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Готові списки джерел за темами / Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) experiment / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) experiment"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

Оновлено: 11 березня 2023

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1

Qureshi, Tabish, and Ushba Rizwan. "Hanbury Brown–Twiss Effect with Wave Packets." Quanta 6, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12743/quanta.v6i1.66.

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Анотація:

The Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) effect, at the quantum level, is essentially an interference of one particle with another, as opposed to interference of a particle with itself. Conventional treatments of identical particles encounter difficulties while dealing with entanglement. A recently introduced label-free approach to indistinguishable particles is described, and is used to analyze the HBT effect. Quantum wave-packets have been used to provide a better understanding of the quantum interpretation of the HBT effect. The effect is demonstrated for two independent particles governed by Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac statistics. The HBT effect is also analyzed for pairs of entangled particles. Surprisingly, entanglement has almost no effect on the interference seen in the HBT effect. In the light of the results, an old quantum optics experiment is reanalyzed, and it is argued that the interference seen in that experiment is not a consequence of non-local correlations between the photons, as is commonly believed.Quanta 2017; 6: 61–69.

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2

Liu, Mengran, Qiang Zeng, Zeming Jian, Lei Nie, and Jun Tu. "Underwater target passive acoustic localization method based on Hanbury Brown–Twiss interference." Sensor Review 42, no. 6 (November 16, 2022): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-03-2022-0161.

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Purpose Acoustic signals of the underwater targets are susceptible to noise, reverberation, submarine topography and biology, therefore it is difficult to precisely locate underwater targets. This paper proposes a new underwater Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) interference passive localization method. This study aims to achieve precise location of the underwater acoustic targets. Design/methodology/approach The principle of HBT interference with ultrasensitive detection characteristics in optical measurements was introduced in the field of hydroacoustics. The coherence of the underwater target signal was analyzed using the HBT interference measurement principle, and the corresponding relationship between the signal coherence and target position was obtained. Consequently, an HBT interference localization model was established, and its validity was verified through simulations and experiments. Findings The effects of different array structures on the localization performance were obtained by simulation analysis, and the simulations confirmed that the HBT method exhibited a higher positioning accuracy than conventional beamforming. In addition, the experimental analysis demonstrated the excellent positioning performance of the HBT method, which verified the feasibility of the proposed method. Originality/value This study provides a new method for the passive localization of underwater targets, which may be widely used in the field of oceanic explorations.

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3

Zhang, S., Y. G. Ma, J. H. Chen, and C. Zhong. "Beam Energy Dependence of Hanbury-Brown-Twiss Radii from a Blast-Wave Model." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9414239.

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The beam energy dependence of correlation lengths (the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss radii) is calculated by using a blast-wave model and the results are comparable with those from RHIC-STAR beam energy scan data as well as the LHC-ALICE measurements. A set of parameters for the blast-wave model as a function of beam energy under study are obtained by fit to the HBT radii at each energy point. The transverse momentum dependence of HBT radii is presented with the extracted parameters for Au+Au collision at sNN = 200 GeV and for Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV. From our study one can learn that particle emission duration cannot be ignored while calculating the HBT radii with the same parameters. And tuning kinetic freeze-out temperature in a range will result in system lifetime changing in the reverse direction as it is found in RHIC-STAR experiment measurements.

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4

Silva, Indianara, and Olival Freire. "The Concept of the Photon in Question." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 43, no. 4 (November 2012): 453–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2013.43.4.453.

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The history of the concept of the photon in twentieth-century physics is far from a simple story opening with Einstein’s vision of light as a collection of indivisible particles whose energy and momentum are conserved during its interaction with matter, and reaching closure with the wave-particle duality as an accomplishment of quantum mechanics. Since then there has been an intermittent debate on the need for and adequacy of such a concept, even if this debate has been absent from the literature on the history of physics and from physics teaching. This paper analyzes a major event which led to the revival of this debate, namely, the experiment carried out by Robert Hanbury Brown and Richard Quentin Twiss (HBT) in 1956 in the context of low-intensity interferometry. As part of their work to build a new kind of interferometer to measure the diameter of optical stars, their results seemed to suggest that photons split through two different channels and detectors. These results stirred up a debate involving Edward Purcell, Eric Brannen, Harry Ferguson, Peter Fellgett, Richard Sillitto, Lajos Jánossy, Leonard Mandel, and Emil Wolf, in addition to Hanbury Brown and Twiss themselves. The building of this device in astronomy thus renewed the old controversy about the nature of light. Later on, with the invention of lasers, the HBT experimental results played a role in developments leading to the creation of quantum optics and currently play a role in various fields in physics.

