Статті в журналах: "Heart Effect of drugs on"

1

Farrell, A. P., and M. S. Graham. "Effects of adrenergic drugs on the coronary circulation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-071.

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Spontaneously beating hearts from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were used to examine the adrenergic regulation of the perfused coronary circulation. Excitatory α-adrenoceptors (vasoconstriction) dominated over inhibitory β-adrenoceptors (vasodilatation). Increased heart rate via β-adrenergic stimulation was possible with drug injections into the coronary artery. The heart rate effects followed the vasoactive effect by approximately 2 min.

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2

Rorabaugh, Boyd R., Sarah L. Seeley, Albert D. Bui, Lisanne Sprague, and Manoranjan S. D'Souza. "Prenatal methamphetamine differentially alters myocardial sensitivity to ischemic injury in male and female adult hearts." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 310, no. 4 (February 15, 2016): H516—H523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00642.2015.

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Methamphetamine is one of the most common illicit drugs abused during pregnancy. The neurological effects of prenatal methamphetamine are well known. However, few studies have investigated the potential effects of prenatal methamphetamine on adult cardiovascular function. Previous work demonstrated that prenatal cocaine exposure increases sensitivity of the adult heart to ischemic injury. Methamphetamine and cocaine have different mechanisms of action, but both drugs exert their effects by increasing dopaminergic and adrenergic receptor stimulation. Thus the goal of this study was to determine whether prenatal methamphetamine also worsens ischemic injury in the adult heart. Pregnant rats were injected with methamphetamine (5 mg·kg−1·day−1) or saline throughout pregnancy. When pups reached 8 wk of age, their hearts were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion by means of a Langendorff isolated heart system. Prenatal methamphetamine had no significant effect on infarct size, preischemic contractile function, or postischemic recovery of contractile function in male hearts. However, methamphetamine-treated female hearts exhibited significantly larger infarcts and significantly elevated end-diastolic pressure during recovery from ischemia. Methamphetamine significantly reduced protein kinase Cε expression and Akt phosphorylation in female hearts but had no effect on these cardioprotective proteins in male hearts. These data indicate that prenatal methamphetamine differentially affects male and female sensitivity to myocardial ischemic injury and alters cardioprotective signaling proteins in the adult heart.

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3

Nordin, Henrik, Anders M. Galløe, Søren D. Ladefoged, and Jørn Badskjær. "The effects of propranolol and verapamil on hyperthyroid heart symptoms and function, assessed by systolic time intervals." Acta Endocrinologica 128, no. 4 (April 1993): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1280297.

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The effects of acute and chronic administration of propranolol and verapamil on heart rate and systolic time intervals were studied in 10 hyperthyroid patients and 10 normal subjects, both groups without signs of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. In normal subjects iv propranolol reduced heart rate significantly, and both drugs increased the total electromechanical systole significantly without difference between the drugs. This effect was insignificant when the drugs were given orally. In hyperthyroid patients both drugs reduced heart rate significantly in acute and chronic administration, and no difference between the two drugs was found. Neither drug altered cardiac contractility as assessed by systolic time intervals. These results indicate that the metabolic effects of thyroid hormone on contractility were unaltered and unblocked by the drugs. None of the participants developed signs of heart failure. Verapamil can thus be used as an alternative to propranolol in the treatment of tachycardia in hyperthyroidism.

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4

Haverkamp, W. "Heart rate effects of antimuscarinic drugs." International Urology and Nephrology 51, no. 10 (July 27, 2019): 1783–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02239-6.

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5

Frigy, Attila, Márta Germán-Salló, Lehel Máthé, and Mónika Szabó. "Vércukorcsökkentő gyógyszerek biztonságossága szívelégtelenségben." Orvosi Hetilap 158, no. 5 (February 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2017.30652.

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Abstract: The association of diabetes and heart failure is very common, furthermore, the pathophysiology and clinical course of the two entities have many crossing-points. Today, the spectrum of available anti-diabetic drugs is extremely wide, ranging from the classical (insulin, biguanides, sulphonylureas) to the most recent agents (gliptins, gliflozins). The cardiovascular effects of these drugs are multiple, their knowledge is important in the everyday practice, as the use of safe drugs regarding of heart failure is preferred. Our work provides an overview of each class of drugs after the presentation of the mechanism of action and the main representatives, the effects on the cardiovascular system, including those on heart failure will be described, mentioning the results of the most important clinical trials. The available data confirm the beneficial effects of metformin and gliflozins and the harmful effect of thiazolidinediones in heart failure. The other classes of drugs are permitted in heart failure, but it is important to continuously monitor the signs of decompensation. Orv. Hetil., 2017. 158(5), 163–171.

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6

Bakhteev, R. R. "Effect of retabolil on hyperuricemia in chronic heart failure." Kazan medical journal 68, no. 2 (April 15, 1987): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj96023.

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Anabolic steroid drugs are widely used in the complex therapy of chronic heart failure. The positive effect of drugs of this group, in particular retabolol, is associated with the normalization of protein metabolism. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the possible effect of retabolol on purine metabolism as a component of protein metabolism, especially at the stage of uric acid formation. The development of hyperuricemic condition in heart failure against the background of treatment with cardiac glycosides and diuretics are reported by V. Е. Anisimov et al.

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7

Girouard, Catherine, Jean-Pierre Grégoire, Paul Poirier, and Jocelyne Moisan. "Effect of contraindicated drugs for heart failure on hospitalization among seniors with heart failure." Medicine 96, no. 9 (March 2017): e6239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000006239.

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8

Gatzov, Plamen. "New glucose-lowering drugs in patients with heart failure." Bulgarian Cardiology 27, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bgcardio.27.e70144.

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The cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of mortality in the countries of Europe and North America. The heart failure (HF) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are widely spread diseases that become more frequent with the population aging in those regions. The algorithm of HF treatment in the last two decades includes several new medications. The SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliﬂ ozin, empagliﬂ ozin and canagloﬂ ozin) are new class anti diabetic medications which have positive effect on cardiovascular complications in patients with and without DB. The main trials using those medications in this group of patients and the most probable mechanisms, responsible for their effects, are the topic of this review.

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9

Fehér, Gergely, and Gabriella Pusch. "Role of antihypertensive drugs in the treatment of migraine." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 5 (February 2015): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2015.30056.

