Книги: "HDE MODEL"

1

Saeroun Han'guk model: Pak Chŏng-hŭi model ŭl nŏmo = New Korea model : beyond Park Jung Hee model. Kyŏnggi-do P'aju-si: Hanul Ak'ademi, 2018.

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2

Bergeron, Janick. Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0302-6.

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3

Bergeron, Janick. Writing testbenches: Functional verification of HDL models. New York: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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4

Writing testbenches: Functional verification of HDL models. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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5

Writing testbenches: Functional verification of HDL models. 2nd ed. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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6

Chuang, Chao-Kuei. An investigation into mixed-mode simulation using HDL behavioural models. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.

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7

Rockett, John A. HDR reactor containment fire modeling with BRI2. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1992.

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8

Navabi, Zainalabedin. Digital System Test and Testable Design: Using HDL Models and Architectures. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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9

Transporte, Instituto Mexicano del, ed. Aplicación del HDM-III a la red carretera federal del Estado de Puebla. Sanfandila, Qro: Instituto Mexicano del Transporte, Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes, 2001.

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10

National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), ed. Comparison of CFAST and FDS for fire simulation with the HDR T51 and T52 tests. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002.

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11

George, McCown William, and Johnson Judith 1955-, eds. Therapy with treatment resistant families: A consultation-crisis intervention model. New York: Haworth Press, 1993.

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12

Obraztsova, Maria, Catherine Galikhanov, Svetlana Sokolova, Khazhmukhamed Etuev, Michael Osipov, Arkady Shupaev, Alia Shakirova, Evgenia Evstigneeva, Fatimat Taumurzaeva, and Vladimir Bardeen. The concept of developing of the model of matrix of relevant competencies for the digital economy. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02113-2.

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The concept presents the preliminary results of the research of the Assessment Center, ANO HE «Innopolis University» in the field of developing a model of matrix of relevant competencies for the digital economy. This publication contains an analysis and generalization of the legal, theoretical and methodological aspects of developing of the model of matrix of relevant competencies for the digital economy. The results of the study presented in the concept may be of interest to researchers of the problems of digital transformation of society, Human Resources department, heads of organizations, teachers, representatives of public authorities.

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13

Banco de Proyectos de Inversión Nacional (Colombia), Colombia. Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Unidad de Inversiones y Finanzas Públicas. Division de Metodologías., and Latin American and Caribbean Institute for Economic and Social Planning. Project and Advisory Assistance Programme., eds. Manual para la evaluación de proyectos de vias nacionales y regionales mediante el uso del programa HDM: The highway design and maintenance standard model : documento preparado para el Banco de Proyectos de Inversión Nacional de Colombia por el Convenio DNP-BID-ILPES (ATN/JF-3342-CO). [Colombia]: República de Colombia, Departamento Nacional de Planeación, Unidad de Inversiones y Finanzas Públicas, División de Metodologías, División de Operación y Sistemas, 1992.

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14

Watanatada, Thawat. Description of the HDM-III Model (World Bank). The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

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15

Watanatada, Thawat. Users Manual for the HDM-Model (World Bank). The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

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16

Russek, Peter. Citroen Relay Diesel Model, to 2001, 2.8 Hdi Turbodiesel. Peter Russek Publications Ltd, 2001.

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17

Bergeron, Janick. Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification Of Hdl Models. Springer, 2013.

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18

Bergeron, Janick. Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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19

Bergeron, Janick. Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of Hdl Models. Springer, 2012.

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20

Bergeron, Janick. Writing Testbenches: Functional Verification of HDL Models, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Springer, 2003.

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21

Navabi, Zainalabedin. Digital System Test and Testable Design: Using HDL Models and Architectures. Springer, 2016.

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22

Regnat, Karl-Heinz. Vom Original zum Modell, Heinkel He 111. Monch (Bernard & Graefe Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2000.

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23

Striedter, Georg. Model Systems in Biology. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14366.001.0001.

