, He Fu, Song Zhou, and Zhi Yu Wang. "Study on Cost Allocation in Marine Diesel Engine Cogeneration System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1420.

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Electricity and high-temperature heating steam are the products of marine diesel enginecogeneration system, and the heat-electricity cost allocation ratio impact cogeneration systemoptimization directly. This paper described several existing cost allocation methods, and applied thereduced exergy method to specific marine diesel engine cogeneration system, then, established thecost allocation model to derive the detailed process and results of calculating heat-electricity costallocation ratio, and draw an conclusion that the reduced exergy method is the most reasonablemethod of cost allocation.

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6

Laicāns, M., I. Puķīte, I. Geipele, N. Zeltins, and A. Greķis. "Heat Cost Allocation in Multi-Apartment Buildings: A Literature Review." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 55, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2018-0033.

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Abstract Literature review aims at examining various scientific articles on the accounting methods of individual heat consumption and heat cost allocation. Nowadays, accounting methods of heat consumption and heat cost allocation in multi-apartment buildings are a topical issue. Heat and water supply is one of the key services provided to residential buildings and their residents. Residents appreciate solutions that allow them consume as much heat as they need and are able to pay, but on condition that the calculation methodology is understandable and easy to perceive. Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings adopted by the European Parliament and the Council (Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2010) stipulates that owners or te-nants of buildings shall be provided with the information on energy efficiency measures, their goals and objectives, cost effective ways to improve the energy performance of a particular building and, where appropriate, in the case of available financial instruments to improve the energy performance of a particular building. The aim of the research is to perform literature analysis using topical articles on the accounting methods of individual heat consumption and heat cost allocation, which are published in the Web of Science and Scopus scientific databases, by analysing and comparing the published results.

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7

Ziemele, Jelena, Ieva Pakere, Dagnija Blumberga, and Gatis Zogla. "Economy of Heat Cost Allocation in Apartment Buildings." Energy Procedia 72 (June 2015): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.013.

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8

Zhou, Jianguo, Yushuo Li, Xuejing Huo, and Xiaolei Xu. "How to Allocate Carbon Emission Permits Among China’s Industrial Sectors Under the Constraint of Carbon Intensity?" Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030914.

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With the official launch of China’s national unified carbon trading system (ETS) in 2017, it has played an increasingly important role in controlling the growth of carbon dioxide emissions. One of the core issues in carbon trading is the allocation of initial carbon emissions permits. Since the industry emits the largest amount of carbon dioxide in China, a study on the allocation of carbon emission permits among China’s industrial sectors is necessary to promote industry carbon abatement efficiency. In this study, industrial carbon emissions permits are allocated to 37 sub-sectors of China to reach the emission reduction target of 2030 considering the carbon marginal abatement cost, carbon abatement responsibility, carbon abatement potential, and carbon abatement capacity. A hybrid approach that integrates data envelop analysis (DEA), the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to allocate carbon emission permits. The results of this study are as follows: First, under the constraint of carbon intensity, the carbon emission permits of the total industry in 2030 will be 8792 Mt with an average growth rate of 3.27%, which is 1.57 times higher than that in 2016. Second, the results of the carbon marginal abatement costs show that light industrial sectors and high-tech industrial sectors have a higher abatement cost, while energy-intensive heavy chemical industries have a lower abatement cost. Third, based on the allocation results, there are six industrial sub-sectors that have obtained major carbon emission permits, including the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals (S24), manufacturing of raw chemical materials and chemical products (S18), manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products (S23), smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals (S25), production and supply of electric power and heat power (S35), and the processing of petroleum, coking, and processing of nuclear fuel (S19), accounting for 69.23% of the total carbon emissions permits. Furthermore, the study also classifies 37 industrial sectors to explore the emission reduction paths, and proposes corresponding policy recommendations for different categories.

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9

Atănăsoae, Pavel. "Allocation of Joint Costs and Price Setting for Electricity and Heat Generated in Cogeneration." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010134.

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In the case of cogeneration, the allocation of operation costs has a particularity specific to the joint production of heat and electricity from the same primary energy source. The cost allocation is also influenced by the demand conditions faced by the joint products, and prices must be sufficient for both products to remain profitable and competitive with other power generation alternatives in the respective markets. Therefore, the choice of cost allocation methodology is influenced by market conditions. The paper presents an algorithm for determining the prices of energy and heat produced in cogeneration according to demand and market conditions. The economic market method was extended with an algorithm based on duality theory for verifying allocation methods and establishing forecasting strategies. An example is provided for a cogeneration plant (1.287 MWe; 5.386 MWth) based on ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) technology and biomass fuel. The fuel cost has a major influence on the total costs of the cogeneration plant, between 68% and 77% in the analyzed scenarios. The fuel cost variation is considered in the application of the cost allocation methods for setting the prices of heat and electricity.

