Статті в журналах: "HAdFA"

1

Marlowe, Frank W. "Hadza Cooperation." Human Nature 20, no. 4 (August 25, 2009): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9072-6.

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2

Howell, Nancy. "Hadza Demography." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 26, no. 4 (July 2017): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21541.

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3

Hadfi, Abdallah, Said Ben Aazza, M'barek Belattar, Said Mohareb, and Ali Driouiche. "Study of the physico-chemical quality of the water of irrigation in Biougra circle along with highlighting the effectiveness of an inhibitor of calcium carbonate precipitation." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc74181121-hadfi.

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Localized irrigation is characterized by localized frequent and continuous water supply. It ensures the efficient use of water. However, this fertigation system suffers from the problem of clogging of the distributors. The present study aims to study the physico-chemical quality of the water of irrigation within the Biougra circle; analyze of the type of scale deposited in the water pipes and the highlight of the effectiveness of an inhibitor of calcium carbonate precipitation. This study was carried out at a temperature of 25°C, using the technical "LCGE". Indeed, the classification of irrigation water, according to Piper, revealed that the analyzed waters are characterized by calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies with a slight tendency to migrate to the calcium and magnesium chloride and sulfate facies. The characterization of the scale collected in the irrigation water pipes of Biougra circle by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis (ATD-ATG) made it possible to prove that the scale is mainly formed of calcium carbonate with calcite variety. The inhibition of calcium carbonate precipitation by a food inhibitor was obtained with a concentration of 0.6 mg/L.

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4

Yazbak, Mahmoud. "MUSLIM ORPHANS AND THE SHARĪ'A IN OTTOMAN PALESTINE ACCORDING TO SIJILL RECORDS." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 44, no. 2 (2001): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852001753731015.

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AbstractAccording to sharī'a, an orphan is an under-aged infant or child, until the age of puberty, whose father or both his/her parents have died. In the sijill cases (Muslim court records) under study here, under-aged children who lost their mother are not defined as orphans. This way of defining orphans reflects the different socio-economic roles fathers and mothers played. This paper, depending essentially upon the sijillāt of Nablus, Jerusalem and Haifa during the Ottoman period, investigates the social status of the orphans, how families and relatives acted, and how the sharī'a court fulfilled its job in this sphere. Selon la sharī'a, un orphelin est un enfant mineur, n'ayant pas atteint l'âge de la puberté, dont le père ou les deux parents sont décédés. Parmi les cas notés dans les sijill (registres des tribunaux) étudiés ici, les mineurs ayant perdu leur mère ne sont pas considérés comme des orphelins. Cette définition de l'orphelin reflète les différents rôles socio-économiques du père et de la mère. La présente étude est fondée sur l'exploitation des documents des registres des tribunaux de Naplouse, Jérusalem et Haïfa à l'époque ottomane. Elle examine le statut social des orphelins, les comportements des familles et parents proches à leur égard et également le fonctionnement du tribunal dans ce domaine.

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5

Syihabudin, Syihabudin, and Najmudin Najmudin. "Pendapatan, Religiusitas dan Trust: Efektivitasnya Terhadap Minat Membayar Zakat Profesi Pada Lembaga Amil Zakat Harapan Dhuafa (LAZ HARFA)." Ekonomi, Keuangan, Investasi dan Syariah (EKUITAS) 3, no. 4 (May 30, 2022): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v3i4.1596.

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This study aims to determine (1). Effect of income on interest in paying professional zakat at LAZ HARFA. (2). The influence of religiosity on interest in paying professional zakat at LAZ HARFA. (3) The effect of trust on interest in paying zakat at LAZ HARFA. and (4). The effect of income, religiosity and trust on interest in paying zakat at LAZ HARFA. The object of this research is the employees who work in the industry in the Cikande Halal Industrial Estate. The research method used is a quantitative method. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression method through SPSS version 23 program. The results of this study indicate that (1). Income has a positive and significant effect on interest in paying professional zakat at LAZ HARFA. (2). Religiosity has a significant effect on the interest in paying professional zakat at LAZ HARFA. (3). Trust has an effect on interest in paying zakat at LAZ HARFA. (4). Income, religiosity and trust simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on interest in paying professional zakat at LAZ HARFA. The total contribution of income, religiosity and trust to interest in paying professional zakat at LAZ HARFA is 53.9 percent, while the rest is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

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6

Najib, Mohamad Ainun, Najmudin Najmudin, and Isti Nuzulul Atiyah. "Analisis Komparatif Manajemen Wakaf Produktif LAZ Harfa dan Dompet Dhuafa Banten." Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v5i3.1069.

