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1
Rootes, David. "Possible World Heritage listing for Heard Island and the McDonald Islands." Polar Record 27, no. 162 (July 1991): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400012687.
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2
STEPHENSON, JON, G. M. BUDD, J. MANNING, and P. HANSBRO. "Major eruption-induced changes to the McDonald Islands, southern Indian Ocean." Antarctic Science 17, no. 2 (June 2005): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200500266x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The McDonald Islands (53°S, 73°E) originally comprised three small islands that lie on the Kerguelen Plateau, 44 km west of Heard Island. No volcanic activity was observed since their discovery in 1874 until 1997, when two passing ships recorded major changes and eruptive behaviour. A 2001 satellite image showed that the main island had doubled its area. This paper reports observations made from a cruise ship in November 2002, supplemented by a high-resolution satellite image acquired in March 2003. A new volcanic complex comprises lava domes, spines and flows, all assumed to be phonolitic, similar to the older volcanic rocks. The complex shows dormant volcanic activity, with numerous fumaroles, recent spine evolution and lava flows. Changes in relative sea level have connected Flat and McDonald Islands. A spit about 1km long with extensive shoals beyond, now extends eastward from McDonald Island and presents new hazards to shipping. Biological changes include colonization by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica), previously absent, and a large reduction in numbers of formerly widespread macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus chrysolophus).
3
Budd, Grahame M. "Australian exploration of Heard Island, 1947–1971." Polar Record 43, no. 2 (March 28, 2007): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1947 knowledge of Heard Island was confined to a rough mapping compiled by nineteenth-century sealers, and the results of four scientific expeditions that had briefly investigated the Atlas Cove area. Exploration continued in two distinct periods between 1947 and 1971. In the first period the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) built a scientific station at Atlas Cove in 1947, and occupied it continuously until 1955 as an ‘A Class’ meteorological station, a seismic and magnetic observatory, and a base for other scientific studies and for exploration of the island. In the second period four summer expeditions and one wintering expedition worked on the island between 1963 and 1971. The summer expeditions were an ANARE expedition in 1963, an Australian private expedition (The South Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island) in 1965, and ANARE expeditions in 1969 and 1971 associated with United States and French expeditions. A United States expedition wintered in 1969. There were no further expeditions until 1980. The years 1947–1971 saw many achievements. Expedition members recorded seven years of synoptic meteorological observations and four years of seismic and magnetic observations. They developed empirical techniques of work, travel, and survival that shaped the collective character of ANARE and were later applied in Antarctica. Despite difficult terrain and consistently bad weather, and the accidental deaths of two men in 1952, unsupported field parties of two or three men travelling on foot explored and mapped in detail the heavily glaciated island, and documented its topography, geology, glaciology and biology. They made three overland circuits of the island, the first ascent of Big Ben (2745 m), and the first recorded landing on the nearby McDonald Islands. Expedition members bred and trained dog teams for later use in Antarctica. They reported the commencement and subsequent progress of massive glacier retreat caused by regional warming, and of the island's colonisation by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). They also reported measurements of glacier flow and thickness, the palaeomagnetism of Heard Island rocks, behavioural and population studies of southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) and other birds, studies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx), and the cold stress and acclimatisation experienced by humans working in the island's wet-cold climate. In addition, Heard Island served as a testing ground for men, equipment, scientific programmes, huskies, general administration, and logistics, without which Mawson station could not have been established as successfully as it was in 1954. The American wintering expedition and the French summer expedition contributed to major international geodetic and geophysical investigations. In sum, the expeditions between 1947 and 1971 added much to our knowledge of Heard Island, and they laid down a solid foundation for the work of later expeditions.
4
APPLEYARD, SHARON A., ROBERT D. WARD, and RICHARD WILLIAMS. "Population structure of the Patagonian toothfish around Heard, McDonald and Macquarie Islands." Antarctic Science 14, no. 4 (December 2002): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102002000238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two mitochondrial DNA regions and seven microsatellite loci were examined in Patagonian toothfish from three locations in the Southern Ocean (Macquarie Island, five collections; Heard and McDonald Islands, four collections; Shag Rocks/South Georgia area, one collection). Striking mtDNA heterogeneity was detected between the three fishing locations (FST=0.445, P<0.001), but spatial and temporal collections within the same location were not significantly different. No significant overall microsatellite differentiation between the three locations was apparent (FST=−0.009, P=0.785). However, some individual loci showed small but significant differentiation, which in each case was attributable to between rather than within-location differentiation. Greater differentiation of mtDNA can, in principle, be explained either by female philopatry and male dispersal, or by its greater sensitivity to changes in effective population size. The latter seems more likely as tagging indicates that toothfish is generally a sedentary species. The genetic heterogeneity between the three locations indicates restricted gene flow, with the fish at each location comprising independent units. Depletion in one location is therefore unlikely to be quickly replaced by immigration from another.
5
Patrick, Matthew R., and John L. Smellie. "Synthesis A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000–10." Antarctic Science 25, no. 4 (June 12, 2013): 475–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOf the more than twenty historically active volcanoes in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region only two, to our knowledge, host any ground-based monitoring instruments. Moreover, because of their remoteness, most of the volcanoes are seldom visited, thus relegating the monitoring of volcanism in this region almost entirely to satellites. In this study, high temporal resolution satellite data from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology's MODVOLC system using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) are complemented with high spatial resolution data (ASTER, or Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, and similar sensors) to document volcanic activity throughout the region during the period 2000–10. Five volcanoes were observed in eruption (Mount Erebus, Mount Belinda, Mount Michael, Heard Island and McDonald Island), which were predominantly low-level and effusive in nature. Mount Belinda produced tephra, building a cinder cone in addition to an extensive lava field. Five volcanoes exhibited detectable thermal, and presumed fumarolic, activity (Deception, Zavodovski, Candlemas, Bristol, and Bellingshausen islands). A minor eruption reported at Marion Island was not detected in our survey due to its small size. This study also discovered a new active vent on Mount Michael, tracked dramatic vent enlargement on Heard Island, and provides an improved picture of the morphology of some of the volcanoes.
6
KIERNAN, KEVIN, and ANNE McCONNELL. "Geomorphology of the Sub-Antarctic Australian Territory of Heard Island-McDonald Island." Australian Geographer 30, no. 2 (July 1999): 159–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189993693.
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7
Galliford, Karina. "Scrutinising the Maritime Zones Around Australia’s Sub-Antarctic Islands." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 6, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-06010003.
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Abstract In 2016, the South China Sea Arbitral Tribunal was the first tribunal or court to interpret Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Tribunal’s interpretation raises international law questions regarding the validity of claimed exclusive economic zones (eezs) and continental shelf maritime areas around many islands including Australia’s sub-Antarctic Islands. Owing to their geographical remoteness, harsh climates, lack of resources, as well as never been ‘home’ to any group of people in a settled way, questions have been raised as to the validity of Australia’s claimed maritime zones with respect to Article 121(3) in both pre- and post-South China Sea Arbitral Award commentary. The article assesses the validity of Australia’s claim by applying the Tribunal’s interpretation of Article 121(3) to the physical and historical facts of the Islands while raising alternate interpretations offered by prior and subsequent commentary. Three examples of possible State practice are reviewed for evidence of other interpretations that may have been agreed to by parties to the Convention. The findings are that Heard and Macquarie Islands are likely classified as islands entitled to an eez and continental shelf whereas McDonald Island is more likely to be an Article 121 ‘rock’.