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10

Cholewa, Tomasz, Simon Siggelsten, Igor Balen, and Giorgio Ficco. "Heat cost allocation in buildings: Possibilities, problems and solutions." Journal of Building Engineering 31 (September 2020): 101349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101349.

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11

Siggelsten, Simon, and Zafar Said. "Heat cost allocation in energy efficient multi-apartment buildings." Cogent Engineering 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1438728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2018.1438728.

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12

Dell'Isola, M., G. Ficco, L. Canale, A. Frattolillo, and I. Bertini. "A new heat cost allocation method for social housing." Energy and Buildings 172 (August 2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.004.

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13

Savickas, Romanas, Lauryna Savickienė, and Juozas Bielskus. "TECHNICAL MEASURES TO DECREASE HEAT ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF FINAL CUSTOMER IN MULTI-APARTMENT BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY DIRECTIVE / TECHNINĖS PRIEMONĖS, SKIRTOS MAŽINTI GALUTINIO VARTOTOJO ŠILUMINĖS ENERGIJOS VARTOJIMĄ DAUGIABUČIUOSE GYVENAMU." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 4 (September 29, 2015): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.822.

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Energy consumption in the world increases, so the measures in order to improve energy efficiency must be found. The aim of 2012/27/EU Energy Efficiency Directive targets is to decrease energy consumption for a final energy consumer by 1.5% every year, but there is no definition how these targets could be achieved by an individual member state. This article presents the analysis how these targets could be achieved by the means of individual heat metering by heat cost allocators for every flat thus decreasing an energy consumption for a final consumer. Statistical analysis of identical buildings with individual metering by heat cost allocators and without them is presented. Heat cost allocators do not decrease energy consumption by themselves, so this article presents a technical solution and a set of additional equipment, i.e. thermostatic valves, balance valves, hot water meters and remote data collection system that must be installed. The final results show that the targets of 2012/27/EU Energy Efficiency Directive in Lithuania can be reached, because the buildings with individual heat cost allocators consume about 20–30% less of heat energy. Pasaulyje energijos vartojimas auga, todėl turi būti rastos energetinio efektyvumo pagerinimo priemonės. 2012/27/ES Energijos Efektyvumo Direktyvos tikslas yra sumažinti galutinio energijos vartotojo energijos suvartojimą kasmet po 1,5 %, tačiau nėra nurodyta, kaip kiekviena valstybė narė šiuos tikslus galėtų įgyvendinti. Šis straipsnis pristato analizę, kaip šie tikslai galėtų būti pasiekti, kiekviename bute įrengiant individualios šilumos apskaitos šilumos daliklius, kad sumažėtų energijos vartojimas atskiruose butuose. Pateikta statistinė identiškų pastatų su šilumos dalikliais ir be jų analizė. Šiluminei energijai taupyti neužtenka vien tik šilumos daliklių, todėl straipsnyje pateiktas techninis sprendimas – būtinų įdiegti techninių priemonių paketas, kurį sudaro tokios priemonės: termostatiniai ventiliai, balansiniai ventiliai, karšto vandens skaitikliai, belaidė reguliaraus duomenų nuskaitymo sistema. Galutiniai analizės rezultatai rodo, kad 2012/27/ES Energijos Efektyvumo Direktyvos tikslai Lietuvoje gali būti pasiekti, nes pastatai su individualia šilumos apskaita ir įrengtais šilumos dalikliais vartoja apie 20–30 % mažiau šiluminės energijos nei pastatai be tokios apskaitos.

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14

Appel, Andrew W., and Zhong Shao. "Empirical and analytic study of stack versus heap cost for languages with closures." Journal of Functional Programming 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679680000157x.

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AbstractWe present a comprehensive analysis of all the components of creation, access and disposal of heap-allocated and stack-allocated activation records. Among our results are:•Although stack frames are known to have a better cache read-miss rate than heap frames, our simple analytical model (backed up by simulation results) shows that the difference is too trivial to matter.•The cache write-miss rate of heap frames is very high; we show that a variety of miss-handling strategies (exemplified by specific modern machines) can give good performance, but not all can.•Stacks restrict the flexibility of closure representations (for higher-order functions) in important (and costly) ways.•The extra load placed on the garbage collector by heap-allocated frames is small.•The demands of modern programming languages make stacks complicated to implement efficiently and correctly.Overall, the execution cost of stack-allocated and heap-allocated frames is similar; but heap frames are simpler to implement and allow very efficient first-class continuations.

