Статті в журналах: "Heat Conduction Measurement"

1

Tadi, M. "Inverse heat conduction based on boundary measurement." Inverse Problems 13, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 1585–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/13/6/012.

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2

Flach, G. P., and M. N. O¨zis¸ik. "Inverse Heat Conduction Problem of Periodically Contacting Surfaces." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4a (November 1, 1988): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250580.

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An inverse heat conduction method for determining the periodically time-varying contact conductance between two periodically contacting surfaces is presented. The technique is based on solving two single-region inverse problems for the contact surface temperature and heat flux of each solid. The time variation of contact surface temperature is represented with a versatile periodic B-spline basis. The dimension of the B-spline basis is statistically optimized and confidence bounds are derived for the estimated contact conductance. Typical results based on both simulated and actual measurements are given and a parametric study is made to illustrate the general effects of measurement location, number of measurements, etc., on the accuracy of the results.

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3

Inoue, Hirotsugu, and Kikuo Kishimoto. "OS10-1-4 Effect of heat conduction on stress measurement based on the thermoelastic effect." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS10–1–4——_OS10–1–4—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os10-1-4-.

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4

Ikenson, Ben. "Advancing high-throughput heat conduction property characterization." Scilight 2022, no. 19 (May 13, 2022): 191103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0011390.

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5

Gutierrez-Arroyo, A., C. Sanchez-Perez, and N. Aleman-Garcia. "Optical sensor for heat conduction measurement in biological tissue." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 450 (June 26, 2013): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/450/1/012027.

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6

Oliveira, G. C., S. S. Ribeiroa, and G. Guimarães. "INVERSE PROBLEM OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL IN MULTILAYER HEAT CONDUCTION." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 19, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v19i1.76429.

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The inverse problem in conducting heat is related to the determination of the boundary condition, rate of heat generation, or thermophysical properties, using temperature measurements at one or more positions of the solid. The inverse problem in conducting heat is mathematically one of the ill-posed problems, because its solution extremely sensitive to measurement errors. For a well-placed problem the following conditions must be satisfied: the solution must exist, it must be unique and must be stable on small changes of the input data. The objective of the work is to estimate the heat flux generated at the tool-chip-chip interface in a manufacturing process. The term "estimation" is used because in the temperature measurements, errors are always present and these affect the accuracy of the calculation of the heat flow.

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7

Chan, Chia Yen, Bill Wang, Chien Pao Lin, Tom Hsiao, and Ting Ming Huang. "Thermal Conduction Measurement and Analysis for a Spaceborn Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.741.

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The present study is aimed at investigating the thermal conduction characteristics of a spaceborn sensor experimentally and computationally. The experimental measurement has been carried out in a high vacuum chamber with twenty selected thermal couples attached to the sensor module. The detailed internal thermal control design, material for heat release, temperature limit, and control logic of the sensor assembly have been described in the study. The total thermal resistance for the sensor has been evaluated from the experimental results of the steady state temperature distributions under a heat power of 5.5 W and the sensor heater power modulation has been obtained to keep the PT1000 within the accepted temperature range. Under the assumed temperature boundary conditions, the measured thermal resistances and the modulated sensor heater power, the maximum PT1000 temperature distribution is found to be 25.26 °C ± 3.44 °C with the finite element analysis. Heat loss has been evaluated for the invar mount of the sensor module. In addition, the overall orbit peak and average heater powers needed are 4.61 W and 1.61 W respectively.

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8

Seibold, Florian, Andreas Schwab, Victor Dubois, Rico Poser, Bernhard Weigand, and Jens von Wolfersdorf. "Conduction and Inertia Correction for Transient Thermocouple Measurements. Part I: Analytical and Numerical Modelling." E3S Web of Conferences 345 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234501002.

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Two-wire thermocouples are often used for temperature measurements. Under transient conditions, measurement errors can occur due to capacitive inertia and heat conduction along the stem of the thermocouples. The present study presents a correction of these thermocouple measurement errors caused by transient inertia and conductive effects using a simplified analytical approach and its numerical solution. Based on an energy balance the mathematical modelling is derived and analytically solved for specific boundary conditions. Further, numerical solutions have been implemented with different model complexities. Thereby the models show the significance of the necessary correction as well as the good agreement with theoretical considerations. A corresponding experimental validation is given in Part II.

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9

Machida, Kenji, Koichi Hayafune, and Shohei Miyagawa. "Influence of the Thickness and Frequency in the Infrared Hybrid Method in Consideration of Heat Conduction." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1287.

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The thickness dependency of the temperature image obtained by an infrared thermography was investigated using specimens with three kinds of metal materials of different heat conduction and four kinds of thickness of the specimens. Then, the infrared hybrid method was developed to separate each stress components. However, it contains the influence of heat conduction in the infrared stress measurement method. Therefore, heat conduction error will arise in the infrared hybrid analysis. Then, the new system which corrects the error by an heat conduction inverse analysis was developed. Thereby, the accuracy of the stress intensity factor was able to be raised using heat conduction inverse analysis. Furthermore, the accuracy of hybrid method taking heat conduction into consideration was discussed in comparison with 3-D finite-element analysis and the 2-D infrared hybrid method.