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This research discusses and analyzes the comparison of two of the collecting agency of ZISWAF, namely LAZ HARFA and Dompet Dhuafa. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to determine the management of the fundraising and distribution of productive waqf in LAZ HARFA and Dompet Dhuafa in Banten. This research uses a scientific-normative juridical approach. The results of this study showed LAZ HARFA and Dompet Dhuafa Banten has four same strategies in fundraising waqf: the First, both institution make the millenial as the object of waqf; Second, provide education of waqf to the community; Third, did the campaign of the waqf; the Fourth, LAZ HARFA establish a relationship and a discussion with the founder, while the Dompet Dhuafa has monitoring and reporting. Related to the distribution LAZ HARFA prioritize the results of the waqf is intended to turn the waqf asset that is not productive. The target distribution of waqf in LAZ HARFA is in educational, economic, and health, while the target distribution of waqf in Dompet Dhuafa is in the health, economic, dakwah, social and education.Keyword: Fundraising; Distribution; Waqf, AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas dan menganalisis tentang komparasi dua lembaga pengumpul ZISWAF, yaitu LAZ HARFA dan Dompet Dhuafa. Secara khusus, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui manajemen fundrising dan distribusi wakaf produktif di LAZ HARFA dan Dompet Dhuafa di Banten. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan saintifik yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan LAZ HARFA dan Dompet Dhuafa Banten memiliki empat strategi yang sama dalam fundrising wakaf: Pertama, kedua lembaga menjadikan millenial sebagai objek wakaf; Kedua, memberikan edukasi wakaf terhadap masyarakat; Ketiga, melakukan kampanye wakaf; Keempat, LAZ HARFA menjalin silaturahmi dan diskusi dengan para pendiri, sedangkan Dompet Dhuafa melakukan monitoring dan reporting. Terkait distribusi LAZ HARFA memprioritaskan hasil wakaf diperuntukan guna menghidupkan aset wakaf yang belum produktif. Target distribusi wakaf LAZ HARFA adalah pendidikan, ekonomi dan kesehatan, sedangkan target distribusi wakaf Dompet Dhuafa adalah kesehatan, ekonomi, dakwah, sosial dan pendidikan.Kata kunci: Fundrising; Distribusi; Wakaf

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7

Yerushalmi, Dorit. "‘Proximity is Not a Simple Co-Existence’: an Interventionist Work at the Haifa University Theatre." New Theatre Quarterly 29, no. 4 (November 2013): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x13000699.

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He production of Haifa / haifa, performed in winter 2011 at the Haifa University Theatre, based on Tamar Berger's essay Rooftop, Cellar, 1, 100 Stairs and Four-Way Exposure, directed by Helit Michaeli with Jewish and Arabic theatre students, was a piece of devised or ‘post-dramatic’ theatre. The title of the play hints at its general stance, not only by using both languages, Hebrew and Arabic (here represented by italic caps), but also by replacing the hyphen, symbolizing co-existence, with an unsettled slash. In this article Dorit Yerushalmi examines the various layers of Haifa / haifa: first, the literary context of Berger's essay; second, the participants‘ voices which reflect the whirlpool of interpersonal relationships in which they found themselves when confronted with conflicting narratives; and finally, the theatrical means of expression which comprise what, following Emmanuel Levinas, she terms the ‘poetics of proximity’. As a case study, the Haifa / haifa project illustrates how an interventionist work in a university theatre may provide a shared space in which a new understanding of dialogical practice can be constructed – dialogue not merely as a meeting of equals but also (and mainly) a call for responsibility for the ongoing suffering of the others among ‘us’. Dorit Yerushalmi is a lecturer in Theatre Studies at the University of Haifa. Her research interests include Hebrew-Israeli theatre history, theatre and gender, theatre and pedagogy, and interventionist theatre.

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8

Von Sury, F., and J. Nösberger. "Effects of season, altitude and daylength on floral initiation of two contrasting genotypes of Trifolium repens L." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 1 (February 1986): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600061852.

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SUMMARYThe effects of season and altitude on floral initiation of two Trifolium repena L. cultivars, Haifa and California Ladino, were tested in the area of Ayacucho, Peru (2730 m, 13° S), with regard to their seed production potential. Specific effects of daylength at a constant temperature (20 °C) were examined in growth chambers.In Ayacucho, the proportion of inflorescence-bearing nodes was found to be lowest between December and June (Haifa 10–20%, Ladino 0–10%) and highest in August (Haifa 30%) and September–October (Ladino 15%). Late in the cool season, floral initiation of Ladino, but not that of Haifa, increased strongly at a high altitude (3250 m). In growth chambers, Haifa initiated few inflorescences and Ladino none in a 10 h daylength. In 16 h, the floral initiation of Haifa was very limited but Ladino formed many inflorescences. Floral initiation of Haifa was most pronounced and lasted longest after a daylength shift from 10 to 13 h.It is concluded that seasonal and altitudinal variations in low temperature were the main factors influencing floral initiation in the region of Ayacucho. Haifa is considered to be an intermediate-day plant, suited for seed production in the region because of its marked and early flowering. Ladino was classified as a quantitative longday plant, unsuitable for seed production at this low latitude because of its retarded floral response to low temperature.

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9

Siebenlist, Kevin R., Michael W. Mosesson, James P. Di Orio, Shulamith Tavori, lllana Tatarsky та Abraham Rimon. "The Polymerization of Fibrin Prepared from Fibrinogen Haifa (γ275Arg→His)". Thrombosis and Haemostasis 62, № 03 (1989): 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651020.

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SummaryFibrinogen Haifa is a congenital heterozygous fibinogen variant (γ275 Arg→His) characterized by prolonged thrombin and reptilase times and normal fibrinopeptide (FPA, FPB) release. We compared the polymerization rate (by turbidity measurements at 350 nm) and the ultrastructure of Haifa α-, β-, and α, β-fibrin with that of normal. Haifa α, β-fibrin polymerized less rapidly than did normal and formed a highly branched matrix with a smaller mean fiber diameter; this network closely resembled that of normal α, β-fibrin with EDTA added. In the presence of CaCl2 (1 to 10 mM), Haifa α, β-fibrin polymerized more rapidly than in buffer alone and possessed a matrix structure closely resembling that of normal fibrin. From these observations it appears that the functional defect in Haifa fibrin can be related to the inability of the abnormal molecule to effectively utilize available calcium. The polymerization profile of Haifa α-fibrin differed only modestly from that of normal α-fibrin, whereas that of Haifa β-fibrin was markedly impaired. This finding plus similarities in the ultrastructure of Haifa and normal α-fibrin specimens suggests that the defective γ chain structure of Haifa fibrinogen results in greater impairment of the carboxy terminal “b” polymerization domain reacting with the site exposed by cleavage of FPB (“B” site) than it does that of the carboxy terminal “a” domain reacting with the site exposed by cleavage of FPA (“A” site). Whether this effect is due to absolute differences in the degree of impairment of these two types of polymerization sites, or whether proper utilization of the “B” to “b” site is dependent upon participation of the “A” to “a” site remains to be determined.