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How biomedical research using various animal species and in vitro cellular systems has resulted in both major successes and translational failure. In Model Systems in Biology, comparative neurobiologist Georg Striedter examines how biomedical researchers have used animal species and in vitro cellular systems to understand and develop treatments for human diseases ranging from cancer and polio to Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Although there have been some major successes, much of this “translational” research on model systems has failed to generalize to humans. Striedter explores the history of such research, focusing on the models used and considering the question of model selection from a variety of perspectives—the philosophical, the historical, and that of practicing biologists. Striedter reviews some philosophical concepts and ethical issues, including concerns over animal suffering and the compromises that result. He traces the history of the most widely used animal and in vitro models, describing how they compete with one another in a changing ecosystem of models. He examines how therapies for bacterial and viral infections, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders have been developed using animal and cell culture models—and how research into these diseases has both taken advantage of and been hindered by model system differences. Finally, Striedter argues for a “big tent” biology, in which a diverse set of models and research strategies can coexist productively.

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24

Gray, Kevin, and Susan Francis Gray. 9. Other modes of acquisition. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0009.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines other ways by which interests in land may be acquired, which include adverse possession; proprietary estoppel; and succession and donatio mortis causa.

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25

Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium models vs. evolutionary economic models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0012.

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This chapter examines the extent to which models based on evolutionary economics can provide a worthy alternative to neoclassical equilibrium models. The chapter discusses the difference between Darwinian and non-Darwinian evolutionary economic models. The chapter includes a discussion of Armen Alchian’s 1950 article that he says is erroneously identified as evolutionary economics. The works of evolutionary economists Ulrich Witt, Jack Vromen, Richard Nelson and Sidney are explained and critically examined. The chapter also considers the question of whether evolutionary economics can ever displace equilibrium economics. Some current evolutionary economic model builders have serious doubts. The chapter concludes with some speculations about going beyond the consideration of the individual firm to include sociological aspects of consumer preference.

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26

Huang, Yukon. Origins of China’s Growth Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630034.003.0003.

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Deng Xiaoping’s most celebrated achievement was to reshape economic incentives and concentrate development along China’s coast. In doing so, he set the stage for what is referred to as China’s unbalanced growth process. Premier Zhu Rongji kept the growth momentum going by overhauling key financial and economic institutions in response to the Asian Financial Crisis. These reforms led to unprecedented double-digit GDP growth over the three decades prior to 2010. Both Deng Xiaoping and Zhu Rongji were “policy entrepreneurs.” Through their ideas and actions, they were able to overcome vested interests, all while taking risks and launching new reform initiatives. Progress on the reform agenda slowed in the years leading up to the Global Financial Crisis as the subsequent leadership was lulled into a false sense of confidence because of China’s strong economic performance.

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27

Cheung, Olivia. Factional-Ideological Conflicts in Chinese Politics. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720298.

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This book reconstructs the factional-ideological conflicts surrounding socialist transformation and political reform in China that were played out through ‘factional model-making’, a norm-bound mechanism for elites of the Chinese Communist Party to contest the party line publicly. Dazhai, Anhui, Nanjie, Shekou, Shenzhen, Guangdong and Chongqing were cultivated into factional models by party elites before Xi Jinping came to power in 2012. Although factional model-making undermined party discipline, it often did not threaten regime security and even contributed to regime resilience through strengthening collective leadership and other means. This follows that the suppression of factional model-making under Xi might undermine longer-term regime resilience. However, Xi believes that regime security rests on his strongman rule, not any benefits that factional model-making may contribute. It is in this spirit that he grooms Zhejiang into a party model for his policy programme of common prosperity, which is designed to legitimize his vision of socialism.

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28

Baglietto-Vargas, David, Rahasson R. Ager, Rodrigo Medeiros, and Frank M. LaFerla. Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0014.

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The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD), etc.) are growing rapidly due to increasing life expectancy. Researchers over the past two decades have focused their efforts on the development of animal models to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders. Existing models, however, do not fully replicate the symptomatic and pathological features of human diseases. This chapter focuses on animal models of AD, as this disorder is the most prevalent of the brain degenerative conditions afflicting society. In particular, it briefly discusses the current leading animal models, the translational relevance of the preclinical studies using such models, and the limitations and shortcomings of using animals to model human disease. It concludes with a discussion of potential means to improve future models to better recapitulate human conditions.

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29

de Regt, Henk W. Models and Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652913.003.0006.

