Статті в журналах: "HD maps"

1

Elhousni, Mahdi, Yecheng Lyu, Ziming Zhang, and Xinming Huang. "Automatic Building and Labeling of HD Maps with Deep Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 08 (April 3, 2020): 13255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i08.7033.

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In a world where autonomous driving cars are becoming increasingly more common, creating an adequate infrastructure for this new technology is essential. This includes building and labeling high-definition (HD) maps accurately and efficiently. Today, the process of creating HD maps requires a lot of human input, which takes time and is prone to errors. In this paper, we propose a novel method capable of generating labelled HD maps from raw sensor data. We implemented and tested our methods on several urban scenarios using data collected from our test vehicle. The results show that the proposed deep learning based method can produce highly accurate HD maps. This approach speeds up the process of building and labeling HD maps, which can make meaningful contribution to the deployment of autonomous vehicles.

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Barsi, Arpad, Vivien Poto, Arpad Somogyi, Tamas Lovas, Viktor Tihanyi, and Zsolt Szalay. "Supporting autonomous vehicles by creating HD maps." Production Engineering Archives 16 (October 2017): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2017.16.09.

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Chiang, Kai-Wei, Hao-Yu Pai, Jhih-Cing Zeng, Meng-Lun Tsai, and Naser El-Sheimy. "Automated Modeling of Road Networks for High-Definition Maps in OpenDRIVE Format Using Mobile Mapping Measurements." Geomatics 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geomatics2020013.

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With growing attention being devoted to autonomous vehicle (AV) safety, people have recently attached importance to high-definition (HD) maps. HD maps are not limited by environmental factors and can limit AVs driving in certain lanes. HD maps provide accurate auxiliary information on factors such as road geometry, traffic sign placement, and traffic topology. Nowadays, most HD maps are made from point clouds data, and this data contains accurate 3D position information. However, the production costs associated with HD maps are substantial. This article proposes an algorithm that reduces a great amount of time and human resource. The algorithm is divided into three phases, lane lines’ extraction from point clouds, modelling lane lines with attributes, and building OpenDRIVE file. The algorithm extracts lane lines resting on intensity value within the range of roads. Next, it models lane lines by cubic spline interpolation with the result of first phase, and build the OpenDRIVE file following the announcement of OpenDRIVE. The final result is compared with the verified HD map from the mapping company to analyze the accuracy. The root mean square (RMSE) obtained were 0.069 and 0.079 m for 2D and 3D maps, respectively.

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4

Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I., Katey Witham, Margaret Veitch, James W. Wells, Christopher D. Anderson, Jason D. Lickliter, Steve Rockman, et al. "Cellular responses at the application site of a high-density microarray patch delivering an influenza vaccine in a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e0255282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255282.

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Microarray patches (MAPs) have the potential to be a safer, more acceptable, easier to use and more cost-effective method for administration of vaccines when compared to the needle and syringe. Since MAPs deliver vaccine to the dermis and epidermis, a degree of local immune response at the site of application is expected. In a phase 1 clinical trial (ACTRN 12618000112268), the Vaxxas high-density MAP (HD-MAP) was used to deliver a monovalent, split inactivated influenza virus vaccine into the skin. HD-MAP immunisation led to significantly enhanced humoral responses on day 8, 22 and 61 compared with IM injection of a quadrivalent commercial seasonal influenza vaccine (Afluria Quadrivalent®). Here, the aim was to analyse cellular responses to HD-MAPs in the skin of trial subjects, using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. HD-MAPs were coated with a split inactivated influenza virus vaccine (A/Singapore/GP1908/2015 [H1N1]), to deliver 5 μg haemagglutinin (HA) per HD-MAP. Three HD-MAPs were applied to the volar forearm (FA) of five healthy volunteers (to achieve the required 15 μg HA dose), whilst five control subjects received three uncoated HD-MAPs (placebo). Local skin response was recorded for over 61 days and haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres (HAI) were assessed on days 1, 4, 8, 22, and 61. Skin biopsies were taken before (day 1), and three days after HD-MAP application (day 4) and analysed by flow-cytometry and immunohistochemistry to compare local immune subset infiltration. HD-MAP vaccination with 15 μg HA resulted in significant HAI antibody titres compared to the placebo group. Application of uncoated placebo HD-MAPs resulted in mild erythema and oedema in most subjects, that resolved by day 4 in 80% of subjects. Active, HA-coated HD-MAP application resulted in stronger erythema responses on day 4, which resolved between days 22–61. Overall, these erythema responses were accompanied by an influx of immune cells in all subjects. Increased cell infiltration of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells as well as myeloid CD11b+ CD11c+ and non-myeloid CD11b- dendritic cells were observed in all subjects, but more pronounced in active HD-MAP groups. In contrast, CD19+/CD20+ B cell counts remained unchanged. Key limitations include the use of an influenza vaccine, to which the subjects may have had previous exposure. Different results might have been obtained with HD-MAPs inducing a primary immune response. In conclusion, influenza vaccine administered to the forearm (FA) using the HD-MAP was well-tolerated and induced a mild to moderate skin response with lymphocytic infiltrate at the site of application.

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5

Pai, H. Y., J. C. Zeng, M. L. Tsai, and K. W. Cheng. "AUTOMATED MODELLING OF ROAD FOR HIGH-DEFINITION MAPS WITH OPENDRIVE FORMAT UTILIZING MOBILE MAPPING MEASUREMENTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-263-2022.

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Abstract. High-definition maps (HD Maps) becomes a trend supporting autonomous vehicles (AVs) which provides accurate auxiliary information about geometries of road, such as center lines of lanes, geometries of roads, traffic signs, etc. It is not restricted by the severe environment, lack of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal, or torrential rain, for Avs; furthermore, the standard of HD Maps is defined as tens of centimeters positioning level. However, the production cost of HD Maps is enormous involving human resources and time. The general way of producing HD Maps is to vectorize the roads from point clouds to shapefiles and import them into Geographic Information System (GIS) software to generate HD Maps. In order to simplify this complicated process, this article purposes an algorithm to automated generate high-definition maps from road marks’ data which is extracted from point clouds. The methodology in this article is mainly dived into three steps, extraction of road marks, classify lane lines, and modelling OpenDRIVE files. The achieved 2D and 3D accuracies of proposed algorithm in first fields are about 0.069 m in 2D and 0.107 m, respectively.

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Fischer, Peter, Seyed Majid Azimi, Robert Roschlaub, and Thomas Krauß. "Towards HD Maps from Aerial Imagery: Robust Lane Marking Segmentation Using Country-Scale Imagery." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7120458.

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The upraise of autonomous driving technologies asks for maps characterized bya broad range of features and quality parameters, in contrast to traditional navigation maps which in most cases are enriched graph-based models. This paper tackles several uncertainties within the domain of HD Maps. The authors give an overview about the current state in extracting road features from aerial imagery for creating HD maps, before shifting the focus of the paper towards remote sensing technology. Possible data sources and their relevant parameters are listed. A random forest classifier is used, showing how these data can deliver HD Maps on a country-scale, meeting specific quality parameters.