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10

Hensel, E., and R. G. Hills. "An Initial Value Approach to the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3246912.

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The one-dimensional linear inverse problem of heat conduction is considered. An initial value technique is developed which solves the inverse problem without need for iteration. Simultaneous estimates of the surface temperature and heat flux histories are obtained from measurements taken at a subsurface location. Past and future measurement times are inherently used in the analysis. The tradeoff that exists between resolution and variance of the estimates of the surface conditions is discussed quantitatively. A stabilizing matrix is introduced to the analysis, and its effect on the resolution and variance of the estimates is quantified. The technique is applied to “exact” and “noisy” numerically simulated experimental data. Results are presented which indicate the technique is capable of handling both exact and noisy data.

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11

Deng, Zhi-Liang, and Xiao-Mei Yang. "A Discretized Tikhonov Regularization Method for a Fractional Backward Heat Conduction Problem." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/964373.

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We propose a numerical reconstruction method for solving a time-fractional backward heat conduction problem. Based on the idea of reproducing kernel approximation, we reconstruct the unknown initial heat distribution from a finite set of scattered measurements of transient temperature at a fixed final time. The standard Tikhonov regularization technique using the norm of reproducing the kernel Hilbert space as the penalty term is adopted to provide a stable solution when the measurement data contains noise. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method is efficient.

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12

Raynaud, M., and J. V. Beck. "Methodology for Comparison of Inverse Heat Conduction Methods." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250468.

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The inverse heat conduction problem involves the calculation of the surface heat flux from transient measured temperatures inside solids. The deviation of the estimated heat flux from the true heat flux due to stabilization procedures is called the deterministic bias. This paper defines two test problems that show the tradeoff between deterministic bias and sensitivity to measurement errors of inverse methods. For a linear problem, with the statistical assumptions of additive and uncorrelated errors having constant variance and zero mean, the second test case gives the standard deviation of the estimated heat flux. A methodology for the quantitative comparison of deterministic bias and standard deviation of inverse methods is proposed. Four numerical inverse methods are compared.

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13

Chudzik, Stanisław, and Waldemar Minkina. "An Idea of a Measurement System for Determining Thermal Parameters of Heat Insulation Materials." Metrology and Measurement Systems 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-011-0008-2.

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An Idea of a Measurement System for Determining Thermal Parameters of Heat Insulation MaterialsThe article presents the prototype of a measurement system with a hot probe, designed for testing thermal parameters of heat insulation materials. The idea is to determine parameters of thermal insulation materials using a hot probe with an auxiliary thermometer and a trained artificial neural network. The network is trained on data extracted from a nonstationary two-dimensional model of heat conduction inside a sample of material with the hot probe and the auxiliary thermometer. The significant heat capacity of the probe handle is taken into account in the model. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to solve the system of partial differential equations describing the model. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to estimate coefficients of the inverse heat conduction problem for a solid. The network determines values of the effective thermal conductivity and effective thermal diffusivity on the basis of temperature responses of the hot probe and the auxiliary thermometer. All calculations, like FEM, training and testing processes, were conducted in the MATLAB environment. Experimental results are also presented. The proposed measurement system for parameter testing is suitable for temporary measurements in a building site or factory.

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14

Nizhnyk, Vadym, Oksana Kyrychenko, Olexandr Tarasenko, Andrii Shvydenko, and Serhii Hovalenkov. "A method of experimental studies of heat transfer processes between industrial constructions." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823002021.

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A method of experimental study of heat transfer processes between industrial constructions during a fire was developed. Types of equipment necessary for the conduction of the experimental studies were determined. A new type of specimen to be used as the one to be studied when conducting experimental studies was developed. Installation sites of thermocouples and heat flux detector on the specimen under study are shown as layout. Installation sites of the specimens under study relative to heat radiation source were substantiated experimentally. Succession of the conduction of the experimental studies of heat transfer processes between industrial constructions during a fire was developed which consists of the following procedures: production of specimens for the studies, measurement and recording on ambient conditions, measuring of temperature and heat flux on the surface of the specimen under study, and filling 55B test fire with water and diesel fuel. It was established that average temperatures and heat flux density values as well as flame geometry should be measured when performing experimental studies.

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15

Jeong, Jin Young, Young Jun Kang, Jung Shin Park, and Jae Su Kwak. "Correction for 3D Conduction Effect in the Transient Heat Transfer Measurement." KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery 21, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5293/kfma.2018.21.3.015.

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16

INOUE, Hirotsugu, Daisuke ITO, and Kikuo KISHIMOTO. "Effect of Heat Conduction on Stress Measurement by the Thermoelastic Technique." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2004 (2004): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2004.0_561.

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17

Alexander, Matthew D., and Kerry TB MacQuarrie. "The measurement of groundwater temperature in shallow piezometers and standpipes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-061.