8
GON, OFER, TSHOANELO MIYA, PETER MCMILLAN, and ROBIN LESLIE. "The distribution of four species of the genus Macrourus (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) from the Southern Ocean based on samples from the toothfish longline fishery." Zootaxa 4903, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The known distribution of Macrourus caml is extended to the Ob and Lena Banks area, and southwest of Heard and McDonald Islands. Macrourus holotrachys was recorded from Prince Edward Islands and the Ob and Lena Banks. Macrourus carinatus specimens examined were all from Prince Edward Islands, the type locality. Macrourus whitsoni specimens examined were all from the southeast Atlantic Ocean at about 69˚S, close to the Antarctic continent (off Maud Land), consistent with a previous study which reported the species from 64–77˚S. A revised identification key is provided.
9
Kaye, Stuart. "Australian Sovereignty over Heard and McDonald Islands: Law of the Sea Implications." Maritime Studies 1990, no. 52 (May 1990): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.1990.10878240.
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10
Holmes, Thomas M., Kathrin Wuttig, Zanna Chase, Pier van der Merwe, Ashley T. Townsend, Christina Schallenberg, Manon Tonnard, and Andrew R. Bowie. "Iron availability influences nutrient drawdown in the Heard and McDonald Islands region, Southern Ocean." Marine Chemistry 211 (April 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2019.03.002.
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11
van Wijk, Esmee M., Stephen R. Rintoul, Belinda M. Ronai, and Guy D. Williams. "Regional circulation around Heard and McDonald Islands and through the Fawn Trough, central Kerguelen Plateau." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 57, no. 5 (May 2010): 653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.001.
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12
Hemmings, Alan D., and Tim Stephens. "The extended continental shelves of sub-Antarctic Islands: implications for Antarctic governance." Polar Record 46, no. 4 (March 31, 2010): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409990532.
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ABSTRACTThis article considers the legal and policy issues surrounding the establishment of continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles (nm) from sub-Antarctic islands. Under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) a coastal state may establish a continental shelf that extends seawards beyond 200 nm where the continental shelf continues, normally to a total distance of no more than 350 nm. To establish such an extended continental shelf (ECS) a coastal state must file a submission of delineation data with the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), a technical body established by UNCLOS.The rights of coastal states present particular difficulties in the Antarctic Treaty area (ATA), due to the general non-recognition of the seven territorial claims and the provisions of article IV of the Antarctic Treaty. Accordingly, Antarctic claimant states are generally adopting a restrained approach to the issue of ECS as appertaining to claimed territories in Antarctica in their submissions to the CLCS. These states appear to recognise that they cannot secure the normal prerogatives of a coastal state from territorial sea baselines within the ATA, at least for the duration of the present Antarctic Treaty system (ATS). A different approach is being taken with respect of sub-Antarctic islands lying north of the ATA. Sovereignty over sub-Antarctic territory north of the ATA is, with the exception of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, not contested. Accordingly, rights in relation to any continental shelf attaching to sub-Antarctic islands may be realised, apparently without challenging the Antarctic modus vivendi.However, the ECS of several sub-Antarctic islands penetrate the ATA. In 2008, the CLCS largely endorsed the 2004 Australian submission that included data on ECS from Australia's sub-Antarctic islands of Macquarie Island and the Heard and McDonald group. The ECS from both groups penetrates south of 60°S into the ATA, in the case of Heard and McDonald covering a huge area. Although the wider dispute regarding sovereignty between the United Kingdom and Argentina adds complexity to the case, the South Sandwich Islands are sufficiently close to the ATA that their continental shelf also penetrates the area. In the event that the CLCS were ever able to make a recommendation on a submission of data relating to the South Sandwich Islands (something that could only occur with the consent of Argentina and the United Kingdom) the result would be a situation similar to that pertaining to the Australian sub-Antarctic islands.The consequence of these developments is that rights to seabed areas within the ATA have been assigned to individual states. On the face of it, this appears to be in conflict with the norm of collective responsibility that was established by the Antarctic Treaty 50 years ago precisely to constrain sovereignty issues in the region. What is suggested by this practice is a difference in the attitude of Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) to rights generated from territory within the ATA and rights generated from external territory. Nonetheless, there may be significant implications flowing from the latter for resource issues within the ATA. Minerals exploitation on sub-Antarctic extended continental shelf within the ATA is precluded in the near-term because of cost, the formal prohibition under article 7 of the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, and the fact that all sub-Antarctic coastal states are ATCPs. However the situation in regard to other resource activities is less clear. Bioprospecting could proceed subject to coastal state approval pursuant to the provisions of UNCLOS relating to marine scientific research, and there is no mandatory regulation under the ATS. The possibility that a coastal state may seek to realise rights on the ECS in relation to genetic resources may complicate collective ATS approaches and pose wider geopolitical challenges. In the longer term, the fact that some Antarctic states are presently seeking to secure rights that are essentially about ensuring their preclusive access to resources may have significant implications for strategic interests in the greater Antarctic region.
13
Hornborg, Sara, Alistair J. Hobday, Friederike Ziegler, Anthony D. M. Smith, and Bridget S. Green. "Shaping sustainability of seafood from capture fisheries integrating the perspectives of supply chain stakeholders through combining systems analysis tools." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 6 (July 20, 2018): 1965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy081.
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Abstract Seafood from capture fisheries can be assessed in many ways and for different purposes, with sometimes divergent views on what characterizes “sustainable use”. Here we use two systems analysis tools—Ecological Risk Assessment for Effects of Fishing (ERAEF) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)—over the historical development of the Australian Patagonian toothfish fishery at Heard and McDonald Islands since the start in 1997. We find that ecological risks have been systematically identified in the management process using ERAEF, and with time have been mitigated, resulting in a lower risk fishery from an ecological impact perspective. LCA inventory data from the industry shows that fuel use per kilo has increased over the history of the fishery. Our results suggest that LCA and ERAEF may provide contrasting and complementary perspectives on sustainability and reveal trade-offs when used in combination. Incorporation of LCA perspectives in assessing impacts of fishing may facilitate refinement of ecosystem-based fisheries management, such as improved integration of the different perspectives of supply chain stakeholders.
14
Smith, J. M. B., P. Rudall, and P. L. Keage. "Driftwood on Heard Island." Polar Record 25, no. 154 (July 1989): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400010834.
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AbstractSamples from 73 pieces of non-structural driftwood on Heard Island (53°06′S, 73°30′E) were identified to genus or species. Thirty-one belonged to South American species of Nothofagus. The remainder, consisting mostly of conifers especially Picea and Larix, probably came from ships' cargoes. The assemblage is similar to those reported, from smaller samples, on other southern islands. Other items of flotsam, including fishing buoys and drift-cards, are also reported from Heard Island. The significance of driftwood transport from South America to the island in accounting for long-distance dispersal of terrestrial and intertidal organisms is discussed.