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5

Zou, Jing, Lei Nie, Mengran Liu, and Chuankai Jiang. "Research of Space Positioning Method Based on Sound Field HBT Interference." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204028.

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Анотація:

Based on Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) interference in the sound field, a space positioning method is presented to realize the long-distance and high-precision positioning of sound sources in media. Firstly, theoretical model of HBT interference positioning is established. Location of the sound source can be acquired by analyzing the correlation function of the output signals. Then, sound source localization under different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) shows that by this method, the sound source can be accurately found with six sensors (two arrays) even the SNR is low to 0.04. Positioning experiment in air is carried out, and the experimental results show that the sound source can be accurately located at 42 meters, and the positioning error is low to 0.1 meters. Thus the validity and accuracy of the HBT interference space location principle is demonstrated. It provides new ideas for the research of long-range target location in sound propagation media (air, water, etc.).

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6

LI, JIAN-WEI, YU-GANG MA, and GUO-LIANG MA. "EFFECTS OF BULK VISCOSITY ON THE EVOLUTION OF RELATIVISTIC CAUSAL VISCOUS HYDRODYNAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 08n09 (September 2010): 1873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310016326.

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The Hanbury-Brown Twiss (HBT) radii of Au + Au collisions at RHIC energy are investigated by a hydrodynamical expanding source with both shear (η) and bulk viscosities (ζ). With different height of the ratio of ζ to entropy density s, the ratio Rout/Rside of HBT radii can not describe the experimental data. But with large enough peak of ζ/s, the instability suggests that the source may clusterize which gives a hint to resolve the HBT puzzle.

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7

Henny, M. "The Fermionic Hanbury Brown and Twiss Experiment." Science 284, no. 5412 (April 9, 1999): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5412.296.

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8

Pórfy, Barnabás. "Lévy HBT Results at NA61/SHINE." Universe 5, no. 6 (June 16, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5060154.

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Анотація:

Bose–Einstein (or Hanbury–Brown and Twiss (HBT)) momentum correlations reveal the space–time structure of the particle emitting source created in high energy nucleus–nucleus collisions. In this paper we present the latest NA61/SHINE measurements of Bose–Einstein correlations of identified pion pairs and their description based on Lévy distributed sources in Be + Be collisions at 150A GeV/c. We investigate the transverse mass dependence of the Lévy source parameters and discuss their possible interpretations.

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9

Csernai, L. P., and S. Velle. "Study of rotating high energy systems with the differential HBT method." International Journal of Modern Physics E 23, no. 09 (September 2014): 1450043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301314500438.

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Peripheral heavy-ion reactions at ultra relativistic energies have large angular momentum that can be studied via two particle correlations using the Differential Hanbury Brown and Twiss method. In the present work, we analyze the possibilities and sensitivity of the method in rotating, few source systems. Analytic results provide insight in the advantages of this method.

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10

ZHANG, WEI-NING, YAN-YU REN, and CHEUK-YIN WONG. "PION ELLIPTIC FLOW AND HBT INTERFEROMETRY IN A GRANULAR QUARK-GLUON PLASMA DROPLET MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 1832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007076.

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We use a model of quark-gluon plasma granular droplets that evolve hydrodynamically to investigate pion elliptic flow and Hanbury–Brown–Twiss interferometry. We find that the data of pion transverse momentum spectra, elliptic flows, and HBT radii in [Formula: see text] Au + Au collisions at RHIC can be described well by an expanding source of granular droplets with an anisotropic velocity distribution.

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11

Oliver, W. D. "Hanbury Brown and Twiss-Type Experiment with Electrons." Science 284, no. 5412 (April 9, 1999): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5412.299.

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12

Oberholzer, S., M. Henny, C. Strunk, C. Schönenberger, T. Heinzel, K. Ensslin, and M. Holland. "The Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment with fermions." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 6, no. 1-4 (February 2000): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(99)00162-9.

