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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Michnikowski, Paweł, and Tomasz Cholewa. "On the Use of Base Temperature by Heat Cost Allocation in Buildings." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 6346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196346.

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Heat cost allocators (HCAs) have a high market share in existing buildings, which may cause problems, especially with variable heat cost allocation due to wrong readings from HCAs and/or the method used in the heat cost allocation process. That is why we proposed two easily applicable and clear methods, which may be used with two types of HCAs commonly used in the billing practice. The proposed methods were presented on the example of the actual allocation of variable heating costs for a multi-family building located in Poland, and the results of billing were compared with three other methods of variable heating costs allocation. Owing to the proposed methods, higher (K = 0.5260 for schema A, K = 0.4468 for schema B) values of the correlation coefficient between heating costs and the average indoor temperature were obtained than for the methods commonly used in accounting practice. Additionally, the use of the proposed method allows for the elimination of defective indications of heat cost allocators in the billing process and discrepancies in the indications of HCAs in individual flats, which do not have technical justification and violate the norms of social coexistence.

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Cholewa, Tomasz, Alicja Siuta-Olcha, Anna Życzyńska, Aleksandra Specjał, and Paweł Michnikowski. "On the Minimum and Maximum Variable Cost of Heating of the Flat in Multifamily Building." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020995.

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Heat cost allocation is commonly used in existing buildings supplied by centralized sources of heating/cooling and provided with individual metering systems. However, this process is not always fair for the users, since “fairness” strongly depends on the methods established to allocate variable and fixed costs among the dwellings. That is why unrealistic cost for heating may be allocated for specific flats. However, there is a lack of evidence about procedures as to how maximum and minimum variable cost of heating may be calculated for specific flats in multifamily building for a specific heating season. This paper presents different methods for estimation of maximum and minimum variable cost of heating of flat in multifamily buildings, the use of which depends of the availability of input data for specific buildings. Evaluation of the proposed methods is made on the example of a case study multifamily building located in Poland. It was shown that the maximum variable costs of heat purchase for specific flats in the analyzed building were in the range from 169% to 256% of the average unit cost of heat, depending on the method used. The recommendation about the accuracy of proposed methods is also provided by the authors.

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Almarri, Khalid, Saleh Alzahrani, and Halim Boussabaine. "An evaluation of the impact of risk cost on risk allocation in public private partnership projects." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 8 (September 16, 2019): 1696–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-04-2018-0177.

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Purpose A unique aspect of PPP is the opportunity for the transfer of risk ownership to the private sector. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how risk cost influences risk allocation. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was used to collect data. The questionnaire included nine sub-categories of risks. To quantify the influence of risk cost on risk allocation, a dependency risk matrix was employed. Heat maps techniques were used to visualise the results of the survey. Findings The findings show which risks within the endogenous or exogenous groups are to be allocated to the public sector, the private sector, or to be shared. The finding from this research provides a baseline for the PPP stakeholders in developing guidelines for estimating the value of risk costs in the risks register as well as serving as a mechanism for risk allocation. Research limitations/implications The context of the study may limit the generalisability of the results. Practical implications The study provides practical guidance to PPP stakeholders on risk allocation appetite. Originality/value This study extends the processes and methods by which PPP project’s risk is allocated to create a better value for all the stakeholders.

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Slijepčević, Sunčana, Davor Mikulić, and Kristijan Horvat. "Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of the Installation of Heat-Cost Allocators in Multifamily Buildings in Croatia." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030507.

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In order to improve energy efficiency, the Croatian government introduced an individual metering obligation for all district heat network users. The purpose of the research was to evaluate this policy measure regarding its effects on tenants’ behavior and energy savings, but also from the perspective of cost-effectiveness. The sample includes approximately 20% of all Croatian users of district heat energy. Energy savings related to the installation of heat cost allocators are calculated by comparing the specific heat energy consumption, corrected for the number of heating degree days, in periods before and after the installation of the heat cost allocators. The cost-effectiveness assessment is based on the concept of the net present value. The transition to individual metering in Croatia resulted in significant energy savings averaged from 20 to 35%. However, low heat energy prices in cities with a dominant share of heat energy consumption did not ensure a positive net present value of investment for all buildings.