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The treatment of migraine depends on the frequency, severity and concomitant diseases. There are several specific drugs developed for migraine prevention in addition to the additive antimigraine effects of some other non-specific drugs. The aim of this literature-based review is to summarize the possible antimigraine properties of different antihypertensive agents (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, etc.) focusing on the possible side effects (avoidance of beta blockers in the absence of heart disease, possible antiparkinson effect of calcium channel blockers, additive effect of drugs modifying the renin-angiotensin system activity, etc.). Current evidence supports the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (mainly lisinopril) and angiotensin receptor blockers (mainly candesartan) for long-term migraine prevention and blood pressure control. Long-term beta-blocker treatment should be avoided in the absence of ischemic heart disease due to possible unfavourable cardiovascular effects. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(5), 179–185.

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10

Benfey, B. G. "Antifibrillatory effects of α1-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in experimental coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, № 2 (1 лютого 1993): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-015.

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The myocardium of animals and man possesses α1-adrenoceptors in addition to β-adrenoceptors. Ischemia increases sympathetic tone, and ventricular arrhythmias can occur by β- and α1-adrenoceptor stimulation. I believe that α1-adrenoceptor blocking drugs have antifibrillatory effects and will review the data that support this condition. The effect of α1,-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on the incidence of ventricular fibrillation in acute coronary artery occlusion and (or) reperfusion has been determined in 24 studies in conscious and anesthetized dogs and rats, anesthetized cats and pigs, and rat and guinea-pig isolated hearts. The drugs reduced the incidence of fibrillation from 35 to 24% in coronary occlusion and from 61 to 29% in reperfusion.Key words: heart, coronary occlusion, coronary reperfusion, ventricular fibrillation, α1-adrenoceptor blocking drugs.

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11

Everett, S. D., G. M. Pantalos, I. F. Goldenberg, J. W. Long, P. D. Robison, R. K. White, M. S. Landa, W. J. Shaw, and D. B. Olsen. "Calves Chronically Implanted with a Total Artificial Heart as a Pharmacological Model." International Journal of Artificial Organs 14, no. 12 (December 1991): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889101401206.

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Pharmacological therapy for congestive heart failure includes drugs that have both inotropic and vasoactive effects, although it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between the two effects. An animal with an implanted total artificial heart (TAH) allows the investigation of the vascular effect of these drugs in the absence of the effect on the myocardium. An advantage of the TAH model is its sensitivity to changes in right and left ventricular preload and afterload. Four instrumented TAH calves were given vasoactive drugs and the response was compared to control. Epinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, and nitroprusside were selected because of the predictability of their responses. Epinephrine caused a significant increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and dopamine caused a significant increase in Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and Isoproterenol caused a significant decrease in PVR. TAH implanted calves can thus serve as a pharmacological model to study the vascular response, which may be useful in investigation of new agents with inotropic and vascular effects.

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12

Ahmed, Mohamed Mahmoud, Muhammad Abdel-Gawad, Mahmoud Ahmed Abd elbaset, and Assem Elkady. "Effect of Direct Acting Anti-Hepatitis C Drugs on the Heart." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2021.138116.

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13

Ritchie, Helen E., Isabelle Broström Huss, and William S. Webster. "The effect of anti-emetic drugs on rat embryonic heart activity." Reproductive Toxicology 87 (August 2019): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.06.002.

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14

Deschodt-Arsac, Véronique, Guillaume Calmettes, Gilles Gouspillou, Richard Rouland, Eric Thiaudiere, Sylvain Miraux, Jean-Michel Franconi, and Philippe Diolez. "System analysis of the effect of various drugs on cardiac contraction energetics." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 5 (September 24, 2010): 1319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0381319.

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We used MoCA (Modular Control and Regulation Analysis) to demonstrate in intact beating rat heart that physiological activation of contraction by adrenaline involves the almost perfect parallel activation of both mitochondria and myofibrils by intracellular Ca2+. This explains the perfect homoeostasis of the energetic intermediate PCr (phosphocreatine) in heart. When using drugs specifically stimulating either supply or demand activities, MoCA helped reveal the very specific mode of regulation of heart contraction energetics. Only activation of myofibrils activity (demand), either by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration or myofibrils sensitivity to Ca2+, triggers activation of contractile activity. In contrast, the activation of mitochondrial activity (supply) has strictly no effect on contraction, either directly or through PCr changes (intermediate).

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15

Baikalov, G. I., N. P. Leonov, P. G. Madonov, K. I. Ershov, K. I. Bakhareva, and M. S. Soldatova. "Chronotropic action of immobilized subtilisins during the perfusion of an isolated rat heart." Сибирский научный медицинский журнал 42, no. 5 (October 27, 2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/ssmj20220505.

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The pharmacological experiments on isolated organs (ex vivo) are the preferred method for assessing the primary pharmacodynamics of the studied drugs, since this method is completely excluded the systemic influence of neurohumoral regulation. In the last decade, a new group of thrombolytic drugs based on immobilized subtilisins has been formed. At the stage of registrational preclinical and clinical studies, their pleiotropic pharmacological effects have not been studied. Meanwhile, there is a reason to consider that their pharmacological activity in the bloodstream is not limited to thrombolytic action, but may be extended to a systemic effect on the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was to investigate the chronotropic effects of an isolated heart during its perfusion with solutions of immobilized subtilisins at different concentrations. Material and methods. The isolated rat heart model according to Langendorff was used in the study. The experiment included 50 Wistar rats, which were divided into 5 groups: isolated hearts perfused only with Krebs – Henseleit solution (control) or with immobilized subtilisins in 4 concentrations (170, 340, 510 и 1020 U/l). Results and discussion. The immobilized subtilisins have a negative chronotropic effect. The onset of the effect depends on the drug concentration in the solution: the higher concentration, the earlier effect. From 5 to 10 minutes of perfusion, a negative chronotropic effect is observed using of immobilized subtilisins at any dose. The duration of its increase is manifested up to 10–20 minutes, depending on the drug concentration in solution. After 20 minutes of perfusion, the achieved negative chronotropic effect remains at a plateau level up to 40 minutes. Conclusion. The immobilized subtilisins have an independent pharmacological effect on heart rate.

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16

AXELSSON, MICHAEL, ANTHONY P. FARRELL, and STEFAN NILSSON. "Effects of Hypoxia and Drugs on the Cardiovascular Dynamics of the Atlantic Hagfish Myxine Glutinosa." Journal of Experimental Biology 151, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151.1.297.