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10

Cool, James F., and Deck Dorval. "Urd Hadda murdita!" World Literature Today 65, no. 4 (1991): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40147780.

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11

Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell, and N. G. Blurton Jones. "Hadza meat sharing." Evolution and Human Behavior 22, no. 2 (March 2001): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(00)00066-0.

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12

Callaghan, P. J., and R. E. Jones. "Hadra Hydriae and Central Crete: A Fabric Analysis." Annual of the British School at Athens 80 (November 1985): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400007462.

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Stylistic reasons are given for believing that many of the Hadra hydriae found in the Hellenistic cemeteries of Alexandria were made in Crete.Analyses of the clay compositions of a group of Hadra vases are compared with control samples from Cretan sites and the Nile Valley. The results suggest, together with the stylistic evidence, that Crete is a likely home for the workshops producing Hadra vases.

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13

Telaumbanua, Folala, Efron Manik, and Ruth Mayasari Simanjuntak. "Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Geometri dari Omo Hada Nias Selatan." Jurnal Basicedu 6, no. 3 (April 27, 2022): 4887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i3.2983.

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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dari hasil pengamatan peneliti terhadap materi geometri berkaitan dengan Omo Hada. Sehingga media Omo Hada ini dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran matematika. Tujuan penelitian: (1) mendeskripsi konsep matematika yang terdapat dalam warisan omo hada Masyarakat Nias khususnya di Nias Selatan, (2) menyajikan hasil kepraktisan media pembelajaran Omo Hada pada materi geometri di Sekolah Menengah Pertama, dan (3) menyajikan hasil keefektifan media pembelajaran Omo Hada di SMP pada materi geometri di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah 1) Angket validasi ahli, 2) Angket respon siswa dan guru mata pelajaran, 3) Tes Hasil Belajar dan 4) Dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh: 1) Konsep matematika yang ada dalam pengembangan media geometri dari Omo Hada Nias Selatan adalah materi bangun ruang balok dan prisma segitiga, 2) Hasil keparaktisan media pembelajaran geometri dari Omo Hada Nias Selatan adalah 96,40% dengan kriteria sangat praktis, 3) Hasil pengujian keefektifan media pembelajaran geometri dari Omo Hada Nias Selatan dengan rata-rata 80,03 dan simpangan baku sebesar 8,38.

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14

Nguyen, T. "Terrorism as an obstacle to Africa’s sustainable development." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2022): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2022-2-280-281.

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15

Groyecka, Agata, Christoph Witzel, Marina Butovskaya, and Piotr Sorokowski. "Similarities in Color Preferences Between Women and Men: The Case of Hadza, the Hunter-Gatherers From Tanzania." Perception 48, no. 5 (April 13, 2019): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619840937.

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Evidence for cross-cultural patterns of sexual differences in color preferences raised the question of whether these preferences are determined by universal principles. To address this question, we investigated most- and least-favorite color choices in a nonindustrialized community, the Hadza that has an egalitarian hunter-gatherer culture, fundamentally different from those previously investigated. We also compared color preference patterns in the Hadza with published data from Poland and Papua. Our results show that Hadza have very different color preferences than Polish and Papuan Yali respondents. Unlike many industrialized and nonindustrialized cultures, Hadza color preferences are practically the same for women and men. These observations question the idea of universal differences of color preferences between sexes and raise important questions about the determinants of color preferences.

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16

Razzakova, Guzal. "CALVAGE OF KHOREZM." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 18, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2019-18-10.

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This article explores the linguistic meaning of the word "halfa", especially the calf tradition, observations of the Khorezm poetic tradition, the historical roots of the word halfa and religious scholars.

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17

Skaanes, Thea. "Notes on Hadza cosmology." Hunter Gatherer Research 1, no. 2 (June 2015): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2015.13.

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18

ENKLAAR, Arnold. "Les hydres de Hadra." BABESCH - Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 61 (January 1, 1986): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bab.61.0.2012595.

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19

Ouyang, Wen-chin, and Haifa Zangana. "Interview with Haifa Zangana." Comparative Critical Studies 4, no. 3 (2007): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ccs.2008.0007.

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20

Gibbons, Ann. "Hadza on the brink." Science 360, no. 6390 (May 17, 2018): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.360.6390.700.

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21

Bernheim, J. "O. Better, Haifa, Israel." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 11, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027278.

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22

Yorav, Karen. "Haifa verification conference 2007." International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer 11, no. 4 (September 3, 2009): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10009-009-0116-3.

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23

Xu, Guowang, and Mingliang Ye. "Hanfa Zou, 1961–2016." Journal of Chromatography A 1498 (May 2017): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.082.

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24

Frąckowiak, Tomasz, Agata Groyecka-Bernard, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Marina Butovskaya, Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz, and Piotr Sorokowski. "Difference in Perception of Onset of Old Age in Traditional (Hadza) and Modern (Polish) Societies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 7079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197079.

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Despite relatively clear physiological indicators of old age, little is known about cross-cultural differences in psychological perceptions of the transition to old age. Although recent studies suggest consistency between modern countries, the subjective perception of old age onset in traditional societies remains poorly explored. Therefore, we compared the perception of timing of old age between a traditional tribe of hunter-gatherers (the Hadza) and a Polish sample representing a modern, industrialized population. The results indicate that the Hadza perceive old age onset as being significantly earlier than do the Poles. Furthermore, we found between-gender differences in the Polish sample: men set a lower threshold of old age onset than women. The Hadza showed no between-gender difference. Although the samples were matched for age, a larger proportion of Hadza considered themselves old. We discuss these findings from cultural and demographical perspectives.