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Zhang, He Fu, Song Zhou, and Zhi Yu Wang. "Study on Cost Allocation in Marine Diesel Engine Cogeneration System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1420.

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Electricity and high-temperature heating steam are the products of marine diesel enginecogeneration system, and the heat-electricity cost allocation ratio impact cogeneration systemoptimization directly. This paper described several existing cost allocation methods, and applied thereduced exergy method to specific marine diesel engine cogeneration system, then, established thecost allocation model to derive the detailed process and results of calculating heat-electricity costallocation ratio, and draw an conclusion that the reduced exergy method is the most reasonablemethod of cost allocation.

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Laicāns, M., I. Puķīte, I. Geipele, N. Zeltins, and A. Greķis. "Heat Cost Allocation in Multi-Apartment Buildings: A Literature Review." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 55, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2018-0033.

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Abstract Literature review aims at examining various scientific articles on the accounting methods of individual heat consumption and heat cost allocation. Nowadays, accounting methods of heat consumption and heat cost allocation in multi-apartment buildings are a topical issue. Heat and water supply is one of the key services provided to residential buildings and their residents. Residents appreciate solutions that allow them consume as much heat as they need and are able to pay, but on condition that the calculation methodology is understandable and easy to perceive. Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings adopted by the European Parliament and the Council (Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2010) stipulates that owners or te-nants of buildings shall be provided with the information on energy efficiency measures, their goals and objectives, cost effective ways to improve the energy performance of a particular building and, where appropriate, in the case of available financial instruments to improve the energy performance of a particular building. The aim of the research is to perform literature analysis using topical articles on the accounting methods of individual heat consumption and heat cost allocation, which are published in the Web of Science and Scopus scientific databases, by analysing and comparing the published results.

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Ziemele, Jelena, Ieva Pakere, Dagnija Blumberga, and Gatis Zogla. "Economy of Heat Cost Allocation in Apartment Buildings." Energy Procedia 72 (June 2015): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.013.

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Zhou, Jianguo, Yushuo Li, Xuejing Huo, and Xiaolei Xu. "How to Allocate Carbon Emission Permits Among China’s Industrial Sectors Under the Constraint of Carbon Intensity?" Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030914.

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With the official launch of China’s national unified carbon trading system (ETS) in 2017, it has played an increasingly important role in controlling the growth of carbon dioxide emissions. One of the core issues in carbon trading is the allocation of initial carbon emissions permits. Since the industry emits the largest amount of carbon dioxide in China, a study on the allocation of carbon emission permits among China’s industrial sectors is necessary to promote industry carbon abatement efficiency. In this study, industrial carbon emissions permits are allocated to 37 sub-sectors of China to reach the emission reduction target of 2030 considering the carbon marginal abatement cost, carbon abatement responsibility, carbon abatement potential, and carbon abatement capacity. A hybrid approach that integrates data envelop analysis (DEA), the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to allocate carbon emission permits. The results of this study are as follows: First, under the constraint of carbon intensity, the carbon emission permits of the total industry in 2030 will be 8792 Mt with an average growth rate of 3.27%, which is 1.57 times higher than that in 2016. Second, the results of the carbon marginal abatement costs show that light industrial sectors and high-tech industrial sectors have a higher abatement cost, while energy-intensive heavy chemical industries have a lower abatement cost. Third, based on the allocation results, there are six industrial sub-sectors that have obtained major carbon emission permits, including the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals (S24), manufacturing of raw chemical materials and chemical products (S18), manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products (S23), smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals (S25), production and supply of electric power and heat power (S35), and the processing of petroleum, coking, and processing of nuclear fuel (S19), accounting for 69.23% of the total carbon emissions permits. Furthermore, the study also classifies 37 industrial sectors to explore the emission reduction paths, and proposes corresponding policy recommendations for different categories.

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Atănăsoae, Pavel. "Allocation of Joint Costs and Price Setting for Electricity and Heat Generated in Cogeneration." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010134.