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Accurate measurements of in situ groundwater temperature are important in many groundwater investigations. Temperature is often measured in the subsurface using an access tube in the form of a piezometer or monitoring well. The impact of standpipe materials on the conduction of heat into the subsurface has not previously been examined. This paper reports on the results of a laboratory experiment and a field experiment designed to determine if different standpipe materials or monitoring instrument configurations preferentially conduct heat into the shallow sub surface. Simulations with a numerical model were also conducted for comparison to the laboratory results. Statistical analysis of the laboratory results demonstrates that common standpipe materials, such as steel and polyvinylchloride (PVC), do not affect temperature in the subsurface. Simulations with a finite element flow and heat transport model also confirm that the presence of access tube materials does not affect shallow groundwater temperature measurements. Field results show that different instrument configurations, such as piezometers and water and air filled and sealed well points, do not affect subsurface temperature measurements.Key words: groundwater temperature, temperature measurement, conduction, piezometers, piezometer standpipes, thermal modelling.

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18

Kim, Yeung Chan. "Measurement of Critical Heat Flux Using the Transient Inverse Heat Conduction Method in Spray cooling." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 40, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2016.40.10.653.

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19

Jin, Tao, Jian-ping Hong, Hao Zheng, Ke Tang, and Zhi-hua Gan. "Measurement of boiling heat transfer coefficient in liquid nitrogen bath by inverse heat conduction method." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 10, no. 5 (May 2009): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a0820540.

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20

Masuda, H., and M. Higano. "Measurement of Total Hemispherical Emissivities of Metal Wires by Using Transient Calorimetric Technique." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250448.

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An application of the transient calorimetric technique was studied for measuring total hemispherical emissivities of metal wires. A unique idea of using guard wires, which have a function similar to usual guard heaters, was incorporated into the emissivity apparatus to reduce conduction heat losses through thermocouple leads suspending a specimen. Emissivity measurements were performed by using a copper wire as a specimen. The heat losses through the leads were analyzed in considering radiation heat transfer from the leads, and the effect of the guard wires on the heat losses was clarified. Temperature distributions in the specimen were also obtained analytically. From these results, it was found that an improved transient calorimetric technique in this work is applicable to the emissivity measurement on metal wires, and that the accuracy in the measurements is adequate.

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21

Kır, Mert Şafak, Marvan Vahbi, and Merdin Danışmaz. "Arduino Controlled Investigation and Thermal Simulation of One-Dimensional Stable Heat Transfer in Multilayer Plane Wall." European Journal of Research and Development 2, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 521–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/ejrnd.v2i2.90.

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There are innumerable events related to heat transfer that we experience or see in our daily lives. In this study, research and experimental calculations were made about multilayer plane walls, which are often made of different materials. There are so much application areas on heat transfer. In order to better understand heat conduction, we need to make an explanation of the thermal properties and heat transfer type of the materials used in the experiment. It is known that heat transfer occurs in three different ways (conduction, convection, radiation). In this study, a layered wall heat conduction mechanism was established by combining 6 different materials (Copper, St37 Steel, AISI 1050 Aluminum, Wood, Rock wool, Glass wool) with different pediments of 30*30 cm. Heat is produced by gradually applying voltage from the copper plate and the temperature between each plate is measured by temperature sensors with Arduino programming. In the Arduino assembly, one Arduino Unocard, 5 lm35 temperature sensors and 1 20*4 I2C LCD screen are used to take the measurement outputs. The LM35 temperature sensor produces a voltage between zero and 5 V from the analog output, and the temperature measurement is made by producing a value of 10mV for each degree Celsius. The right leg of lm35s with three legs is connected to GND on the breadboard for grounding, the middle leg is connected to the analog output on the uno board, the left leg is connected to the 5V input on the breadboard and 5 lm35s are connected in parallel on the breadboard. The sensors were placed in the middle of the plates and the measurements were printed and recorded on the LCD screen. The measurements in the experimental setup were analyzed by applying a stepped voltage of the same value to the layered wall designed from the same materials in the SolidWorks thermal program, the data were collected and compared with the theoretical calculations of heat transfer.

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22

Zhang, Feng Tian, Ying Bin Zheng, Bin Tang, Wei Su, and Zhen’an Tang. "Design and Fabrication of High Vacuum Gauge Based on Micro Hotplate." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.698.

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Vacuum gauge based on micro hotplate (MHP) is a kind of promising MEMS vacuum gauge due to its advantages including high sensitivity, wide measurement range, fast response speed and comparably easy fabrication, etc. In this paper, through analyzing various of heat dissipation approaches including solid heat conduction, gas heat conduction, heat radiation, and convection, the sensor output expression of MHP-based vacuum gauge is obtained when keeping electric current of heating resistor constant. With the structure size and material properties, the relationship curve between vacuum gauge output and gas pressure can be obtained. By wet etching silicon under the compound dielectric films with embedded metal film resistor, MHP suspended over silicon substrate is fabricated. Then the sensor chip is assembled and put into vacuum system, and test is conducted when keeping the heating resistor at constant heating current of 5mA. The measurement results show that the sensor measurement range is 5×10-3Pa~103Pa, which is basically consistent with the theoretical analyzing results.

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23

Martin, T. J., and G. S. Dulikravich. "Inverse Determination of Steady Heat Convection Coefficient Distributions." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824251.