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25

TALBOT, MICHAEL. "The Exalted Column, the Hejaz Railway and imperial legitimation in late Ottoman Haifa." Urban History 42, no. 2 (October 28, 2014): 246–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681400056x.

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ABSTRACT:This article examines the political and social tensions of late Ottoman Haifa through the history of the Hejaz Railway and a particular monument, the ‘Exalted Column’ (Sütūn-u ʿĀlī), a monument erected in 1903 to commemorate the beginning of Ottoman construction on the Haifa railway branch. By first establishing the use of railways and railway architecture as a means of exerting state power in a comparative and local perspective, the railway structures in Haifa are analysed in the context of that city's other monumental buildings. This then leads to a discussion of theSütūn-u ʿĀlīas a celebration of Ottoman authority and modernity, and of the developing Ottoman–German alliance. The symbolism of the column's iconography is shown to reflect a variety of problems that the Ottoman state faced in Haifa at the turn of the twentieth century.

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26

Satriadi, Trisnu, Yuniarti Yuniarti, Syamani Syamani, Susilawati Susilawati, and Damaris Payung. "Diversifikasi Produk Olahan Sayur Pada UMKM Haifa." Jurnal Pengabdian ILUNG (Inovasi Lahan Basah Unggul) 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ilung.v3i1.8719.

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Usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah (UMKM) merupakan salah satu penggerak roda perekonomian masyarakat Indonesia. Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia memukul hampir semua sector, tidak terkecuali UMKM kuliner seperti yang di alami oleh UMKM Haifa yang berada di Kampung Sayur Kelurahan Landasasan Ulin Utara. Produk yang dijual berupa produk olahan seperti sosis, nuget, bakso dan lain-lain. UMKM Haifa terdiri dari petani sayur yang memiliki kebun yang cukup luas. Sayur segar yang mereka miliki belum dimanfaatkan sebagai produk andalan UMKM Haifa. Permasalahan UMKM Haifa adalah penurunan omzet dan belum memiliki keterampilan mendiversifikasi produk olahan sayur. Solusi yang ditawarkan kepada mitra adalah memberikan pelatihan diversifikasi produk olahan sayur keripik sayur. Metode yang diterapkan yaitu penyuluhan, pelatihan produksi dan evaluasi.Hasil kegiatan pengabdian ini berjalan dengan lancer, mitra telah meningkat pengetahuannya dalam melakukan diversifikasi olahan sayur yaitu aneka keripik sayur seperti keripik bayam, keripik sawi, keripik pare dan keripik kemangi. Pelatihan Teknik pengemasan dan pelatihan berjalan lancar dan dapat dikuasi mitra. Mitra juga telah mendapatkan pengetahuan manajemen usaha sederhana.

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27

de Benito, Antonio, and J. M. Bayas Rodríguez. "El Hada VacunHada." Vacunas 13, no. 3 (July 2012): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1576-9887(12)70053-5.

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28

Mihailovich, Vasa D., and Zdravko Krstanović. "Priče iz hada." World Literature Today 68, no. 4 (1994): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150760.

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29

Lawson, A. R., K. B. Kelly, and P. W. G. Sale. "Defoliation frequency and cultivar effects on the storage and utilisation of stolon and root reserves in white clover." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 8 (2000): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00039.

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The effects of defoliation frequency (2 or 6 defoliations over a 91-day period) on the reserve status and growth rate of 2 white clover cultivars, cvv. Irrigation (medium-leafed) and Haifa (large-leafed), were examined over the final 42 days of the defoliation treatments. The clover plants consisted of single stolons growing in a sand/scoria mix in an unheated glasshouse, and were fertilised weekly with a solution containing essential nutrients excluding nitrogen. More frequent defoliation reduced the leaf appearance rate, stolon elongation rate, and plant size, and increased stolon death, with all of these effects being less pronounced in Irrigation than in Haifa (18% v. 30%, 60% v. 80%, and 23% v 34%, respectively, for leaf appearance rates, stolon elongation rates, and the proportion of stolon length that died). With infrequent defoliation, the combined utilisation of starch and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves in the first 14 days after defoliation was equivalent to 15% of the plant weight at defoliation, and to 95% of the new leaf produced during that period. Frequent defoliation reduced the reserve content and remobilisation less in Irrigation than in Haifa, with the combined mass of remobilised starch and WSC over the first 14 days after defoliation being 2.9% and 2.0% of the plant weight at defoliation, and 29% and 19% of leaf production over that period, for Irrigation and Haifa, respectively. The greater reserve mobilisation in Irrigation than in Haifa plants under frequent defoliation probably contributed to their higher growth rates and reduced stolon death. These cultivar differences with frequent defoliation suggest that Irrigation is more suited to frequent defoliation than Haifa.

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30

Apicella, Coren L., Eduardo M. Azevedo, Nicholas A. Christakis, and James H. Fowler. "Evolutionary Origins of the Endowment Effect: Evidence from Hunter-Gatherers." American Economic Review 104, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 1793–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1793.