15
Slip, David J., and Harry R. Burton. "Accumulation of Fishing Debris, Plastic Litter, and Other Artefacts, on Heard and Macquarie Islands in the Southern Ocean." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 3 (1991): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sections of coastline of Heard and Macquarie Islands were surveyed for marine debris in the summer of 1987–88 and 1989, respectively. These surveys were carried out at the same sites as previous surveys in 1986–87 at Heard Island, and in 1988 at Macquarie Island. The minimum rate of artefact accumulation was 13 objects per km of shoreline per year for Heard Island, and 90 objects per km of shoreline per year for Macquarie Island. Drift-cards, released from known locations and collected on the two islands, show a similar artefact catchment area.Plastic litter was a major component of the debris at both islands. Fisheries-related debris accounted for 40% of all artefacts on Heard Island, compared with 29% on Macquarie Island. Entanglement of Fur Seals appears to be more common at Heard Island, while plastic ingestion by seabirds appears to be more common at Macquarie Island.
16
Wilson, R. J. A. "On the Trail of the Triskeles: from the McDonald Institute to Archaic Greek Sicily." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10, no. 1 (April 2000): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The McDonald Institute and this journal have adopted as their logo a three-legged symbol, with wings on each heel, known in Graeco-Roman antiquity as the triskeles. The purpose of this article is to explore the meaning of the iconography of this emblem, and to investigate how and why it came to symbolize the islands of both Man and Sicily. It is suggested that the Isle of Man adopted the triskeles in 1266 when the control of the island passed from the Norse kings to Alexander III of Scotland; a possible connection with Sicily is tentatively explored. The Man triskeles is clothed in leg armour, however, and has spurs, not wings, on the ankles. In Sicily the triskeles is first attested in the seventh century BC and was gradually elaborated from the later fourth century BC onwards, first with the addition of wings to the feet, then with the use of a Medusa head at the centre, and finally with the adjunct of three barley ears to symbolize the agricultural fertility of the island. Widely adopted also on coinage in Athens and Asia Minor from the sixth century BC, the triskeles was probably in origin a sun symbol like the swastika.
17
Greenslade, Penelope, and L. Deharveng. "Revision of Friesea Species (Collembola: Neanuridae) of Australia and Offshore Islands, with Biogeographical Notes and Key to Species." Invertebrate Systematics 11, no. 2 (1997): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it95033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seven species of Friesea are recorded here from Australia and its offshore islands and a key and checklist is provided to them. Three of the species, F. neptunia, F. australica and F. florifera, are new and are described here, and one, F. bispinosa Deharveng, from Heard and Macquarie Islands, is a new record for Australia. Earlier records of F. mirabilis Tullberg and F. claviseta Axelson are examined and the seventh species, F. tilbrooki Wise, already recorded from Macquarie Island and Heard Island, is probably a synonym of F. multispinosa Denis from Kerguelen. Records of Friesea sp. cf. claviseta from Pacific islands are also listed. The fauna is divided into biogeographical groups based on morphology as determined by an existing phylogenetic analysis of the genus.
18
Allison, Ian F., and Peter L. Keage. "Recent changes in the glaciers of Heard Island." Polar Record 23, no. 144 (September 1986): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400007099.
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ABSTRACTHeard Island, a heavily glacierized volcanic island in the Southern Ocean, is 80% ice-covered, with glaciers descending from 2,400 m to sea level: major glaciers are up to 7 km long with areas exceeding 10 km. Much of the island was photographed from the air in 1947 and again in early 1980. Photographs and limited ground surveys record changes (mostly retreats) in glacier fronts. Retreat is most marked on the eastern flanks where former tidewater glaciers are now grounded inland. Glaciers on northern and windward western flanks still end in ice cliffs but have narrowed; glaciers and ice caps on Laurens Peninsula (maximum elevation 710 m) are up to 65% smaller. Nearby lies Kerguelen and other southern islands with long climatic records have warrned significantly since the early 1960s. Surface and upper-air climatic data from Heard Island 1947–54 and records from automatic weather stations 1980–82 suggest that Heard too has warmed slightly, concurrently with a possible northward shift of low-pressure system tracks in this region. Temperatures have remained above average through the early 1980s and glacier retreat is expected to continue.
19
Potter, Sandra. "The Quarantine Protection of Sub-Antarctic Australia: Two Islands, Two Regimes." Island Studies Journal 2, no. 2 (2007): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sub-Antarctic Heard Island and Macquarie Island are among Australia’s offshore properties susceptible to colonization by species introduced by humans. While both islands share World Heritage status and are IUCN Category Ia Protected Areas (Strict Nature Reserves), different quarantine protection regimes are in operation. Macquarie Island’s biosecurity appears to be less catered for while the means and likelihood of introductions are greater. The administrative, political, practical and geographical contexts within which quarantine management planning takes place variously impact on the level of quarantine protection provided to both islands. These and other remote sites of high conservation value are unlikely to receive heightened protection until the issues associated with such management contexts receive greater attention.
20
FRENOT, Y., D. M. BERGSTROM, J. C. GLOAGUEN, R. TAVENARD, and D. G. STRULLU. "The first record of mycorrhizae on sub-Antarctic Heard Island: a preliminary examination." Antarctic Science 17, no. 2 (June 2005): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002609.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Roots of nine of the 12 vascular plant species present on sub-Antarctic Heard Island were examined for mycorrhizae. All species examined had some type of mycorrhization with most possessing associations with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae or dark septate mycorrhizae. The degree of mycorrhization varied considerably across sites. Sampled plants were growing on either morainic or beach substrates with some areas exposed only in the last century. As mycorrhizae are known to play an important role in the nutrient uptake by host-plants, these results support the idea that mycorrhizae can influence the capacities of plants to colonize in cold and low-nutrient environments such as sub-Antarctic glacier forelands. Comparisons with data from other sub-Antarctic islands are made.
21
Braun, Clait E., William P. Taylor, Steven M. Ebbert, and Lisa M. Spitler. "Monitoring Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) populations in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska." Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i1.1948.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Knowledge of population fluctuations of Aleutian Islands Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) is limited because of isolation and access. We reviewed the available but limited data on ptarmigan counts on islands in North America and evaluated the use of point counts to estimate changes in apparent numbers of Rock Ptarmigan on three islands (Adak, Amchitka, and Attu) in the Western Aleutian Islands in Alaska. We developed a standardized protocol to count numbers of Rock Ptarmigan (males and females) seen and/or heard on 5-minute point counts at 0.8 km intervals along marked global positioning system routes on Adak (2015–2017), Amchitka (2015), and Attu (2015) islands. Apparent densities based on Rock Ptarmigan seen and/or heard at 98 stops on 10 routes varied and were highest (1.9 birds per stop in 2015, 1.4 in 2016, and 1.0 in 2017) on Adak, lower (0.4 birds per stop) on Amchitka, and lowest (0.0 birds per stop) on Attu in late May–early June 2015. These island populations represent three subspecies and unique conservation units. Continuation of point-count surveys of these three subspecies in future years will provide baseline data over time and lead to a better understanding of any fluctuations in and synchrony among Rock Ptarmigan populations on these islands. This information is necessary for both theoretical (how are ptarmigan breeding populations regulated on islands) and practical reasons (identifying the optimal period for possible translocation to islands where ptarmigan were extirpated by introduced Arctic Fox [Vulpes lagopus]).