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Cardiac output, ventral and dorsal aortic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded simultaneously in unanaesthetized hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L. Mean cardiac output was S.Tmlmin-1kg-1 and mean heart rate 22.3beatsmin-1. The absence of beat-to-beat oscillations in heart rate was consistent with the lack of an extrinsic cardiac innervation in hagfish. Mean blood pressures were 1.04 kPa (ventral aorta) and 0.77kPa (dorsal aorta). Injection of adrenaline into the caudal vein significantly increased cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate and blood pressures of both aortas. Peak cardiac output was close to 25 ml min-1 kg-1. Injection of the β-adrenoreceptor antagonist sotalol decreased resting heart rate significantly. We conclude that endogenous catecholamines from chromaffin cells of the heart are instrumental in the regulation of cardiac function in Myxine. Injection of acetylcholine had little direct effect on the recorded cardiac variables, but caused marked branchial vasoconstriction. Heart rate increased as the pressor response subsided. The cholinergic antagonist atropine had no effect on any of the resting parameters. Injection of adenosine had no direct cardiac effects but reduced the systemic vascular resistance. Severe hypoxia (PwO2=1.5-2.2kPa for 15–35 min) had very little effect on the cardiovascular variables recorded. The remarkable ability of the hagfish heart to maintain normal cardiac output during severe hypoxia is discussed with respect to the anaerobic pumping capacity of the heart. Pump-perfused, in situ gill preparations were used to examine branchial vasoactivity. Acetylcholine and adrenaline produced dose-dependent vasoconstriction, whereas isoprenaline, noradrenaline and adenosine dilated the branchial vasculature.

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17

Ostroumova, O. D., and I. V. Goloborodova. "Drug-Induced Heart Failure (Part 1: The Urgency of the Problem, the Prevalence, the Effect of Certain Groups of Drugs on the Risk of Development/Progression Heart Failure)." Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy 8, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2020-8-1-23-35.

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Despite all the achievements of modern medicine, heart failure remains one of the most prevalent, severe and prognostically unfavorable conditions that requires close attention of the medical community. The diversity of the clinical picture and the large number of co-morbidities go hand in hand with a rather complicated pharmacotherapy regimen which, in the vast majority of cases, includes several medicines. Some classes of drugs can provoke the onset/progression of heart failure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, as well as contribute to the development of heart failure in patients without concomitant cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to analyse and systematise data on risk factors for the development of drug-induced heart failure and data on its prevalence when using various groups of medicines. It has been established that drug-induced heart failure typically develops in association with the use of calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine), beta-blockers (propranolol), antiarrhythmic drugs (disopyramide, dronedarone, lidocaine, lorcainide, mexiletine, moricizine, propafenone, tocainide, ﬂecainide, encainide), hypoglycemic drugs (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, saxagliptin), anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin) and other anticancer drugs (bevacizumab, inﬂiximab, trastuzumab), and non-steroidal anti-inﬂ ammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, celecoxib, rofecoxib). It is assumed that this pathology develops in a small number of patients, mainly those who already have left ventricular dysfunction. However, the effects of drugs should be considered as one of potential and preventable causes of heart failure development/progression. Raising clinicians’ awareness of the potential adverse effects of individual medicines or entire pharmacological classes of drugs on the cardiac function, especially in patients with left ventricle dysfunction, can facilitate the timely diagnosis and prevention of drug-induced heart failure.

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18

Chukaeva, I. I., N. V. Orlova, and M. V. Soloveva. "Rational therapy of hypertension with concomitant ischemic heart disease." Systemic Hypertension 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/sg29004.

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Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, that causes the disability and mortality. Recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiologyin 2013 identified new approaches of antihypertensive therapy. For the control of blood pressure is recommended five major groups of drugs. Numerous multicenter studies confirm the high efficiency of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (perindopril) and calcium antagonists (amlodipine). Drugs have proven marked hypotensive and cardioprotective effects. Prestarium fixed combination with a calcium antagonist such as amlodipine (Prestancia) due to the synergistic effect allows for greater efficiency and can be recommended in the treatment of combined pathology of hypertension and coronary heart disease.

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19

Castro, Solange L. de, and Maria de Nazareth L. de Meirelles. "Effect of drugs on Trypanosoma cruzi and on its interaction with heart muscle cell in vitro." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82, no. 2 (June 1987): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761987000200009.

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Megazol, nifurtimox, benznidazol and allopurinol were investigated, by light and electron µscopy, for their action on T. cruzi. Both the direct effect upon amastigote and trypomastigote forms and the effect upon the interaction of heart muscle cells (HMC) with bloodstream trypomastigotes were studied. The proliferation of amastigotes in Warren medium was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by megazol, nifurtimox and benznidazol. Treatment of amastigotes (25-50 µM/24 h) and trypomastigotes (25 µM/24h) led to several ultrastructural alterations in the parasites. These three drugs also had a potent effect on the treatment of infected heart muscle cells when added at the beginning of the interaction or after one or three days of infection. The interiorized parasites showed a similar pattern of ultrastructural alterations as observed by the direct effect on the amastigotes. The primary heart muscle cell culture proved to be a suitable model for the study of drugs on intracellular parasites. Likewise, the amastigote proliferation in axenic medium was shown to be an adequate assay for an initial trial of drugs. These parameters seem very reliable to us for a systematic investigation of the mechanism of action of new drugs.

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20

Król, Olgierd, Konrad Gładysz, Justyna Szydłowska, Olga Żuchnik, Piotr Kwiatkowski, Magdalena Czelej, Aleksander Kłos, Krzysztof Gieroba, Marcin Szydłowski, and Paweł Zuchniak. "SGLT-2 inhibitors: new effective drugs for treatment of heart failure." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.13.02.007.

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Introduction: SGLT-2 inhibitors having selectivity to sodium glucose cotransporter 2 were introduced on the market in 2012 as drugs for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes.Aim of the work: To summarize the current state of knowledge about the drugs: SGLT-2 inhibitors and their mechanism of action and application in cardiology.Materials and Methods: A review of the literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar database was conducted.Results: In addition to glucosuria, the diuretic effect is caused by natriuresis. A study was conducted, after which it was deduced that the natriuretic effect of empagliflozin did not depend on the degree of renal dysfunction, and was exacerbated under the influence of loop diuretics.SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce cardiac preload. Flozins also lead to a reduction in afterload.The DAPA-HF study of 4744 patients with HF, taking 10 mg of dapagliflozin or placebo. The primary outcome of the study, was data in the form of death from cardiovascular causes or exacerbation of heart failure. These accounted for 16.3% in the flozin group compared to 21.2% in the control group. Adverse events were rare. Dapagliflozin was effective in 55% of subjects, in both patients and non-diabetics with type 2 diabetes.EMPEROR-REDUCED studied the effect of taking 10 mg of emagliflozin or placebo in 3730 patients. Flozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalizations. Fewer deaths from any cause were also observed.Summary: Both studies highlighted significant benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors- they reduced the risk of death from any cause and from cardiovascular causes. The therapeutic benefits, regardless of the degree of renal dysfunction, the synergy with other drugs in heart failure, and the low number of serious side effects, led to the inclusion of flozins in the latest ESC 2021 guidelines for therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, regardless of the presence of diabetes.