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An inverse Boundary Element Method (BEM) procedure has been used to determine unknown heat transfer coefficients on surfaces of arbitrarily shaped solids. The procedure is noniterative and cost effective, involving only a simple modification to any existing steady-state heat conduction BEM algorithm. Its main advantage is that this method does not require any knowledge of, or solution to, the fluid flow field. Thermal boundary conditions can be prescribed on only part of the boundary of the solid object, while the heat transfer coefficients on boundaries exposed to a moving fluid can be partially or entirely unknown. Over-specified boundary conditions or internal temperature measurements on other, more accessible boundaries are required in order to compensate for the unknown conditions. An ill-conditioned matrix results from the inverse BEM formulation, which must be properly inverted to obtain the solution to the ill-posed problem. Accuracy of numerical results has been demonstrated for several steady two-dimensional heat conduction problems including sensitivity of the algorithm to errors in the measurement data of surface temperatures and heat fluxes.

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24

Wang, Shoubin, and Rui Ni. "Solving of Two-Dimensional Unsteady-State Heat-Transfer Inverse Problem Using Finite Difference Method and Model Prediction Control Method." Complexity 2019 (July 22, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7432138.

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The Inverse Heat Conduction Problem (IHCP) refers to the inversion of the internal characteristics or thermal boundary conditions of a heat transfer system by using other known conditions of the system and according to some information that the system can observe. It has been extensively applied in the fields of engineering related to heat-transfer measurement, such as the aerospace, atomic energy technology, mechanical engineering, and metallurgy. The paper adopts Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Model Predictive Control Method (MPCM) to study the inverse problem in the third-type boundary heat-transfer coefficient involved in the two-dimensional unsteady heat conduction system. The residual principle is introduced to estimate the optimized regularization parameter in the model prediction control method, thereby obtaining a more precise inversion result. Finite difference method (FDM) is adopted for direct problem to calculate the temperature value in various time quanta of needed discrete point as well as the temperature field verification by time quantum, while inverse problem discusses the impact of different measurement errors and measurement point positions on the inverse result. As demonstrated by empirical analysis, the proposed method remains highly precise despite the presence of measurement errors or the close distance of measurement point position from the boundary angular point angle.

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25

Joachimiak, Magda, and Michał Ciałkowski. "Non-linear unsteady inverse boundary problem for heat conduction equation." Archives of Thermodynamics 38, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2017-0011.

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AbstractDirect and inverse problems for unsteady heat conduction equation for a cylinder were solved in this paper. Changes of heat conduction coefficient and specific heat depending on the temperature were taken into consideration. To solve the non-linear problem, the Kirchhoff’s substitution was applied. Solution was written as a linear combination of Chebyshev polynomials. Sensitivity of the solution to the inverse problem with respect to the error in temperature measurement and thermocouple installation error was analysed. Temperature distribution on the boundary of the cylinder, being the numerical example presented in the paper, is similar to that obtained during heating in the nitrification process.

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26

Forster, Michael A. "The importance of conduction versus convection in heat pulse sap flow methods." Tree Physiology 40, no. 5 (February 6, 2020): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa009.

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Abstract Heat pulse methods are a popular approach for estimating sap flow and transpiration. Yet, many methods are unable to resolve the entire heat velocity measurement range observable in plants. Specifically, the Heat Ratio (HRM) and Tmax heat pulse methods can only resolve slow and fast velocities, respectively. The Dual Method Approach (DMA) combines optimal data from HRM and Tmax to output the entire range of heat velocity. However, the transition between slow and fast methods in the DMA currently does not have a theoretical solution. A re-consideration of the conduction/convection equation demonstrated that the HRM equation is equivalent to the Péclet equation which is the ratio of conduction to convection. This study tested the hypothesis that the transition between slow and fast methods occurs when conduction/convection, or the Péclet number, equals one, and the DMA would be improved via the inclusion of this transition value. Sap flux density was estimated via the HRM, Tmax and DMA methods and compared with gravimetric sap flux density measured via a water pressure system on 113 stems from 15 woody angiosperm species. When the Péclet number ≤ 1, the HRM yielded accurate results and the Tmax was out of range. When the Péclet number > 1, the HRM reached a maximum heat velocity at approximately 15 cm hr −1 and was no longer accurate, whereas the Tmax yielded accurate results. The DMA was able to output accurate data for the entire measurement range observed in this study. The linear regression analysis with gravimetric sap flux showed an r2 of 0.541 for HRM, 0.879 for Tmax and 0.940 for DMA. With the inclusion of the Péclet equation, the DMA resolved the entire heat velocity measurement range observed across 15 taxonomically diverse woody species. Consequently, the HRM and Tmax are redundant sap flow methods and have been superseded by the DMA.

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27

INOUE, Hirotsugu, Yuhki MATSUOKA, Yosuke TORII, and Toshikazu SHIBUYA. "OS0124 Effect of Heat Conduction on Bending Stress Measurement by Thermoelastic Method." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2008 (2008): _OS0124–1_—_OS0124–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2008._os0124-1_.

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28

See Ong, Hang. "Design of a dual chamber heat conduction calorimeter for ultrasonic beam measurement." Medical Physics 24, no. 12 (December 1997): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598139.