22
Gitaka, Jesse, Peter Mwaura, Kevin Oware, James Kongere, Job Wasonga, and Sultani Matendechero. "Evaluating community’s knowledge on integrated malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections in a Lake Victoria island, Kenya: A mixed method approach." AAS Open Research 2 (February 25, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12897.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The burden of malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthes (STH) in the islands of Lake Victoria, Kenya, poses a considerable public health challenge. Although many studies have been conducted on the co-infection arising from these parasites, few have evaluated communities’ knowledge of the same. Increasing the level of knowledge about a disease or preventive chemotherapy is important, but efforts need to be focused on community perception and understanding of the problem so as to encourage engagement with the proposed control measures. This study aimed at understanding a community’s knowledge of malaria, schistosomiasis and STH in Lake Victoria island where an integrated preventive chemotherapy intervention was implemented. Methods: This study was conducted in Ngodhe Island in Lake Victoria in Homa Bay County, western Kenya region between April and May 2016. The study adopted a mixed method approach where both qualitative and quantitative data collection was performed concurrently. Results: A total of 239 people participated in this study. All the respondents reported that they had heard about malaria, 89.1% had heard about schistosomiasis while 87.4% had heard about STH. The majority of the respondents (93.3%) drew their drinking water directly from the lake and 80.3% reported bathing in the lake. Out of all the respondents, 96.2% knew about the ongoing preventive chemotherapy. Most respondents (94.1%) said they would participate in a preventive chemotherapy again, while 0.4% was not sure. The majority of the respondents (86.6%) reported that integrated strategy is the most effective approach to control the three infections in the Island. Conclusion: The findings show a very high knowledge about these diseases. Although this study found majority of the respondents are aware of the co-infection of malaria, schistosomiasis and STH, their behaviors such as bathing in the lake exacerbates the problem.
23
Kiernan, Kevin, and Anne McConnell. "Glacier retreat and melt-lake expansion at Stephenson Glacier, Heard Island World Heritage Area." Polar Record 38, no. 207 (October 2002): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017988.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractHistorical records, recent observations, and geomorphological evidence indicate that rates of retreat and downwasting of the tidewater Stephenson Glacier, and concurrent expansion of ice-marginal melt-lakes, has increased by an order of magnitude since 1987. Melt-lake expansion is partly the product of greatly accelerated ablation of older, ice-cored twentieth-century moraines. The timing of these changes broadly coincides with reported increases in atmospheric and sea-surface temperatures around other sub-Antarctic islands, but correlates less well with changes along the northern Antarctic Peninsula, where warming has been more rapid. These recent changes in landscape character and geomorphological processes have implications for geodiversity, biodiversity, and cultural heritage values in this World Heritage Area. If the causal climatic warming is anthropogenic, it reinforces the fact that even the most remote and littlevisited nature conservation reserves may be compromised by off-site human impacts, confronting management authorities with difficult philosophical and practical issues.
24
Hoff, John van den, Rupert Davies, and Harry Burton. "Origins, age composition and change in numbers of moulting southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina L.) in the Windmill Islands, Vincennes Bay, east Antarctica, 1988 - 2001." Wildlife Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We discovered that the number of male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) moulting at wallow sites in the Windmill Islands, Vincennes Bay, Antarctica has decreased by 88% since the last data were presented in 1989. This figure equates to an annual decrease of 6.5%, a figure quite different to the known population trends at the islands from where the seals originate. The seals inhabited four fewer wallows in 2001 than in 1990. Brand and tag resights confirm that seals moulting at Browning Peninsula and Peterson Island originate from Macquarie Island and Heard Island. Male seals aged 1–7+ years of age were present but most (68%) were aged over 7. Males aged 4 years old began to haul out in mid-February while prior to that time only male seals older than 5 years were seen. Timing of moult for particular age classes was similar to that observed at other breeding islands. Trends in the numbers of adolescent and mature male seals hauled out at the sub-antarctic breeding locations require investigation.
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Chever, F., G. Sarthou, E. Bucciarelli, S. Blain, and A. R. Bowie. "An iron budget during the natural iron fertilisation experiment KEOPS (Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean)." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 10, 2009): 6803–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6803-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Total dissolvable iron (TDFe) was measured in the water column above and in the surrounding of the Kerguelen Plateau (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) during the KErguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study (KEOPS) cruise. TDFe concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 65.6 nmol L−1 above the plateau and from 0.34 to 2.23 nmol L−1 offshore of the plateau. Station C1 located south of the plateau, near Heard Island, exhibited very high values (329–770 nmol L−1). Apparent particulate iron (Feapp), calculated as the difference between the TDFe and the dissolved iron measured on board (DFe) represented 95±5% of the TDFe above the plateau, suggesting that particles and refractory colloids largely dominated the iron pool. This paper presents a budget of DFe and Feapp above the plateau. Lateral advection of water that had been in contact with the continental shelf of Heard Island seems to be the predominant source of Feapp and DFe above the plateau, with a supply of 9.7±2.3×106 and 8.3±6.7×103 mol d−1, respectively. The residence times of 1.7 and 48 days estimated for Feapp and DFe, respectively, indicate a rapid turnover in the surface water. A comparison between Feapp and total particulate iron (TPFe) suggests that the total dissolved fraction is mainly constituted of small refractory colloids. This fraction does not seem to be a potential source of iron to the phytoplankton in our study. Finally, when taking into account the lateral supply of dissolved iron, the seasonal carbon sequestration efficiency was estimated at 154 000 mol C (mol Fe)−1, which is 4-fold lower than the previously estimated value in this area but still 18-fold higher than the one estimated during the other study of a natural iron fertilisation experiment, CROZEX.
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Chever, F., G. Sarthou, E. Bucciarelli, S. Blain, and A. R. Bowie. "An iron budget during the natural iron fertilisation experiment KEOPS (Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean)." Biogeosciences 7, no. 2 (February 2, 2010): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-455-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Total dissolvable iron (TDFe) was measured in the water column above and in the surrounding of the Kerguelen Plateau (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) during the KErguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study (KEOPS) cruise. TDFe concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 65.6 nmol L−1 above the plateau and from 0.34 to 2.23 nmol L−1 offshore of the plateau. Station C1 located south of the plateau, near Heard Island, exhibited very high values (329–770 nmol L−1). Apparent particulate iron (Feapp), calculated as the difference between the TDFe and the dissolved iron measured on board (DFe) represented 95±5% of the TDFe above the plateau, suggesting that particles and refractory colloids largely dominated the iron pool. This paper presents a budget of DFe and Feapp above the plateau. Lateral advection of water that had been in contact with the continental shelf of Heard Island seems to be the predominant source of Feapp and DFe above the plateau, with a supply of 9.7±3.6×106 and 8.3±11.6×103 mol d−1, respectively. The residence times of 1.7 and 48 days estimated for Feapp and DFe respectively, indicate a rapid turnover in the surface water. A comparison between Feapp and total particulate iron (TPFe) suggests that the total dissolved fraction is mainly constituted of small refractory colloids. This fraction does not seem to be a potential source of iron to the phytoplankton in our study. Finally, when taking into account the lateral supply of dissolved iron, the seasonal carbon sequestration efficiency was estimated at 154 000 mol C (mol Fe)−1, which is 4-fold lower than the previously estimated value in this area but still 18-fold higher than the one estimated during the other study of a natural iron fertilisation experiment, CROZEX.