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In the case of cogeneration, the allocation of operation costs has a particularity specific to the joint production of heat and electricity from the same primary energy source. The cost allocation is also influenced by the demand conditions faced by the joint products, and prices must be sufficient for both products to remain profitable and competitive with other power generation alternatives in the respective markets. Therefore, the choice of cost allocation methodology is influenced by market conditions. The paper presents an algorithm for determining the prices of energy and heat produced in cogeneration according to demand and market conditions. The economic market method was extended with an algorithm based on duality theory for verifying allocation methods and establishing forecasting strategies. An example is provided for a cogeneration plant (1.287 MWe; 5.386 MWth) based on ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) technology and biomass fuel. The fuel cost has a major influence on the total costs of the cogeneration plant, between 68% and 77% in the analyzed scenarios. The fuel cost variation is considered in the application of the cost allocation methods for setting the prices of heat and electricity.

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Cholewa, Tomasz, Simon Siggelsten, Igor Balen, and Giorgio Ficco. "Heat cost allocation in buildings: Possibilities, problems and solutions." Journal of Building Engineering 31 (September 2020): 101349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101349.

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Дисертації з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Marcaida, García Álvaro. "Corrections for heating use in multi-apartment buildings when using heat cost allocators." Thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16859.

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Книги з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Office, General Accounting. VA health care: Allocation of resources to medical facilities in the Sun Belt : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Office, General Accounting. VA health care: Resource allocation methodology has had little impact on medical centers' budgets : report to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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VA health care: Resource allocation methodology should improve VA's financial management : briefing report to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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Частини книг з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Ghazouani, Sami, Assaad Zoughaib, and Solène Le Bourdiec. "Methodology for preselecting heat-integrated mass allocation networks likely to be associated with cost efficient HEN." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 109–14. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63428-3.50023-0.

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Baldwin, Peter. "Th e Post Facto State." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0019.

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Some Critics Of America turn out to be bean counters. They admit that the American outcomes in certain fields are comparable to what is found in Europe, only to point out that the cost has been higher. The fundamental premise of the recently published American Human Development Report is not so much that the United States is doing poorly in comparison with other nations, though of course some outcomes are nothing short of shameful. More annoying to the authors is that the United States is being inefficient and has not been able to parlay its front-running GDP status into an equivalently primary position in other respects. Tony Judt argues that, “for every dollar the United States spends on education it gets worse results than any other industrial nation.” Indeed, the United States spends more per pupil than anyone else, but gets results that are only in the middle of the European spectrum. From a cost-benefit analysis, America should be getting better value for its money. Th e same is oft en said of health care, where the United States spends disproportionately even more, yet gets only moderately good results. On three out of four of the fundamental activities of modern government— education, health, social insurance, and defense—America turns out to be a big spender. For education and health, the U.S. state spends as much as any country in Europe, for defense much more so, but for social insurance, it is at the bottom of the European scale. If we look at how American society as a whole—privately and publicly—allocates its resources, however, by European standards it spends lavishly on health, education, and defense, and at about the European average for social insurance. Perhaps there is a pattern here. Consider high spending for a moment, not from the bookkeeper’s vantage, but from the political theorist’s. A nation with a high GDP per head has more wiggle room than poorer countries. It may be that America’s choice to spend freely is in fact a tactical political decision rather than a slothful financial one—to be generous, rather than profligate. For one thing, as James Galbraith has argued, high levels of American spending on education, health care, the military, and even domestic security translate ultimately into high employment.

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Prineas, Stavros, and Andrew F. Smith. "To begin …" In Handbook of Communication in Anaesthesia & Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577286.003.0007.