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29

Deng, Zui-Cha, Liu Yang, and Jian-Ning Yu. "Identifying the radiative coefficient of heat conduction equations from discrete measurement data." Applied Mathematics Letters 22, no. 4 (April 2009): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2008.06.023.

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30

Hożejowska, Sylwia, and Magdalena Piasecka. "Numerical Solution of Axisymmetric Inverse Heat Conduction Problem by the Trefftz Method." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030705.

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In this paper, the issue of flow boiling heat transfer in an annular minigap was discussed. The main aim of the paper was determining the boiling heat transfer coefficient at the HFE-649 fluid–heater contact during flow along an annular minigap. The essential element of the experimental stand was a test section vertically oriented with the minigap 2 mm wide. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperature of the heater and fluid at the inlet and the outlet to the minigap. The mathematical model assumed that the fluid flow was laminar and the steady–state heat transfer process was axisymmetric. The temperatures of the heated surface and of the flowing fluid were assumed to fulfill energy equations with adequate boundary conditions. The problem was solved by the Trefftz method. The local heat transfer coefficients at the fluid–test surface interface were calculated due to the third kind boundary condition at the saturated boiling. Graphs were used to illustrate: the measurement of the heater surface temperature, 2D temperature distributions in the pipe and fluid, and the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the distance from the minigap inlet. The measurement uncertainties and accuracy of the heat transfer coefficient determination were estimated.

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31

Matsevytyi, Yurii M., and Valerii V. Hanchyn. "To the Solution of Geometric Inverse Heat Conduction Problems." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pmach2021.01.006.

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On the basis of A. N. Tikhonov’s regularization theory, a method is developed for solving inverse heat conduction problems of identifying a smooth outer boundary of a two-dimensional region with a known boundary condition. For this, the smooth boundary to be identified is approximated by Schoenberg’s cubic splines, as a result of which its identification is reduced to determining the unknown approximation coefficients. With known boundary and initial conditions, the body temperature will depend only on these coefficients. With the temperature expressed using the Taylor formula for two series terms and substituted into the Tikhonov functional, the problem of determining the increments of the coefficients can be reduced to solving a system of linear equations with respect to these increments. Having chosen a certain regularization parameter and a certain function describing the shape of the outer boundary as an initial approximation, one can implement an iterative process. In this process, the vector of unknown coefficients for the current iteration will be equal to the sum of the vector of coefficients in the previous iteration and the vector of the increments of these coefficients, obtained as a result of solving a system of linear equations. Having obtained a vector of coefficients as a result of a converging iterative process, it is possible to determine the root-mean-square discrepancy between the temperature obtained and the temperature measured as a result of the experiment. It remains to select the regularization parameter in such a way that this discrepancy is within the measurement error. The method itself and the ways of its implementation are the novelty of the material presented in this paper in comparison with other authors’ approaches to the solution of geometric inverse heat conduction problems. When checking the effectiveness of using the method proposed, a number of two-dimensional test problems for bodies with a known location of the outer boundary were solved. An analysis of the influence of random measurement errors on the error in identifying the outer boundary shape is carried out.

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32

Matsuura, Hiroto, Masato Oouti, Md Shahinul Islam, Takaaki Iijima, Ryutaro Minami, and Yousuke Nakashima. "Comparison of Two Inverse Heat Conduction Models for Heat Flux Measurement in the GAMMA 10/PDX." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 47, no. 6 (June 2019): 3026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2019.2901496.

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33

Ijaz, Umer Zeeshan, Anil Kumar Khambampati, Min-Chan Kim, Sin Kim, and Kyung-Youn Kim. "Estimation of time-dependent heat flux and measurement bias in two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problems." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 21-22 (October 2007): 4117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.02.037.

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34

Chen, Wen-Hwa, Hsien-Chie Cheng, and Chih-Han Lin. "On the Thermal Performance Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Multichip Modules." Journal of Electronic Packaging 126, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1773198.

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The study explores the thermal performance of three-dimensional (3-D), vertically stacked multi-chip modules (the so-called MCM-V) in natural convection through finite element (FE) modeling and experimental validation. A modified Infrared (IR) thermography-based thermal characterization (IRTTC) technique that integrates a 3-D heat conduction FE modeling and a two-phased IR thermography measurement process is proposed. In contrast to the conventional IRTTC technique (Chen et al. [1]), the technique can improve the resolution of the captured thermal images so as to attain better characterization of the chip junction temperature. The effectiveness of the proposed modified IRTTC technique is confirmed by means of the thermal test die (TTD) measurement. Furthermore, for facilitating subsequent parametric thermal design, a direct FE approach (DFEA) is also introduced. The DFEA simply incorporates existing empirical models for heat transfer (HT) coefficients to describe the surface heat transfer to the ambient through convection and radiation in the proposed heat conduction FE model. Through the modified IRTTC technique and the TTD measurement, the validity of the proposed FE modeling, including the proposed heat conduction FE model and the applied empirical models for HT coefficients, is verified. With the validated FE modeling, four different chip stacking structures of MCM-V packages, including the thick-die-attach, pyramid, cross and dummy-die types, are investigated. In addition, some essential design factors, affecting the thermal performance of the MCM-V, are also extensively explored through parametric FE study. Eventually, an extensive thermal design guideline is accordingly provided.