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TRUSWELL, ELIZABETH M., PATRICK G. QUILTY, A. MCMINN, M. K. MACPHAIL, and G. E. WHELLER. "Late Miocene vegetation and palaeoenvironments of the Drygalski Formation, Heard Island, Indian Ocean: evidence from palynology." Antarctic Science 17, no. 3 (August 17, 2005): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Well sorted, fine lithic sandstone within the Drygalski Formation at Cape Lockyer on the southern tip of Heard Island, preserves a diverse terrestrial palynoflora as well as marine diatoms and a few foraminifera. A combination of these elements suggests a Late Miocene age (10–5 Ma). The palaeovegetation was markedly different from that presently on the island, and appears to comprise at least two ecologically distinct communities: open heath or herbfield dominated by grasses and Asteraceae, and a more mesophytic community dominated by ferns but also including lycopods and angiosperms such as Gunnera. This may have represented a coastal flora similar to the ‘fern-bush’ community that exists now on Southern Ocean islands north of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and in Tierra del Fuego; however, there is no evidence of tree species in the local flora and trace amounts of tree pollen present may have blown in from other landmasses in the region.
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FRYDAY, Alan M. "New species and combinations in Calvitimela and Tephromela from the southern subpolar region." Lichenologist 43, no. 3 (April 5, 2011): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe new species Calvitimela austrochilenis Fryday and Tephromela superba Fryday are described: the former from several collections from southern Chile and one from Marion Island, and the latter from southern South America (including the Falkland Islands), Campbell Island, (New Zealand), and Antarctica. Four new combinations are also made in Tephromela: T. atrocaesia (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Fryday from Îles Kerguelen, Heard Island, South Georgia, and southern South America; T. atroviolacea (Flot.) Fryday from southern South America and Îles Kerguelen; T. lirellina (Darb.) Fryday from only southern South America; and T. skottsbergii (Darb.) Fryday, which is shown to be an earlier name for T. austrolitoralis (Zahlbr.) Kalb & Elix, from throughout the region. Lectotypes are selected for Lecanora atrocaesia and L. atroviolacea. The systematic placement of Tephromela eatonii (Cromb.) Hertel from Kerguelen, Marion Island and Bouvetøya is also discussed but the species is retained in Tephromela.
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Daneri, G. A., A. R. Carlini, and P. G. K. Rodhouse. "Cephalopod diet of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, at King George Island, South Shetland Islands." Antarctic Science 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the summer of 1995/96, 25 southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, were stomach lavaged at Stranger Point, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Cephalopod remains were present in 72% of the individuals sampled (n = 18). Seven species of squid and three of octopus were identified. The squid Psychroteuthis glacialis was the most important prey in terms of numbers (77%), biomass (80.8%) and frequency of occurrence (94.4%). Next in importance in terms of mass was the squid Alluroteuthis antarcticus (7.8%) in the diet of females and the octopodid Pareledone ?charcoti in the diet of males (13.2%). Females preyed on a wider variety of squid taxa than males (7 vs 3) but octopodids occurred only in stomach contents from males. The predominance of P. glacialis in the prey of the South Shetland Islands elephant seals can be explained by the southerly location of the foraging areas of this population compared to South Georgia, Heard and Macquarie islands, where the diet of southern elephant seals has previously been analysed. Psychroteuthis glacialis is the predominant squid in waters close to the Antarctic continent.
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Laskowski, Zdzisław, Witold Jeżewski, and Krzysztof Zdzitowiecki. "Changes in Digenean Infection of the Antarctic Fish Notothenia Coriiceps in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Over Three Decades." Polish Polar Research 35, no. 3 (November 20, 2014): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popore-2014-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe infection of black rockcod,Notothenia coriiceps,with digeneans in Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands) within three months, from November 2007 to January 2008, is compared with the infection in the same three months in 1978/79, based on the examination of twenty fish collected in each month. Digenea found in 1978/1979 season were more numer-ous, and more diverse. Only five digenean species,Macvicaria georgiana,Neolebouria antarctica,Lepidapedon garrardi,Genolinea bowersiandLecithaster macrocotyle, were re-corded during both investigations, whereas three species,Neolepidapedon trematomi,Elytro-phalloides oatesiandGonocerca phycidis, only in 1978/79.M. georgianawas the dominant species in 1978/79 and sub-dominant in 2007/08. Other digeneans were found inN. coriicepsin 2007/08 invariably together withM. georgiana. G. bowersiwas the sub-dominant species in 1978/79 and the most common species in 2007/2008. Infections with Digenea belonging to other species were much less intense. Of the three rare or common species in 1978/79, the two,L. garrardiandL. macrocotyle, occurred in both seasons, whereasE. oatesioccurred only in 1978/79. Three remaining species were sporadic or absent. The overall results there-fore demonstrated that infections with almost all digenean species were less strong in 2007/08 than three decades earlier, in 1978/79. Only data onM. georgiana,G. bowersiandL.garrardiwere statistically significant (p <0.05). Data on the occurrence of 14 species of Digenea inN. coriicepsfrom South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia, Argentine Is-lands, Melchior Islands, Adelie Land and Heard Island are given.
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Mccormack, Gerald, and Judith Künzlè. "The 'Ura or Rimatara Lorikeet Vini kuhlii: its former range, present status, and conservation priorities." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 4 (December 1996): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryFossils and other evidence from the Southern Cook Islands show that the Rimatara Lorikeet Vini kuhlii, known as the Kura, was widespread in the group during prehistoric times and, it was probably extirpated due to exploitation for its red feathers. Today, it survives only on Rimatara in the Austral Islands, where it is known as the ‘Ura. On Rimatara during 5-11 August 1992 we saw/heard 263 ‘Ura, and estimated the total population at 900 birds. The mixed horticultural belt, about 32% of the island, was the most favoured habitat at 2.2 birds ha1 and it supported about 61% of the total population. The species was uncommon in the coastal coconut plantations and central hills, and rare in the makatea/feo. Rats, especially Rattus rattus, have often been associated with the loss of forest birds on oceanic islands and R. rattus is thought to be responsible for the decline in other lorikeets of French Polynesia. A preliminary trapping study located R. norvegicus and R. exulans, but not R. rattus. The highest conservation priority should be given to confirming the absence of R. rattus on Rimatara and the implementation of a major quarantine programme to ensure that it is not accidentally introduced. We recommend reintroducing the lorikeet to islands within its former natural range.