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15

Antar, Mohamed A., and Syed M. Zubair. "Thermoeconomic Considerations in the Optimum Allocation of Heat Transfer Inventory for Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1446070.

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Thermoeconomics is defined as attaching monetary values to heat exchanger conductances of a given plant. In this study, optimum allocation of heat transfer inventory for heat exchangers in a refrigeration system with specified power input or cooling capacity, and for a heat pump with specified heating capacity is investigated. The ratio of hot- to cold-end conductance unit cost ratio, G, was considered in the analysis as an additional parameter of considerable importance to the designer. A closed-form expression is given in terms of unit cost of conductances of both the heat exchangers. The results show a strong dependence of the total cost on the absolute temperature ratios as well as the hot- to the cold-end conductance cost ratio. It is demonstrated in the illustrative example that for G=0.1, the conductance of the hot-end heat exchanger is about three times the cold-end heat exchanger.

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16

Ye, Xue-min. "Reduced Exergy Method for Heat-Electricity Cost Allocation in Combined Heat and Power Plants." Entropy 5, no. 5 (December 31, 2003): 432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e5050432.

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17

Saba, Fabio, Vito Fernicola, Marco Masoero, and Salvatore Abramo. "Experimental Analysis of a Heat Cost Allocation Method for Apartment Buildings." Buildings 7, no. 4 (March 6, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings7010020.

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18

Wu, Jin, Jiangjiang Wang, Jing Wu, and Chaofan Ma. "Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System Based on Solar Thermal Biomass Gasification." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122418.

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The purpose of this paper is to improve the utilization of renewable energy by exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of the novel combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, which is based on solar thermal biomass gasification. The source of heat to assist biomass and steam gasification is the solar heat collected by a dish collector, and the product gas being fuel that drives the internal combustion engine to generate electricity and then to produce chilled/hot water by a waste heat unitization system. The analysis and calculation of the exergy loss and exergy efficiency of each component reveal the irreversibility in the heating and cooling conditions. Then, the exergoeconomic costs of multi-products such as electricity, chilled water, heating water, and domestic hot water are calculated by using the cost allocation method based on energy level. The influencing factors of the unit exergy cost of products are evaluated by sensitivity analysis, such as initial investment cost, biomass cost, service life, interest rate, and operating time coefficient. The results reveal that the internal combustion engine takes up 49.2% of the total exergy loss, and the most effective method of products cost allocation is the exergoeconomic method based on energy level and conforms to the principle of high energy level with high cost.

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19

Catrini, Pietro, Tancredi Testasecca, Alessandro Buscemi, and Antonio Piacentino. "Exergoeconomics as a Cost-Accounting Method in Thermal Grids with the Presence of Renewable Energy Producers." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074004.

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Thermal grids are efficient, reliable, and sustainable technologies for satisfying the thermal demands of buildings. The capability to operate at a low temperature allows not only for the integration of heat produced by renewable energy sources but also for the storage of surplus electricity from the grid via “power to heat” technologies. Besides, in the future, heat consumers are expected to behave increasingly as “prosumers”, supplying in some periods heat produced by renewable energy plants on site. In this scenario, it is important to propose a method for the cost allocation among producers connected to the grid. In this regard, this paper proposes Exergoeconomics as a possible tool for rational cost assignment. To show the capabilities of the method, some operating scenarios are compared for a cluster of five buildings of the tertiary sector interconnected by a thermal grid. Based on exergoeconomic indicators, such as the exergy and exergoeconomic unit costs, insights into the cost formation process of the heat consumed by users are provided. Sensitivity analyses of heat unit cost to design and operating variables are also performed. Results show that in the presence of distributed producers, the heat unit cost could be approximately 33% lower than in the case of centralized production, due to the lower amount of irreversibility generated. Capital investment accounts for 20–28% of the heat unit cost.

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20

dos Santos, Rodrigo Guedes, José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos, and Julio A. M. da Silva. "Application of Thermoeconomics for CO₂ Allocation for Net Power and Useful Heat in a Gas Turbine Cogeneration System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 830 (March 2016): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.830.95.

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Thermoeconomics is a discipline that connects Thermodynamics and Economics concepts, usually used for rational cost assessment of the final products of a thermal plant, by means of a model which describes the cost formation process of the overall system. Generally, exergy or monetary costs of the external resources are distributed to the final products. However, environmental consideration can be incorporated in the models to calculate the environmental costs, such as specific CO2 emission of each final product. This work aims at demonstrating how the thermoeconomic models can be adapted or modified in order to allocate the overall CO2 emission of a gas turbine cogeneration system to the final products (net power and useful heat), in order to determine the specific CO2 emission (g/kWh) of each product. This subject is an important step in the applications of Life Cycle Assessment in plants with two or more products and also to quantify the environmental cogeneration advantage. It also reveals that any thermoeconomic model can be adapted for allocation of the overall CO2 emissions or any other pollutant to the final products of a multi-product plant.