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35

Hidayanti, Fitria, Hari Hadi Santoso, and Gigih Baskara. "DESIGN OF METAL HEAT CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT USING PROBE METHOD." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.051.08.

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This study aims to design a tool that can measure the heat conductivity of metals by the Probe method. The design method was used by using a heat-flowed metal beam and the use of an LM35 temperature sensor to measure temperature changes on the probe. We are designing a measurement system based on conduction heat transfer. The metal used in the design is aluminum and carbon steel. For each metal tested, an LM35 temperature sensor is placed on the metal to find out that a temperature change has occurred. The conductivity value can be obtained from the temperature difference between the probe and the metal being tested, the temperature change of the probe, the temperature change of the metal being tested, and the heating time. This value is processed and calculated by the microcontroller into the value of heat conductivity. The measurement results show that the average heat conductivity value is 214.93 W/moC for aluminum and 53.81 W/moC for carbon steel.

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36

Shuler, S. F., S. G. Advani, and Victor N. Kaliakin. "Transient Analysis and Measurement of Anisotropic Heat Conduction in Transversely Isotropic Composite Materials." Journal of Composite Materials 33, no. 7 (April 1999): 594–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839903300701.

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37

CHOWDHURY, R. I., M. A. HOSSEN, G. MUSTAFA, S. HUSSAIN, S. N. RAHMAN, S. F. U. FARHAD, K. MURATA, T. TAMBO, and A. B. M. O. ISLAM. "CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICALLY DEPOSITED CADMIUM SULFIDE THIN FILMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 30 (December 10, 2010): 5901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055147.

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Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films have been deposited on glass/conducting glass substrates using low-cost chemical bath deposition method. The deposited films have been characterized using various techniques in order to optimize growth parameters. It has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement that the deposited layers are mainly consisting of CdS phase. The PEC measurements indicate that the deposited CdS layer is n-type in electrical conduction, and optical absorbance measurements show that the band gap is 2.42 eV for as-deposited film and 2.27 eV upon heat treatment for one hour in air ambient. Both atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements indicate the formation of pinhole free and smooth surface of CdS films of nanosized grains. The electrical resistivity is also observed in the order of 1044 Ω cm and decreases as temperature increases.

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38

Joachimiak, Magda, Andrzej Frąckowiak, and Michał Ciałkowski. "Solution of inverse heat conduction equation with the use of Chebyshev polynomials." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0028.

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AbstractA direct problem and an inverse problem for the Laplace’s equation was solved in this paper. Solution to the direct problem in a rectangle was sought in a form of finite linear combinations of Chebyshev polynomials. Calculations were made for a grid consisting of Chebyshev nodes, what allows us to use orthogonal properties of Chebyshev polynomials. Temperature distributions on the boundary for the inverse problem were determined using minimization of the functional being the measure of the difference between the measured and calculated values of temperature (boundary inverse problem). For the quasi-Cauchy problem, the distance between set values of temperature and heat flux on the boundary was minimized using the least square method. Influence of the value of random disturbance to the temperature measurement, of measurement points (distance from the boundary, where the temperature is not known) arrangement as well as of the thermocouple installation error on the stability of the inverse problem was analyzed.

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39

Haji, M., and L. C. Chow. "Experimental Measurement of Water Evaporation Rates Into Air and Superheated Steam." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250457.

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The rates of evaporation of water from a horizontal water surface into a turbulent stream of hot air or superheated steam at different free-stream mass fluxes and modulated temperatures were experimentally measured. The pressure of the free stream was atmospheric. For steam, the experimental results are mostly within 10 percent of the available analytical results. Two previous experimental results are about 50 percent and 300 percent higher than the analytical results. For air, the measured evaporation rates are consistently higher than the analytical results. An estimate of the conduction heat transfer from the walls of the test section to water was made for several air tests. If the conduction heat transfer were subtracted from the total heat transfer, the measured evaporation rates are actually quite close to the analytical results. The present experiment also confirms the existence of a temperature, called the inversion temperature, below which the water evaporation rate is higher in air than in steam, but above which the opposite is true. The inversion temperature is in good agreement with the analytical prediction. The results for both air and superheated steam show that a certain scaled expression for the evaporation rate is independent of the free-steam mass flux, also in agreement with the analytical prediction.

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40

Kato, T., and Hiroshi Fujii. "Temperature Measurement of Workpieces in Conventional Surface Grinding." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 122, no. 2 (November 1, 1998): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.538918.

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Temperature at various depths from the ground surface in workpiece is measured accurately by using the newly developed PVD film method, in which a thin film deposited on the workpiece is used as a thermal sensor. The influence of workpiece speed, depth of cut and wheel speed on the temperature of the workpiece was investigated under conventional surface grinding with no grinding fluids. The measured results were compared with Takazawa’s approximation based on Jaeger’s heat conduction solution to the moving heat source problem. The maximum temperature rise at the surface and the temperature gradient close to the surface were obtained and correlated with the residual stress induced at the surface. [S1087-1357(00)70302-9]

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41

Butler, R. J., and J. W. Baughn. "The Effect of the Thermal Boundary Condition on Transient Method Heat Transfer Measurements on a Flat Plate With a Laminar Boundary Layer." Journal of Heat Transfer 118, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822577.