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21

Popova, Ekaterina P., O. T. Bogova, S. N. Puzin, I. S. Matsokin, A. A. Gadzhimagomedova, D. A. Sychev, and V. P. Fisenko. "INFLUENCE OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS ON THE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION." Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation 21, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2018): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9537-2018-21-1-101-104.

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The use of the spectral analysis of the heart rate variability to assess the effectiveness of therapy is of great attention of researchers and doctors. This method allows you to get knowledge of the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart activity, which is an important factor for the manifestation of the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. In this study, we studied the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs of class III amiodarone and sotalol on spectral indices of the heart rate variability in patients with atrial fibrillation. The power of slow frequencies prevailed in the structure of the spectrum with the introduction of amiodarone and sotalol. This suggests that the sympathetic nervous system have a predominant influence on the heart.

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22

Verdurmen, Kim M. J., Alexandra D. J. Hulsenboom, Judith O. E. H. van Laar, and S. Guid Oei. "Effect of tocolytic drugs on fetal heart rate variability: a systematic review." Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 30, no. 20 (November 8, 2016): 2387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1249844.

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23

Zuanetti, Giulio, Roberto Latini, James M. M. Neilson, Peter J. Schwartz, and David J. Ewing. "Heart rate variability in patients with ventricular arrhythmias: Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17, no. 3 (March 1991): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(10)80172-x.

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24

Cesana, F., C. Colombo, C. Valsecchi, M. Stucchi, P. Vallerio, A. Cereda, P. Meani, R. Ricotta, S. Siena, and C. Giannattasio. "P4.20 SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF ANTI-VEGF DRUGS ON HEART AND VESSELS." Artery Research 7, no. 3-4 (2013): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artres.2013.10.138.

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25

Cohn, Jay N. "Role of drugs for systemic hypertension and their effect on the heart." American Journal of Cardiology 60, no. 12 (October 1987): G72—G74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90595-9.

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26

Yepanchintseva, О. А., O. J. Zharinov, and І. V. Shklianka. "Effect of ranolazine on the course of ischemic heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention." Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology, no. 4 (December 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31928/2305-3127-2020.4.510.

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Optimization of antiischemic therapy is necessary in many patients with stable forms of coronary heart disease after or during revascularization. From the standpoint of current guidelines, the addition of second-line drugs, in particular ranolazine, to beta-blockers and/or calcium antagonists is considered during anginal attacks due to incomplete revascularization, to prevent myocardial damage during percutaneous coronary interventions, and in cases when revascularization is not possible. The results of many clinical studies have proven the antiischemic effect and safety of ranolazine after coronary artery stenting. Potential advantages of ranolazine compared with other second-line antianginal drugs are the absence of significant changes in hemodynamic parameters, good tolerability and proven antiarrhythmic effects. Key words: chronic ischemic heart disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, ranolazine.

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27

Long, Ling, Hao-tian Zhao, Li-min Shen, Cong He, Shan Ren, and He-ling Zhao. "Hemodynamic effects of inotropic drugs in heart failure." Medicine 98, no. 47 (November 2019): e18144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000018144.

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28

Streeby, D. R., and T. A. McKean. "The effect of ATP-sensitive potassium channel modulation on heart rate in isolated muskrat and guinea pig hearts." Journal of Experimental Biology 197, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.101.

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Muskrats (Ondontra zibethicus) are common freshwater diving mammals exhibiting a bradycardia with both forced and voluntary diving. This bradycardia is mediated by vagal innervation; however, if hypoxia is present there may be local factors that also decrease heart rate. Some of these local factors may include ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation and extracellular accumulation of potassium ions, hydrogen ions and lactate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these factors in the isolated perfused hearts of muskrats and of a non-diving mammal, the guinea pig. Although lactate and proton administration reduced heart rate in isolated muskrat and guinea pig hearts, there was no difference in the response to lactate and proton infusion between the two species. Muskrat hearts were more sensitive to the heart-rate-lowering effects of exogenously applied potassium than were guinea pig hearts. Early increases in extracellular potassium concentration during hypoxia are thought to be mediated by the ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Activation of these channels under normoxic conditions had a mildly negative chronotropic effect in both species; however, activation of these channels with Lemakalim under hypoxic conditions caused the guinea pig heart to respond with an augmented bradycardia similar to that seen in the hypoxic muskrat heart in the absence of drugs. Inhibition of these channels by glibenclamide during hypoxia was partially successful in blocking the bradycardia in guinea pig hearts, but inhibition of the same channels in hypoxic muskrat hearts had a damaging effect as two of five hearts went into contracture during the hypoxia. Thus, although ATP-sensitive potassium channels appear to have a major role in the bradycardia of hypoxia in guinea pigs, the failure to prevent the bradycardia by inhibition of these channels in muskrat hearts suggests that multiple factors are involved in the hypoxia-induced bradycardia in this species.

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Abrar, Hina, M. Tariq Aftab, Hina Yasin, Kiran Qadeer, Adeel Arsalan, Hina Tabassum, and Rahila Bano. "Effect of Cardioselective Beta Blocker on Lisinopril Treated Isolated Rabbit’s Heart." RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/jpps.v7i4.341.

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Background: Certain drugs produce unpredictable responses when used in emergency conditions. These variable outcomes may be harmful or beneficial for the patient. Objective: This study has been conducted to evaluate the pharmacodynamic interaction between angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and metoprolol, a selective blocker of β1 receptors. Cardioselective beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension, arrhythmias and ischemic heart disease. Method: In this study, 20 healthy male rabbits were selected and divided into two groups. Effective dose of Lisinopril (10 mg/kg) was administered orally via oral feeding, for 9 days. By using Langendroff’s technique, the effects of metoprolol were observed in isolated hearts. Result: The data showed that the effective dose of Lisinopril (10 mg/kg daily orally) increases the inotropic and chronotropic effects of metoprolol significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, lisinopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme may increase the response of cardioselective beta blocker metoprolol in isolated rabbit’s heart.