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Doseva, Nadezhda, Daniela Chakyrova, Svetoslav Stoianov, and Ilia Hadhidimov. "Air-to-water heat pump assessment: Part 1 – Experimental setup." E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132701009.

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This paper is part 1 of the investigation on the exergetic and exergoeconomic parameters of an existing system with an air-to-water heat pump unit as a heat source. Part 1 presents the used experimental setup. The main aim of the conducted experimental tests is to develop a model of produced heat transfer rate and energetic COP at different ambient conditions. The obtained data is used in Part 2 of the study where the exergetic and exergoeconomic assessment is carried out. The performance of the considered system is evaluated using Seasonal Exergy Efficiency. Moreover, Part 2 of the study has presented the formulation of the cost of the product, and cost allocation within the heat pump unit based on exergy.

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Wang, Yufei, Zehuan Wan, Chenglin Chang, and Xiao Feng. "A game theory based method for inter-plant heat integration considering cost allocation." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 6 (June 2020): 1652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.04.007.

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Walmsley, Timothy G., Michael R. W. Walmsley, Andrew S. Morrison, Martin J. Atkins, and James R. Neale. "A derivative based method for cost optimal area allocation in heat exchanger networks." Applied Thermal Engineering 70, no. 2 (September 2014): 1084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.03.044.

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McCollum, Artie, Jessica Geubtner, and Ione Hunt von Herbing. "Metabolic cost of feeding in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) larvae using microcalorimetry." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.10.007.

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Abstract A microcalorimeter that measures total heat output (μW) was used to determine total metabolic rate (aerobic and anaerobic) and the cost of feeding (specific dynamic action, SDA) in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from hatching to 4 weeks post-hatch at 10°C. Total heat output increased throughout development from 2.14 μW at first-feeding to 23.72 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. SDA was determined by comparing the total heat output among unfed larvae and fed larvae simultaneously. Total heat output increased in the first 2 h after feeding with rotifers (Brachionus sp.) and Artemia, remained high for up to 10 h, was significantly higher in fed larvae than in unfed larvae, and ranged from 16.56 μW at first-feeding to 47.84 μW at 4 weeks post-hatch. The differences in total heat output between unfed and fed larvae were 14.42 μW and 24.12 μW, representing an increase in metabolic cost of feeding by a factor of 1.67 over the first 4 weeks of larval life. That the metabolic cost of feeding increased with development and remained elevated suggests that cod larvae allocate a large part of their energy budget to growth in order to meet the demands of their fast growth rates.

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Xia, Guo Qiang, Cheng Ying Qi, Chun Hua Sun, Hua Yang, and Bing Hong Yan. "Attentions for the Design and Application of on-Off Valve Regulation and Household Heat Allocation Technique." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.465.

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As a new kind of heat metering and controlling system for central heating system, on-off ratio; on-off valve regulation and household heat allocation technique had been recognized by the scholars recently because of its low cost, simple control process, convenient construction and so on. In China, on-off ratio; on-off valve regulation and household heat allocation technique had been written in “Technical specification for heat metering of district heating system” as a heat metering and controlling system for central heating system and had been applied in some district heating system in China. However, there were some calculated errors if on-off ratio was adopted directly by experiments comparing modified heat metering. There would be a difficulty in charge if ignoring these errors. Due to the circumstance, the applied research of on-off heat metering was carried out in some communities. The measures which on-off ratio was relevantly modified were proposed to improve the heat metering accuracy. On this basis, the method of hourly apportion was put forward to eliminate the adverse effects which the supply/back water temperature had an influence on apportion in different time. By comparison, the accuracy of hourly apportion has a significant improvement compared to accumulate apportion. The preliminary optimized design scheme was acquired to determine the appropriate location of main heat meter according to different cases, and it was significative to optimize the on-off valve regulation and household heat allocation technique. Several problems were found by field information analysis, and the corresponding solutions were obtained by a huge universe of consolidated data and summarize experience. In addition, a few design gists were proposed in the application process of on-off ratio; on-off valve regulation and household heat allocation technique application based on research data.

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Wang, Linfeng, Bo Zhou, Jing Nie, Yan Song, and Dongchao Wang. "Multi-objective optimal allocation of regional comprehensive energy considering electricity trading." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 01046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124501046.