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TRAINOR, COLIN R., PHILIPPE VERBELEN, and SERGE HOSTE. "Rediscovery of the Timor Bush Warbler Locustella timorensis on Alor and Timor, Wallacea: clarifying taxonomic affinities, defining habitat and survey recommendations." Bird Conservation International 22, no. 3 (December 20, 2011): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270911000530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryThe Timor Bush Warbler Locustella timorensis was first collected by Georg Stein on Mount Mutis, West Timor in 1932, but there have been no confirmed field observations since. Here we report on the discovery of a new population of bush warbler on Alor (9 September 2009), which prompted a search for, and subsequent rediscovery, of the nominate Timor Bush Warbler (20 December 2009) in Timor-Leste. We also undertook the first bush warbler searches in the mountains on Atauro Island, and the first ornithological exploration of the mountains of Pantar and Wetar islands. On Alor, at least 13 male bush warblers were heard singing from shrub and grass beneath woodland and forest edge at 859–1,250 m. On Timor, at least 40 males were heard during December, April and July from tall grassland below Mount Ramelau (1,720–2,100 m), Timor-Leste. The song structure of the Alor and Timor birds is similar, and close to Javan Bush Warbler L. montis of Java and Bali, as well as to recordings of Russet Bush Warbler L. mandelli of mainland Asia and Benguet Bush Warbler L. seebohmi from the Philippines. The song of the Alor bird is substantially higher pitched (mean min/max 3,233–4,980 kHz) than the Timor bird (2,928–4,761 kHz) and both are substantially higher pitched than Javan birds. Recordings of Russet Bush Warbler from mainland Asia are higher pitched than songs of all insular taxa, and the song of Benguet Bush Warbler is of a similar pitch to the Timor bird. Recent molecular studies have found that divergences between Javan Bush Warbler and the Russet Bush Warbler are slight, and the high degree of song similarity of the Alor and Timor populations to Javan Bush Warbler places them close to the Benguet Bush Warbler complex. The Timor Bush Warbler is recognised as ‘Near Threatened’ by IUCN, but this will require re-evaluation. On Alor, suitable habitat is extensive and under little threat, but grassland in the uplands of West and East Timor is intensively grazed and regularly burnt. Further field surveys are needed on both Timor and Alor to capture birds, clarify taxonomic relationships using molecular approaches, and further define habitat use and conservation status. Bush warblers were not recorded from Pantar, Atauro and Wetar islands.
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Hoffmann, Lars, Alison W. Grimsdell, and M. Joan Alexander. "Stratospheric gravity waves at Southern Hemisphere orographic hotspots: 2003–2014 AIRS/Aqua observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 14 (July 28, 2016): 9381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9381-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Stratospheric gravity waves from small-scale orographic sources are currently not well-represented in general circulation models. This may be a reason why many simulations have difficulty reproducing the dynamical behavior of the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex in a realistic manner. Here we discuss a 12-year record (2003–2014) of stratospheric gravity wave activity at Southern Hemisphere orographic hotspots as observed by the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aqua satellite. We introduce a simple and effective approach, referred to as the “two-box method”, to detect gravity wave activity from infrared nadir sounder measurements and to discriminate between gravity waves from orographic and other sources. From austral mid-fall to mid-spring (April–October) the contributions of orographic sources to the observed gravity wave occurrence frequencies were found to be largest for the Andes (90 %), followed by the Antarctic Peninsula (76 %), Kerguelen Islands (73 %), Tasmania (70 %), New Zealand (67 %), Heard Island (60 %), and other hotspots (24–54 %). Mountain wave activity was found to be closely correlated with peak terrain altitudes, and with zonal winds in the lower troposphere and mid-stratosphere. We propose a simple model to predict the occurrence of mountain wave events in the AIRS observations using zonal wind thresholds at 3 and 750 hPa. The model has significant predictive skill for hotspots where gravity wave activity is primarily due to orographic sources. It typically reproduces seasonal variations of the mountain wave occurrence frequencies at the Antarctic Peninsula and Kerguelen Islands from near zero to over 60 % with mean absolute errors of 4–5 percentage points. The prediction model can be used to disentangle upper level wind effects on observed occurrence frequencies from low-level source and other influences. The data and methods presented here can help to identify interesting case studies in the vast amount of AIRS data, which could then be further explored to study the specific characteristics of stratospheric gravity waves from orographic sources and to support model validation.
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Riyadi, Am, Muammar Khaddafi, Fuadi F, Falahuddin F, and Rico Nur Ilham. "Internal Factor of Systemamtic Risk Model With Information Technology As Intervening Variables to Increasing Quality of Government Financial Reports In Indonesia: Actual Case From Riau Island Province." MORFAI JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (October 24, 2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the realization of the vision and mission of the Riau Islands Provincial Government, improving the competence of human resources in employees is an important aspect. Human Resources is the most important asset in the company. However, in practice it is not easy for organizations to make HR as a useful asset. Organizations need to implement a competency-based HR system to eliminate conflicts between organizations and employees, because in modern management philosophy, employees are human beings who have needs, expectations that need to be heard along with potential and competencies that can be developed to achieve organizational performance and performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effect of the variable competence of human resources, job relevant information and financial planning on the quality of financial reports as well as through information technology. This study uses primary data derived from questionnaires and secondary data obtained from books and related literature. The data analysis technique uses the SEM version 3.0 tool. As for the results of this study, there is a direct influence of the Financial Planning variable on the Information Technology variable having a positive path coefficient. The direct influence of the Financial Planning variable on the Financial Statement Quality variable has a positive path coefficient. The direct influence of the Information Technology variable on the Financial Statement Quality variable has a path coefficient of positive. The direct influence of the Human Resources Competency variable on the Information Technology variable has a positive path coefficient. The direct influence of the Human Resources Competency variable on the Financial Statement Quality variable has a positive path coefficient. Variable direct effect Job Relevant Information on Information Technology variables has a path coefficient of positive. The direct influence of the Job Relevant Information variable on the Financial Statement Quality variable has a positive path coefficient.