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The heat transfer coefficient distribution on a flat plate with a laminar boundary layer is investigated for the case of a transient thermal boundary condition (such as that produced with the transient measurement method). The conjugate problem of boundary layer convection with simultaneous wall conduction is solved numerically, and the predicted transient local heat transfer coefficients at several locations are determined. The numerical solutions for the surface temperature are used to determine the Nusselt number that would be measured in a transient method experiment for a range of (nondimensionalized) surface measurement temperatures (liquid crystal temperatures when they are used as the surface sensor). These predicted transient method results are compared to the well-known results for uniform temperature and uniform heat flux thermal boundary conditions. Measurements are made and compared to the numerical predictions using a shroud (transient) experimental technique for a range of nondimensional surface temperatures. The numerical predictions and measurements compare well and both demonstrate the strong effect of the (nondimensional) surface temperature on transient method measurements. Transient method measurements will give heat transfer coefficients that range from as low as that of the uniform temperature case to higher than that of the uniform heat flux case (a 36 percent difference). These results demonstrate the importance of the temperatures used with the transient method.

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42

Walker, D. G. "Heat flux determination from measured heating rates using thermographic phosphors." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 6 (October 5, 2004): 560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1915389.

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A new method for measuring the heating rate (defined as the time rate of change of temperature) and estimating heat flux from the heating rate is proposed. The example problem involves analytic heat conduction in a one-dimensional slab, where the measurement location of temperature or heating rate coincides with the location of the estimated heat flux. The new method involves the solution to a Volterra equation of the second kind, which is inherently more stable than Volterra equations of the first kind. The solution for heat flux from a measured temperature is generally a first kind Volterra equation. Estimates from the new approach are compared to estimates from measured temperatures. The heating rate measurements are accomplished by leveraging the temperature dependent decay rate of thermographic phosphors (TGP). Results indicate that the new data-reduction method is far more stable than the usual minimization of temperature residuals, which results in errors that are 1.5–12 times larger than those of the new approach. Furthermore, noise in TGP measurements was found to give an uncertainty of 4% in the heating rate measurement, which is comparable to the noise introduced in the test case data. Results of the simulations and the level of noise in TGP measurements suggest that this novel approach to heat flux determination is viable.

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43

Kingsley-Rowe, J. R., G. D. Lock, and A. G. Davies. "Aerospace applications of luminescent paint." Aeronautical Journal 107, no. 1077 (November 2003): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400001352x.

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Abstract A heat transfer measurement technique has been developed, which utilised a laser to heat a spot of the ‘standard’ luminescent paint on an insulated metal wind tunnel model. The convective heat transfer coefficient was determined from the experimental quasi steady-state surface temperature, and solutions obtained from radial and axial conduction in a numerical heat transfer model. The convective heat transfer coefficient variation over both a flat plate and a NACA 0012 aerofoil have been measured in transonic flow. Measurements obtained from the flat plate were seen to agree well with correlation data from the literature. Measurements on the NACA 0012 aerofoil indicated the point of transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer as well as the location of shock boundary layer interaction. The luminescent paint provided simultaneous measurements of pressure and temperature (see Part 1). The distribution of pressure over the NACA 0012 aerofoil was shown to be in excellent agreement with conventional transducer data, although the luminescent paint data provided greater spatial resolution. The position of the shock determined from the heat transfer measurements was shown to be in excellent agreement with the pressure measurements.

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44

Kress, R., and R. Roemer. "A Comparative Analysis of Thermal Blood Perfusion Measurement Techniques." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138672.

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The object of this study was to devise a unified method for comparing different thermal techniques for the estimation of blood perfusion rates and to perform a comparison for several common techniques. The approach used was to develop analytical models for the temperature response for all combinations of five power deposition geometries (spherical, one- and two-dimensional cylindrical, and one- and two-dimensional Gaussian) and three transient heating techniques (temperature pulse-decay, temperature step function, and constant-power heat-up) plus one steady-state heating technique. The transient models were used to determine the range of times (the time window) when a significant portion of the transient temperature response was due to blood perfusion. This time window was defined to begin when the difference between the conduction-only and the conduction-plus-blood flow transient temperature (or power) responses exceeded a specified value, and to end when the conduction-plus-blood flow transient temperature (or power) reached a specified fraction of its steady-state value. The results are summarized in dimensionless plots showing the size of the time windows for each of the transient perfusion estimation techniques. Several conclusions were drawn, in particular: (a) low perfusions are difficult to estimate because of the dominance of conduction, (b) large heated regions are better suited for estimation of low perfusions, (c) noninvasive heating techniques are superior because they have the potential to minimize conduction effects, and (d) none of the transient techniques appears to be clearly superior to the others.

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45

Maillet, D., A. Degiovanni, and R. Pasquetti. "Inverse Heat Conduction Applied to the Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficient on a Cylinder: Comparison Between an Analytical and a Boundary Element Technique." Journal of Heat Transfer 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910601.