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In order to promote the coordination of various forms of energy resources such as electric energy, heat energy, and cold energy, and to achieve complementary and efficient use of different energy sources, a method for optimizing the allocation of the capacity of a regional comprehensive energy system that takes into account the trading of electric and thermal energy is proposed. The energy interaction costs of the system and the grid heat network are included in the total cost. The optimization goal is a multi-objective function that comprehensively considers system economics, environmental protection, reliability, and interactive power fluctuations. Based on the energy hub, the capacity of each energy supply equipment in the area is optimized. Time-sharing electricity price and typical daily system economic operation are solved by genetic algorithm. Finally, an example of a park is used to verify its effectiveness. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the system cost and reasonably avoid the limitations caused by the single decision factors in the system planning stage, thus providing a reference for the actual system planning and design.

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Canale, L., M. Dell'Isola, G. Ficco, T. Cholewa, S. Siggelsten, and I. Balen. "A comprehensive review on heat accounting and cost allocation in residential buildings in EU." Energy and Buildings 202 (November 2019): 109398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109398.

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Graham, Eric M. "Infants with Trisomy 18 and Complex Congenital Heart Defects Should Not Undergo Open Heart Surgery." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 2 (2016): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516654122.

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Aggressive medical and surgical interventions have not been clearly demonstrated to improve survival in neonates with trisomy 18; there are no data that demonstrates improved quality of life for these children after these interventions; and these interventions are clearly associated with significant morbidity, resource allocation, and cost.

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Vámos, Viktória, and Miklós Horváth. "Residential DHW consumption analysis for multifamily buildings supplied by district heating." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200505190v.

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The exact knowledge of DHW and heat consumption is necessary in the process of heat cost allocation and planning. In Hungary, heat cost allocation is based on summer months? heat demand. This method doesn?t lead to an accurate result due to the fact that the DHW demand varies throughout the year. There are several studies dealing with consumption data analisys, but only some of them have exact estimations on DHW usage patterns the Central-Eastern European countries. In this paper the DHW consumption was analysed in 115 ?commi block? buildings, which are common in Central-Eastern Europe and Russia and are usually connected to the district heating network. The examined buildings are located in Budapest, Hungary. The installation of the monitoring system has started in December 2012. The consumption data is collected since March 2014. The DHW usage was calculated in different cases for every month: per heated area, per heated volume and per flat. Average daily and annual data was also determined, the share of yearly DHW consumption over the months was calculated. The average daily and annual DHW consumption are 126 l/flat and 892 l/m2, respectively. The average net heat consumption is 28.2 kWhm-2a-1. Different DHW demand influencing factors were examined: the outdoor temperature and the residents? travelling habit is clearly influencing the DHW usage but no connection was found between the DHW consumption and economic indicators. The DHW consumption is approximately 30% higher in the winter than in the summer.

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Kysiak, Andrzej, and Aadm Ujma. "Evaluation of the correctness of heating costs in multi-family buildings based on heat cost allocators." Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym 7, no. 2/2018 (2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2018.2.13.

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Benakopoulos, Theofanis, Michele Tunzi, Robbe Salenbien, and Svend Svendsen. "Strategy for low-temperature operation of radiator systems using data from existing digital heat cost allocators." Energy 231 (September 2021): 120928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120928.

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Ye, Xuemin, and Chunxi Li. "A novel evaluation of heat-electricity cost allocation in cogenerations based on entropy change method." Energy Policy 60 (September 2013): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.015.

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Ghazouani, Sami, Assaad Zoughaib, and Sandrine Pelloux-Prayer. "Simultaneous heat integrated resource allocation network targeting for total annual cost considering non-isothermal mixing." Chemical Engineering Science 134 (September 2015): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.05.027.

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Kornelis, Ari, and Patricia Norris. "Irrigation Water Demand: Price Elasticities and Climatic Determinants in the Great Lakes Region." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 49, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 437–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.26.

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This article explores the environmental and market determinants of irrigation management in a five-state Great Lakes region. We found evidence that corn, soybean, and potato irrigators respond to the cost of water at the intensive margin. Evidence of a water-cost effect at the extensive margin was mixed. This article is unique in its geographic focus and its consideration of various temperature effects. We found evidence of a long-run average temperature effect on crop acreage allocation decisions and a short-run extreme heat effect on water application rates.

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Balen, Igor, and Danica Maljković. "A step towards decarbonised district heating systems: Assessment of the importance of individual metering on the system level." International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 34 (May 25, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7088.