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Novikova, D. S., H. V. Udachkina, I. G. Kirillova, and T. V. Popkova. "Chronic Heart Failure in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients (Part III): Effects of Antirheumatic Drugs." Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 15, no. 6 (January 3, 2020): 820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2019-15-6-820-830.

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Chronic autoimmune inflammation is one of the leading risk factors for the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of the review is to analyze the results of investigations on the effects of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), and targeted csDMARDs on cardiac function and the risk of developing CHF in patients with RA. Methotrexate may reduce the CHF risk and have a positive effect on the course of this condition in patients with RA. Despite the data on the presence of leflunomide effects that impede myocardial remodeling, there is no evidence of the role of the drug in the prevention of CHF in RA patients. Hydroxychloroquine may contribute to the prevention of CHF, but the risk of developing severe cardiotoxicity should be considered when taking the drug for a long time. Most studies have not revealed the negative effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on the prevalence and incidence of new cases of CHF in RA patients, and an improvement in the structure and function of the heart during therapy has been shown. Inhibitors of interleukin (IL) -1, inhibitors of IL-6, inhibitors of T-cell co-stimulation, anti-B-cell therapy, targeted csDMARDs do not increase the risk of CHF and may have cardioprotective effects, including slowing the progression of left ventricle myocardial dysfunction. Due to the high risk of CHF and CHF-associated mortality in RA patients, early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction, development of a prevention and treatment strategies are needed, including high-quality prospective studies to assess the effect of anti-rheumatic therapy on myocardial function, risk of developing and decompensation of CHF in RA patients. It is possible that some drugs may possess protective effects on cardiomyocytes so they could become the first-line drugs in patients with CHF or the risk of its development.

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Sobolev, Alexander V., Pavel G. Talabanov, Galina V. Ryabykina, Elena Sh Kozhemyakina, and Elena V. Oshchepkova. "New approaches to the analysis of daily variability of sinus rhythm in assessing the antihypertensive effect of various drugs." Systemic Hypertension 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/2075082x.2019.4.190730.

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Aim. Identify in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) the peculiarities of the effect of various classes of antihypertensive drugs on the daily variability of sinus rhythm (HRV). Material and methods. We examined 29 patients with grade 1-2 degree essential AH aged 32 to 60 years (16 men and 13 women) using bifunctional monitoring of ECG and blood pressure before and after treatment with bisoprolol, amlodipine, lisinopril and a combination consisting of lisinopril and amlodipine. We evaluated the hypotensive effect of the drugs associated with the distribution of heart rate during the day and the amount of HRV corresponding to different ranges of heart rate. Results. In cases where the antihypertensive effect (AE) of bisoprolol was expressed, the initial HRV values in the heart rate ranges close to 75 beats/min were significantly greater than in the absence of effect. After treatment, in the presence of AE of bisoprolol, a significant decrease in HRV parameters was observed in these heart rate ranges. AE of amlodipine was associated with an initially high heart rate concentration in the ranges close to 75 beats/min. The efficacy of lisinopril and the combination of lisinopril with amlodipine was associated with an initially high heart rate concentration in the range 69-83 beats/min and its decrease during the treatment. Conclusion. With a random set of patients and a random choice of drugs for the treatment of AH, the presence and absence of an antihypertensive effect was accompanied by statistically significant differences in the initial values and in the dynamics of HRV parameters.

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Payudis, A. N., O. A. Efremova, L. A. Kamyshnikova, Iu S. Pavlova, O. V. Dudchenko, I. I. Khamnagadaev, and T. P. Golivets. "Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the course of chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Clinician 16, no. 2 (October 10, 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2022-16-2-k656.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which is the result of impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is accompanied by damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Diabetes mellitus plays a significant role in the formation and is one of the significant risk factors for the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) through its glucose toxic effect, the effect on hyperlipidemia and blood coagulation, impaired autonomic regulation of the heart and a number of other mechanisms. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a recently emerging class of antidiabetic drugs that act by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Existing studies of the efficacy and safety of these drugs have shown that they have not only antidiabetic, but also a pronounced organoprotective, especially cardioprotective effect. Today it is believed that the main reason leading to this lies in a decrease in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, a decrease in the content of intracellular calcium and sodium, and an increase in the concentration of calcium in mitochondria. The role of the ketogenic action of these drugs, their effect on oxidative stress and the processes of inflammation and fibrosis in the myocardium is also considered. The most common side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors include urinary tract and genital infections, euglycemic ketoacidosis. Other possible side effects include an increased risk of lower limb amputations, Fournier gangrene, breast cancer in women, bladder cancer in men, orthostatic hypotension and acute kidney injury, and an increased tendency to fracture. Most side effects can be avoided through adequate patient education and assessment of risk factors and contraindications before starting the use of drugs. Despite the clear need for more research on SGLT2 inhibitors, their widespread use will positively affect the health of the diabetic patient population.

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Sasaki, Takushi, Shunji Ueno, Yukio Hara, Tsuyoshi Uchide, and Kyosuke Temma. "Antimuscarinic action of doxorubicin does not involve free-radical formation in isolated guinea pig hearts." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 88, no. 1 (January 2010): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y09-093.

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It has been proposed that the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline anticancer drugs involves free-radical formation. One early manifestation of toxicity appears to be caused by the antimuscarinic actions of these drugs. Accordingly, we examined whether the antimuscarinic action of one of these drugs, doxorubicin, is altered by antioxidants. In electrically stimulated left atrial muscle preparations obtained from guinea pig hearts, doxorubicin significantly increased the tissue concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance indicating increased lipid peroxidation. This effect of doxorubicin was significantly suppressed by the antioxidants α-tocopherol, dexrazoxane, and epigallocatechin gallate. Carbachol produced a concentration-dependent negative inotropic effect in our atrial preparations. Doxorubicin caused a seemingly parallel rightward shift of the concentration–response curve for carbachol. Neither α-tocopherol, dexrazoxane, nor epigallocatechin gallate reversed this effect of doxorubicin. The results indicate that in extirpated heart tissue, doxorubicin causes lipid peroxidation through the formation of free radicals. However, this effect of doxorubicin is unrelated to its antimuscarinic action.

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Vasovic, Velibor, Aleksandar Raskovic, Momir Mikov, Ivan Mikov, Boris Milijasevic, Sasa Vukmirovic, and Zorana Budakov. "Effect of aqueous solution of stevioside on pharmacological properties of some cardioactive drugs." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 7 (2014): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp120524014v.