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7

Liu, Rong, Jinling Wang, and Bingqi Zhang. "High Definition Map for Automated Driving: Overview and Analysis." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 324–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463319000638.

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As one of the key enabling technologies for automated driving, High Definition (HD) Maps have become a major research focus in recent years. While increasing research effort has been directed toward HD Map development, a comprehensive review of the overall conceptual framework and development status is still lacking. In this study, we start with a brief review of the highlights of navigation map history, and then present an extensive literature review of HD Map development for automated driving, focusing on HD Map structure, functionalities, and accuracy requirements as well as standardisation aspects. In addition, this study conducts an analysis of HD Map-based vehicle localisation. The numerical results demonstrate the potential capabilities of HD Maps. Some recommendations for further investigation are made.

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8

Tsushima, F., N. Kishimoto, Y. Okada, and W. Che. "CREATION OF HIGH DEFINITION MAP FOR AUTONOMOUS DRIVING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 25, 2020): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-415-2020.

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Abstract. High Definition Map (HD Map) is one of the essential components for autonomous driving systems. The HD Map helps localization, detection, prediction and planning of autonomous driving cars in combination with GNSS and IMU sensors. A lot of map providers and major car manufactures have been trying the development of efficient ways to create and update HD Maps with centimeter-level precision. However, there are no open standard ways well-established to produce HD Map at the present time. Since 2013, we have been being engaged in the research projects and actual production projects on the creation of HD Maps. This paper introduces practical knowledge on five key steps of our large-scale production lines for HD Map creation, which are 1) Mobile Mapping System (MMS) survey, 2) 3D plotting, 3) Feature attributes editing and road network topology building, 4) Format conversion and 5) Quality assurance.

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9

Zeng, J. C., and K. W. Chiang. "THE ASSESSMENT OF CURVED CENTERLINE GENERATION IN HDMAPS BASED ON POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-285-2020.

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Abstract. Over the decades, autonomous driving technology has attracted a lot of attention and is under rapid development. However, it still suffers from inadequate accuracy in a certain area, such as the urban area, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) hostile area, due to the multipath interference or Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) reception. In order to realize fully autonomous applications, High Definition Maps (HD Maps) become extra assisted information for autonomous vehicles to improve road safety in recent years. Compared with the conventional navigation maps, the accuracy requirement in HD Maps, which is 20 cm in the horizontal direction and 30 cm in 3D space, is considerably higher than the conventional one. Additionally, HD Maps consist of rich and high accurate road traffic information and road elements. For the requirement of high accuracy, conducting a Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) system is an appropriate method to collect the geospatial data accurately and efficiently. Nowadays, digital vector maps are constructed by digitalizing manually on the collected data. However, the manual process spends a lot of manpower and is not efficient and practical for a large field. Therefore, this paper proposes to automatically construct the crucial road elements, such as road edge, lane line, and centerline, to generate the HD Maps based on point clouds collected by the MMS from the surveying company. The RMSEs in the horizontal direction of the road edge, lane line, and centerline are all lower than 30 cm in 3D space.

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10

Neff, James E. "Chromospheric Surface Structures on EI Eridani and HD 199178." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 130 (1991): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100079859.

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Several groups at this meeting are presenting maps of the spatial distribution of either brightness or effective temperature in the photospheres of rapidly-rotating, late-type stars. It is generally believed that structure seen in these maps traces the magnetic topology, in analogy with the Sun. We expect the structure of the outer atmospheres (i.e., chromosphere and corona) of these stars to be even more directly tied to the magnetic topology; the magnetic structure is three-dimensional. In order to probe the radial dimension of stellar atmospheres, we need to combine maps of the spatial distribution of emission from chromospheres and coronae with these detailed photospheric maps.Along with collaborators at Armagh, Catania, Boulder, Paris, Helsinki, and Stony Brook, I have been obtaining high-dispersion ultraviolet spectra of several rapidly-rotating, late-type stars using the IUE spacecraft. I discuss results for two stars, El Eridani and HD 199178, for which photospheric maps are presented elsewhere at this conference.

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11

Iredahl, Fredrik, David A. Muller, Totte Togö, Hanna Jonasson, Ben Baker, Chris D. Anderson, and Joakim Henricson. "Local Response and Barrier Recovery in Elderly Skin Following the Application of High-Density Microarray Patches." Vaccines 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040583.

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The high-density microneedle array patch (HD-MAP) is a promising alternative vaccine delivery system device with broad application in disease, including SARS-CoV-2. Skin reactivity to HD-MAP applications has been extensively studied in young individuals, but not in the >65 years population, a risk group often requiring higher dose vaccines to produce protective immune responses. The primary aims of the present study were to characterise local inflammatory responses and barrier recovery to HD-MAPs in elderly skin. In twelve volunteers aged 69–84 years, HD-MAPs were applied to the forearm and deltoid regions. Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dielectric permittivity and erythema were performed before and after HD-MAP application at t = 10 min, 30 min, 48 h, and 7 days. At all sites, TEWL (barrier damage), dielectric permittivity (superficial water);, and erythema measurements rapidly increased after HD-MAP application. After 7 days, the mean measures had recovered toward pre-application values. The fact that the degree and chronology of skin reactivity and recovery after HD-MAP was similar in elderly skin to that previously reported in younger adults suggests that the reactivity basis for physical immune enhancement observed in younger adults will also be achievable in the older population.

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Hackman, T., I. Ilyin, J. J. Lehtinen, O. Kochukhov, M. J. Käpylä, N. Piskunov, and T. Willamo. "Starspot activity of HD 199178." Astronomy & Astrophysics 625 (May 2019): A79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834763.

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Context. Studying the spots of late-type stars is crucial for distinguishing between the various proposed dynamo mechanisms believed to be the main cause of starspot activity. For this research it is important to collect observation time series that are long enough to unravel both long- and short-term spot evolution. Doppler imaging is a very efficient method for studying spots of stars that cannot be angularly resolved. Aims. High-resolution spectral observations during 1994–2017 are analysed in order to reveal long- and short-term changes in the spot activity of the FK Comae-type subgiant HD 199178. Methods. Most of the observations were collected with the Nordic Optical Telescope. The Doppler imaging temperature maps were calculated using an inversion technique based on Tikhonov regularisation and utilising multiple spectral lines. Results. We present a unique series of 41 temperature maps spanning more than 23 years. All reliable images show a large cool spot region centred near the visible rotation pole. Some lower latitude cool features are also recovered, although the reliability of these is questionable. There is an expected anti-correlation between the mean surface temperature and the spot coverage. Using the Doppler images, we construct the equivalent of a solar butterfly diagram for HD 199178. Conclusions. HD 199178 clearly has a long-term large and cool spot structure at the rotational pole. This spot structure dominated the spot activity during the years 1994–2017. The size and position of the structure has evolved with time, with a gradual increase during the last years. The lack of lower latitude features prevents the determination of a possible differential rotation.