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The endowment effect, the tendency to value possessions more than non-possessions, is a well-known departure from rational choice and has been replicated in numerous settings. We investigate the universality of the endowment effect, its evolutionary significance, and its dependence on environmental factors. We experimentally test for the endowment effect in an isolated and evolutionarily relevant population of hunter-gatherers, the Hadza Bushmen of Northern Tanzania. We find that Hadza living in isolated regions do not display the endowment effect, while Hadza living in a geographic region with increased exposure to modern society and markets do display the endowment effect. (JEL C93, D12, O15)

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31

Soria, J., C. Soria, M. Samama, S. Tabori, M. Kehl, A. Henschen, W. Nieuwenhuizen, A. Rimon, and I. Tatarski. "Fibrinogen Haifa: Fibrinogen Variant with Absence of Protective Effect of Calcium on Plasmin Degradation of Gamma Chains." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 57, no. 03 (1987): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651123.

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SummaryThe abnormal fibrinogen Haifa is characterized by the fact that calcium present during enzymatic digestion by plasmin does not protect the Haifa D gamma chain against further plasmin attack as it does in normal molecules.Since calcium binding to fibrinogen, ADP - platelet aggregation cofactor activity and gamma dimerization process induced by factor XIIIa are normal for fibrinogen Haifa, the corresponding sequences in the gamma chain are not involved. It seems rather that the anomaly resides near the gamma 302 plasmin cleavage site that is protected when calcium is bound to the gamma chain and that this affects the availability of the polymerization site located in the C terminal part of the chain.

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32

Belattar, M'barek, Abdallah Hadfi, Said Ben Aazza, Said Mohareb, Naima Hafid, and Ali Driouiche. "Characterization of scale deposits formed in sanitary hot water pipelines in the northern tourist zone of Agadir city." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 2 (June 20, 2018): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc72/01806201138-hadfi.

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The formation of scale on surfaces in contact with water is due to many reasons as the hardness of water and its temperature. Therefore, this phenomenon of scale in water pipelines is a common and inevitable problem in the regions that exploit or use groundwater with high rigidity. The circuits fed by hot water are easily reached by hard water scaling. The deposition of encrusting curst at the level of walls in touch with water is due to many technical, economic and environmental problems. It causes a reduction in water flow and a decrease in the efficiency of heating systems.In this study, we are particularly interested in studying the phenomenon of hard water scaling caused by sanitary hot water in a tourist unit situated in the north of the seaside in the city of Agadir. First, we have evaluated the physico-chemical quality of water in use in this tourist unit. Secondly, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the scale found in the circuits that transport sanitary hot water. Several analytical techniques were used to reach this goal namely: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which shows that 85.50% of scale is represented by Calcium Carbonate. Whereas infrared spectrometry (IR) demonstrates the existence of the Carbonate anion CO32-. In addition, due to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) we found that the endothermic event shows the decomposition of Calcium Carbonate of CaO and CO2 in the temperature range of 660 C° to 820 C°. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it indicates that the scale takes the form of needle-like aragonite crystals. At last, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the scale is composed essentially of Calcium Carbonate of the type aragonite.The results of the different techniques of characterisation are in concordance in the scaling of the circuits of sanitary hot water in the tourist unit under study.

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33

Thapa, Dharendra, Kaiyuan Wu, Michael W. Stoner, Bingxian Xie, Manling Zhang, Janet R. Manning, Zhongping Lu та ін. "The protein acetylase GCN5L1 modulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation activity via acetylation of the mitochondrial β-oxidation enzyme HADHA". Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, № 46 (15 жовтня 2018): 17676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ac118.005462.

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Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) deacetylates and activates several mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes in the liver. Here, we investigated whether the protein acetylase GCN5 general control of amino acid synthesis 5-like 1 (GCN5L1), previously shown to oppose SIRT3 activity, is involved in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. We show that GCN5L1 abundance is significantly up-regulated in response to an acute high-fat diet (HFD). Transgenic GCN5L1 overexpression in the mouse liver increased protein acetylation levels, and proteomic detection of specific lysine residues identified numerous sites that are co-regulated by GCN5L1 and SIRT3. We analyzed several fatty acid oxidation proteins identified by the proteomic screen and found that hyperacetylation of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit α (HADHA) correlates with increased GCN5L1 levels. Stable GCN5L1 knockdown in HepG2 cells reduced HADHA acetylation and increased activities of fatty acid oxidation enzymes. Mice with a liver-specific deletion of GCN5L1 were protected from hepatic lipid accumulation following a chronic HFD and did not exhibit hyperacetylation of HADHA compared with WT controls. Finally, we found that GCN5L1-knockout mice lack HADHA that is hyperacetylated at three specific lysine residues (Lys-350, Lys-383, and Lys-406) and that acetylation at these sites is significantly associated with increased HADHA activity. We conclude that GCN5L1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial protein acetylation plays a role in hepatic metabolic homeostasis.

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34

Archi, Alfonso. "Hadda of Ḫalab and his temple in the Ebla period". Iraq 72 (2010): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000565.

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During the twenty-fourth century BC, Aleppo, centre of cult of the weather god Hadda, was administered by an overseer under the control of Ebla, whose major god was Kura. Although Hadda had a temple in Mari, the region of the Middle Euphrates was dominated by the cult of Dagan, while ʾAdabal was the god of the Orontes valley. The king and his family played a regular role in the rites of Hadda at Aleppo. Twice a year, a renewal rite required the replacement of his mace and pair of bull's horns. Besides the mace, a chariot and two bulls with human faces were attributed to this god, an iconography which lasted into subsequent centuries.

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35

Adam, Ishag, Elhassan M. Elhassan, Abd Elrahium D. Haggaz, Abdel Aziem A. Ali, and Gamal K. Adam. "A perspective of the epidemiology of malaria and anaemia and their impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes in Sudan." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 02 (October 8, 2010): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1282.