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Background/Aim. Stevioside is a glycoside that supposedly possesses a number of pharmacodynamic effects such as anti-infective, hypoglycemic, along with the beneficial influence on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rats pretreatment with aqueous solution of stevioside on pharmacological actions of adrenaline, metoprolol and verapamil. Methods. Rats were administered (intraperitoneally 200 mg/kg/day) stevioside as aqueous solution or physiological saline in the course of 5 days, then anaesthetized with urethane and the first ECG recording was made. The prepared jugular vein was connected to an infusion pump with adrenaline (0.1 mg/mL), verapamil (2.5 mg/mL) or metoprolol (1 mg/mL). Control animals, pretreated with saline, in addition to the mentioned drugs, were also infused with the solution of stevioside (200 mg/mL) in the course of recording ECG. Results. The infusion of stevioside produced no significant changes in ECG, even at a dose exceeding 1,600 mg/kg. In the control group, a dose of adrenaline of 0.07 ? 0.02 mg/kg decreased the heart rate, whereas in the steviosidepretreated rats this occurred at a significantly higher dose (0.13 ? 0.03 mg/kg). In stevioside-pretreated rats, the amount of verapamil needed to produce the decrease in heart rate was significantly lower compared to the control. The pretreatment with stevioside caused no significant changes in the parameters registered on ECG during infusion of metoprolol. Conclusion. The results suggest that pretreatment with stevioside may change the effect of adrenaline and verapamile on the heart rate.

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Gorb, Yu G., S. A. Serik, O. V. Tkachenko, and V. V. Ryabukha. "Modern Approaches to Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.01.014.

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The issues of epidemiology, pathophysiology and basic principles of treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are considered. Attention is paid to both means of glycemic correction and treatment of chronic heart failure directly, taking into account the effectiveness, cardiovascular safety of drugs, as well as their impact on the course and prognosis of chronic heart failure. The results of randomized clinical trials to study the effectiveness of various groups of drugs for the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are presented. It is indicated that the overall goal of the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to achieve and maintain glycemic control, as well as to reduce the risk of long-term complications, in particular chronic heart failure. The goal of chronic heart failure treatment is to improve the clinical condition and quality of life of patients, to reduce the frequency of hospitalizations and mortality. The appointment of some groups of hypoglycemic drugs has a neutral or negative effect on the course and prognosis of chronic heart failure, so their use is limited or not recommended in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure. The emphasis is on those classes of drugs that have demonstrated significant advantages in influencing the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with other drugs, namely, inhibitors of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter type 2 and angiotensin receptor inhibitors II and neprilisin (sacubitril / valsartan). Experts call such classes of drugs as sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter type 2, angiotensin receptor inhibitors II and neprilisin, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and beta-blockers as the "Fantastic Four", given the significant positive effect of their combined use on the course and prognosis of chronic heart failure. Modern approaches to the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are based on the updated guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, as well as on the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association for the classification, prevention and treatment of heart failure in patients with diabetes. Conclusion. The most important achievements in recent years, which have significantly improved the treatment outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus, include: the development of new classes of drugs; conducting large-scale randomized clinical trials that demonstrated the benefits of certain groups of drugs in terms of their impact on the development, course and prognosis of chronic heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and updated comprehensive and balanced therapy for these patients

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Govoruskina, Natalia, Vladimir Jakovljevic, Vladimir Zivkovic, Isidora Milosavljevic, Jovana Jeremic, Jovana Bradic, Sergey Bolevich, et al. "The Role of Cardiac N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Heart Conditioning—Effects on Heart Function and Oxidative Stress." Biomolecules 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10071065.

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As well as the most known role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the nervous system, there is a plethora of evidence that NMDARs are also present in the cardiovascular system where they participate in various physiological processes, as well as pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of preconditioning and postconditioning of isolated rat heart with NMDAR agonists and antagonists on heart function and release of oxidative stress biomarkers. The hearts of male Wistar albino rats were subjected to global ischemia for 20 min, followed by 30 min of reperfusion, using the Langendorff technique, and cardiodynamic parameters were determined during the subsequent preconditioning with the NMDAR agonists glutamate (100 µmol/L) and (RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (5 μmol/L) and the NMDAR antagonists memantine (100 μmol/L) and MK-801 (30 μmol/L). In the postconditioning group, the hearts were perfused with the same dose of drugs during the first 3 min of reperfusion. The oxidative stress biomarkers were determined spectrophotometrically in samples of coronary venous effluent. The NMDAR antagonists, especially MK-801, applied in postconditioning had a marked antioxidative effect with a most pronounced protective effect. The results from this study suggest that NMDARs could be a potential therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of ischemic and reperfusion injury of the heart.

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Kundu, Aman, and Gyanesh Singh. "Dopamine synergizes with caffeine to increase the heart rate of Daphnia." F1000Research 7 (March 1, 2018): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12180.1.

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Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter, and is widely used as a central nervous system (CNS) agent. Dopamine plays an important role in humans, including a major role in reward and motivation behaviour. Several addictive drugs are well known to increase neuronal dopamine activity. We selected Daphnia, an important model organism, to investigate the effect(s) of selected CNS agents on heart rate. Dopamine’s effects on Daphnia’s heart has not been previously reported. Caffeine is a well-known and widely consumed stimulant. Ethanol is well known for its effects on both neurological and physiological processes in mammals. We tested the effect of dopamine on the heart rate of Daphnia, and compared its effect with caffeine and ethanol alone and in combination. Both caffeine and dopamine were found to instantly increase the heart rate of Daphnia in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, caffeine synergized with dopamine to increase Daphnia’s heart rate. As ethanol decreased the heart rate of Daphnia and dopamine increased the heart rate of Daphnia, we wanted to test the effect of these molecules in combination. Indeed, Dopamine was able to restore the ethanol-induced decrease in the heart rate of Daphnia. Effects of these CNS agents on Daphnia can possibly be correlated with similar effects in the case of mammals.

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Syroid, Noah D., James Agutter, Frank A. Drews, Dwayne R. Westenskow, Robert W. Albert, Julio C. Bermudez, David L. Strayer, Hauke Prenzel, Robert G. Loeb, and Matthew B. Weinger. "Development and Evaluation of a Graphical Anesthesia Drug Display." Anesthesiology 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200203000-00010.

