Дисертації з теми "Habitations – Consommation d'énergie – Simulation, Méthodes de"
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Vo, Minh Toàn. "Assessment of heat pump operating faults coupled with building energy simulation using Petri net model." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03685404.
Повний текст джерелаHeat pumps give an efficient and sustainable solution for both heating and cooling. However, these systems sometimes operate with a lower efficiency, because of the faults. In this research, we focus on three operating faults : refrigerant leakage, condenser fouling, and evaporator fouling. They are the most frequent and most impacted operating faults. They evolve undetectably over time until they start to create the energy and comfort problems. We propose to develop a method to model these operating faults and to associate them with a building simulation model. In the first place, we developed physical models of an air-to-air residential heat pump in order to predict the coefficient of performance (COP/EER) of the heat pump, as a function of the use intensity, and operating fault. Then, a Petri net model was proposed to determine a priori structure of fault evolution. In the second step, we apply a notion of uncertainty of fault database to take into account different working cases and generalize the fault occurrence model. We associated it with the dynamic energy simulation tool COMETh, a building simulation model developed by CSTB, to simulate the annual energy consumption. This method helps us to analyze and determine the global uncertainty of fault impacts on the heat pump performance and on the whole energy consumption of the building. The method was applied to a case study of residential building in Paris over 15 years. With three heat pump operating faults, the building consumption remarkably increased from the third year. At the 15th year, the building consumption is double than the standard value. The results underline the possibility of the proposed methodology
Roujol, Stéphane Roger. "Méthodes de calcul prévisionnel des consommations d'énergie des bâtiments climatisés : incertitude et validation." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1178.
Повний текст джерелаUsers of model are often faced with problem of quality of results provided by models, i. E. What is the validity of models and what is the uncertainty of results? We purpose a validation method adapted to building energy simulation software package and a method to evaluate uncertainties introduced by inputs. First, we consider an moisture model which allow to calculate part of dehumidification on fan coil unit and a chiller model which allow to calculate electrical consumption at non rating point and part load conditions. No reference data are available for moisture model, so we propose several models and compare them. An empirical model of chiller is developed from manufacturer data and is compared with physical models. A statistical study of chiller gives default values. Validation of the whole software package is used to evaluate uncertainty due to the representation of building in the software. The influence of input data on energy consumption has been assessed by a sensitivity study carried by experience design. Method to evaluate uncertainty - Monte Carlo and uncertainties composition - are compared from a theoretical and practical point of view. A simple experimental design and the method of uncertainties composition are selected, they required a little number of calculations. Finally, the comparison with experimental data of building in operation shows a good agreement between the results on energy consumption of chiller, its uncertainty is around 20%
Kouki, Meriem. "Maîtrise énergétique des systèmes de production : proposition d'un outil d'aide à la conception de modèles de simulation à évènements discrets intégrant l'énergie." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4072.
Повний текст джерелаTodays, industries are compelled to innovate and improve their sustainability under economic, political and social pressure in a highly competitive market and within an increasing societal conscience towards environmental issues. In this context, several initiatives have been carried out at both academic and industrial levels to improve energy performance in the production phase. In parallel with technological advances, energy savings by production organization are not always exploited because of a lack of comprehension on the energy behavior of manufacturing systems. To solve this problem, Discrete Event Simulation is a reliable solution, but several barriers still prevent its industrial use: literature approaches lack genericity and reliable procedures for integrating energy consumption data in complex cases. The objective of our work is to propose a simulation tool allowing to predict the energy consumption of manufacturing systems, it serves as a tool to help decision-making to enhance energy performance and productivity usually considered as conflicting goals. This tool is designed following a generic and flexible approach to model and simulate workflows and energy flows in a single platform. In addition, a methodology for integrating complex energy consumption data, based on a stochastic approach, is proposed. Validation of our approach and our tool is carried out in the field of polymer processing
Li, Jun. "Instruments de politiques publiques pour la maîtrise de l’énergie dans les pays émergents : le cas de l’habitat en Chine." Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005310.