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A new method using either an analytical or a boundary element inverse technique, is developed for measurement of local heat transfer coefficients. The direct model calculates the temperature field inside a cylindrical pipe. This is submitted to a given heat transfer coefficient angular profile on its outer radius and on an uniform temperature on its inner radius. Experimental temperature measurements inside the cylinder are processed by two techniques. Their results are very close and coherent with those of other authors. Variation of the cylinder conductivity with temperature, implemented by the boundary element technique, seems to show that the averaging of its value yields a regularization effect.

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46

Mohebbi, Farzad. "Explicit Sensitivity Coefficients for Estimation of Temperature-Dependent Thermophysical Properties in Inverse Transient Heat Conduction Problems." Computation 8, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation8040095.

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Explicit expressions are obtained for sensitivity coefficients to separately estimate temperature-dependent thermophysical properties, such as specific heat and thermal conductivity, in two-dimensional inverse transient heat conduction problems for bodies with irregular shape from temperature measurement readings of a single sensor inside the body. The proposed sensitivity analysis scheme allows for the computation of all sensitivity coefficients in only one direct problem solution at each iteration with no need to solve the sensitivity and adjoint problems. In this method, a boundary-fitted grid generation (elliptic) method is used to mesh the irregular shape of the heat conducting body. Explicit expressions are obtained to calculate the sensitivity coefficients efficiently and the conjugate gradient method as an iterative gradient-based optimization method is used to minimize the objective function and reach the solution. A test case with different initial guesses and sensor locations is presented to investigate the proposed inverse analysis.

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47

Chu, Pan. "Inversion Algorithm Based on the Unscented Kalman Filter for Inverse Heat Conduction Problems." Advanced Materials Research 705 (June 2013): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.705.474.

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The inverse heat conduction problems (IHCP) analysis method provides a promising approach for acquiring the thermal physical properties of materials, the boundary conditions and the initial conditions from the known temperature measurement data, where the efficiency of the inversion algorithms plays a crucial role in real applications. In this paper, an inversion model that simultaneously utilizes the process evolution information of the objects to be estimated and the measurement information is proposed. The original IHCP is formulated into a state-space problem, and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) method is developed for solving the proposed inversion model. The implementation of the proposed method does not require the gradient vector, the Jacobian matrix or the Hessian matrix, and thus the computational complexity is decreased. Numerical simulations are implemented to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. For the cases simulated in this paper, satisfactory results are obtained, which indicates that the proposed algorithm is successful in solving the IHCP.

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48

Yue, Zhao Yang, and Xian Ping Liu. "A Preliminary Study of Micro Heat Conduction by Hot-Tip Tribological Probe Microscope." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.374.

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Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) and infrared thermography are widely used for surface thermal characterization. However, the SThM technique is limited by measurement of the non-electrical conductive surfaces and the infrared thermography has insufficient spatial resolution for submicron localized thermal measurement. The “hot tip” Tribological Probe Microscope (TPM) has been designed to achieve better localized thermal analysis function in this paper. The schemes of system design are presented and the principle of the ‘hot-tip’ technique is explained by relating the signals to established thermal properties. After calibrating the lumped thermal resistances (LTR) of the probe and the ambient environment, the LTRs of 5 metal surfaces were measured and compared. In addition, the paper numerically studied the LTR of the indentation interfaces with defined thermal conductivity (TC) by Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical linearity was observed and fitted between LTR and TC. Based on the measured LTR and the linearity, the deduced TCs of the 5 metal surfaces are agreed well with the reference values.

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49

Krille, Tobias, Rico Poser, Markus Diel, and Jens von Wolfersdorf. "Conduction and Inertia Correction for Transient Thermocouple Measurements. Part II: Experimental Validation and Application." E3S Web of Conferences 345 (2022): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234501003.

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Thermocouples are often used for temperature measurements. Under transient conditions, measurement errors can occur due to capacitive inertia and heat conduction along the stem of the thermocouples. To correct such errors, a method is presented in Part I [1] of this paper, which uses a simplified analytical approach and a numerical solution. In the present work, this method is applied to temperature measurements. Several experiments with different thermocouple designs were performed to investigate different conditions such as installation depth, thermocouple type and transient temperature rises. In all cases, two thermocouples were placed so that they are exposed to the same fluid temperature. They are installed with short or long immersion length, respectively. It is shown that only the short thermocouple experiences a thermal conduction error, but both are subject to thermal inertia. The importance of compensating for these effects is shown by quantifying the errors in a typical heat transfer experiment when they are neglected. It is shown, which parameters are necessary for a re-calculation of fluid temperatures when two thermocouples are present at the same measuring position. Furthermore, a simplified method is described, which can be applied if the instrumentation of only one thermocouple is possible.

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50

Jia, Chang Zhi, Dong Sheng Xu, Guang Sheng Liu, and Yao Xin He. "Design of Gun Barrel Exterior Wall Temperature Measurement Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1546.

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The temperature of the gun chamber interior wall is an important parameter for the research of the gun barrel life, and the heat transfer by conduction rule between the barrel interior and exterior wall can be ensured by measurement extrapolation method or method of finite element. By choosing a suitably, designed a measurement device of the gun barrel temperature which can be used to measure and memorize the exterior wall temperature of the gun barrel.

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