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13

LIU, JIE, PENG RU, WEI-NING ZHANG та CHEUK-YIN WONG. "CHAOTIC PARAMETER λ IN HANBURY-BROWN–TWISS INTERFEROMETRY IN AN ANISOTROPIC BOSON GAS MODEL". International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, № 11 (листопад 2013): 1350083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313500833.

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Анотація:

Using one- and two-body density matrices, we calculate the spatial and momentum distributions, two-particle Hanbury-Brown–Twiss (HBT) correlation functions, and the chaotic parameter λ in HBT interferometry for the systems of boson gas within the harmonic oscillator potentials with anisotropic frequencies in transverse and longitudinal directions. The HBT chaotic parameter, which can be obtained by measuring the correlation functions at zero relative momentum of the particle pair, is related to the degree of Bose–Einstein condensation and thus the system environment. We investigate the effects of system temperature, particle number and the average momentum of the particle pair on the chaotic parameter. The value of λ decreases with the condensed fraction, f0. It is one for f0 = 0 and zero for f0 = 1. For a certain f0 between 0 and 1, we find that λ increases with the average momentum of the particle pair and decreases with the particle number of system. The results of λ are sensitive to the ratio, ν = ωz/ωρ, of the frequencies in longitudinal and transverse directions. They are smaller for larger ν when ωρ is fixed. In the heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy the large identical pion multiplicity may possibly lead to a considerable Bose–Einstein condensation. Its effect on the chaotic parameter in two-pion interferometry is worth considering in earnest.

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14

Das, Debasish. "HBT Radii: Comparative Studies on Collision Systems and Beam Energies." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3794242.

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Two-particle Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry is an important probe for understanding the space-time structure of particle emission sources in high energy heavy ion collisions. We present the comparative studies of HBT radii in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN = 17.3 GeV with Au+Au collisions at sNN = 19.6 GeV. To further understand this specific energy regime, we also compare the HBT radii for Au+Au collisions at sNN = 19.6 GeV with Cu+Cu collisions at sNN = 22.4 GeV. We have found interesting similarity in the Rout/Rside ratio with mT across the collision systems while comparing the data for this specific energy zone which is interesting as it acts as a bridge from SPS energy regime to the RHIC energy domain.

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15

Zhang, Yong, Hong-Jie Yin, and Weihua Wu. "Finite size of hadrons and HBT interferometry for hydrodynamic sources." International Journal of Modern Physics E 28, no. 12 (December 2019): 1950104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301319501040.

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Hadrons formed in heavy-ion collisions are not point-like objects, they cannot occupy too close space-time points. When the two bosons are too close to each other, their constituents start to mix and they cannot be considered as bosons subjected to Bose–Einstein statistics, this effect is called the excluded volume effect. We study the excluded volume effect on Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) for the sources with various sizes. The effect on HBT was shown in out, side and long directions, and it is more obvious for the source with a narrow space-time distribution. The correlation functions for high transverse momenta are more suppressed by the excluded volume effect.

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16

SRIVASTAVA, RAHUL. "SIGNATURES OF NEW PHYSICS FROM HBT CORRELATIONS IN UHECRS." Modern Physics Letters A 27, no. 28 (September 4, 2012): 1250160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231250160x.

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Quantum fields written on noncommutative spacetime (Groenewold–Moyal plane) obey twisted commutation relations. In this paper we show that these twisted commutation relations result in Hanbury–Brown Twiss (HBT) correlations that are distinct from that for ordinary bosonic or fermionic fields, and hence can provide useful information about underlying noncommutative nature of spacetime. The deviation from usual bosonic/fermionic statistics becomes pronounced at high energies, suggesting that a natural place is to look at Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs). Since the HBT correlations are sensitive only to the statistics of the particles, observations done with UHECRs are capable of providing unambiguous signatures of noncommutativity, without any detailed knowledge of the mechanism and source of origin of UHECRs.

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17

Gluskin, E., E. E. Alp, I. McNulty, W. Sturhahn, and J. Sutter. "A classical Hanbury Brown–Twiss experiment with hard X-rays." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 6, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 1065–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090904959900268x.

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18

Yuan-Fang, Wu, and Liu Lian-Shou. "Source Function Determined from Hanbury-Brown/Twiss (HBT) Correlations by the Maximum Entropy Principle." Chinese Physics Letters 19, no. 2 (February 2002): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/19/2/317.