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Introduction: Both malaria and anaemia have adverse effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes. Thus there is an urgent need to investigate the co-epidemiology of malaria and anaemia and their combined impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes in the different regions of Sudan Methodology: Various cross-sectional and case control studies conducted during the years 2003-2010 to investigate the epidemiology of malaria and anaemia and their impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes in different regions of Sudan were compared. Results: While 13.7% of antenatal attendants in New Halfa had peripheral microscopically detected Plasmodium falciparum malaria, placental malaria (using histological examinations) was prevalent in 32.0-40% and 19.5% of parturient women in New Halfa and Gadarif Hospitals, respectively. Malaria was a risk factor for anaemia in New Halfa and for stillbirths in Omdurman Maternity Hospital. Anaemia was present in 52.5%, 62.6% and 80.2% of pregnant women in Medani, New Halfa, and Gadarif Hospitals, respectively. In Gadarif, 57.3% of pregnant women had a folate deficiency, while 1% had a vitamin B12, deficiency. In Medani, zinc and copper deficiencies were detected in 45.0% and 4% of pregnant women, respectively. Anaemia was a risk factor for low birth weight in Al-Fashir, for fetal anaemia in New Halfa, and for stillbirth in Kassala Hospital. Conclusion: More care should be taken to ensure proper nutrition and malaria prevention such as bed nets and intermittent preventive treatments to avoid these diseases and their effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes.

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36

WANG, Z. L. "Dislocation contrast in high-angle hollow-cone dark-field TEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100149301.

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Dislocations were imaged using the high-angle hollow-cone dark-field transmission electron microscopy (HADF-TEM) technique. Experiments were performed using a Philips CM30 TEM at 300 kV Dislocations and grain boundaries show bright contrast in HADF-TEM images and there are no contrast reversals with thickness or defocus. The dislocation contrast shows no dramatic variation when the average semi-conical angle θ was increased from 40 to 110 mrad, but does show strong dependence on the diffracting conditions that are set up for the corresponding on-axis bright-field (BF) TEM image (Fig. 1). Under the "one-beam" (random orientation without strong diffraction) reflection condition (Figs, 1a and 1a'), the visibility of the dislocations is poor in either the BF-TEM or the HADF-TEM image. Under the two-beam diffracting condition (Figs, 1b and 1b') both BF-TEM and HADF-TEM images show optimized contrast. The features appearing in the HADF-TEM images have a good one-to-one correspondence with the features shown in the corresponding BF-TEM images; the dislocation contrast disappears in the HADF-TEM images if the condition g·b = 0 is satisfied in the BF-TEM images, where b is the Burgers vector (Fig 2).

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37

Shohayeb, Mohamed, Hassan Arida, El-Sayed S. Abdel-Hameed, and Saleh Bazaid. "Effects of Macro- and Microelements in Soil of Rose Farms in Taif on Essential Oil Production byRosa damascenaMill." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/935235.

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Rose is one of the most economically important ornamental crops in the world. In this study, we analyzed nine macro- and microelements in soils and petals ofR. damascenaMill. cultivated in Shafa and Hada mountains. The amounts of the investigated macro- and microelements varied from one soil or petal sample to another and they were generally higher in most soil and petal samples of Shafa compared to Hada. On the other hand, the levels of the investigated elements in petal samples were not dependent on their levels in soil samples. While water extracts of the soil of farms of Shafa were slightly alkaline (pH 7.69), they were moderately alkaline (pH 8.04) in Hada farms. The amounts of oil produced by rose petals of Hada were relatively larger than those of Shafa. Amongst the five investigated constituents of the volatile oil of roses, the amounts of citronellol, geraniol, and eugenol were significantly larger in the volatile oil of rose petals of Hada compared to Shafa. This study suggests that the ecology of roses of both Hada and Shafa mountains is different and this is most likely reflected on the amount of volatile oil and its constituents. Therefore, further integrated multidisciplinary research correlating rose ecology, agronomy, and essential oil yield is highly recommended.

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38

Khalidi, Walid. "The Fall of Haifa Revisited." Journal of Palestine Studies 37, no. 3 (2008): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2008.37.3.30.

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Almost fifty years ago, Walid Khalidi published ““The Fall of Haifa”” in the December 1959 issue of the now-defunct Middle East Forum. On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the fall of Haifa on 22 April 1948, a major landmark in the Palestine war, JPS is republishing the article, long unavailable, to which Professor Khalidi has added endnotes and an introduction.

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39

Demolin, Didier, Andrew Harvey, Richard Griscom, and Alain Ghio. "Acoustic features of Hadza clicks." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, no. 4 (October 2021): A68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0007649.

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40

Sands, Bonny, Ian Maddieson, and Peter Ladefoged. "The phonetic structures of Hadza." Studies in African Linguistics 25, no. 2 (June 15, 1996): 171–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v25i2.107401.

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Hadza is one of three East African languages with clicks. Previous field repons on this language have disagreed on several of its phonetic chanacteristics, including the number and nature of the clicks. This paper-based on acoustic and aniculatory analyses of data collected in recent fieldwork-presents a more detailed picture than any previous work. Special attention is given to the articulation of the click types and the acoustic features of the click accompaniments, the role of aspiration in distinguishing classes of consonants, and the fonnant structure of vowels.

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41

Ballas, Rami. "The Sail Tower, Haifa, Israel." Structural Engineering International 13, no. 3 (August 2003): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686603777964595.

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42

Coburn, Jeremy R., and Sherman D. Charles. "Hadza liquid production and acoustics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019202.