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Background Usable real-time displays of intravenous anesthetic concentrations and effects could significantly enhance intraoperative clinical decision-making. Pharmacokinetic models are available to estimate past, present, and future drug effect-site concentrations, and pharmacodynamic models are available to predict the drug's associated physiologic effects. Methods An interdisciplinary research team (bioengineering, architecture, anesthesiology, computer engineering, and cognitive psychology) developed a graphic display that presents the real-time effect-site concentrations, normalized to the drugs' EC(95), of intravenous drugs. Graphical metaphors were created to show the drugs' pharmacodynamics. To evaluate the effect of the display on the management of total intravenous anesthesia, 15 anesthesiologists participated in a computer-based simulation study. The participants cared for patients during two experimental conditions: with and without the drug display. Results With the drug display, clinicians administered more bolus doses of remifentanil during anesthesia maintenance. There was a significantly lower variation in the predicted effect-site concentrations for remifentanil and propofol, and effect-site concentrations were maintained closer to the drugs' EC(95). There was no significant difference in the simulated patient heart rate and blood pressure with respect to experimental condition. The perceived performance for the participants was increased with the drug display, whereas mental demand, effort, and frustration level were reduced. In a post-simulation questionnaire, participants rated the display to be a useful addition to anesthesia monitoring. Conclusions The drug display altered simulated clinical practice. These results, which will inform the next iteration of designs and evaluations, suggest promise for this approach to drug data visualization.

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HANANO, Masaharu, Akira HATTORI, Tomoko KOJIMA, Tohru IZUMI, Tomio TAKESHIGE, Shinichiro TAKIZAWA, Ichiro FUSE, et al. "Effect of antiplatelet drugs in patients with prosthetic heart valves under warfarin treatment." Blood & Vessel 19, no. 1 (1988): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2491/jjsth1970.19.26.

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Wändell, Per, Axel C. Carlsson, Jan Sundquist, Sven-Erik Johansson, Matteo Bottai, and Kristina Sundquist. "Effect of cardiovascular drugs on mortality in atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure." Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 48, no. 5 (August 6, 2014): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2014.941002.

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Sun, Jiahao, Hongcai Shang, Xiaochen Yang, and Yanwei Xing. "Effect of Cardioprotective Drugs on Chemotherapy-Induced Heart Failure and New Risk Stratification." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 74, no. 13 (October 2019): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.050.

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Bezrukov, Vladislav, Liana Kuprush, Nina Sykalo, Tetyana Panteleymonova, Ludmila Sharabura, and Vitaliy Olar. "Effect of ATP and molsidomine combination on contractile function of isolated adult and old rat hearts during adequate coronary perfusion, at ischemia and reperfusion." Ageing & Longevity, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47855/jal9020-2021-2-2.

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Abstract. Pathology of the cardiovascular system occupies a major place in the structure of diseases of the elderly and old patients. Metabolic disturbances are very important in ischemic damages of myocardium in the elderly and old people. So, drugі with metabolic mechanism of action is very ppromising in the treatment of elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases. The relevance of this study is determined by the feasibility of using drugs of metabolic action, which have a beneficial effect on the metabolism of cardiomyocytes, improve blood supply to the myocardium, increase its contractile function. The effect of ATP-molsidomine combination on myocardial contractility in different age animals was stuiesy in vitro experiments. The experiments on the isolated hearts from adult and old rats have shown that combined use of ATP and molsidomine did not significantly affect the contractility of the isolated hearts of adult rats under different perfusion regimes. In old rats, the use of ATP-molsidomine combination had a positive effect on the contractile function of the myocardium under the influence of damaging factors (ischemia, reperfusion): prevented a decrease of left ventricular developing pressure and its first derivative (velocity of pressure rise and velocity of pressure decline) and accelerated its growth during reperfusion. Co-administration of ATP and molsidomine during ischemia had a positive effect on the heart rhythm and restored heart rate at the reperfusion period in adult and old rats. The results of the study indicate a positive effect of the ATP-molsidomine combination on the myocardial contractility in old rats. Combined use of ATP and molsidomine exerted a favourable influence on the heart rhythm under damaging factors both in the adult and old animals. Key words: ATP; molsidomine; isolated rat heart; myocardial contractility; ageing

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Erichev, V. P., та A. S. Makarova. "Сompatibility of Systemic Drugs and Local Antihypertensive Therapy in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (Analytical Review)". Ophthalmology in Russia 15, № 4 (9 січня 2019): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2018-4-366-373.

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The review presents data of the most common comorbid diseases in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, the features of local and general influence of antiglaucoma drugs, as well as information about the possible drug interactions of local antihypertensive and systemic medicines. Local antihypertensive drugs are often embedded in the daily patients regimen of systemic drugs use. Up to80 % of the active substances in ophthalmic drugs are absorbed systemically, while not subject to the primary stages of metabolism. Anti-glaucoma drugs can cause serious side effects: symptomatic bradycardia, various conduction disturbances in the heart muscle, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, dyspeptic symptoms, exacerbation of chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys, etc. In clinical studies, it was shown that the level of timolol in blood plasma correlates with the development of side effects from the cardiovascular system. In everyday ophthalmic practice, β-blockers are considered as drugs with a minimal number of adverse events, they are the most widely used in hypotensive glaucoma therapy. But another thing is also known: receptors for β-adrenergic blockers are present in almost all organs and tissues of the body. This circumstance determines the frequency, prevalence and nature of adverse events associated with β-blockers intake. with simultaneous systemic and topical application of β-blockers, mutual enhancement of effects is possible (additional IOP decrease and enhancement of β-adrenergic blocking effect on the cardiovascular system). If β₁-, β₂-adrenergic blockers and adrenergic psychotropic drugs should be used together with caution: the latter affect peripheral innervation, the α-adrenoblocking effect is most pronounced, resulting in a decrease in the strength of heart contractions, a drop in blood pressure until orthostatic hypotension develops. All mentioned above must be considered for choosing and prescribing antiglaucoma drugs. It increases compliance, patient’s quality of life and allows to stabilize the glaucomatous process.

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Pinho-Gomes, A. C. P., L. Azevedo, Z. Bidel, M. Nazarzadeh, D. Canoy, E. Copland, A. Salam, A. Rodgers, D. Kotecha, and K. Rahimi. "EFFECTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE LOWERING DRUGS IN HEART FAILURE." Journal of Hypertension 37 (July 2019): e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000570916.49054.88.

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Pinho-Gomes, Ana-Catarina, Luis Azevedo, Zeinab Bidel, Milad Nazarzadeh, Dexter Canoy, Emma Copland, Abdul Salam, Anthony Rodgers, Dipak Kotecha, and Kazem Rahimi. "Effects of blood pressure-lowering drugs in heart failure." Journal of Hypertension 37, no. 9 (September 2019): 1757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000002094.