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19

Shih, Y. H., and A. V. Sergienko. "Two-photon anti-correlation in a Hanbury Brown-Twiss type experiment." Physics Letters A 186, no. 1-2 (March 1994): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(94)90917-2.

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20

Yang, Jing, Yan-Yu Ren, and Wei-Ning Zhang. "Pion Transverse Momentum Spectrum, Elliptic Flow, and Interferometry in the Granular Source Model for RHIC and LHC Heavy Ion Collisions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/846154.

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Анотація:

We systematically investigate the pion transverse momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry in the granular source model for the heavy ion collisions of Au-Au atsNN=200 GeV and Pb-Pb atsNN=2.76 TeV with different centralities. The granular source model can well reproduce the experimental results of the heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We examine the parameters involved in the granular source model. The experimental data of the momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and HBT radii for the two collision energies and different centralities impose very strict constraints on the model parameters. They exhibit certain regularities for collision centrality and energy. The space-time structure and expansion velocities of the granular sources for the heavy ion collisions at the RHIC and LHC energies with different centralities are investigated.

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21

BRAVINA, L., L. V. MALININA, I. ARSENE, M. S. NILSSON, L. I. SARYCHEVA, and E. ZABRODIN. "STUDY OF PARTICLE CORRELATIONS AT RHIC ENERGIES WITHIN THE QUARK-GLUON STRING MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007556.

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The experimental data obtained by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) have shown surprisingly large elliptic flow and small correlation (Hanbury-Brown-Twiss, HBT) radii. Quark-Gluon String Model (QGSM) is found to reproduce well many of the flow features in heavy-ion collisions, whereas the models based on the longitudinal excitation of strings essentially underpredict the elliptic flow seen at RHIC. Our aim is to study the HBT correlations within the same QGSM approach. The transverse momentum dependence of correlation radii R long , R out and R side obtained in the QGSM is compared with the UrQMD transport model calculations and the experimental STAR data at [Formula: see text] for the central Au + Au collisions. It appears that the correlation radii obtained in the QGSM from the analysis of all pions are essentially smaller than the experimental ones, while for pions coming from the decay of resonances the agreement with the experimental data is very good.

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22

Lib, Ohad, and Yaron Bromberg. "Thermal biphotons." APL Photonics 7, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 031301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085342.

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The observation of the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect with thermal light marked the birth of quantum optics. All the thermal sources considered to date did not feature quantum signatures of light, as they consisted of independent emitters that emit uncorrelated photons. Here, we propose and demonstrate an incoherent light source based on phase-randomized spatially entangled photons, which we coin thermal biphotons. We show that in contrast to thermal light, the width of the HBT peak for thermal biphotons is determined by their correlations, leading to violation of the Siegert relation and breakdown of the speckle-fluctuations interpretation. We further provide an alternative interpretation of the results by drawing a connection between the HBT effect and coherent backscattering of light. Finally, we discuss the role of spatial entanglement in the observed results, deriving a relation between the Schmidt number and the degree of violation of the Siegert relation under the double-Gaussian approximation of spontaneous parametric down conversion. Our work reflects new insights on the coherence properties of thermal light in the presence of entanglement, paving the way for entanglement certification using disorder averaged measurements.

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23

Jin, F. "Event-by-event Simulation of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss Experiment with Coherent Light." Communications in Computational Physics 7, no. 4 (June 2010): 813–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.2009.09.131.

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24

YANG, ZHENWEI, JIANPING CHENG, and XIANGMING SUN. "SPIN INTERACTION EFFECTS ON MOMENTUM CORRELATIONS FOR IDENTICAL FERMIONS EMITTED IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 02 (January 20, 2007): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307020920.

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The Hanbury-Brown and Twiss (HBT) effects predict a Bose–Einstein enhancement of the two-particle momentum correlations of identical bosons at small relative momentum. However, the parallel momentum correlations between identical fermions are less argued. The momentum correlations can be altered by many factors, among which the spin interaction effects are discussed in this paper. It is found that the spin interaction plays an important role on the momentum correlations of identical fermions. For spin triplet state, a full Fermi–Dirac suppression represents as expected. On the contrary, a fake Bose–Einstein enhancement shows up for spin singlet state. The measured momentum correlations of fermions could hence provide some hints of spin interactions between them if all other factors such as Coulomb interactions were removed. Spin interactions make it more complicated to extract physical information from momentum correlations between fermions.