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Modern district heating (DH) systems are one of the most promising heat supply solutions to reach the goal of fully decarbonised energy systems. The research goal of this paper is to evaluate the impact of installation of individual metering in DH systems on energy savings and emission reduction by application of machine learning algorithms and to predict how would this particular system upgrade measure influence the energy consumption and emissions. The research is focused on DH systems in Croatia. The results showed that dominant variable is the installation rate of individual metering devices (i.e. heat cost allocators - HCAs) and, for maximum energy saving, it should strive to 100% within a building. In that case, decrease in annual specific heat consumption in average building connected to a district heating system in Croatia is expected above 40 kWh/m2. Developed regression models show that apartments with installed HCAs could achieve about 40% reduction in heat consumption, compared to the apartments without HCAs.

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Horskyi, V. V. "The selection of the method to divide total expenses of energy consumed for the combined production of energy products and its application for coal-fired CHP." Problems of General Energy 2021, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2021.04.056.

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Cogeneration of electric and heat energy is a trend in the modern development of energy production systems in the world. The share of electricity produced by CHP in Ukraine coincides with the share of combined heat and power produced by the G8 + 5 countries and is equal to 11–19%. The fuel's heat utilization rate reaches 75% at CHP in the EU countries. An important energy efficiency indicator, characterizing the full technological cycle of power generation, is the total power intensity of the product. To determine the technical and economic indicators of CHP's operation, the production cost of energy products produced, reasonable tariffs for them, and the payback period of investments, first of all, it is necessary to develop a certain scheme for the allocation of costs for each output product. One of the most important methodological issues in combined energy production is the optimal distribution of expenses between the generation and transmission of electric and thermal energy. So far, there are a number of methods for allocating costs by type of product in cogeneration. All methods give different calculation results, and the discrepancy among them is quite significant. Analyzing and comparing them, one can identify both the advantages and disadvantages of each method, depending on the calculation task. The total energy intensity of energy products output for the station was also calculated, and the distribution of energy consumption between thermal and electric energy was performed according to four methods. As a result of the analysis, the thermodynamic method of cost allocation for the supply of electricity and heat is recommended for use, as it takes into account the value of steam used in the turbine (for electric power generation) and is further supplied for the needs of heat supply. Keywords: cogeneration, distribution of energy consumption, methods of distribution of energy consumption, energy carriers

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Aliyarov, B. K., and R. A. Alshanov. "A POSSIBLE OPTION TO INCREASE THE REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE TARIFF FOR THE PRODUCTS OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES." ГОРЕНИЕ И ПЛАЗМОХИМИЯ 20, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/cpc479.

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The article considers the option of increasing the representativeness of tariffs, through the allocation of a part related to ensuring the readiness of an object for operation and a part due to the cost of producing the required volume of products (services), It is also shown that the use of the reduced value of losses per unit (of surface or per unit of length) is more consistent with the process of product losses during delivery to the Consumer. A variant of determining the cost of heat and electrical energy in their joint production (cogeneration), which improves their reliability, is considered.

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Elvin Abdullayev, Elvin Abdullayev. "OVERHEAD ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 18, no. 07 (May 27, 2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei18072022-55.

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In recent years sales of cellular connection has become the fastest growing industry and one of the major areas of domestic and global telecommunications markets. The rapid growth of information flows requires accelerated development of the cellular market and continuous improvement methodology, economic theory, and methods of analysis and management in this area. The most important tasks of modern management practices are to develop and implement decisions to achieve financial and economic stability and efficiency of the organization.In this regard, there are problems with the need to develop, apply, and perspective development of theoretical-methodological and administrative - actual methods to cost analysis and product costs in the economic activities of mobile companies, which determines the relevance of the research topic. All this leads to problems associated with the need to develop theoretical and methodological, organizational, and practical approaches of management analysis of cellular companies in the modern economy of our country and determines the relevance of the research topic. From a cost management standpoint, the research suggests that manufacturing organizations employ the ABC method since it allocates overhead expenses more correctly than alternative cost accounting systems. Adopting this approach will result in: a) a better knowledge of the business processes that drive costs, b) a better technique for identifying productivity improvements that improve service delivery, and c) a clear identification of the performance metrics that improve cost management. These are critical elements of continuous improvement and comprehensive quality management programs that are critical to achieving an organization's objectives, goals, and, ultimately, financial success. Keywords: over head, costs, economic development

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Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo, Jhan Piero Rojas, and Jorge Duarte Forero. "Advance Exergo-Economic Analysis of a Waste Heat Recovery System Using ORC for a Bottoming Natural Gas Engine." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010267.