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This chapter analyzes the role of mechanical modeling in nineteenth-century physics, showing how precisely mechanical models were used to enhance scientific understanding. It discusses the work and ideas of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), James Clerk Maxwell, and Ludwig Boltzmann, who advanced explicit views on the function and status of mechanical models, in particular, on their role in providing understanding. A case study of the construction of molecular models to explain the so-called specific heat anomaly highlights the role of conceptual tools in achieving understanding and shows that intelligibility is an epistemically relevant feature of mechanical models. Next, the chapter examines Boltzmann’s Bildtheorie, an interpretation of mechanical models that he developed in response to problems and criticisms of the program of mechanical explanation, and his associated pragmatic conception of understanding. The final section discusses the limitations of mechanical models and Ernst Mach’s criticism of the mechanical program.

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30

Haq, Khadija, ed. Development Requires New Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0022.

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In this chapter Haq addresses the leaders of the Earth Summit of 1992, pointing out key areas that Summit leaders should collectively address. According to Haq, the search for new models of sustainable human development with minimal environmental and resource damage could be one of the more enduring legacies of the Summit. He urged the leaders of the world to take the challenge of the North-South divide as a collective threat to sustainable development for both rich and poor countries. For Haq, an unjust and unequal world would inherently be unstable and unsustainable.

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31

Scott, Dominic, and R. Edward Freeman. Models of Leadership in Plato and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837350.001.0001.

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This book draws on Plato’s philosophy to throw light on contemporary leadership theory and practice. It combines an account of his thought with applications to modern case studies and approaches, in both politics and business. Rather than attempting to give a single ‘one-size-fits-all’ definition of leadership, his strategy was to break it into its different strands. He presents several ‘models’ of leadership, most of them images or analogies: the leader as doctor, navigator, artist, teacher, shepherd, weaver, or sower. Each model points to features of leadership that we intuitively recognize to be important (e.g. curing a social malaise, charting a new course, or weaving together the social fabric). Some were already in wide circulation in Plato’s time, like the shepherd and the navigator. What he did was to make them much richer and more complex. The book goes through the models individually, setting out the essentials of Plato’s thought and then illustrating each model with modern case studies—eighteen in total, including presidents, CEOs, and Nobel laureates. There is also a chapter comparing Plato’s models with four recent leadership approaches. Highly innovative in its approach, this book presupposes no prior knowledge of Plato, although those familiar with his philosophy will find it a fruitful way of re-reading his work. But the focus is first and foremost on leadership, rather than celebrating Plato’s achievements: the priority is to present a multi-faceted approach, which does justice to the complex phenomenon of leadership.

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32

Westphal, Merold. Immanence and Transcendence. Edited by Joel D. S. Rasmussen, Judith Wolfe, and Johannes Zachhuber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718406.013.33.

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This chapter distinguishes three modes of immanence and transcendence with reference to God: cosmological, epistemic, and ethical. Immanence affirms, while transcendence denies that God is contained within the world, and thus within the limits of human reason, or within the norms and resources of human society and culture. Hegel serves as the model of immanence within the nineteenth century. He affirms that spirit is the ultimate reality, and it turns out that he means the human spirit in its social constructions, its cultural self-understanding, and its historical unfolding. We can call this a humanistic pantheism. Kierkegaard develops the model of transcendence in the form of a personalist theism. God is personal as an agent (not merely a force or cause) and a performer of speech acts. As such God is a reality independent of and transcendent to human life in all its forms.

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33

Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. The Difficult Birth of the Two-Sex Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0012.

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“The Difficult Birth of the Two Sex Model” discusses the discovery of sex in plants, through a combination observation and experiment, which was the crowning achievement of seventeenth-century botany. It occurred in stages, corresponding to the contributions of Marcello Malpighi in Italy, Nehemiah Grew in England and Rudolf Jacob Camerarius in Germany. Microscopists Grew and Malpighi advanced plant anatomy, but Malpighi embellished the plants-as-female model with clinical terminology, promoting it from metaphor to scientific hypothesis. (Compromising, Grew added a transsexual stamen to his last paper.) According to seventeenth century preformationist theory, both the ovists and the spermists believed that all organisms existed pre-formed in either the egg (the ovists) or the sperm (the spermists). Camerarius, a proponent of epigenesis, demonstrated that epigenesis in plants was dependent on pollination. Through extensive experimentation, he produced the first straight-forward formulation of the two-sex model of plants in his De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (1694.)

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34

Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium attainment vs. equilibrium necessities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0003.