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Kuroki, Takahito. "Landform mapping of Okinoshima island and sea bed of Munakata city." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-199-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Munakata city is compiling its city history now. Then, in March 2019, the natural environment part edition of "Umi, Yama, Kawa" is scheduled to be published. I had to do landform mapping of Okinoshima island and sea bed in this project. In this abstract, the geography of Okinoshima, the process of mapping and some of the results are described.</p><p>The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region was registered as a World Heritage in July 2017. Okinoshima island is located about 70 km northwest of Kyushu main island. The island consists of a steep cliff and gentle slope and the area of the plain is small. It consists of shale, quartz porphyry, and talus deposit.</p><p>Fig.1 shows the landscape of Okinoshima island from the south. The highest peak is Mt. Ichinotake, the rock on the left is Mikadobashira and the rock on the right is Tengu-iwa. There is a holy place, Okitsu-miya of Munakata Taisha at the foot of the island. Residents have unwritten taboos that forbid actions such as removing anything from the island, or revealing anything seen or heard there.</p><p>Maps of land and sea bed were made by various kinds of geographic information by using GIS. They are ground elevation map, slope map, relief map and 3D image. Fundamental geospatial data of GSI (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan), map information related to isobaths of JHA (Japan Hydrographic Association) and airborne laser scanner data of Munakata city are used as the geographic information.</p><p>Landform classification map was made by interpretation of each map and field survey. Classified landforms are crest， dissected valley，steep cliff，landslip lobe，talus cone， seaside and man-made land. Farthermore, geologic and topographic lineaments were interpreted.</p><p>Fig.2 shows the 3D image of Okinoshima from the east. It can be identified that the height of Okinoshima is about 340 m above the flat sea bed. The topography between Okinoshima and Koyajima under the sea surface, is a shallow flat table in the west side and a concave area inclining to the east in the east side. The shape of the set of islands is like a horseshoe-shaped caldera.</p><p>In this poster presentation, I would like to introduce that we can understand the landform and its formative process of Okinoshima where access is restricted from the analysis and reference of such maps by GIS.</p>
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Brown, Carolyn, and Marcel van der Linden. "Shifting Boundaries between Free and Unfree Labor: Introduction." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1905, Henry Nevinson, at the time a well-known British journalist, visited Angola. He discovered that the slave trade was still going on in secret in that region, many years after it had officially been abolished. Deep inside Southern Africa slaves were caught; they were forced to walk hundreds of miles to the coast until they arrived at Katumbella, where “the slaves were rested, sorted out, dressed, and then taken on over the fifteen miles to Benguela, usually disguised as ordinary carriers.” In Benguela's main street, there is a government office where the official representative of the “Central Committee of Labor and Emigration for the Islands” (having its headquarters in Lisbon) sits in state, and under due forms of law receives the natives, who enter one door as slaves and go out of another as serviçaes. Everything is correct. The native, who has usually been torn from his home far in the interior, perhaps as much as eight hundred miles away, and already sold twice, is asked by an interpreter if it is his wish to go to [the island of] San Thomé, or to undertake some other form of service to a new master. Of course he answers, “Yes.” It is quite unnecessary to suppose, as most people suppose, that the interpreter always asks such questions as, “Do you like to fish?” or “Will you have a drink?” though one of the best scholars in the languages of the interior has himself heard those questions asked at an official inspection of serviçaes on board ship. It would be unnecessary for the interpreter to invent such questions. If he asked, “Is it your wish to go to hell? ” the serviçal would say “yes” just the same. In fact, throughout this part of Africa the name of San Thomé is becoming identical with hell, and when a man has been brought hundreds of miles from his home by an unknown road and through long tracts of “hungry country”—when he also knows that if he did get back he would probably be sold again or killed —what else can he answer but “yes”? Under similar circumstances the Archbishop of Canterbury would answer the same. The serviçal says “yes,” and so sanctions the contract for his labor. The decencies of law and order are respected.
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Feinberg, Andrew. "Abstract IA009: Cancer is a disease of epigenetic stochasticity." Cancer Research 82, no. 10_Supplement (May 15, 2022): IA009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.evodyn22-ia009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract My colleagues and I proposed in 2006 (1) that increased epigenetic stochasticity is a driving force of tumor progression from its origin to metastasis and would allow rapid selection for tumor cell survival at the expense of the host. More recently (2), we have been pursuing an idea that natural selection will favor the emergence of genetic loci for epigenetic variance, not just mean, for loci in which the environment changes unpredictably but often enough, and these epigenetically variable loci are critical to normal embryonic development and injury response. The idea is also relevant to cancer, in that increased epigenetic stochasticity would allow rapid selection for tumor cell survival at the expense of the host. This model puts epigenetic instability at the heart of tumor progression and is the primary target of cancer mutations. Several recent observations from the laboratory point to a genome-scale disruption of the epigenome that involves large blocks of variable DNA methylation and chromatin affecting shores and islands and increasing gene expression variability (3,4). We also find large-scale reprogramming of chromatin and DNA modifications during the natural evolution of distant metastasis, with dependence on the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (5). We have also developed mathematically rigorous Gibbs-Boltzmann-style epigenetic landscapes incorporating stochasticity, and we have shown its relationship to entropy in information theory (6). Recent data show that this approach identifies epigenetic and genetic drivers of cancer, using acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a model (7). References: 1. Feinberg AP, Ohlsson R, Henikoff S. The epigenetic progenitor origin of human cancer. Nature Reviews Genetics 2006;7:21. 2. Feinberg AP, Irizarry RA. Stochastic epigenetic variation as a driving force of development, evolutionary adaptation, and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2009;107 Suppl 1:1757-64. 3. Hansen KD et al. Increased variation in epigenetic domains across cancer types. Nature Genetics 2011;43:768-75. 4. Timp W, Feinberg AP. Cancer as a dysregulated epigenome allowing cellular growth advantage at the expense of the host. Nature Reviews Cancer 2013;13:497-510. 5. McDonald OG, et al. Large-scale epigenomic reprogramming links anabolic glucose metabolism to distant metastasis during the evolution of pancreatic cancer progression. Nature Genetics 2017;49:367-76. 6. Jenkinson G, Pujadas E, Goutsias J, Feinberg AP. Potential energy landscapes define the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome. Nature Genetics 2017;49:719-29. 7. Koldobskiy MA, et al. Informational content of methylomic landscapes reveals converging drivers of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Koldobskiy MA et al. Nature Biomedical Engineering 2021;5:360-376. Citation Format: Andrew Feinberg. Cancer is a disease of epigenetic stochasticity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolutionary Dynamics in Carcinogenesis and Response to Therapy; 2022 Mar 14-17. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA009.