Повний текст джерелаMore than one billion square meters of housing should be built in Chinese cities by 2020. At the same time, demand for energy services of Chinese households is very likely to increase as a result of continually improved living standards. Space heating already accounts for almost 40% of energy consumption in the residential sector in China. Thus the energy performance of buildings in Chinese cities represents a major challenge for ensuring energy supply security and combating climate change in the next decades. Several regulations relating to the requirement of the thermal performance of housing entered into force in China successively since the 1990s, the long term consequences of failure in enforcement and implementation have been examined from both energy security and climate protection perspectives. Nevertheless, few of studies in literature have addressed the issue from the perspective of economic investment decision. None of previous studies have studied the extent to which the current decision on more or less efficient standards in the large-scale urban infrastructure like buildings will have ultimately impact on the financing capacity in transforming the society toward low-carbon energy supply and consumption model, and the role the energy efficiency in buildings will play in enabling the public authority to harness the benefits resulting from reduced operation costs in early stage to facilitating the investment in new technology research and development and deployment in the future. The thesis seeks to answer two fundamental questions: 1. Is there an optimal development pathway to buildings energy performance standards in the context of extremely rapid urbanisation in China? 2. If so, what are political and economic instruments to put in place to limit growth in energy demand and CO2 emissions in this sector by taking the economic and institutional characteristics into account? Based on a modelling approach, we compare a variety of strategies to manage energy demand in buildings and their economic costs in a Chinese city by 2030. Our quantitative analysis in the first part of thesis shows that the adoption of current Chinese BEE standards not only fails to achieve an optimal level from societal point of view, but would also be the most costly amongst the technical options available today even without taking into account any cost of environmental externalities. Inclusion of carbon price will certainly favour the high-efficiency construction technology. More importantly, the city-level long-term modelling results show that even partial non-compliance of building energy efficiency today will result in tremendous difficulty in transforming the whole infrastructure under climate and economic constraints. Financing the new generation of low-carbon supply technologies such as renewable heating and carbon capture and storage (CCS) require taking into account the buildings thermal quality without any delays, otherwise the whole urban infrastructure would be saddled with high operation costs dilemma for several decades because both retrofitting and alternative energy supply in this case would be extremely costly and difficult to undertake. Therefore we strongly recommend that serious attention must be attached to efficiency issue today, and the current thermal regulations should be strengthened significantly and quickly to avoid irreversible carbon lock-in deadlock in the next two decades. Indeed, financial shortage appears not to be the insurmountable barriers to upgrading the current efficiency standards based on our modelling results, instead the institutional aspect may be the main obstacle to the no-lose strategy that allows benefits creation and redistribution. Several economic and policy instruments are analysed in the second part to accompany the actions of buildings performance amelioration with removal of institutional barriers. We develop three main models to accompany the learning of high-efficiency construction technology and processing industry : 1). Establishment of a carbon financing system via the integration of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol into the construction sector ; 2). Flexibility of land use regulations on property developing and city zoning ; 3). Creation of economic incentives to facilitate third-financing of energy efficiency in buildings, including the involvement of municipal heat companies. In this regard, district heating pricing reform must be carried out accordingly
Rivalin, Lisa. "Vers une démarche de garantie des consommations énergétiques dans les bâtiments neufs : Méthodes d'évaluation des incertitudes associées à la simulation thermique dynamique dans le processus de conception et de réalisation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM007/document.
Повний текст джерелаBefore the construction of a building, an energy performance guarantee consists in predicting the energy required for user comfort. To do that, it is necessary to state a contractual consumption and identify the key parameters to pay special attention to. Thus, for new buildings, consumption is calculated under design phase, when several data are uncertain. Thus, the dynamic thermal simulation is carried out with hypothetical data, without having the possibility to calibrate with measures.This PhD thesis aims to develop a method of uncertainty quantification during the design step and construction process of a new building. These uncertainties are classified into three categories: those associated with the calculation methods used for building and system modeling, those related to the lack of knowledge of model parameters and those due to the real use conditions of the building (occupancy and weather).To achieve this goal, uncertainties associated with the calculation methods are addressed, to identify some practices limiting the number of errors and the associated uncertainties. Then, a methodology is defined to choose the critical parameters used for the probabilistic study and to associate them with a distribution according to the available knowledge. The central part of this PhD thesis is dedicated to an exhaustive comparison of methods to select a fast uncertainty propagation and sensitivity analysis method. Finally, after illustrating the overall contracting approach and discussing the inclusion of financial risks, the method is applied on a real case, on which an adjustment formula is added to take into account actual weather and usage
Bouyer, Julien. "Modélisation et simulation des microclimats urbains - Étude de l'impact de l'aménagement urbain sur les consommations énergétiques des bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426508.