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This chapter is about Kenneth Arrow’s 1959 article about price adjustment. This chapter uses that article to explain the logical requirements of any equilibrium model that purports to explain, say, equilibrium prices. Arrow explains why just assuming maximization on the part of both demanders and supplier in a market is not enough to assure equilibrium attainment. Arrow rejects the usual textbooks’ addition of an additional assumption that the markets are already at equilibrium. He instead argues that explicitly assumptions about the dynamics of equilibrium attainment must be included in any equilibrium model. The chapter thus discusses price adjustment in formal models; equilibrium attainment as an explicit process. It recognizes that Arrow equilibrium attainment also need something like imperfect competition to deal with any disequilibrium state that would necessarily exist prior to equilibrium attainment.

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35

Darrigol, Olivier. Models, structure, and generality in Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. Edited by Karine Chemla, Renaud Chorlay, and David Rabouin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.013.12.

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This article examines the gradual development of James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, arguing that he aimed at general structures through his models, illustrations, formal analogies, and scientific metaphors. It also considers a few texts in which Maxwell expounds his conception of physical theories and their relation to mathematics. Following a discussion of Maxwell’s extension of an analogy invented by William Thomson in 1842, the article analyzes Maxwell’s geometrical expression of Michael Faraday’s notion of lines of force. It then revisits Maxwell’s honeycomb model that he used to obtain his system of equations and the concomitant unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics. It also explores Maxwell’s view about the Lagrangian form of the fundamental equations of a physical theory. It shows that Maxwell was guided by general structural requirements that were inspired by partial and temporary models; these requirements were systematically detailed in Maxwell’s 1873 Treatise on electricity and magnetism.

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36

Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium models vs. realistic understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0009.

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In the real world, the process of reaching the assumed equilibrium involves decision makers’ knowledge and their awareness of any disequilibrium. Equilibrium attainment also requires their making the correct decisions required for a ‘stable’ equilibrium. Any model which fails to explicitly address the equilibrium process and its requirements is vulnerable to criticism of the model’s realism. This chapter explores, specifically, whether the knowledge required to reach equilibrium can ever be attained by participants, whether the process of obtaining that knowledge can be consistent with the requirements of achieving an equilibrium. It also explores the ‘ignorant consumer’ who has no way of knowing that he or she is not maximizing.

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37

Ziporyn, Brook A. The Ti-Yong 體用 Model and Its Discontents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878559.003.0005.

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This chapter provides compelling perspective on Zhu Xi’s repurposing of Buddhist ideas to develop his own philosophical thought. The focus is the ti-yong (inherent reality-function) conceptual polarity—one of the core concepts in Chinese philosophy. The author shows that although Tiantai Buddhists, Huayan Buddhists, and Zhu Xi all deploy the ti-yong model as a crucial component of their metaphysics, in certain key places they deploy it for different ends, leading to subtle structural differences that amounted to large philosophical consequences for these different groups. The author first develops a detailed comparison of these models in the Huayan and Tiantai schools, and then shows how analogous structures to each of these are adapted to form parts of Zhu Xi’s metaphysics. In doing so, he presents an entirely new way to understand Zhu Xi’s philosophical inventiveness and its profound debt to Buddhist thought.

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38

Sarotte, Mary Elise. Securing Building Permits. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163710.003.0006.

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This chapter details how Helmut Kohl still had to secure building permits to start work even after the prefab model emerged as the winner among the models. Kohl particularly had to convince Gorbachev because he needed some form of permission from not only Moscow but also Warsaw to proceed with his plans for East Germany. Close cooperation between Kohl and the Bush administration ensued—which involved the chancellor and his aides making repeated trips to the States in spring and summer 1990, often just weeks apart—with the mission of finding ways to convince their NATO allies to make reform a reality in time to sway Gorbachev. In the second half of 1990, Kohl got the building permits that he needed to move the prefabricated structures that had served West Germany well—its alliance, constitution, currency, and market economy—eastward to replace the ruins of Eastern socialism.

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39

Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. 6. Decision-Making and New Forms of Governance. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198714927.003.0006.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter introduces the debate over new modes of decision-making and governance in the EU, and provides an account of the apparent shift towards greater use of these over time. The language of ‘new’ forms of governance in the EU refers to the move away from reliance on hierarchical modes towards more flexible modes as the preferred method of governing. A number of examples of new governance instruments and methods are provided, in particular the ‘new approach to harmonization’ and the ‘open method of coordination’. A number of other EU governance reform initiatives related to the new governance debate are also discussed, such as the subsidiarity and proportionality principles, the ‘better regulation’ initiative, and the Commission White Paper on Governance and its follow-up.