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Lagahit, M. L. R., and Y. H. Tseng. "A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON UPDATING HIGH DEFINITION MAPS: DETECTING AND POSITIONING A TRAFFIC CONE BY USING A STEREO CAMERA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W19 (December 23, 2019): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19-271-2019.

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Abstract. The concept of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) or self-driving cars has been increasingly popular these past few years. As such, research and development of AVs have also escalated around the world. One of those researches is about High-Definition (HD) maps. HD Maps are basically very detailed maps that provide all the geometric and semantic information on the road, which helps the AV in positioning itself on the lanes as well as mapping objects and markings on the road. This research will focus on the early stages of updating said HD maps. The methodology mainly consists of (1) running YOLOv3, a real-time object detection system, on a photo taken from a stereo camera to detect the object of interest, in this case a traffic cone, (2) applying the theories of stereo-photogrammetry to determine the 3D coordinates of the traffic cone, and (3) executing all of it at the same time on a Python-based platform. Results have shown centimeter-level accuracy in terms of obtained distance and height of the detected traffic cone from the camera setup. In future works, observed coordinates can be uploaded to a database and then connected to an application for real-time data storage/management and interactive visualization.

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Yalcin, I., G. Karakas, S. Kocaman, S. Saunier, and C. Albinet. "INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF HD PROCESSING IN LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-293-2022.

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Abstract. The requirement of automated Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) classification has arisen in ecosystem related applications, such as natural hazard assessments, urban and rural area planning, natural resource management, etc. The data source and the classification method used in the production of LULC maps depend on the study area size and the location, and also determined by taking the time and cost into account. Recently, MAXAR Technologies announced a new product, High Definition (HD) with 15 cm resolution, which is obtained by post-processing of images with 30 cm Ground Sampling Distance (GSD). The post-processing employs machine learning methods. On the other side, the effect of HD processing on the image quality, and the usability of such products in various applications are still needed to be investigated. In this study, the influence of HD processing algorithm on LULC classification results was investigated by using 15 cm HD and 30 cm resolution images provided by MAXAR. By using the Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods in two different study areas, image classification was performed to detect water, vegetation, asphalt road, building, shadow, agriculture and barren land classes. The results show that in HD products, the edges of objects were sharper, whereas the classification noise was higher inside agricultural fields. Considering the overall results, it can be concluded that with the use of HD products in urban areas, improved LULC maps can be obtained.

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Jo, Kichun, Chansoo Kim, and Myoungho Sunwoo. "Simultaneous Localization and Map Change Update for the High Definition Map-Based Autonomous Driving Car." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093145.

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High Definition (HD) maps are becoming key elements of the autonomous driving because they can provide information about the surrounding environment of the autonomous car without being affected by the real-time perception limit. To provide the most recent environmental information to the autonomous driving system, the HD map must maintain up-to-date data by updating changes in the real world. This paper presents a simultaneous localization and map change update (SLAMCU) algorithm to detect and update the HD map changes. A Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is applied to infer the HD map changes based on the evaluation of the HD map feature existence. A Rao–Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) approach is used to concurrently estimate the vehicle position and update the new map state. The detected and updated map changes by the SLAMCU are reported to the HD map database in order to reflect the changes to the HD map and share the changing information with the other autonomous cars. The SLAMCU was evaluated through experiments using the HD map of traffic signs in the real traffic conditions.

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Barsi, M., and A. Barsi. "TOPOLOGICAL ANOMALY DETECTION IN AUTOMOTIVE SIMULATOR MAPS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2022 (June 1, 2022): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2022-343-2022.

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Abstract. Autonomous driving went through numerous significant improvements over the past couple of years, including driver assistants that are already capable of executing an increasing number of complex tasks without the need for any human intervention. As a result of these changes, manufacturers are relying more and more on fast, cheap, and often better-quality simulations over real-world tests. To create these environments, the real world needs to be transformed to a digital, high-definition model. HD maps – for example, the XML-based, hierarchic OpenDRIVE format – aim to serve this purpose.The most important element of any realistic map format is the ability to check connectivity on the map in a convenient way, hence the need for topology. In HD maps, the description of junctions poses a significant challenge to the designers of the format, since they are essential yet complex topological elements. The representation of these junctions is still in progress, however, according to our analysis, the use of the current tools in OpenDRIVE can result in anomalies in the map.In the most recent release of OpenDRIVE (version 1.7), road-road and lane-lane connections are described using links consisting of a predecessor and a successor. These however, has to be described multiple times when the junction tag is used, resulting in duplicates in the model which can be easily exploited. Our proposed solution for this issue is the elimination of the junction tag, which not only gets rid of the anomalies without any loss of information, but it also significantly reduces the size of the model. In this paper, a detailed explanation is provided of this issue and the proposed solution with examples using OpenDRIVE models.

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Boujraf, Saïd, Rachida Belaïch, Abdelkhalek Housni, Badreeddine Alami, Tariq Skalli, Mustapha Maaroufi, and Siham Tizniti. "Evidences of Brain Plasticity and Motor Control Modulation after Hemodialysis Session by Helixone Membrane: BOLD-fMRI Study." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 6 (November 20, 2020): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527319666200902133343.

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Objective: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of hemodialysis (HD) using synthetic Helixone membrane on brain functional control reorganization and plasticity in the cortical area generated while Oxidative Stress (OS) would be the main impacting agent. Methods: Indeed, 9 chronic HD patients underwent identical brain BOLD-fMRI assessment using the motor paradigm immediately before and after the same HD sessions. To assess the oxidative stress, the same patients underwent biological-assessment, including Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total- Antioxidant-Activity (TAOA) reported in earlier papers. Results: BOLD-fMRI maps of motor areas obtained from HD-patients before and after HD sessions revealed a significant enhancement of activation volume of the studied motor cortex after HD reflecting brain plasticity. Results were correlated with OS assessed by the measurement of MDA and TAOA; this correlation was close to 1. Conclusion: Indeed, HD enhances the inflammatory state of brain tissues reflected by the increased OS. The functional brain reaction demonstrated a functional activity reorganization to overcome the inflammatory state and OS enhanced by HD process. This functional activity reorganization reveals brain plasticity induced by OS originated by HD.

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Toalá, J. A., G. Ramos-Larios, M. A. Guerrero, and H. Todt. "Hidden IR structures in NGC 40: signpost of an ancient born-again event." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 485, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 3360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz624.