Повний текст джерелаLefevre, Benoit. "La soutenabilité environnementale des transports urbains dans les villes du sud : Le couple « transport – usage des sols » au cœur des dynamiques urbaines." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3538/01/BLEFEVRE_THESEFINALE_DEF.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this PhD dissertation is to explore if, in view of rapid demographic growth and limited financial capacities, the technologies accessible to poor cities can decrease trajectories of energy consumption and CO2 emissions due to urban transportation. Chapter 1 reviews what we already know of the determinants involved, and their recent evolutions. Chapter 2 analyzes conceivable transport and land-use solutions that would allow southern cities to attain sustainable development trajectories. The conclusions drawn from the first two chapters led us to analyze the interactions between the transport system and land-use system on a particular city, Bogota (Colombia). Chapter 3 studies the functional relations in the “Transport – Land Use” couple and its impact on urban space structuring processes in the long term, from the foundation of Bogota to the end of the 20th century. Chapter 4 focus on the impact of a new transportation infrastructure – the TransMilenio Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) – on real-estate and housing markets, on urban structure and the Origin-Destination trip matrix. Chapter 5 reviews the existing prospective tools able to simulate various combinations of realistic policies, and to measure their consequences on the levels of energy consumption and CO2 emissions related to urban transportation. The integrated urban “Transport – Land Use” model, TRANUS, is chosen and completed with a module of of energy consumption and CO2 emissions quantification, called “Energy Signature of Urban Transportation” (SETU). Chapter 6 tests the capacity of these combinations of policies to affect the trajectories of the energy consumption of urban transportation through the application of TRANUS-SETU on a case study, Bangalore (India)
Bilot, Nicolas. "Raisonner la filière de production de plaquettes forestières pour sa performance énergétique et l'exportation d'éléments nutritifs en forêt." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0033.
Повний текст джерелаThe increasing demand for energy wood requires a better knowledge about the production system. This work is about modelling the chain producing wood chips for energy.Growth and yield models are built by forest scientists, and some models can predict contents in biomass and nutrients in trees. The study of the chain of harvesting, transforming and transporting energy wood is made by a community of forest and wood scientists, relying on principles from process engineering. Fuel qualities from elemental composition are modelled in the field of energy sciences.By connecting and completing this knowledge, the thesis proposes an original approach to consistently integrate models from the different fields of science. This bottom-up approach conserves a high level of information about the system, and a high flexibility in the configuration of the simulated chain.Original models were developed for the chain. Model formulation was made respecting the most frequent level of detail found in literature. An original model was developed to predict fuel quality relying on nutrient content predicted with models developed in forest sciences.A software tool was developed to integrate these models. “ForEnerChips” calculates material fluxes from forest growth to heating plant via the whole chain. This allows for the assessment of energy balances, and nutrient exportations and restitutions, according to choices made in the configuration of the chain (scenario analysis). Its implementation into the CAPSIS software platform allows a potential connection to about 70 growth and yield models for different species, regions or management regimes.The simulator was connected so far to a particular growth and yield model for common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). A scenario representative of current management practices was studied and compared to alternative scenarios. Other ideas of potential uses are suggested
Bontemps, Stéphanie. "Validation expérimentale de modèles : application aux bâtiments basse consommation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0337/document.
Повний текст джерелаConstruction of low, passive and positive energy buildings is generalizing and existing buildings are being renovated. For this reason, it is essential to use simulation in order to estimate, among other things, energy and environmental performances reached by these new buildings. Expectations regarding guarantee of energy performance being more and more important, it is crucial to ensure the reliability of simulation tools being used. Indeed, simulation codes should reflect the behavior of these new kinds of buildings in the most consistent and accurate manner. Moreover, the uncertainty related to design parameters, as well as solicitations and building uses have to be taken into account in order to guarantee building energy performance during its lifetime.This thesis investigates the empirical validation of models applied to a test cell building. This validation process is divided into several steps, during which the quality of the model is evaluated as far as consistency and accuracy are concerned. Several study cases were carried out, from which we were able to identify the most influential parameters on model output, inspect the influence of time step on the empirical validation process, analyze the influence of initialization and confirm methodology’s ability to test the model
Favre, Bérenger. "Etude de stratégies de gestion énergétique des bâtiments par l'application de la programmation dynamique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00957327.
Повний текст джерелаLigier, Simon. "Développement d’une méthodologie pour la garantie de performance énergétique associant la simulation à un protocole de mesure et vérification." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM083/document.