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Communication is an innately fascinating and, on occasions, a somewhat mysterious topic. At its heart, it is the means of expressing, both to ourselves and to others, how we perceive the world and how we influence the world around us. It is a tool for exchanging information and meaning, but also a way to connect with others. While obviously a means to an end, it is also an end in itself—without the ability to share with others, life would be greatly impoverished. The many human dimensions of communication— the practical, the social, the linguistic, the lyrical, the subliminal, its ability to soothe and to injure, to inform, to entertain, to terrify—are what make this topic so challenging. Anaesthesia has come a very long way since the 1840s. The advent of safer and more selective drugs, coupled with ever more sophisticated technology, has made the practice of anaesthesia safer, yet also more complicated. The patients that we treat are often older, have multiple co-morbidities, and are undergoing procedures that would have been unthinkable 20 years ago. Yet with the increasingly complex workload have come the additional pressures of time and resource allocation. Patients are admitted on the day of surgery, leaving minimal time for anaesthetic assessment. Anaesthetists are frequently busy, isolated and unavailable when working in theatre, or find themselves working at multiple sites with little opportunity for interaction with colleagues. Similarly, theatre staff rarely work in the same operating room with the same team on a regular basis. The hospital administrators are under constant pressure as they strain to contain costs and reduce length of stay, while wards are increasingly understaffed and overworked. In the midst of all this, patients are left wondering who is actually caring for them, and if anyone is listening to their concerns. Anaesthetists play a crucial role in multi-professional teams in a wide variety of clinical settings of which theatre is only one. There is the high dependency unit (HDU), the labour suite, paediatrics, the chronic pain clinic—to name but a few. In almost every aspect of anaesthetic clinical practice the ability to communicate effectively is a vital component of patient care.

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Colglazier, E. William. "Evidential, Ethical, and Policy Disputes: Admissible Evidence in Radioactive Waste Management." In Acceptable Evidence. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089295.003.0013.

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A sustained and definitive radioactive waste management policy has been a elusive goal for our nation since the beginning of the nuclear age. An atmosphere of contentiousness and mistrust among the interested parties, fed by a long history of policy reversals, delays, false starts, legal and jurisdictional wrangles, and scientific overconfidence and played out against the background of public concern with nuclear power and weapons issues generally, has dogged society's attempts to come to grips with the radioactive waste-management issue. The policy conflicts have become so intense and intractable that Congress has been forced to deal with the issue periodically. The year 1982 was one watershed year for congressional action on high-level nuclear waste, and 1987 proved to be another. This chapter will examine ethical and value issues in radioactive waste management (RWM), with a special emphasis on disputes about scientific evidence. Controversies over evidence have been particularly important because of the many scientific uncertainties and problems inherent in trying to ensure that nuclear waste in a geological repository will harm neither people nor the environment for the thousands of years that the waste will remain hazardous. This requirement of guaranteeing adequate safety over millennia is an unprecedented undertaking for our regulatory and scientific institutions. The first section of the chapter will provide a brief historical overview of the national policy disputes in radioactive waste management, and the second section will discuss some of the key value issues that have been at the heart of the controversies. Our approach is to delineate key policy issues and to separate the value components of each into three categories: procedural, distributional, and evidential. Key stakeholders—Congress, federal agencies, the nuclear industry, utilities, environmental groups, state governments, Native American tribes, local communities—take particular policy positions justified in part on the basis of procedural, distributional, and evidential values. Procedural values refer to who should make what decision for whom and by what process. Distributional values concern what is a fair allocation of costs, benefits, and risks to the affected parties and to society as a whole. Evidential values refer to what counts as evidence, for example, what type and degree of scientific evidence is sufficient and admissible in making a particular societal decision, especially in the face of large scientific unknowns and significant social and scientific debate. Categories of "value concerns" thus include fairness and appropriateness of process, outcomes, and evidence.

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"there are remarks about the cost per unit of raw soda. The direc tors were well aware that production level and cost per unit were in inverse ratio: . . . this year we produced 448 000 d: more than the pre ceding year; therefore, the overheads for salaries and in terests contribute to the cost per unit proportionately less. Allocation of overhead. The allocation of overhead costs was discussed during four meetings of the Board of Directors: March 7 and 13, 1832; August 20, 1833; September 4, 1834.10 The members of the Board discussed the allocation of overheads between glass and chemical products. At the first meeting, on March 7, 1832, it was reported: The Administration (of the Company) has decided that the overheads accounts of every branch will be divided in accordance with the production as shown on the books; each product {produits speciaux) will be charged with its own direct expenses (frais speciaux). At the meeting the next week (March 13, 1832), the record indi cates that overhead cost allocation was again discussed: It has been pointed out to the Board of Directors by one of the members that the preceding decree, dividing over head expenses in accordance with each factory's produc tion stated by its books, could entail serious drawbacks; for example, in a year of very low sales, it we stop the production and only sell glass in stock, we should be obliged to make the chemical products bear all the over head expenses, which means a considerable increase in their cost prices and gives us a wrong image of them. He (the member of the B. of D.) thinks it much more conve nient to divide the overhead expenses in accordance with the fixed capital involved in each one of the two factories, as shown by the general inventory, capital to which we add the required working capital; with such a manner of distribution, each factory would bear its own part of overheads required by the supervision and administration of its capital. In the above-mentioned case of a factory's producing next to nothing, we would have to state a loss for that factory, which is quite normal." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 260. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-28.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Patel, Chandrakant D., Cullen E. Bash, Ratnesh Sharma, Monem Beitelmal, and Rich Friedrich. "Smart Cooling of Data Centers." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35059.