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Abstract We present the analysis of infrared (IR) observations of the planetary nebula NGC 40 together with spectral analysis of its [WC]-type central star HD 826. Spitzer IRS observations were used to produce spectral maps centred at polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) bands and ionic transitions to compare their spatial distribution. The ionic lines show a clumpy distribution of material around the main cavity of NGC 40, with the emission from [Ar ii] being the most extended, whilst the PAHs show a rather smooth spatial distribution. Analysis of ratio maps shows the presence of a toroidal structure mainly seen in PAH emission, but also detected in a Herschel PACS 70 $\mu$m image. We argue that the toroidal structure absorbs the UV flux from HD 826, preventing the nebula to exhibit lines of high-excitation levels as suggested by previous authors. We discuss the origin of this structure and the results from the spectral analysis of HD 826 under the scenario of a late thermal pulse.

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Park, Goan, Dokyun Kim, Ibrahim Haider, and Jihyang Choi. "Modeling of Virtual Simulation Road for Autonomous Driving based on HD maps." International Journal of Highway Engineering 24, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2022.24.2.041.

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Knutson, Heather A. "Characterizing the Atmospheres of Hot Jupiters: From Spectra to Multi-Color Maps." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S253 (May 2008): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308026471.

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AbstractWe present new observations of the emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter TrES-4 designed to test the theory that the presence of temperature inversions in the atmospheres of these planets are correlated with the amount of radiation received by the planet. Our observations reveal that TrES-4 has an emission spectrum similar to that of HD 209458b, which requires the presence of an inversion layer high in the atmosphere and water emission bands in order to explain the observed features, providing additional support for that theory. We also present new observations of the thermal phase curve of HD 189733b at 24 μm, which we combine with our previous observations at 8 μm to examine how circulation in this planet's atmosphere varies as a function of depth. We discuss the relationship between the strength of the day-night circulation on both planets and their other observable properties, in particular their emission spectra.

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Chen, Jinbing. "Two kinds of finite-dimensional integrable reduction to the Harry–Dym hierarchy." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 32n33 (November 30, 2016): 1650396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916503966.

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In this paper, two kinds of finite-dimensional integrable reduction are studied for the Harry–Dym (HD) hierarchy. From the nonlinearization of Lax pair, the HD hierarchy is reduced to a class of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems (FDHSs) in view of a Bargmann map and a set of Neumann type systems by a Neumann map, which separate temporal and spatial variables on the symplectic space [Formula: see text] and the tangent bundle of ellipsoid [Formula: see text], respectively. It turns out that involutive solutions of the resulted finite-dimensional integrable systems (FDISs) directly give rise to finite parametric solutions of HD hierarchy through the Bargmann and Neumann maps. The finite-gap potential to the high-order stationary HD equation is obtained that cuts out a finite-dimensional invariant subspace for the HD flows. Finally, some comparisons of two kinds of integrable reductions are then discussed.

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Zhang, Pan, Mingming Zhang, and Jingnan Liu. "Real-Time HD Map Change Detection for Crowdsourcing Update Based on Mid-to-High-End Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072477.

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Continuous maintenance and real-time update of high-definition (HD) maps is a big challenge. With the development of autonomous driving, more and more vehicles are equipped with a variety of advanced sensors and a powerful computing platform. Based on mid-to-high-end sensors including an industry camera, a high-end Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and an onboard computing platform, a real-time HD map change detection method for crowdsourcing update is proposed in this paper. First, a mature commercial integrated navigation product is directly used to achieve a self-positioning accuracy of 20 cm on average. Second, an improved network based on BiSeNet is utilized for real-time semantic segmentation. It achieves the result of 83.9% IOU (Intersection over Union) on Nvidia Pegasus at 31 FPS. Third, a visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) associated with pixel type information is performed to obtain the semantic point cloud data of features such as lane dividers, road markings, and other static objects. Finally, the semantic point cloud data is vectorized after denoising and clustering, and the results are matched with a pre-constructed HD map to confirm map elements that have not changed and generate new elements when appearing. The experiment conducted in Beijing shows that the method proposed is effective for crowdsourcing update of HD maps.

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Hosseinyalamdary, S., and M. Peter. "LANE LEVEL LOCALIZATION; USING IMAGES AND HD MAPS TO MITIGATE THE LATERAL ERROR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1/W1 (May 31, 2017): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-w1-129-2017.

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In urban canyon where the GNSS signals are blocked by buildings, the accuracy of measured position significantly deteriorates. GIS databases have been frequently utilized to improve the accuracy of measured position using map matching approaches. In map matching, the measured position is projected to the road links (centerlines) in this approach and the lateral error of measured position is reduced. By the advancement in data acquision approaches, high definition maps which contain extra information, such as road lanes are generated. These road lanes can be utilized to mitigate the positional error and improve the accuracy in position. In this paper, the image content of a camera mounted on the platform is utilized to detect the road boundaries in the image. We apply color masks to detect the road marks, apply the Hough transform to fit lines to the left and right road boundaries, find the corresponding road segment in GIS database, estimate the homography transformation between the global and image coordinates of the road boundaries, and estimate the camera pose with respect to the global coordinate system. The proposed approach is evaluated on a benchmark. The position is measured by a smartphone’s GPS receiver, images are taken from smartphone’s camera and the ground truth is provided by using Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) technique. Results show the proposed approach significantly improves the accuracy of measured GPS position. The error in measured GPS position with average and standard deviation of 11.323 and 11.418 meters is reduced to the error in estimated postion with average and standard deviation of 6.725 and 5.899 meters.

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24

Héry, Elwan, Philippe Xu, and Philippe Bonnifait. "Consistent decentralized cooperative localization for autonomous vehicles using LiDAR, GNSS, and HD maps." Journal of Field Robotics 38, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 552–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.22004.

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25

Hackman, T., N. E. Piskunov, M. Poutanen, K. G. Strassmeier, and I. Tuominen. "Surface Imaging of El Eri." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 130 (1991): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100079835.

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AbstractWe present maps of the temperature distribution on the spotted RS CVn-type binary EI Eri (HD 26337), obtained by means of the surface imaging technique described in the Colloquium (Piskunov, 1991). Images were calculated for two separate lines for two epochs of observation. For one epoch we also calculated an image using a blend of several lines. The reliability of the maps is confirmed by comparing the simultaneous photometric observations with the light curves calculated from the temperature maps.

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Tarella, Corrado, Manuela Zanni, Massimo Di Nicola, Caterina Patti, Claudia Castellino, Roberto Crocchiolo, Valerio Zoli, et al. "Patients with aaIPI 2-3 Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Achieve 75% Long-Term Survival Following First-Line Rituximab-Supplemented High-Dose Sequential Chemotherapy and Autograft: Final Results of the Prospective Phase II GITIL (Gruppo Italiano Terapie Innovative nei Linfomi) Trial." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1889.1889.