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Kobayashi, H., T. Sano, R. C. Tarazi, and F. M. Fouad-Tarazi. "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on heart and resistance vessels." Cardiovascular Research 24, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/24.2.137.

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Dood, Kenneth P., Aaron D. Frey, and Timothy P. Geisbuhler. "The Effect of Hawthorn Extract on Coronary Flow." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 18, no. 4 (June 13, 2013): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587213491428.

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Hawthorn extract has been used for heart failure and may decrease cardiac cell injury and improve cardiac function. One proposed mechanism for hawthorn action is vasodilation. We hypothesized that hawthorn extract would increase coronary blood flow in isolated perfused rat hearts. Coronary flow was measured in nonworking perfused rat hearts (Langendorff, constant pressure) using a flow probe; data were collected electronically in real time. Hawthorn extract showed an early (30-120 seconds) vasodilation, followed by a later (3-5 minutes) decrease in coronary flow. Maximum vasodilation occurred with 240 μg/mL hawthorn extract. Hawthorn’s pattern of activity was unlike that of several known vasoactive drugs. Both nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and indomethacin abolished early vasodilation, but they had no effect on the late phase decrease in flow. We suggest that a hawthorn-induced increase in nitric oxide generation leads to an increase in prostacyclin production, thus causing early phase vasodilation.

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Kockova, Radka, Jarmila Svatunkova, Jiri Novotny, Lucie Hejnova, Bohuslav Ostadal, and David Sedmera. "Heart rate changes mediate the embryotoxic effect of antiarrhythmic drugs in the chick embryo." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 6 (March 15, 2013): H895—H902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00679.2012.

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A significant increase in cardiovascular medication use during pregnancy occurred in recent years. Only limited evidence on safety profiles is available, and little is known about the mechanisms of adverse effect on the fetus. We hypothesized that drug-induced bradycardia is the leading mechanism of developmental toxicity. Embryotoxicity was tested in ovo after administration of various doses of metoprolol, carvedilol, or ivabradine. Embryonic day (ED) 4 and 8 chick embryos were studied by video microscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy ex ovo after intraamniotic injection of the drug for a period of 30 min. Stroke volume was calculated by the Simpson method and prolate ellipsoid formula. Significant dose-dependent mortality was achieved in embryos injected with carvedilol and ivabradine. In ED4 embryos, metoprolol, carvedilol, and ivabradine reduced the heart rate by 33%, 27%, and 55%, respectively, compared with controls (6%). In ED8 embryos this effect was more pronounced with a heart rate reduction by 71%, 54%, and 53%, respectively (controls, 36%). Cardiac output decreased in all tested groups but only proved significant in the metoprolol group in ED8 embryos. The number of β-adrenergic receptors showed a downward tendency during embryonic development. A negative chronotropic effect of metoprolol, carvedilol, and ivabradine was increasingly pronounced with embryonic maturity despite a downward trend in the number of β-adrenergic receptors. This effect was associated with reduced cardiac output in chick embryos, probably leading to premature death. Although standard doses of these drugs appear relatively safe, high doses have a potentially adverse effect on the fetus through reduced heart rate.

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Hanigan, Sarah, and Robert J. DiDomenico. "Emerging Therapies for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 29, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719115615877.

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Although the period from 1953 to 2001 resulted in the approval of more than 30 medications currently used to treat heart failure (HF), few novel drugs have been approved in the last decade. However, the investigational pipeline for HF medications once again appears promising. In patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), ivabradine and valsartan/sucubitril (LCZ696) were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Both agents have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization. In the treatment of acute HF, serelaxin and ularitide are the farthest along in development. Both agents have demonstrated favorable effects on surrogate end points and preliminary data suggest a possible mortality benefit with serelaxin. Consequently, phase 3 trials are ongoing to evaluate the effect of serelaxin and ularitide on clinical outcomes. Given the poor history of recent investigational acute HF drugs that have advanced to phase 3/4 studies, enthusiasm for both serelaxin and ularitide must be tempered until these trials are completed.

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50

Popova, E. P., S. S. Puzin, O. T. Bogova, S. N. Puzin, D. A. Sychev, and V. P. Fisenko. "Effect of Amiodarone, Sotalol and Bisoprolol on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation." Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 16, no. 5 (November 4, 2020): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2020-10-07.

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Aim. To study the effect of class III antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone and sotalol), and the β-blocker bisoprolol on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability in patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation (AF).Material and methods. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability of 5-minute electrocardiography intervals was used. The study included patients with newly diagnosed AF and having a duration of the disease from 6 months to 8 years. Arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (in history), conduction disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus were diagnosed as comorbidities. The following parameters were calculated: the total power (TP) of the spectrum, the power of very low frequencies (VLF), low frequencies (LF) and high frequencies (HF).Results. In the group of patients with newly diagnosed AF without concomitant diseases after administration of amiodarone, VLF prevails in the spectrum structure, which indicates a significant role of humoral factors in the regulation of heart rate. The power of LF, reflecting the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, prevails over HF power after administration of amiodarone. In patients with newly diagnosed AF, having concomitant diseases, sympathetic influences prevail over parasympathetic ones by 3.6 times after administration of amiodarone. In the group of patients who have reduced the number of comorbidities, the LF/HF decreases and is only 1.66 after administration of amiodarone. The decrease in the number of negative factors is also accompanied by an increase in the influence of the vagus nerve on the activity of the heart. In the study of the effects of sotalol, the LF/HF in this group was twice lower in the group of patients with long-term AF. In patients receiving bisoprolol as antiarrhythmic therapy, the proportion of LF in the group of patients with newly diagnosed AF is 2 times lower, and the proportion of HF is twice higher than in the group of patients with long-term AF.Conclusion. The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability depends on the duration AF. The presence of concomitant diseases of the cardiovascular system can significantly change the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on the spectral parameters of heart rate variability and is accompanied by an increase in sympathetic activity. In patients with newly diagnosed AF, amiodarone and sotalol cause a similar effect – the predominance of sympathetic influence; when using bisoprolol, the predominant influence belongs to the vagus nerve. In patients with long-term AF, the opposite effect of drugs is observed: the use of amiodarone is accompanied by a more pronounced influence of the vagus nerve, and bisoprolol – the predominance of sympathetic influence. When using sotalol, sympathetic influences also prevail, more pronounced in patients with newly diagnosed AF.

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