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The data center of tomorrow is characterized as one containing a dense aggregation of commodity computing, networking and storage hardware mounted in industry standard racks. In fact, the data center is a computer. The walls of the data center are akin to the walls of the chassis in today’s computer system. The new slim rack mounted systems and blade servers enable reduction in the footprint of today’s data center by 66%. While maximizing computing per unit area, this compaction leads to extremely high power density and high cost associated with removal of the dissipated heat. Today’s approach of cooling the entire data center to a constant temperature sampled at a single location, irrespective of the distributed utilization, is too energy inefficient. We propose a smart cooling system that provides localized cooling when and where needed and works in conjunction with a compute workload allocator to distribute compute workloads in the most energy efficient state. This paper shows a vision and construction of this intelligent data center that uses a combination of modeling, metrology and control to provision the air conditioning resources and workload distribution. A variable cooling system comprising variable capacity computer room air conditioning units, variable air moving devices, adjustable vents, etc. are used to dynamically allocate air conditioning resources where and when needed. A distributed metrology layer is used to sense environment variables like temperature and pressure, and power. The data center energy manager redistributes the compute workloads based on the most energy efficient availability of cooling resources and vice versa. The distributed control layer is no longer associated with any single localized temperature measurement but based on parameters calculated from an aggregation of sensors. The compute resources not in use are put on “standby” thereby providing added savings.

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Patel, Chandrakant, Ratnesh Sharma, Cullen Bash, and Sven Graupner. "Energy Aware Grid: Global Workload Placement Based on Energy Efficiency." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41443.

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Computing will be pervasive, and enablers of pervasive computing will be data centers housing computing, networking and storage hardware. The data center of tomorrow is envisaged as one containing thousands of single board computing systems deployed in racks. A data center, with 1000 racks, over 30,000 square feet, would require 10 MW of power to power the computing infrastructure. At this power dissipation, an additional 5 MW would be needed by the cooling resources to remove the dissipated heat. At $100/MWh, the cooling alone would cost $4 million per annum for such a data center. The concept of Computing Grid, based on coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations, is emerging as the new paradigm in distributed and pervasive computing for scientific as well as commercial applications. We envision a global network of data centers housing an aggregation of computing, networking and storage hardware. The increased compaction of such devices in data centers has created thermal and energy management issues that inhibit sustainability of such a global infrastructure. In this paper, we propose the framework of Energy Aware Grid that will provide a global utility infrastructure explicitly incorporating energy efficiency and thermal management among data centers. Designed around an energy-aware co-allocator, workload placement decisions will be made across the Grid, based on data center energy efficiency coefficients. The coefficient, evaluated by the data center’s resource allocation manager, is a complex function of the data center thermal management infrastructure and the seasonal and diurnal variations. A detailed procedure for implementation of a test case is provided with an estimate of energy savings to justify the economics. An example workload deployment shown in the paper aspires to seek the most energy efficient data center in the global network of data centers. The locality based energy efficiency in a data center is shown to arise from use of ground coupled loops in cold climates to lower ambient temperature for heat rejection e.g. computing and rejecting heat from a data center at nighttime ambient of 20°C. in New Delhi, India while Phoenix, USA is at 45°C. The efficiency in the cooling system in the data center in New Delhi is derived based on lower lift from evaporator to condenser. Besides the obvious advantage due to external ambient, the paper also incorporates techniques that rate the efficiency arising from internal thermo-fluids behavior of a data center in workload placement decision.

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Li, Chunxi, and Xuemin Ye. "Rational Allocation of Heat-Electricity Cost Allocation in Cogeneration." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26006.