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This manuscript presents an advanced exergo-economic analysis of a waste heat recovery system based on the organic Rankine cycle from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. Different operating conditions were established in order to find the exergy destroyed values in the components and the desegregation of them, as well as the rate of fuel exergy, product exergy, and loss exergy. The component with the highest exergy destroyed values was heat exchanger 1, which is a shell and tube equipment with the highest mean temperature difference in the thermal cycle. However, the values of the fuel cost rate (47.85 USD/GJ) and the product cost rate (197.65 USD/GJ) revealed the organic fluid pump (pump 2) as the device with the main thermo-economic opportunity of improvement, with an exergo-economic factor greater than 91%. In addition, the component with the highest investment costs was the heat exchanger 1 with a value of 2.769 USD/h, which means advanced exergo-economic analysis is a powerful method to identify the correct allocation of the irreversibility and highest cost, and the real potential for improvement is not linked to the interaction between components but to the same component being studied.

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Bisson, Isabelle-Anne, Luke K. Butler, Tim J. Hayden, L. Michael Romero, and Martin C. Wikelski. "No energetic cost of anthropogenic disturbance in a songbird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1658 (December 2, 2008): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1277.

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Anthropogenic or natural disturbances can have a significant impact on wild animals. Therefore, understanding when, how and what type of human and natural events disturb animals is a central problem in wildlife conservation. However, it can be difficult to identify which particular environmental stressor affects an individual most. We use heart rate telemetry to quantify the energy expenditure associated with different types of human-mediated and natural disturbances in a breeding passerine, the white-eyed vireo ( Vireo griseus ). We fitted 0.5 g heart rate transmitters to 14 male vireos and continuously recorded heart rate and activity for two days and three nights on a military installation. We calibrated heart rate to energy expenditure for five additional males using an open-flow, push-through respirometry system showing that heart rate predicted 74 per cent of energy expenditure. We conducted standardized disturbance trials in the field to experimentally simulate a natural stressor (predator presence) and two anthropogenic stressors. Although birds initially showed behavioural and heart rate reactions to some disturbances, we could not detect an overall increase in energy expenditure during 1- or 4-hours disturbances. Similarly, overall activity rates were unaltered between control and experimental periods, and birds continued to perform parental duties despite the experimental disturbances. We suggest that vireos quickly determined that disturbances were non-threatening and thus showed no (costly) physiological response. We hypothesize that the lack of a significant response to disturbance in vireos is adaptive and may be representative of animals with fast life histories (e.g. short lifespan, high reproductive output) so as to maximize energy allocation to reproduction. Conversely, we predict that energetic cost of human-mediated disturbances will be significant in slow-living animals.

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Campbell, K. A. G., and P. E. Lipps. "Allocation of Resources: Sources of Variation in Fusarium Head Blight Screening Nurseries." Phytopathology® 88, no. 10 (October 1998): 1078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.10.1078.

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Severe epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum, group II (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae) have been occurring on wheat crops in the northcentral United States and southern Canada. Evaluation of resistance to FHB is difficul, because resistance is partial and infection depends upon host plant maturity. Variance component analysis was conducted to determine how best to allocate resources among environments, replications, and subsamples (heads per plot) in FHB screening nurseries. Advanced breeding lines from the Ohio State University wheat-breeding program were evaluated in screening nurseries from 1995 to 1997. Nurseries were artificially inoculated and sprinkler-irrigated to induce FHB epidemics. Over 80% of the variation within an environment resulted from variation associated with subsampling individual heads within plots. The second greatest source of variation was due to genotype by replication interactions. Host plant maturity influenced disease ratings in 1997. The repeatability of genotype means was approximately 50% within environments. The greatest reduction in genotype standard errors was obtained through additional environments, and then replications. Because the cost of an additional environment was estimated at five times the cost of an additional replication, the most cost-effective improvement in precision was obtained through the addition of replications. Advanced breeding lines should be evaluated in at least four replications per environment. Segregating populations will require more replications.

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42

Cholewa, Tomasz, and Alicja Siuta-Olcha. "Long term experimental evaluation of the influence of heat cost allocators on energy consumption in a multifamily building." Energy and Buildings 104 (October 2015): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.083.

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43

Sagan, Mark, Heather Hadjistavropoulos, and H. Jay Beim. "The Cost of Developing and Implementing a Pathway for Congestive Heart Failure: Not an Inexpensive Journey." Healthcare Management Forum 18, no. 3 (October 2005): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60369-9.

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This article describes the cost of developing and implementing an integrated care pathway (ICP) for Congestive Heart Failure. Costs were tracked prospectively and allocated to either development or implementation. The development took 1,980 hours of staff time at a salary cost of $67,800. The ICP implementation took 2,083 hours of personnel time at a salary cost of $66,900. Even though an available pathway was adapted for local use, a substantial amount of time and money was required. This article may be useful to others who are interested in monitoring costs of pathways.