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Liquid systems in the world’s languages are relatively poorly understood. This study employs 3D/4D ultrasound methods to investigate articulatory characteristics of Hadza liquids produced by a single male speaker in a laboratory, analyzing simultaneously collected acoustic signals to determine relations between articulation and acoustics. Articulatory-acoustic relations are then compared to acoustic data obtained from other speakers collected in the field. Hadza is a language isolate spoken by approximately 1200 people (Brian Wood, pc.) in north-central Tanzania. Hadza is reported to have a single liquid phoneme which varies allophonically between a lateral approximant [l] occurring word-initially, and a tap [ɾ], occurring intervocalically (Tucker et al., 1977; Sands et al., 1996; Sands, 2013). The results of the current study confirm the production of both lateral approximant [l] and tap [ɾ] allophones; however, the results also show substantial variation between speakers. Furthermore, some speakers exhibit a categorical distinction between the allophones in given phonological environments, while others indicate a very similar articulation in both, and demonstrate no such distinction.

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43

Coburn, Jeremy R. "Laryngeal contrasts in Hadza occlusives." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019203.

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Laryngeal contrasts in consonants are found in nearly all languages. Two-way laryngeal contrasts are common in western European languages, and three- and four-way systems are attested, for example, in many South Asian languages. The current study presents acoustic data on laryngeal contrasts in Hadza, a language isolate spoken by ∼1200 people (Brian Wood, pc.) in Tanzania. Hadza contains multiple complex consonant types, including clicks and ejectives, as well as aspiration and prenasalization. Some previous descriptions suggested a three-way contrast in stops (e.g., /t tʰ d/) and affricates (e.g., t⌢s t⌢sʰ d⌢z), and also a two-way contrast in clicks (e.g., /! !ʰ/) (Tucker et al., 1977; de Voogt, 1992), but did not offer corroborating phonetic evidence. Sands et al. (1996) documented the expected distinction in Voice Onset Time (VOT) between voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stops, but they did not find VOT differences for clicks or affricates. Using wordlist data collected in 2022, this study presents temporal measurements, including VOT, to examine the phonetic properties of laryngeal contrasts in Hadza occlusives and, especially, to evince an aspiration contrast in affricates and clicks previously unsubstantiated in the literature. These results resolve discrepancies between past research and further elucidate the laryngeal system of Hadza.

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44

Apperley, JF, BD Luskey, and DA Williams. "Retroviral gene transfer of human adenosine deaminase in murine hematopoietic cells: effect of selectable marker sequences on long-term expression." Blood 78, no. 2 (July 15, 1991): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v78.2.310.310.

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Abstract Retroviral-mediated gene transfer of human adenosine deaminase (hADA) provides a model system for the development of somatic gene therapy as a therapy for diseases of bone marrow-derived cells. We have previously demonstrated that hADA can be observed in all hematopoietic lineages in a minority of mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected with a simplified retroviral vector, ZipPGK-ADA. Here we report a majority of mice (six of eight) demonstrate expression of hADA in the peripheral blood at least 6 months after transplantation with bone marrow infected with this simplified retroviral vector, which contains no selectable marker. The failure to express hADA in two of eight mice was associated with the absence of the recombinant retroviral provirus in DNA prepared from bone marrow cells of these mice apparently due to failure to efficiently infect the reconstituting hematopoietic stem cell. In an effort to preselect bone marrow stem cells containing proviral integrations, we incorporated the selectable marker neo phosphotransferase (NEO) into a retroviral vector encoding hADA, N2/ZipPGK-ADATKNEO, and used G418 selection of infected bone marrow cells before transplantation. In contrast to the simplified retroviral vector, hADA expression in these recipients was short lived (less than 8 weeks), despite the continued presence of intact provirus in DNA prepared from bone marrow of these mice. To determine whether the preselection of bone marrow using G418 was responsible for the lack of sustained hADA expression, we repeated the infection with the N2/ZipPGK- ADATKNEO vector but omitted the G418 selection step. Again, the majority of recipient mice failed to express hADA long term, although the continued presence of provirus in DNA prepared from peripheral blood cell mononuclear cells was clearly demonstrated. Finally, we demonstrate clonal fluctuation of infected stem cells, and observe a temporal correlation between cessation of expression of hADA and the emergence of a dominant stem cell clone between 14 and 20 weeks posttransplantation in one recipient. These data suggest that inclusion of a second transcriptional unit that includes neo phosphotransferase sequences in this simplified vector is associated with decreased expression of the nonselectable ADA sequences.

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45

Apperley, JF, BD Luskey, and DA Williams. "Retroviral gene transfer of human adenosine deaminase in murine hematopoietic cells: effect of selectable marker sequences on long-term expression." Blood 78, no. 2 (July 15, 1991): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v78.2.310.bloodjournal782310.

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Анотація:

Retroviral-mediated gene transfer of human adenosine deaminase (hADA) provides a model system for the development of somatic gene therapy as a therapy for diseases of bone marrow-derived cells. We have previously demonstrated that hADA can be observed in all hematopoietic lineages in a minority of mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected with a simplified retroviral vector, ZipPGK-ADA. Here we report a majority of mice (six of eight) demonstrate expression of hADA in the peripheral blood at least 6 months after transplantation with bone marrow infected with this simplified retroviral vector, which contains no selectable marker. The failure to express hADA in two of eight mice was associated with the absence of the recombinant retroviral provirus in DNA prepared from bone marrow cells of these mice apparently due to failure to efficiently infect the reconstituting hematopoietic stem cell. In an effort to preselect bone marrow stem cells containing proviral integrations, we incorporated the selectable marker neo phosphotransferase (NEO) into a retroviral vector encoding hADA, N2/ZipPGK-ADATKNEO, and used G418 selection of infected bone marrow cells before transplantation. In contrast to the simplified retroviral vector, hADA expression in these recipients was short lived (less than 8 weeks), despite the continued presence of intact provirus in DNA prepared from bone marrow of these mice. To determine whether the preselection of bone marrow using G418 was responsible for the lack of sustained hADA expression, we repeated the infection with the N2/ZipPGK- ADATKNEO vector but omitted the G418 selection step. Again, the majority of recipient mice failed to express hADA long term, although the continued presence of provirus in DNA prepared from peripheral blood cell mononuclear cells was clearly demonstrated. Finally, we demonstrate clonal fluctuation of infected stem cells, and observe a temporal correlation between cessation of expression of hADA and the emergence of a dominant stem cell clone between 14 and 20 weeks posttransplantation in one recipient. These data suggest that inclusion of a second transcriptional unit that includes neo phosphotransferase sequences in this simplified vector is associated with decreased expression of the nonselectable ADA sequences.