Повний текст джерелаDiscrepancies between ex-ante energy performance assessment and actual consumption of buildings hinder the development of construction and renovation projects. Energy performance contracting (EPC) ensures a maximal level of energy consumption and secures investment. Implementation of EPC is limited by technical and methodological problems.This thesis focused on the development of an EPC methodology that allies building energy simulation (BES), and measurement and verification (M&V) process anticipation. The building parameters’ uncertainties and dynamic loads variability are considered using a Monte-Carlo analysis. A model generating synthetic weather data was developed. Statistical studies of simulation results allow a guaranteed consumption limit to be evaluated according to a given risk. Quantile regression methods jointly capture the risk level and the relationship between the guaranteed energy consumption and external adjustment factors. The statistical robustness of these methods was studied as well as the choice of the best adjustment factors to consider. The latter will be measured during building operation. The impact of measurement uncertainties is statistically integrated in the methodology. The influence of M&V process accuracy is also examined. The complete EPC methodology is finally applied on two different projects: the refurbishment of a residential building and the construction of a high energy performance office building
Leboullenger, Déborah. "Essais sur la transition énergétique : enjeux, valorisation, financement et risques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100065/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with the main challenges that we need to address to foster the private financing of a low-carbon energy transition. A massive amount of investment in low carbon assets is needed and most of the effort must come from final energy consumers such as households. Their ability as well as the ability of the financial intermediation institutions (that is banks in Europe) to valorise low-carbon investments and risk profile is the key for a successful low-carbon energy transition in France and in every industrialized country. These researches focus more particularly on the housing sector which represents 44% of the final energy consumption and 21% of the total greenhouses gases emissions in France. The first chapter of this thesis takes the viewpoint that only a disaggregated approach can actually permit macroeconomic and nationwide objectives to reduce final energy consumption match microeconomic arbitrages regarding energy spending in the private residential housing sector. Using segmentation and decision tree growing econometric techniques, the chapter proposes a typology of energy spending and a segmentation analysis and of the energy transition “market” in the housing sector. The second chapter uses frontier functions estimation technique on a local French private housing market to determine if selling prices contain a “Green Property Value”. An empirical analysis is then conducted to determine if this value can offset the upfront cost of energy retrofit. The last chapter takes the prism of the financial institutions. It attempts a first evaluation of the impact and exposition to climate related risks, those are physical, transition, liability and systemic risks, on the banking system and its prudential regulation framework
Batier, Cécile. "Confort thermique et énergie dans l’habitat social en milieu méditerranéen : d'un modèle comportemental de l’occupant vers des stratégies architecturales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS019/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe current design of energy-efficient buildings used to be performed by dynamic thermal simulations using conventional hypotheses like those of the 2012 French thermal regulations (weather reports, occupancy, temperature set, operations of windows and shutters by occupants, etc...). However, feedback highlights a great difference in energy consumption between forecasts on the one hand and in situ measurements in winter as well as overheating in summer on the other hand. According to the scientific community, even if many factors can account for this gap, the inhabitants seem to play a major role in it as well. Indeed, by acting on their windows and shutters, they modify the renewal rate of fresh air and the management of solar contributions. As the matter of fact, the use and the type of windows and shutters affect the energy consumptions and the comfort. The aim of this study is to analyse the thermal evolution of occupied apartments in order to establish a behavioral model of the occupants. This will allow us to quantify the impact of architectural modifications on the thermal comfort and the energy performances of buildings.Two residential buildings are investigated in Vauvert (a city in southern of France). Both of them were built in 1969 using the same constructive techniques and have lately been renovated in a similar way (CMV, boilers, windows). The only difference is that on the facade of one of them an external thermal insulation has recently been installed. The analysis of the real thermal conditions, of the actual human behavior and of the amount of energy consumed is built on surveys and on an extensive year-round in situ instrumentation in the living rooms of 13 apartments. It allows us to define a behavioral model of occupants based on 32 different combinations in the operations of windows and shutters. We can divide them into three occupants' profiles (the “expert” occupant, the “active” occupant and the “counterproductive” occupant). Digital Pléiades+COMFIE simulations are made in order to validate this model. The refined modeling of the dynamic thermal simulation parameters helps to understand the impact on the thermal comfort and the energy consumption of different architectural strategies in the Mediterranean area.In winter the thermal analysis of the two residential buildings (insulated and non insulated) shows similar levels of consumption, but a lower level of thermal comfort in the non insulated case. However during temperature peaks in summer, overheating appears in the insulated dwellings, but human behavior is the key to limit occupants’ discomfort. The analysis of in situ measurements shows that strategies to cool down the apartments are not always implemented by occupants. Architectural solutions mitigating “counterproductive” occupants’ behavior are finally examined