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A reasonable cost allocation in cogeneration is very important for plant and heating consumer. According to the different roles of anergy and exergy in the heat supply process of cogeneration, the reduced exergy model for cogeneration cost allocation is formulated by introducing the concept of the reduced exergy and available anergy. This model considers not only the energy differences in quantity and quality, but also the roles of the available anergy and exergy. Furthermore, the contribution of the available anergy is expressed as a user factor, which can reflect different utilization for different practical conditions. The results for several practical units verify that the reduced exergy model is more rational, convenient and practical than existing models in theory and practice.

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Morales, M. J., and S. A. Sherif. "Optimal Allocation of Heat Transfer Surface of a Two-Stage Refrigeration System." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56815.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate how the heat exchanger inventory allocation plays a role in maximizing the thermal performance of a two-stage refrigeration system with two evaporators. First, the system is modeled as a Carnot refrigerator and a particular heat transfer parameter is kept constant as the heat exchanger allocation parameter is allowed to vary. The value of the heat exchanger allocation parameter corresponding to the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) is noted. The results are compared to those of a non-Carnot refrigerator with isentropic and non-isentropic compression. It is found that the Carnot refrigerator can be used to predict the value of the heat exchanger allocation parameter where the maximum COP occurs for a non-Carnot refrigerator. In order to improve the accuracy of that prediction, the predicted value of the heat exchanger allocation parameter has to be inputted into the set of equations used for the non-Carnot refrigerator. This study is useful in designing a low cost, high-performance refrigeration system.

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Jayanti, Dwi, Diah Daniaty, Resti Fitri, and Khoirotun Nisa. "Economic contiguity (part one) physical construction cost." In Decision Making Based on Data. International Association for Statistical Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.19501.

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Law number 33 year 2004 on financial balance is further explained by Presidential decision that regional allocation fund is based on a fixed amount. If particular regions receive more than they deserve, other regions receive less than they expect. Allocated fund is weighted among others by index of physical construction cost (IKK). The author and co-authors propose a way for IKK be closer to reality. Selected components of physical construction in IKK is applied to all regions. It turns out that regions considered as rich may be in different physical cost structure from not so rich regions. Further for certain few important components cost may be subject to regional wealth comparison. We found at least one natural component in western region and one manufactured component in eastern region for possible revision. Current regional computerized raw data entry is standardized by single national custom-made application software. Cut off point for entry acceptance is applied to all regions which sometimes violates regional specific characteristics. Once raw data is rejected, it is difficult to trace back the real raw data which may be closer to the truth. Therefore we rely on spatial contiguity to recover unentered rejected raw data. Theory of composite index suggest that a figure is not only produced for publication but also for analytical soundness. That is introducing another unfamiliar step for most regional employee and regional official. Since raw data is always available in head office, it is a feasible practice to evaluate regional raw data prior to aggregation in head office beyond most regional insight.

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Salimov, Rail, Benoit Jaffres, Jamal Alblooshi, Arlen Sarsekov, Maxim Chirkov, and Humaid Al Kuwaiti. "Optimizing Future Drilling Center Location Using Advanced Analytics and Machine Learning Algorithms in Offshore Abu Dhabi." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211772-ms.

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Abstract Long term development planning requires infill drilling. Due to limited number of slots in offshore environment new drillings centers (Well Head Towers) are required. Optimized location of drilling center can have big impact on reducing drilling expenses. Two main challenges related to WHT placement are tackled in the paper. Firstly, where to place future drilling center based on subsurface coordinates and drilling constraints. Secondly, how to allocate dozens of subsurface targets to multiple drilling centers. Developed drilling center placement optimization algorithm is based on multiple optimization parameters related to well cost. Main driver of total well cost is well length. Hence, it will be used as primary optimization criteria. It requires solving complex 3D well trajectory analytically and screening thousands of iterations for various WHT locations. Secondary optimization criteria are type of mud used in main section of the well, seabed depth etc. All parameters are summarized in total well cost map helping to choose global best location of WHT. Wells allocation per WHT are performed with constrained K-means clustering algorithm. Proposed methodology was developed in house using open-source programming language. Generated well trajectories are identical to the outputs of commercial drilling software proofing the robustness of the solution. Screening hundreds of drilling center location requires thousands of well trajectories generation which can be computed and analyzed within seconds. Proposed methodology was applied in optimizing WHT locations on several Long-Term Development projects across various offshore fields. Drilling center's location are generally chosen based on simplistic approach such as arithmetic average of landing points. Proposed approach can save in average ∼3-5 percent of total drillex as final trajectories will be shorter and mud type in main section can be simplified. Restricted K-means clustering approach is proven to be quick and efficient approach to allocate all subsurface targets to chosen number of wellhead towers respecting maximum number of wells per wellhead tower. Once subsurface targets are allocated per WHT, main optimization algorithm is applied. The novelty of developed approach is ability to screen drilling center locations for any complexity long term development plans in-house within minutes and it does not require any external resources/licenses since it's developed in open-source programming languages.