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25

Heaney, Michael B. "A Time-Symmetric Formulation of Quantum Entanglement." Entropy 23, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020179.

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I numerically simulate and compare the entanglement of two quanta using the conventional formulation of quantum mechanics and a time-symmetric formulation that has no collapse postulate. The experimental predictions of the two formulations are identical, but the entanglement predictions are significantly different. The time-symmetric formulation reveals an experimentally testable discrepancy in the original quantum analysis of the Hanbury Brown–Twiss experiment, suggests solutions to some parts of the nonlocality and measurement problems, fixes known time asymmetries in the conventional formulation, and answers Bell’s question “How do you convert an ’and’ into an ’or’?”

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26

Christinck, J., B. Rodiek, M. López, H. Georgieva, H. Hofer, S. Götzinger, and S. Kück. "Comparison of back focal plane imaging of nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamond and core-shell CdSe/CdS quantum dots." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2149, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2149/1/012014.

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Abstract We report on the characterization of the angular-dependent emission of two different single-photon emitters based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamond and on core-shell CdSe/CdS quantum dot nanoparticles. The emitters were characterized in a confocal microscope setup by spectroscopy and Hanbury-Brown and Twiss interferometry. The angular-dependent emission is measured using a back focal plane imaging technique. A theoretical model of the angular emission patterns of the 2D dipoles of the emitters is developed to determine their orientation. Experiment and model agree well with each other.

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27

SHIH, YANHUA, GIULIANO SCARCELLI, and VINCENZO BERARDI. "TWO-PHOTON CORRELATION OF CHAOTIC LIGHT: A QUANTUM INTERFERENCE PHENOMENON." International Journal of Quantum Information 05, no. 01n02 (February 2007): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749907002591.

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Two-photon correlation phenomena of chaotic light, including the historical Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect, are essentially the quantum effect of two-photon interference, instead of the classical statistical correlation between intensity fluctuations. To support our view, we analyze a "ghost" imaging experiment with chaotic light for which the classical understanding does not give a satisfactory interpretation. We also provide a two-photon optical picture of ghost imaging with chaotic light in terms of a two-photon phase-conjugate mirror, which suggests lensless imaging applications for radiations for which no effective lens is available.

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28

Silverman, M. P. "On the feasibility of a neutron Hanbury Brown—Twiss experiment with gravitationally-induced phase shift." Physics Letters A 132, no. 4 (October 1988): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(88)90272-1.

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29

Liu, Ruifeng, Feiran Wang, Dongxu Chen, Yunlong Wang, Yu Zhou, Hong Gao, Pei Zhang, and Fuli Li. "Measuring mode indices of a partially coherent vortex beam with Hanbury Brown and Twiss type experiment." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 5 (February 2016): 051107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4941422.

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30

Dong, Zhen, Zhaofeng Huang, Yahong Chen, Fei Wang, and Yangjian Cai. "Measuring complex correlation matrix of partially coherent vector light via a generalized Hanbury Brown–Twiss experiment." Optics Express 28, no. 14 (June 26, 2020): 20634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.398185.

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31

Schwartz, Mario, Ekkehart Schmidt, Ulrich Rengstl, Florian Hornung, Stefan Hepp, Simone L. Portalupi, Konstantin llin, Michael Jetter, Michael Siegel, and Peter Michler. "Fully On-Chip Single-Photon Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Experiment on a Monolithic Semiconductor–Superconductor Platform." Nano Letters 18, no. 11 (October 17, 2018): 6892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02794.

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32

Wang, Kai-ge, Jun Xiong, and Lu Gao. "From Hanbury–Brown and Twiss Experiment to the Second-Order Double-Slit Interference for Incoherent Light." Frontiers of Physics in China 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11467-005-0017-1.

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33

Vidal, I., D. P. Caetano, E. J. S. Fonseca, and J. M. Hickmann. "Observation of interference pattern in the intensity correlation of a non-local object using a Hanbury Brown and Twiss-type experiment." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 82, no. 3 (April 22, 2008): 34004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/82/34004.