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Abstract Background The outcome of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLB-CL) has been definitely improved by the addition of the anti-CD20 rituximab to conventional chemotherapy. However, despite the advantages offered by rituximab, results are still disappointing in patients presenting with adverse prognostic factors. For these patients, rituximab-supplemented intensive programs with autograft might represent a suitable option. Thus, a prospective multicenter study has been performed using first-line the Rituximab-supplemented high-dose sequential chemotherapy program delivered with multiple autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) support (R-HDS-maps regimen), in DLB-CL patients with score 2 or 3 according to the age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (aaIPI). Preliminary results have been already reported (ASH 2005; Leukemia2007, 21: 1802). Updated results after a prolonged follow-up are here presented. Methods. R-HDS-maps includes: 3 APO courses; sequential administration of hd-cyclophosphamide (CY), hd-Ara-C, both supplemented with Rituximab, hd-etoposide/Cisplatin, with PBPC harvests following hd-CY and hd-Ara-C; hd-Mitoxantrone/L-Pam + 2 further Rituximab doses; involved-field radiotherapy. PBPC rescue was scheduled following Ara-C, etoposide/Cisplatin and Mitoxantrone/L-Pam. Six GITIL Centers participated in the multicenter study, with patients enrolled between November 1999 and September 2004. Results. Overall, 112 consecutive patients (74 score 2, 38 score 3) entered the study protocol. There were 5 early toxic deaths (3 sepsis, 1 pneumonia, 1 JC-virus leucoencephalopathy) + one late toxic death due to pneumonia, at 10 mos.; two more patients died for secondary myelodysplastic syndrome at 3.4 and 3.6 yrs. As reported in Figures 1–2, at a median follow-up of 59 mos., 86 patients (77%) are alive; 79 (70%) are in continuous CR, with a 5-yr event-free survival (EFS) projections of 69%; no significant differences in OS and EFS between subgroups with Germinal-Center and Activated B-cell phenotype were observed. Conclusions. R-HDS-maps regimen: is feasible in a multicenter setting, with a toxicity similar to that of other dose-intense/high-dose regimens; offers prolonged survival to most patients with aaIPI 2–3 DLB-CL. Its comparative efficacy versus R-CHOP-14 is being tested in an ongoing GITIL phase III study. Figure 1 . Overall Survival of 112 aaIPI DLB-CL Figure 1. . Overall Survival of 112 aaIPI DLB-CL Figure 2. Event-free Survival according to GC and ABC phenotype Figure 2. Event-free Survival according to GC and ABC phenotype

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Schwab, B., and T. H. Kolbe. "REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF 3D ROAD SPACE MODELS FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W8 (September 23, 2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w8-99-2019.

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Abstract. Automated driving has received a high degree of public attention in recent years as it will lead to profound changes in mobility, society and urban development. Despite several product announcements from automobile manufacturers and mobility providers, many questions have not yet been answered completely. The need of lane-level HD maps was widely discussed and has been the reason for company acquisitions. HD maps are tailored towards supporting the operation of an automated vehicle. However, the development of this technology also requires road space models, but with a completely different focus and level of detail. Therefore, this article investigates the system development and testing challenges of automated driving. Based on this, requirements of road space models for developing automated driving are derived and gaps to current standards are indicated.

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Xiao, Zhongyang, Diange Yang, Tuopu Wen, Kun Jiang, and Ruidong Yan. "Monocular Localization with Vector HD Map (MLVHM): A Low-Cost Method for Commercial IVs." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071870.

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Real-time vehicle localization (i.e., position and orientation estimation in the world coordinate system) with high accuracy is the fundamental function of an intelligent vehicle (IV) system. In the process of commercialization of IVs, many car manufacturers attempt to avoid high-cost sensor systems (e.g., RTK GNSS and LiDAR) in favor of low-cost optical sensors such as cameras. The same cost-saving strategy also gives rise to an increasing number of vehicles equipped with High Definition (HD) maps. Rooted upon these existing technologies, this article presents the concept of Monocular Localization with Vector HD Map (MLVHM), a novel camera-based map-matching method that efficiently aligns semantic-level geometric features in-camera acquired frames against the vector HD map in order to achieve high-precision vehicle absolute localization with minimal cost. The semantic features are delicately chosen for the ease of map vector alignment as well as for the resiliency against occlusion and fluctuation in illumination. The effective data association method in MLVHM serves as the basis for the camera position estimation by minimizing feature re-projection errors, and the frame-to-frame motion fusion is further introduced for reliable localization results. Experiments have shown that MLVHM can achieve high-precision vehicle localization with an RMSE of 24 cm with no cumulative error. In addition, we use low-cost on-board sensors and light-weight HD maps to achieve or even exceed the accuracy of existing map-matching algorithms.

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Yi, J., Y. Du, Z. He, and C. Zhou. "Enhancing the accuracy of automatic eddy detection and the capability of recognizing the multi-core structures from maps of sea level anomaly." Ocean Science 10, no. 1 (February 10, 2014): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-39-2014.

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Abstract. Automated methods are important for automatically detecting mesoscale eddies in large volumes of altimeter data. While many algorithms have been proposed in the past, this paper presents a new method, called hybrid detection (HD), to enhance the eddy detection accuracy and the capability of recognizing eddy multi-core structures from maps of sea level anomaly (SLA). The HD method has integrated the criteria of the Okubo–Weiss (OW) method and the sea surface height-based (SSH-based) method, two commonly used eddy detection algorithms. Evaluation of the detection accuracy shows that the successful detection rate of HD is ~ 96.6% and the excessive detection rate is ~ 14.2%, which outperforms the OW and those methods using SLA extrema to identify eddies. The capability of recognizing multi-core structures and its significance in tracking eddy splitting or merging events have been illustrated by comparing with the detection results of different algorithms and observations in previous literature.

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Pham Nguyen, Thanh Phuong, Licia Bravo, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, and Allison W. Willis. "Geographic Barriers Drive Disparities in Specialty Center Access for Older Adults with Huntington’s Disease." Journal of Huntington's Disease 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhd-210489.

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Background: Huntington’s Disease Society of America Centers of Excellence (HDSA COEs) are primary hubs for Huntington’s disease (HD) research opportunities and accessing new treatments. Data on the extent to which HDSA COEs are accessible to individuals with HD, particularly those older or disabled, are lacking. Objective: To describe persons with HD in the U.S. Medicare program and characterize this population by proximity to an HDSA COE. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of Medicare beneficiaries ages ≥65 with HD in 2017. We analyzed data on benefit entitlement, demographics, and comorbidities. QGis software and Google Maps Interface were employed to estimate the distance from each patient to the nearest HDSA COE, and the proportion of individuals residing within 100 miles of these COEs at the state level. Results: Among 9,056 Medicare beneficiaries with HD, 54.5% were female, 83.0% were white; 48.5% were ≥65 years, but 64.9% originally qualified for Medicare due to disability. Common comorbidities were dementia (32.4%) and depression (35.9%), and these were more common in HD vs. non-HD patients. Overall, 5,144 (57.1%) lived within 100 miles of a COE. Race/ethnicity, sex, age, and poverty markers were not associated with below-average proximity to HDSA COEs. The proportion of patients living within 100 miles of a center varied from < 10% (16 states) to > 90% (7 states). Most underserved states were in the Mountain and West Central divisions. Conclusion: Older Medicare beneficiaries with HD are frequently disabled and have a distinct comorbidity profile. Geographical, rather than sociodemographic factors, define the HD population with limited access to HDSA COEs.