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Mailhot Vega, R., J. A. Bradley, N. A. Lockney, N. P. Mendenhall, S. MacDonald, and D. J. Sher. "Establishing Mean Heart Dose Thresholds for Cost-effective Allocation of Proton Regional Nodal Irradiation." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 108, no. 3 (November 2020): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.887.

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Walsberg, G. E., and B. O. Wolf. "Effects of solar radiation and wind speed on metabolic heat production by two mammals with contrasting coat colours." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.7.1499.

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We report the first empirical data describing the interactive effects of simultaneous changes in irradiance and convection on energy expenditure by live mammals. Whole-animal rates of solar heat gain and convective heat loss were measured for representatives of two ground squirrel species, Spermophilus lateralis and Spermophilus saturatus, that contrast in coloration. Radiative heat gain was quantified as the decrease in metabolic heat production caused by the animal's exposure to simulated solar radiation. Changes in convective heat loss were quantified as the variation in metabolic heat production caused by changes in wind speed. For both species, exposure to 780 W m-2 of simulated solar radiation significantly reduced metabolic heat production at all wind speeds measured. Reductions were greatest at lower wind speeds, reaching 42% in S. lateralis and 29% in S. saturatus. Solar heat gain, expressed per unit body surface area, did not differ significantly between the two species. This heat gain equalled 14-21% of the radiant energy intercepted by S. lateralis and 18-22% of that intercepted by S. saturatus. Body resistance, an index of animal insulation, declined by only 10% in S. saturatus and 13% in S. lateralis as wind speed increased from 0.5 to 4.0 ms-1. These data demonstrate that solar heat gain can be essentially constant, despite marked differences in animal coloration, and that variable exposure to wind and sunlight can have important consequences for both thermoregulatory stress experienced by animals and their patterns of energy allocation.

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46

Bloom, David, J. Paul Forrester, and Nadav Klugman. "Current Conflicts in U.S. Electric Transmission Planning, Cost Allocation and Renewable Energy Policies: More Heat than Light?" Electricity Journal 23, no. 10 (December 2010): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2010.11.003.

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Chandy, Abraham. "SMART RESOURCE USAGE PREDICTION USING CLOUD COMPUTING FOR MASSIVE DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS." December 2019 01, no. 02 (December 30, 2019): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jitdw.2019.2.006.

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Resource management plays the vital role in the cloud computing as the requirement for the massive data processing system such as heath sectors, business solutions and the internet of things keeps on increasing in at an exponential range. Allocation of proper and perfect resources remains as the mains reasons for the successful computation of the applications. However the conventional resources management methodologies, that totally depends on the simple heuristic based methods fails to accomplish a performance that is predictable. The appropriate resource allocation is directly related to the workload demand prediction as the would help to bring down the cost, time and power and the memory usage. The proposed method in the paper leverages the machine learning approaches to manage the resource allocation in the cloud computing for the massive data processing system, the simulation of the proposed model using the network simulator -2 enables to achieve a better performance and resources utilization at a decreased cost, time, power and memory usage.

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Benakopoulos, Theofanis, Michele Tunzi, Robbe Salenbien, Kasper Klan Hansen, and Svend Svendsen. "Implementation of a strategy for low-temperature operation of radiator systems using data from existing digital heat cost allocators." Energy 251 (July 2022): 123844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123844.

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49

Østergaard, Dorte Skaarup, Otto Paulsen, Ida Bach Sørensen, and Svend Svendsen. "Test and evaluation of a method to identify heating system malfunctions by using information from electronic heat cost allocators." Energy and Buildings 184 (February 2019): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.004.

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50

Listiadi, Agung. "Manajemen Biaya untuk Meningkatkan Ketepatan Penghitungan Biaya melalui Biaya Berbasis Aktivitas." BISMA (Bisnis dan Manajemen) 7, no. 2 (May 22, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/bisma.v7n2.p125-133.

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Cost is an important factor in ensuring the company win in the competition on the market. Consumers will choose a manufacturer that is able to produce products and services that have high quality with low prices. Costs of Management Systems Contemporary emphasis on search than the allocation. And management based activities are at the heart of contemporary operating control system. At least two major factors that must be considered in the selection of cost driver (cost driver) are: the cost of measurement and the degree of correlation between the consumption cost driver with the actual overhead. Cost driver is divided into two categories, namely the structural cost driver and executional cost driver. Cost driver is the basis used to charge collected on cost pool to the product. So that the calculation of the cost through Time Driven activity-based costing system, the company obtain more precise information and accurate.

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