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34

Wang, Haiyun, Xiaofeng Peng, Hao Zhang, Lin Liu, Yahong Chen, Fei Wang, and Yangjian Cai. "Experimental synthesis of partially coherent beam with controllable twist phase and measuring its orbital angular momentum." Nanophotonics 11, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0432.

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Abstract Twist phase is a nontrivial second-order phase that only exists in a partially coherent beam. Such twist phase endows the partially coherent beam with orbital angular momentum (OAM) and has unique applications such as in super-resolution imaging. However, the manipulation and the detection of the twist phase are still far from easy tasks in experiment. In this work, we present a flexible approach to generate a famous class of twisted Gaussian Schell-model (TGSM) beam with controllable twist phase by the superposition of the complex field realizations using a single phase-only spatial light modulator. The precise control of the amplitude and phase of the field realizations allows one to manipulate the strength of the twist phase easily. In addition, we show that the twist factor, a key factor that determines the strength of twist phase and the amount of OAM, can be measured by extracting the real part of the complex degree of coherence of the TGSM beam. The experiment is carried out with the help of the generalized Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment as the generated TGSM beam obeys Gaussian statistics. The flexible control and detection of the twist phase are expected to find applications in coherence and OAM-based ghost imaging.

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35

Habashy, D. M., Mahmoud Y. El-Bakry, Werner Scheinast, and Mahmoud Hanafy. "Entropy per rapidity in Pb-Pb central collisions using Thermal and Artificial neural network (ANN) models at LHC energies." Chinese Physics C, March 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ac5f9d.

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Abstract The entropy per rapidity $d S/d y$ produced in central Pb-Pb ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions at LHC energies is calculated using experimentally observed identified particle spectra and source radii estimated from Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) for particles, $\pi$, $k$, $p$, $\Lambda$, $\Omega$, and $\bar{\Sigma}$, and $\pi$, $k$, $p$, $\Lambda$ and $K_s^0$ at $ \sqrt{s}$ $=2.76$ and $5.02$ TeV, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) simulation model is used to estimate the entropy per rapidity $d S/d y$ at the considered energies. The simulation results are compared with equivalent experimental data, and good agreement is achieved. A mathematical equation describes experimental data is obtained. Extrapolating the transverse momentum spectra at $p_T$ $=0$ is required to calculate $d S/d y$ thus we use two different fitting functions, Tsallis distribution and the Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model. The success of ANN model to describe the experimental measurements {\color{blue}leads to predict some values of the particle spectra of the mentioned particles which may lead to} further prediction in the absence of the experiment. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

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36

"Hanbury brown-Twiss effect in a two-photon interference experiment." Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/kjop.2003.14.2.130.

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37

Huang, Zhaofeng, Yahong Chen, Fei Wang, Sergey A. Ponomarenko, and Yangjian Cai. "Measuring Complex Degree of Coherence of Random Light Fields with Generalized Hanbury Brown–Twiss Experiment." Physical Review Applied 13, no. 4 (April 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.13.044042.

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38

Adams, J., C. Adler, Z. Ahammed, C. Allgower, J. Amonett, B. D. Anderson, M. Anderson, et al. "Three-Pion Hanbury Brown–Twiss Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions from the STAR Experiment." Physical Review Letters 91, no. 26 (December 24, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.91.262301.

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39

Gomes, J. Viana, A. Perrin, M. Schellekens, D. Boiron, C. I. Westbrook, and M. Belsley. "Theory for a Hanbury Brown Twiss experiment with a ballistically expanding cloud of cold atoms." Physical Review A 74, no. 5 (November 7, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.74.053607.

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40

Kim, Young Yong, Ruslan Khubbutdinov, Jerome Carnis, Sangsoo Kim, Daewoong Nam, Inhyuk Nam, Gyujin Kim, et al. "Statistical analysis of hard X-ray radiation at the PAL-XFEL facility performed by Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 29, no. 6 (October 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577522008773.