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Khan, Wasiq, Sundus Alusi, Hissam Tawfik, and Abir Hussain. "The relationship between non-motor features and weight-loss in the premanifest stage of Huntington’s disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0253817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253817.

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Weight-loss is an integral part of Huntington’s disease (HD) that can start before the onset of motor symptoms. Investigating the underlying pathological processes may help in the understanding of this devastating disease as well as contribute to its management. However, the complex behavior and associations of multiple biological factors is impractical to be interpreted by the conventional statistics or human experts. For the first time, we combine a clinical dataset, expert knowledge and machine intelligence to model the multi-dimensional associations between the potentially relevant factors and weight-loss activity in HD, specifically at the premanifest stage. The HD dataset is standardized and transformed into required knowledge base with the help of clinical HD experts, which is then processed by the class rule mining and self-organising maps to identify the significant associations. Statistical results and experts’ report indicate a strong association between severe weight-loss in HD at the premanifest stage and measures of certain cognitive, psychiatric functional ability factors. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying weight-loss in HD is, at least partly related to dysfunction of certain areas of the brain, a finding that may have not been apparent otherwise. These associations will aid the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and its progression and may in turn help in HD treatment trials.

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Chan, Agnes S., Nelson Butters, Jane S. Paulsen, David P. Salmon, Michael R. Swenson, and Laurence T. Maloney. "An Assessment of the Semantic Network in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.2.254.

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The present study employed multidimensional scaling and ADDTREE clustering analyses to derive the cognitive maps and clustering representations of normal elderly controls (NC), patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and patients with Hun-tington's disease (HD); the analyses were performed on subjects' responses in a category fluency task that involved generating animal names for 60 sec. A measure of the proximity of animal names was used as an index of associational strength; MDS and ADDTREE estimates were based on this measure. A comparison of the NC, AD, and HD subjects' cognitive maps suggests that the semantic network of AD patients is abnormal in two ways. First, the organization of the semantic network is disrupted. Second, new abnormal associations and clusterings are formed. These results support the notion that AD is characterized by a breakdown in the structure of semantic knowledge and not primarily by a deficiency in the accessibility of semantic information.

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Lógó, J. M., and A. Barsi. "THE ROLE OF TOPOLOGY IN HIGH-DEFINITION MAPS FOR AUTONOMOUS DRIVING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2022 (June 2, 2022): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2022-383-2022.

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Abstract. Autonomous and highly automated driving has become one of the key research topics – even in mapping sciences. Today, it has been clearly proven that the desired autonomy can be reached solely by progressive development, where maps and requirements against environmental models shall be modified. The research of the past decades resulted in the specifications for building high-definition (HD) maps, which contain all necessary field objects with their relevant features in a sophistically designed database. Maps have also become indispensable tools in reliable automotive development processes as simulations request accurate and detailed environment descriptions. The most accepted simulator map format is ASAM’s OpenDRIVE, having a complete ecosystem nowadays with ultra-fine resolution pavement surface model, traffic flow description, and essential modules to produce those components by mainly automatic data collection and processing. Simulations enable efficient analysis of vehicle behavior as well as testing workflow for (onboard) vehicular and infrastructure sensors. With respect to the requirements of HD maps, not only their geometric fidelity but also the correct topology is expected. The available technology already serves OpenDRIVE models for various scenarios, where the topologic correctness is hard to test. The current research puts the emphasis on the topology analysis: with parsing the existing models, topology descriptors are derived, then a test suit containing rules of acceptable cases is applied. The rule set is built of items for detecting errors and warnings considering topology parameter tolerances; the result is quality documentation after a comprehensive testing approach. The actual topology testing environment forms an excellent base for (semi)automatic error fixing platforms involving artificial intelligence.

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Lógó, J. M., N. Krausz, V. Potó, and A. Barsi. "QUALITY ASPECTS OF HIGH-DEFINITION MAPS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-389-2021.

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Abstract. A self-driving vehicle is one of the most expected inventions in the near future. These vehicles are enabled by several technological developments, like artificial intelligence, robust control, vehicular sensors, and high-speed communication. But beyond all these elements, the essential component is the knowledge about reality. Our profession has answered that question with the development of high-definition (abbreviated as HD) maps. Fully automated driving (also called driverless transportation) must be reliable enough to entrust our lives to the car. This fact indicates that the applied technology and the used map must be of high quality. But how can the quality of such a map be expressed? We are looking for the answer in the current paper.Following Carlo Batini’s idea, the general approach is based on the triumvirate of data sources – quality dimensions – life cycle phases. Data sources cover aerial, terrestrial and mobile mapping products with the available highest technological care; furthermore, onboard vehicular sensing extends the corresponding data sets. Lifecycle phases focus on the production (data collection and processing technologies) expanded by conceptualization (pre-production) and data delivery and use (post-production). Quality dimensions are strongly related to the dimensionality of the data; they can be measured by dimension metrics.The first part of the paper summarizes the applied data collection methodologies, emphasizing the output data. This description contains a summary of the processing mechanism – inevitably characterized by quality indicators. The paper aims to give a complete outline for the quality dimensions; we do not limit the resolution and accuracy dimensions, but other significant clusters like completeness or consistency are also discussed. Because the reality changes are enormous in transportation (vehicles, pedestrians, etc., are moving – even at higher speed) and the newly developing HD maps are expected to be live, actuality is a cardinal quality dimension as well. Vehicular technologies like SENSORIS give an excellent option to the equipped vehicles to download and use maps from the cloud and upload their field observations, opening a new way to maintain the map database. The so established crowd-sourced data collection intensely influences the map quality; therefore, this method generates quality-related issues that are also to be analyzed.The second part of the paper is a case study, where a pilot site close to the university campus was selected. In this area, thousands of images were captured and uploaded into the Mapillary database. Artificial intelligence processes were applied for segmenting, classifying, and evaluating the content of the georeferenced imagery. The map database stores various object categories in the area, for example, pedestrian crossings, traffic signs, or trash cans. All extracted objects are available in georeferenced format, enabling spatial analyses to derive numeric quality indicators. The paper presents the complete results of this study.

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Dunstone, N. J., G. A. J. Hussain, A. Collier Cameron, S. C. Marsden, M. Jardine, H. C. Stempels, J. C. Ramirez Vlez, and J. F. Donati. "The first magnetic maps of a pre-main-sequence binary star system – HD 155555." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 387, no. 2 (June 2008): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13196.x.