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Hu, Shenhua, and Xiangrong Ma. "Research on the Fuel Cost Allocation for Combined Heat and Power." In 2012 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2012.6307033.

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Ye, Xuemin. "Cost Allocation in Cogeneration With Reduced-Exergy Method and Simplified Reduced-Exergy Method." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41699.

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For several decades, although many kinds of allocation methods for heat-electricity cost allocation were proposed, there are remarkable differences computed with those methods due to each method having its relative merit and limitation in application. Based on the different roles of anergy and exergy in the heat supply process of cogeneration, two novel methods including the simplified reduced exergy method (SREM) and reduced exergy method (REM) are established by introducing the concept of reduced exergy and available anergy. Those methods consider not only the energy differences in quantity and quality, but also the roles of available anergy and exergy. Some practical conditions for typical units are computed and compared with present methods and existing methods. Calculations verify the feasibility of SREM and REM and indicated that those two methods are more rational, convenient and practical than existing methods in applications.

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Rangel, V. H., S. Uson, A. Valero, and C. Cortes. "Local Exergy Cost Theory." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61192.

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The Exergy Cost Theory (ECT) is a technique extensively applied to optimizing, diagnosing and designing energy systems. But, despite of its wide applications it has its limitations. Such limitations have to do partly with the application to discrete systems solely and partly with the cost allocation problem. Thus in the present paper we go a step further in the scope of the ECT and propose to enlarge its applicability to continuous systems. Essentially, this is carried through by taking the concept of the exergy cost to a microscopic point of view. To put it another words, the exergy costs are connected to the law of continuum physics so that all phenomenological effects can be taken into account. This new formalism may be called as Local Exergy Cost Theory (LECT). The LECT method departs from the hypothesis that unit exergy costs for distinct exergy fluxes, e.g. heat, work, etc., are given the same cost in absence of external evaluations. From this new approach, it will be possible to model an space-time function of the unit exergy cost, k* ((r), t), besides it will be helpful in providing the rules of cost allocation with physical grounds otherwise to propose new ones. Theoretical aspects of this method are succinctly explained throughout the paper. Most importantly, in order to show the practical bias of the theory a series of proposed examples which are outlined are provided. By and large, results show that the unit exergy cost locally yielded contains a lot of useful information as, for instance, precise pinpointing of the points where exergy is destroyed and what is most importantly, the costs at those points. Lastly, by means of the LECT we can build up exergy cost maps for a particular system.

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Shah, Amip, Cullen Bash, Martin Arlitt, Yuan Chen, Daniel Gmach, Ratnesh Sharma, and Chandrakant Patel. "Thermal Management Considerations for Geographically Distributed Computing Infrastructures." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22912.

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This paper discusses an approach for optimizing the infrastructure thermal performance related to a geographically distributed computing service. Beginning by modeling the total energy costs associated with cooling a distributed environment, the cooling efficiency of a service is evaluated by superposing the piecewise IT workloads that may be delivered from various locations. We find that the total service-level thermal performance can be distinct from the facility- or infrastructure-level thermal performance, which requires a different global thermal management strategy relative to that of single-site environments. The approach is illustrated for a hypothetical example wherein a service is delivered from three different data centers in geographically diverse locations. Depending on the workload characteristics, the optimal distribution of resources across the data centers varies; but through dynamic resource allocation, it becomes possible to support the same service at increased energy efficiencies.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Heat cost allocator"

Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.

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