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A Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry experiment based on second-order correlations was performed at the PAL-XFEL facility. The statistical properties of the X-ray radiation were studied within this experiment. Measurements were performed at the NCI beamline at 10 keV photon energy under various operation conditions: self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), SASE with a monochromator, and self-seeding regimes at 120 pC, 180 pC and 200 pC electron bunch charge. Statistical analysis showed short average pulse duration from 6 fs to 9 fs depending on the operational conditions. A high spatial degree of coherence of about 70–80% was determined in the spatial domain for the SASE beams with the monochromator and self-seeding regime of operation. The obtained values describe the statistical properties of the beams generated at the PAL-XFEL facility.

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41

Zhang Hao-Jie, Guo Yan-Qiang, Guo Xiao-Min, Zhang Jian-Fei, Zuo Guan-Hua, Zhang Yu-Chi, and Zhang Tian-Cai. "Higher-order photon antibunching of phase-variable squeezed coherent state." Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20220574.

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Squeezed state has important applications in quantum communication, quantum computing, and precision measurement. It has been used to improve the sensitivity and measurement accuracy of gravitational wave detectors. Up to now, squeezed state is prepared by optical parametric oscillators, four-wave mixing, and atom-optomechanical coupling. As a typical non-classical light, the photon statistics of squeezed state usually shows obvious bunching effect, but it can also show photon antibunching effect through interference or photon subtraction operation. More importantly, squeezed coherent state can be prepared by performing displacement operation on the squeezed state. In the case of certain displacement and squeezing operations, squeezed coherent state with obvious antibunching effect can be produced. The squeezed coherent state with photon antibunching effect can be employed to achieve super-resolution imaging beyond the diffraction limit, and the state exhibits good particle features which can suppress the multiphoton emission. Then it has become a research focus to study the antibunching effect and quantum statistical properties of squeezed coherent state at the single-photon level.<br>The photon antibunching effect can be characterized by the second-order photon correlation g<sup>(2)</sup>(τ), which is introduced by Glauber to determine the non-classical properties of the light field. Namely, the second-order photon correlation g<sup>(2)</sup> can be used as a metric to distinguish different lights. Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) scheme is used experimentally to measure the second-order photon correlation. However, the second-order photon correlation g<sup>(2)</sup> can only reflect the variance of the photon-number statistical distribution. In order to obtain more information on photon statistical distribution and non-classical features, it is necessary to measure higher-order photon correlations. Then the study of higher-order photon correlations for different light fields has been carried out by extending the traditional HBT scheme and combining with multiplex single-photon detection technology, and the method is applied to ghost imaging, characterization of single-photon detectors, research on exciton dynamics, and analysis of NV center fluorescence emission. However, the research on photon statistics of the squeezed state is mainly focused on the second-order photon correlation and the effect of displacement amplitude on the statistical properties. The effect of squeezed phase on photon antibunching and higher-order photon correlation of squeezed coherent states with considering background noise and detection efficiency have not been investigated.<br>In this paper, we study high-order photon correlations and antibunching effect of phase-variable squeezed coherent state based on an extended HBT scheme. The photon statistics of the squeezed coherent state behaves prominent antibunching effect by adjusting the squeezing parameter r, displacement amplitude α and squeezing phase θ. The antibunching effect of the state can be obtained in a wide range of α-r parameter space when squeezing phase θ∈[0,π/2]. In an ideal case, the minimum antibunching values of the squeezed coherent state are g<sup>(2)</sup>=4.006×10<sup>-4</sup>, g<sup>(3)</sup>=1.3594×10<sup>-4</sup> and g<sup>(4)</sup>=6.6352×10<sup>-5</sup>. When the detection efficiency η=0.1 and background noise γ=10<sup>-6</sup>, the strong antibunching effect can still be observed, i.e. g<sup>(2)</sup>=0.1740, g<sup>(3)</sup>=0.0432, g<sup>(4)</sup>=0.0149. The results indicate that the antibunching effect of higher-order photon correlation has strong robustness to the experimental environment. In addition, the antibunching effect of the phase-variable squeezed coherent state is studied as functions of the measured mean photon number <n> and the squeezing degree S. When the measured mean photon number is much less than 1 and the squeezing parameter is less than 10<sup>-4</sup>, a prominent photon anti-bunching effect of g<sup>(n)</sup><<0.5 can still be obtained. The results show that the control of the squeezing phase θ can be used to prepare the squeezed coherent state with obvious antibunching effect, which have potentially important applications in quantum metrology and secure communication.

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