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40

Cronin, Michael G. In the Wake of Joyce: Irish Writing after 1939. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0013.

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This chapter maps the mid-century period of the Irish novel in terms of the various aesthetic choices which Irish writers took as they contended imaginatively with the contradictions and conundrums of modernity, and the specific form which these took in a postcolonial society. After all, James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (1939) destroyed the conventions of literary realism in a carnivalesque conflagration. He also dismantled the linguistic structures of intelligibility that uphold this mode of representation, yet he simultaneously produced an interfusion of Irish history with world history and of world history with global myth. Thus, this chapter conceives of a distinction between experimentation and realism as a performative rather than a constative assertion. The advantage of this model is that it not only recalibrates the distinction between realism and modernism in Irish writing, but also dissolves any clean division between Irish writers critically surveying the condition of modern Ireland.

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41

Warfield, Patrick. A Nineteenth-Century Musical Career. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037795.003.0003.

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This chapter examines two Washington-based figures who provided John Philip Sousa with examples of just how expansive a nineteenth-century musical career could become. Indeed, the most important lessons of Sousa's youth did not come from formal apprenticeships or professional employment; they were found in the careers of musicians who lived in the Navy Yard. The first model was George Felix Benkert, who provided Sousa with a technical education in composition. However, the most remarkable of these models was, no doubt, John Esputa—a working-class musician who found employment where he could, wrote what must have seemed financially prudent at the time, and had a wide range of musical talents. Esputa's musical career seems quite remarkable in its specifics, but its outlines were perfectly typical of American musical life in the nineteenth century.

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42

Stuewer, Roger H. The Quantum-Mechanical Nucleus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0005.

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Rutherford extended his satellite model to encompass an explanation of the alpha decay of radioactive nuclei, which was abruptly disproven in the summer of 1928 by Russian theoretical physicist George Gamow, while visiting Max Born’s institute in Göttingen, and simultaneously by English theoretical physicist Ronald Gurney and American theoretical physicist Edward Condon at Princeton University, who showed that alpha decay is a quantum-mechanical tunneling phenomenon. That December, Gamow, now in Bohr’s institute in Copenhagen, also conceived the liquid-drop model of the nucleus, which he presented in January 1929 at a meeting of the Royal Society in London, and which he discussed that April at the first of Bohr’s annual conferences in Copenhagen. He developed that model further in the 1929–30 academic year at the Cavendish and in the 1930–1 academic year in Copenhagen, where he also wrote the first monograph on theoretical nuclear physics in which he cleverly expressed his doubt that electrons are present in nuclei.

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43

Makeham, John. Monism and the Problem of the Ignorance and Badness in Chinese Buddhism and Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878559.003.0006.

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This chapter argues that an understanding of the Buddhist models Zhu Xi had at his disposal can yield new insights into how he constructed and defended the monistic ontology that is the centerpiece of his metaphysics, ethics, and philosophy of mind. The author advances two main theses linking Zhu Xi to the Awakening of Faith. The first concerns the ti-yong polarity, demonstrating that Zhu’s understanding of ti-yong is consistent with the model found in the Awakening of Faith and as described by various Huayan thinkers. The second and main thesis concerns the problem of the origin of ignorance and badness. The chapter concludes that Zhu Xi provided a new solution to the problem of badness—one that avoided the radical proposals entailed in Huayan and Tiantai attempts to deal with the issue for over half a millennium.

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44

Liang, Percy, Michael Jordan, and Dan Klein. Probabilistic grammars and hierarchical Dirichlet processes. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.27.

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This article focuses on the use of probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) in natural language processing involving a large-scale natural language parsing task. It describes detailed, highly-structured Bayesian modelling in which model dimension and complexity responds naturally to observed data. The framework, termed hierarchical Dirichlet process probabilistic context-free grammar (HDP-PCFG), involves structured hierarchical Dirichlet process modelling and customized model fitting via variational methods to address the problem of syntactic parsing and the underlying problems of grammar induction and grammar refinement. The central object of study is the parse tree, which can be used to describe a substantial amount of the syntactic structure and relational semantics of natural language sentences. The article first provides an overview of the formal probabilistic specification of the HDP-PCFG, algorithms for posterior inference under the HDP-PCFG, and experiments on grammar learning run on the Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank.