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Melnik, Eleonora L., and Alla Y. Gudym. "CLASSROOM IN THE WILD NATURE OF VODLOZERO: EXPERIENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/14.11.44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the process of new personal consciousness formation it is very important to understand the necessity of development of new public conception of the environment as of a common sphere for society and nature, which means understanding significance of sustainable development of nature and society. Extracurricular environmental education implemented in the “Vodlozersky” National park helps to promote environmental knowledge of native region and fosters development of knowledge and skills for living and working in the environment. The content of educational programmes was divided into separate topics: “Avifauna of Vedlozero islands”, “Predators on the swamp”, “Vodlozero lichens”, “Mushroom hunting”, “Green pharmacy” and others. As an example we suggest one of the lessons devoted to “Avifauna of Velikostrov Island” from the topic “Avifauna of Vedlozero islands”. It took much time for schoolchildren to get the skills in birds’ identification. Teachers and schoolchildren analyzed everything they saw and heard, made conclusions, wrote down their observations. As a result of fieldwork the expedition participants have managed to learn to recognize different kinds of birds in the nature of the National park. Schoolchildren expressed special interest while getting to know the life of invertebrates of the water reservoir: “Microcosmos in a drop of water”. The integrative approach lied in combination of methods of Japanese paper art of Origami used to represent generalized image of a bird. With the help of natural materials such as dry grass, flowers, branches, soil, moss, stones, etc. schoolchildren constructed the models of biocenosis. They created a meadow and semi-aquatic lake world. In biocenosis models birds and plants made of paper were settled in their natural habitats. In painting the images of nature schoolchildren were offered to use natural materials: pollen from plants, flower petals, sand and stones. Students also showed interest to such lessons as “Epics of Vedlozero” and “Ethnography and Toponymy of Vedlozero”. On the territory of the National park there are special “marks” of the ancient ethnic group of population – vodlozery. These are commemorative trees – Karsikko. Students got to know about their origin and significance for vedlozery from conversation with the teacher on ecological trail. Knowledge acquired on these lessons allowed schoolchildren to express their creativity in making dolls – spirits of the wood and lake. To generalize knowledge about nature students of expedition camp made a trip along the ecological trail with the length of 1420 meters. The trail lied on the landscape consisting of different biocenosis: meadows, a sector of old forest, swamp. Walking along the trail they got acquainted with new representatives of flora and fauna – forest ants, poisonous and medical plants of swamp and forest. On one of the swamp sectors there was found carnivorous plant - (Drosera rotundifolia L). Having caught small dipterous insects students managed to feed this plant and observe the process of food capturing. Experience of ecological expedition camps organization allowed teachers and scientists for the first time to realize the work with children with special needs in the wild nature. As children had vision problems of different severity the teachers developed special educational programmes for them which included maximum use of their hearing, smell and touching. It was important to teach the children to identify the sounds of nature: voice of birds, insects, rustle of grass and reeds. But they also had the trips to the world of nature. They learnt to identify different kinds of plants – to feel them (touching the plants with their hands and face, palming), to recognize and remember the smell of spicy plants. For kids with mild form of visual pathology teachers tried to use all senses in working in nature but for a short period of time. Analysis of comments left by children by the end of expedition shows that they prefer communication with each other to communication with nature. In accordance with the goals set by the specialists of the National park it is necessary to implement practical lessons in nature involving schoolchildren into them in more active forms. Integration of scientific, artistic, aesthetic and humanitarian knowledge into coherent whole for cognition of nature will allow develop sustainable motivation for nature protection among children in the future. Primary educational experience of National park specialists in working with disabled children showed that such children may have unlimited possibilities to communicate with nature.
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McIvor, E. "Heard Island and McDonald Islands." Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 2007, 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.141.1.7.
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"Heard and McDonald Islands." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.108450.
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Quilty, PG, and GE Wheller. "Heard Island and the McDonald Islands: a window into the Kerguelen Plateau." Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 2000, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.133.2.1.
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Woehler, EricJ, and Ken Green. "Consumption of marine resources by seabirds and seals at Heard Island and the McDonald Islands." Polar Biology 12, no. 6-7 (November 1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00236989.
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Perron, Morgane M. G., Bernadette C. Proemse, Michal Strzelec, Melanie Gault-Ringold, and Andrew R. Bowie. "Atmospheric inputs of volcanic iron around Heard and McDonald Islands, Southern ocean." Environmental Science: Atmospheres, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ea00054c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increased atmospheric Fe loading and solubility was attributed to emissions from Heard Island volcano (Kerguelen plateau), emphasizing the need for models to consider volcanoes as a source of aeolian Fe to remote oceanic regions.
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Wong, Darren, Jonathan J. Smart, Joshua Barrow, Jaimie Cleeland, Peter Yates, Philippe Ziegler, and Justin R. Rizzari. "Age, growth and maturity of Southern Ocean skates (Bathyraja spp.) from the Kerguelen Plateau." Polar Biology, June 24, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03062-z.
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AbstractThree species of Southern Ocean skates, Bathyrajaeatonii,Bathyrajairrasa and Bathyrajamurrayi, are commonly caught as incidental by-catch in fisheries around Heard Island and McDonald Islands of the Kerguelen Plateau. We used length-at-age data to present the species’ life history information (age, growth and maturity for the first-time). Length- and age-at-maturity analyses revealed that B.irrasa matured at > 6 years old and > 1000 mm total length (TL), which was older and larger than B.murrayi (> 5 years old and > 400 mm TL) but similar to B.eatonii (> 5 years old and > 900 mm). We fitted growth models using a multi-model Bayesian framework. Our findings support the assumption that B.irrasa is slow growing and late maturing compared to B.eatonii and B.murrayi, consequently putting it at greater risk to fishery-induced increases in mortality compared to other species (e.g., B.murrayi). This is the first-time age and growth has been estimated for these species, however sample sizes for B.murrayi and B.eatonii were small and hence growth models should be interpreted with caution. Our results represent vital information for population projection models and can therefore assist in the development and/or revision of current by-catch limits to inform ongoing management strategies and conservation efforts.
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Brooks, Cassandra M., Graham Epstein, and Natalie C. Ban. "Managing Marine Protected Areas in Remote Areas: The Case of the Subantarctic Heard and McDonald Islands." Frontiers in Marine Science 6 (October 11, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00631.
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Spain, E. A., S. C. Johnson, B. Hutton, J. M. Whittaker, V. Lucieer, S. J. Watson, J. M. Fox, et al. "Shallow Seafloor Gas emissions Near Heard and McDonald Islands on the Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Indian Ocean." Earth and Space Science 7, no. 3 (March 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ea000695.
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Holmes, Thomas M., Kathrin Wuttig, Zanna Chase, Christina Schallenberg, Pier Merwe, Ashley T. Townsend, and Andrew R. Bowie. "Glacial and Hydrothermal Sources of Dissolved Iron (II) in Southern Ocean Waters Surrounding Heard and McDonald Islands." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125, no. 10 (September 25, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016286.
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Wojtasiewicz, Bożena, Thomas W. Trull, Lesley Clementson, Diana M. Davies, Nicole L. Patten, Christina Schallenberg, and Nick J. Hardman-Mountford. "Factors Controlling the Lack of Phytoplankton Biomass in Naturally Iron Fertilized Waters Near Heard and McDonald Islands in the Southern Ocean." Frontiers in Marine Science 6 (September 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00531.
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"Australia/France: Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the maritime areas adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (TAAF), Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Canberra, 24 November 2003)." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 19, no. 4 (2004): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571808053310134.
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Pollard, Tony. "No Man is an Island: Reflections on the Battlefield Landscapes of the Falklands-Malvinas War." International Journal of Military History and Historiography, November 29, 2022, 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10044.
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Abstract There were two sets of Falkland Islands fought over in 1982. To the British, including the islanders, they were of course the Falklands, but to the Argentines they were the Malvinas. Some in the British military thought the islands were off the coast of Scotland when they first heard of them, in most cases just before deployment. By way of contrast, Argentine troops had grown up believing they were part of their birth right stolen from them by British ‘pirates’. But how did troops on the ground view the islands when they were up close and personal with them, when the islands formed the battlefields over which they fought? During the Falklands-Malvinas War the surface of the land was bombed, it was shelled, it was picked apart and dug into to create fortifications, minefields and graves, and in places it still carries those scars. Drawing on the experience of four visits since 2012, eyewitness accounts and memoirs, military records and archaeological remains, this article explores the islands as both imaginary spaces and as an environment in which men strove to fight the elements and one another, and in doing so presents a fresh perspective on the relationship between people and places in time of war.