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36

Gardberg, Anna S., Alexis Rae Del Castillo, Kevin L. Weiss, Flora Meilleur, Matthew P. Blakeley, and Dean A. A. Myles. "Unambiguous determination of H-atom positions: comparing results from neutron and high-resolution X-ray crystallography." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 66, no. 5 (April 21, 2010): 558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444910005494.

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The locations of H atoms in biological structures can be difficult to determine using X-ray diffraction methods. Neutron diffraction offers a relatively greater scattering magnitude from H and D atoms. Here, 1.65 Å resolution neutron diffraction studies of fully perdeuterated and selectively CH3-protonated perdeuterated crystals ofPyrococcus furiosusrubredoxin (D-rubredoxin and HD-rubredoxin, respectively) at room temperature (RT) are described, as well as 1.1 Å resolution X-ray diffraction studies of the same protein at both RT and 100 K. The two techniques are quantitatively compared in terms of their power to directly provide atomic positions for D atoms and analyze the role played by atomic thermal motion by computing the σ level at the D-atom coordinate in simulated-annealing composite D-OMIT maps. It is shown that 1.65 Å resolution RT neutron data for perdeuterated rubredoxin are ∼8 times more likely overall to provide high-confidence positions for D atoms than 1.1 Å resolution X-ray data at 100 K or RT. At or above the 1.0σ level, the joint X-ray/neutron (XN) structures define 342/378 (90%) and 291/365 (80%) of the D-atom positions for D-rubredoxin and HD-rubredoxin, respectively. The X-ray-only 1.1 Å resolution 100 K structures determine only 19/388 (5%) and 8/388 (2%) of the D-atom positions above the 1.0σ level for D-rubredoxin and HD-rubredoxin, respectively. Furthermore, the improved model obtained from joint XN refinement yielded improved electron-density maps, permitting the location of more D atoms than electron-density maps from models refined against X-ray data only.

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Lagahit, M. L. R., and Y. H. Tseng. "USING DEEP LEARNING TO DIGITIZE ROAD ARROW MARKINGS FROM LIDAR POINT CLOUD DERIVED IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B5-2020 (August 24, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b5-2020-123-2020.

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Abstract. The concept of Autonomous vehicles or self-driving cars has recently been gaining a lot of popularity. Because of this, a lot of research is being done to develop the technology. One of which is High Definition (HD) Maps, which are centimeter-level precision 3D maps that contain a lot of geometric and semantic information about the road which can assist the AV when driving. An important component of HD maps is the road markings which indicates a set of rules on how a vehicle should navigate itself on the road. For example, lane lines indicate which part of the road a vehicle can drive on in a certain direction. This research proposes a methodology that uses deep learning techniques to detect road arrows, road markings that show possible driving directions, on LIDAR derived images, and extract them as polyline vector shapefiles. The general workflow consists of (1) converting the LIDAR point cloud to images, (2) training and applying U-Net – a fully convolutional neural network, (3) creating masks from image segmentation results that have been transformed to fit the local coordinates, (4) extracting the polygons and polylines, and finally (5) exporting the vectors in shapefile format. The proposed methodology has shown promising results with object segmentation accuracies comparable with previous related works.

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Choo, Jovin J. Y., Christopher L. D. McMillan, Germain J. P. Fernando, Roy A. Hall, Paul R. Young, Jody Hobson-Peters, and David A. Muller. "Developing a Stabilizing Formulation of a Live Chimeric Dengue Virus Vaccine Dry Coated on a High-Density Microarray Patch." Vaccines 9, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111301.

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Alternative delivery systems such as the high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP) are being widely explored due to the variety of benefits they offer over traditional vaccine delivery methods. As vaccines are dry coated onto the HD-MAP, there is a need to ensure the stability of the vaccine in a solid state upon dry down. Other challenges faced are the structural stability during storage as a dried vaccine and during reconstitution upon application into the skin. Using a novel live chimeric virus vaccine candidate, BinJ/DENV2-prME, we explored a panel of pharmaceutical excipients to mitigate vaccine loss during the drying and storage process. This screening identified human serum albumin (HSA) as the lead stabilizing excipient. When bDENV2-coated HD-MAPs were stored at 4 °C for a month, we found complete retention of vaccine potency as assessed by the generation of potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses in mice. We also demonstrated that HD-MAP wear time did not influence vaccine deposition into the skin or the corresponding immunological outcomes. The final candidate formulation with HSA maintained ~100% percentage recovery after 6 months of storage at 4 °C.

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Odell, Daniel, Adam M. Dubis, Jackson F. Lever, Kimberly E. Stepien, and Joseph Carroll. "Assessing Errors Inherent in OCT-Derived Macular Thickness Maps." Journal of Ophthalmology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/692574.

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SD-OCT has become an essential tool for evaluating macular pathology; however several aspects of data collection and analysis affect the accuracy of retinal thickness measurements. Here we evaluated sampling density, scan centering, and axial length compensation as factors affecting the accuracy of macular thickness maps. Forty-three patients with various retinal pathologies and 113 normal subjects were imaged using Cirrus HD-OCT. Reduced B-scan density was associated with increased interpolation error in ETDRS macular thickness plots. Correcting for individual differences in axial length revealed modest errors in retinal thickness maps, while more pronounced errors were observed when the ETDRS plot was not positioned at the center of the fovea (which can occur as a result of errant fixation). Cumulative error can exceed hundreds of microns, even under “ideal observer” conditions. This preventable error is particularly relevant when attempting to compare macular thickness maps to normative databases or measuring the area or volume of retinal features.

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Park, Young-Kook, Hyunhee Park, Young-Su Woo, In-Gu Choi, and Seung-Soo Han. "Traffic Landmark Matching Framework for HD-Map Update: Dataset Training Case Study." Electronics 11, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11060863.

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High-definition (HD) maps determine the location of the vehicle under limited visibility based on the location information of safety signs detected by sensors. If a safety sign disappears or changes, incorrect information may be obtained. Thus, map data must be updated daily to prevent accidents. This study proposes a map update system (MUS) framework that maps objects detected by a road map detection system and the object present in the HD map. Based on traffic safety signs notified by the Korean National Police Agency, 151 types of objects, including traffic signs, traffic lights, and road markings, were annotated manually and semi-automatically. Approximately 3,000,000 annotations were trained based on the you only look once (YOLO) model, suitable for real-time detection by grouping safety signs with similar properties. The object coordinates were then extracted from the mobile mapping system point cloud, and the detection location accuracy was verified by comparing and evaluating the center point of the object detected in the MUS. The performance of the groups with and without specified properties was compared and their effectiveness was verified based on the dataset configuration. A model trained with a Korean road traffic dataset on our testbed achieved a group model of 95% mAP and no group model of 70.9% mAP.