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46

Moore, KA, FA Fletcher, DK Villalon, AE Utter, and JW Belmont. "Human adenosine deaminase expression in mice." Blood 75, no. 10 (May 15, 1990): 2085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.10.2085.2085.

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Abstract A replication defective retroviral vector containing a human adenosine deaminase (hADA) cDNA was produced by GP + E-86 packaging cells at high titer. We report long-term expression of hADA in the hematopoietic tissues of mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected by in vitro co-cultivation with vector producing cells. Western analysis using an hADA-specific antibody allowed detection of the protein in the peripheral blood of all 37 transplanted mice for at least 9 weeks. Sixty-eight percent of the animals continued to express hADA in one or more of their hematopoietic tissues for the experimental period, and hADA was found in both spleen colonies and tissues of secondary recipients. There was provirus integration and expression in myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cell lineages, indicating extensive repopulation by the progeny of infected stem cells. The vector did not contain a selectable marker, and the infected stem cells did not have a competitive in vivo advantage. Nevertheless, we observed consistent gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells and long-term expression of a human gene product in their progeny.

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47

Moore, KA, FA Fletcher, DK Villalon, AE Utter, and JW Belmont. "Human adenosine deaminase expression in mice." Blood 75, no. 10 (May 15, 1990): 2085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v75.10.2085.bloodjournal75102085.

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Анотація:

A replication defective retroviral vector containing a human adenosine deaminase (hADA) cDNA was produced by GP + E-86 packaging cells at high titer. We report long-term expression of hADA in the hematopoietic tissues of mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected by in vitro co-cultivation with vector producing cells. Western analysis using an hADA-specific antibody allowed detection of the protein in the peripheral blood of all 37 transplanted mice for at least 9 weeks. Sixty-eight percent of the animals continued to express hADA in one or more of their hematopoietic tissues for the experimental period, and hADA was found in both spleen colonies and tissues of secondary recipients. There was provirus integration and expression in myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cell lineages, indicating extensive repopulation by the progeny of infected stem cells. The vector did not contain a selectable marker, and the infected stem cells did not have a competitive in vivo advantage. Nevertheless, we observed consistent gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells and long-term expression of a human gene product in their progeny.

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48

Jannarone, Kimberly. "A Sucker Punch of Horror: The Oyoun Theatre's Gaza Mono-Logues." TDR/The Drama Review 56, no. 3 (September 2012): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00195.

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Анотація:

The Oyoun Theatre brought their performance of The Gaza Mono-logues from Gaza to Haifa for the RS/PS: Richard Schechner and Performance Studies conference, hosted by the University of Haifa. They were part of the larger Gaza Mono-Logues project, conceived by the Ashtar Theatre in Ramallah, which commissioned 33 first-person pieces written by children about their experiences during the three-week-long 2008 war in Gaza.

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49

Baydakova, Galina V., Polina G. Tsygankova, Natalia L. Pechatnikova, Olga A. Bazhanova, Yana D. Nazarenko, and Ekaterina Y. Zakharova. "New Acylcarnitine Ratio as a Reliable Indicator of Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 9, no. 3 (August 25, 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns9030048.

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Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiencies are rare fatal disorders of fatty acid β-oxidation with no apparent genotype–phenotype correlation. The measurement of acylcarnitines by MS/MS is a current diagnostic workup in these disorders. Nevertheless, false-positive and false-negative results have been reported, highlighting a necessity for more sensitive and specific biomarkers. This study included 54 patients with LCHAD/MTP deficiency that has been confirmed by biochemical and molecular methods. The analysis of acylcarnitines in dried blood spots was performed using ESI-MS/MS. The established “HADHA ratio” = (C16OH + C18OH + C18:1OH)/C0 was significantly elevated in all 54 affected individuals in comparison to the control group. Apart from 54 LCHAD deficiency patients, the “HADHA ratio” was calculated in 19 patients with very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency. As VLCAD-deficient patients did not show increased “HADHA ratio”, the results emphasized the high specificity of this new ratio. Therefore, the “HADHA ratio” was shown to be instrumental in improving the overall performance of MS/MS-based analysis of acylcarnitine levels in the diagnostics of LCHAD/MTP deficiencies. The ratio was demonstrated to increase the sensitivity and specificity of this method and reduce the chances of false-negative results.

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50

Naor, Moshe. "Sephardi Leadership in Israel." Israel Studies Review 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2020.350103.

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This article seeks to examine the impact of the transition from Yishuv to state on the Sephardi and Mizrahi leadership, as reflected in the patterns of organization and action of the Sephardi community councils in general, and the Councils of the Sephardi Community in Tel Aviv and Haifa in particular. Against the background of the growing centralized power of the state under the leadership of Mapai and the application of the principle of statism (mamlachtiut), the article will discuss the activities of the Councils of the Sephardi Community in Haifa and Tel Aviv. The article analyzes the process that led in 1951 to the dissolution of the Sephardi and Oriental Communities Union as a political framework, as well as the decision made in the same year by the community councils in Haifa and Tel Aviv to withdraw from political activity.

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