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45

Darrigol, Olivier. The Probabilistic Turn (1876–1884). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0005.

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This chapter deals with writings in which Boltzmann expressed the statistical nature of the entropy law and temporarily made the relation between entropy and combinatorial probability a basic constructive tool of his theory. In 1881, he discovered that this relation derived from what we now call the microcanonical distribution, and he approved Maxwell’s recent foundation of the equilibrium problem on the microcanonical ensemble. Boltzmann also kept working on problems he had tackled in earlier years. He proposed a new solution to the problem of specific heats, and he performed enormous calculations for the viscosity and diffusion coefficients in the hard-ball model. In a lighter genre, he conceived a new way of determining molecular sizes, and he speculated on a gas model in which the molecular forces would be entirely attractive.

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46

Tenney, James. Hierarchical Temporal Gestalt Perception in Music. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0009.

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James Tenney talks about hierarchical temporal gestalt perception in music based on a metric space model, which he applied to compositions by Anton Webern, Edgard Varèse, and Claude Debussy. He begins with a discussion of temporal gestalt-units (TGs), using the terms “element,” “clang,” and “sequence” to designate TGs at the first three hierarchical levels of perceptual organization. He then considers a number of questions that might be the most relevant to musical perception, such as: how the perceptual boundaries of a TG are determined; or the extent to which the factors involved in temporal gestalt perception are objective. In an effort to provide some tentative answers to such questions, Tenney proposes a hypothesis of temporal gestalt perception and presents some results of a computer analysis program based on this hypothesis. The program, written by Larry Polansky, represents a simplified model of this aspect of musical perception, and Tenney describes some of the implications, limitations, and possible extensions of this model.

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47

Zierler, Wendy. Midrashic Adaptation. Edited by Thomas Leitch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331000.013.7.

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An enduring mode of retelling and interpretation, the genre of rabbinic midrash can be adopted as a model for the study of biblical adaptation as well as adaptation writ large. This approach is source-centered, always emphasizing the relationship of the new text to the original text. At the same time, the midrashic approach allows for a radical reshaping of the materials to fit contemporary concerns. This essay explores several forms of midrashic adaptation of the stories the biblical Moses—exegetical, homiletic, narrative and running commentary, and figurative. In Hebraic tradition, Moses is not merely a character in a story: he is the speaker, writer, and transmitter of the Torah. Adaptations of Moses thus do not merely function as discrete re-enactments or interpretations but also provide commentary on the very idea of biblical adaptability and the unfolding nature of Torah.

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French, Derek, Stephen W. Mayson, and Christopher L. Ryan. 13. Market abuse. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198778301.003.0013.

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This chapter deals with abuses committed in the trading of stocks, with particular reference to insider dealing and market manipulation, and the laws intended to control them. After considering objections to the control of insider dealing, the chapter turns to forms of control to prevent market abuse under three key pieces of legislation: the Criminal Justice Act 1993, the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, and the Financial Services Act 2012. It then looks at regulations governing disclosure to regulated markets and the fiduciary duty of directors, the Financial Conduct Authority’s Model Code for listed companies, and offences involving insider dealing and creating a false market. The chapter analyses a particularly significant case: Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421.

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French, Derek. 4. Articles of Association. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815105.003.0004.

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This chapter deals with articles of association, the principal element of a company’s constitution, under the Companies Act 2006. It describes the content of the articles, model articles of association which can be adopted by limited companies (either in whole or in part) on registration, and the function of articles as a contract between the company and its members and between the members themselves. It also considers provisions of articles that may be incorporated in other contracts and the right of members of a company to amend its articles. The chapter discusses a number of particularly significant court cases, including Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd [1900] 1 Ch 656 and Quin and Axtens Ltd v Salmon [1909] AC 442.

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Deakin, Simon, Angus Johnston, and Basil Markesinis. 20. Product Liability. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199591985.003.0020.

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This chapter begins by tracing the evolution of product liability law in England and America. It then discusses the causes of action and components of liability. Liability evolved from an initial position in which the law of negligence played a minor role in compensating victims of dangerously defective products, thanks largely to the ‘privity of contract fallacy’. Donoghue v. Stevenson put an end to this and ushered in the modern, all-embracing duty of care as far as physical injury and property damage are concerned. With the adoption of Directive 85/374/EEC and its subsequent implementation in the form of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, a form of strict or ‘stricter’ liability based on the American model was incorporated into English law.

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