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Ma, Lingfei, Ying Li, Jonathan Li, Zilong Zhong, and Michael A. Chapman. "Generation of Horizontally Curved Driving Lines in HD Maps Using Mobile Laser Scanning Point Clouds." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (May 2019): 1572–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2019.2904514.

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42

Aoiz, F. J., V. J. Herrero, O. Puentedura, and V. Sáez Rábanos. "Angle‐velocity contour maps for the H+D2→HD+D reaction from quasiclassical trajectory calculations." Journal of Chemical Physics 100, no. 1 (January 1994): 758–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.466896.

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43

Giuffre, Adrianna, Lauran Cole, Patrick Ciechanski, Helen Carlson, Ephrem Zewdie, Hsing-Ching Kuo, Cynthia Kahl, et al. "F140. Effects of tDCS and HD-tDCS on motor learning and motor maps in children." Clinical Neurophysiology 129 (May 2018): e119-e120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.303.

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Seif, Heiko G., and Xiaolong Hu. "Autonomous Driving in the iCity—HD Maps as a Key Challenge of the Automotive Industry." Engineering 2, no. 2 (June 2016): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2016.02.010.

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45

Alves Silva, R., C. Beaugé, S. Ferraz-Mello, P. M. Cincotta, and C. M. Giordano. "Instability times in the HD 181433 exoplanetary system." Astronomy & Astrophysics 652 (August 2021): A112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141300.

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The present work consists of a study of the dynamical stability of a three-body system that takes advantage of the Shannon entropy approach to estimate the diffusivity (DS) in a Delaunay’s action-like phase space. We outline the main features of a numerical computation of DS from the solutions of the equations of motion and, thereupon, we consider how to estimate a macroscopic instability timescale, τinst, (roughly speaking, the lifetime of the system) associated with a given set of initial conditions. Through such estimates, we are able to characterize the system’s space of initial conditions in terms of its orbital stability by applying numerical integrations to the construction of dynamical maps. We compare these measures of chaotic diffusion with other indicators, first in a qualitative fashion and then more quantitatively, by means of long direct integrations. We address an analysis of a particular, near-resonant system, namely HD 181433, and we show that the entropy may provide a complementary analysis with regard to other dynamical indicators. This work is part of a series of studies devoted to presenting the Shannon entropy approach and its possibilities as a numerical tool providing information on chaotic diffusion and the dynamical stability of multidimensional dynamical systems.

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46

Yi, J., Y. Du, Z. He, and C. Zhou. "Enhancing the accuracy of automatic eddy detection and the capability of recognizing the multi-core structures from maps of sea level anomaly." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 825–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-825-2013.

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Abstract. Automated methods are important for automatically detecting mesoscale eddies in large volumes of altimeter data. While many algorithms have been proposed in the past, this paper presents a new method, called Hybrid Detection (HD), to enhance the eddy detection accuracy and the capability of recognizing eddies' multi-core structures from maps of sea level anomaly (SLA) by integrating the ideas of the Okubo–Weiss (OW) method and the sea-surface-height-based (SSH-based) method, two well-known eddy detection algorithms. Detection evaluation using an objective validation protocol shows that the HD method owns ~ 96.6% successful detection rate and ~ 14.2% excessive detection rate, which outperforms the OW method and other methods that identify eddies by SLA extrema and confirms the improvement in detection accuracy. The capability of recognizing multi-core structures and its significance in tracking eddies' splitting or merging events have been well illustrated by comparing with other detection algorithms and historical studies.

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Zhou, Xiaomao, Tao Bai, Yanbin Gao, and Yuntao Han. "Vision-Based Robot Navigation through Combining Unsupervised Learning and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071576.

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Extensive studies have shown that many animals’ capability of forming spatial representations for self-localization, path planning, and navigation relies on the functionalities of place and head-direction (HD) cells in the hippocampus. Although there are numerous hippocampal modeling approaches, only a few span the wide functionalities ranging from processing raw sensory signals to planning and action generation. This paper presents a vision-based navigation system that involves generating place and HD cells through learning from visual images, building topological maps based on learned cell representations and performing navigation using hierarchical reinforcement learning. First, place and HD cells are trained from sequences of visual stimuli in an unsupervised learning fashion. A modified Slow Feature Analysis (SFA) algorithm is proposed to learn different cell types in an intentional way by restricting their learning to separate phases of the spatial exploration. Then, to extract the encoded metric information from these unsupervised learning representations, a self-organized learning algorithm is adopted to learn over the emerged cell activities and to generate topological maps that reveal the topology of the environment and information about a robot’s head direction, respectively. This enables the robot to perform self-localization and orientation detection based on the generated maps. Finally, goal-directed navigation is performed using reinforcement learning in continuous state spaces which are represented by the population activities of place cells. In particular, considering that the topological map provides a natural hierarchical representation of the environment, hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is used to exploit this hierarchy to accelerate learning. The HRL works on different spatial scales, where a high-level policy learns to select subgoals and a low-level policy learns over primitive actions to specialize on the selected subgoals. Experimental results demonstrate that our system is able to navigate a robot to the desired position effectively, and the HRL shows a much better learning performance than the standard RL in solving our navigation tasks.

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Li, Jian-Liang, Michael R. Hayden, Elisabeth W. Almqvist, Ryan R. Brinkman, Alexandra Durr, Catherine Dodé, Patrick J. Morrison, et al. "A Genome Scan for Modifiers of Age at Onset in Huntington Disease: The HD MAPS Study." American Journal of Human Genetics 73, no. 3 (September 2003): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/378133.

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49

Giuffre, Adrianna, Ephrem Zewdie, James Wrightson, Helen Carlson, Hsing-Ching Kuo, Ali Babwani, and Adam Kirton. "Effects of tDCS and HD-tDCS Enhanced Motor Learning on Robotic TMS Motor Maps in Children." Brain Stimulation 14, no. 6 (November 2021): 1635–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.153.

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50

Lee, Jisang, Suhong Yoo, Seunghwan Hong, Mohammad Gholami Farkoushi, Junsu Bae, Ilsuk Park, and Hong-Gyoo Sohn. "Automated Algorithm for Removing Clutter Objects in MMS Point Cloud for 3D Road Mapping." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 4076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154076.

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Road information high definition maps (HD map) contain information about the facilities around the roads and are often constructed through a mobile mapping system (MMS). Although constructing an HD map is essential for road maintenance and the application of autonomous driving in the future, it is problematic to acquire the data of objects other than the facilities in an unstructured form while operating the MMS. In this study, the researchers define this object data as clutter objects and present a method of automatic removal using characteristics of the MMS and image segmentation techniques. By applying the method to 10 KITTI (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago) datasets, clutter objects were removed with an average overall accuracy of 91% with 0% (0.448%) error of commission for the complete point cloud map.

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