Kara-Zaitri, Mounir. "Modélisation et guidage robuste et autonome pour le problème de rendez-vous orbital." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1026/.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, two fundamental steps of the orbital rendezvous are studied: the relative navigation and the minimum-fuel guidance. The first part is devoted to the modeling of spacecraft relative motion under linear assumptions. A comprehensive bibliography review and a novel method of relative motion model design are given in this part as well as a mapping between the various state space variables forms. These developments are undertaken in order to provide reliable and accurate navigation tools in the presence of orbital perturbations. The guidance is considered in the second part through the development of several algorithms for solving the fixed-time rendezvous problem. Each algorithm is developed using different theoretical tools such as indirect methods for solving optimal control problems based on the maximum principle or direct techniques exploiting the discretizing of optimal control problems and linear programming. Various objectives are considered through the use of these tools, including minimization of fuel consumption and robustness toward the navigation errors. Other algorithms are designed in order to improve their practical implementation thanks to the use of orbital mechanics theory. A set of validation tests and comparisons is made, where examples from academic literature and real missions are solved using the different algorithms. This is achieved in order to highlight the most relevant theoretical and practical aspects of the proposed algorithms
Rivallain, Mathieu. "Étude de l'aide à la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00861172.
Повний текст джерелаMerabtine, Abdelatif. "Modélisation Bond Graphs en vue de l'Efficacité Énergétique du Bâtiment." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0121/document.
Повний текст джерелаOur works focus on the setting of reliable tools able to analyze the interaction between the building envelope and HVAC systems. The developed approach is based on Bond Graphs methodology, a graphical modeling language which is particularly suitable for energy exchanges. A numerical model gathering, under the same simulation environment, sub-models representing the building envelope, the solar gains, the floor heating, the chilled ceiling and the ventilation system, is developed in order to predict the energy interactions between these sub-systems. The multi-zone building model is developed in order to simulate and analyze the overall building thermal behavior. Then, the solar gains model is also included to predict the solar radiation exchanges in a way close to reality. The model of the heating and cooling system, combining the floor heating and the chilled ceiling, is developed in order to improve the thermal comfort of the building. Afterwards, the ventilation system is modeled in order to represent the air exchange inside the building. The experimental validation is carried out on the tri-generation unit integrated with a thermal solar system (platform ENERBAT). Furthermore, the parametrical study was realized in order to gain a better understanding according to the impact of some factors in the energy performance of the single-family building located in Meurthe-et-Moselle region (France). Optimization of several measures, such as insulation of the building envelope, type of glazing, building orientation and ventilation system, is performed to respond to the requirements of the French thermal standard (RT2012)
Bois, Jérémy. "Outil d’aide à la décision pour la conception de maisons solaires à énergie positive." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0679/document.
Повний текст джерелаWith energy-related and environmental climate change challenges, energy sobriety and local energy production are yet to become a mainstream practice for new buildings construction by 2020. This works focuses on single-family houses which in France represent half of new buildings constructions with 200000 new units new units each year. Near zero energy single-family houses with 100 % solar energy consists on compromising between performance of building envelope which defines energy needs and the ability for equipments to value free solar energy. Hence solar energy must be able to cover space heating and domestic hot waterdemands but also provide enough energy for lightning and other specific uses such as domestic appliances.After a literature review of near zero energy house concepts, an analysis was undertaken to providea clear view of solar combi-systems technical solutions with the ability to provide enough energyfor both needs : space heating and domestic hot water. Using Dymola environment a detailed modelwas developed and its consistency was checked by inter-comparison at component scale. An innovative control algorithm has been worked out to maximize the solar system’s global performance. Afirst parametric study has shown that the system was able to cover close to 80 % of house heat requirement. However sizing of a solar combi-system is a complex task and requires to find compromises between building sobriety, solar thermal energy efficiency, and photovoltaics solar energy sizing. Because of the problem’s complexity, a decision aid tool with an appropriate multi-criteria optimizationalgorithm is required.To that end a chapter is dedicated to the development of a multi-criteria optimization algorithm based on artificial bee colony behavior. This approach has proved to be quite effective to solve the problem and to handle continuous, discrete and qualitative decision variables. Chosen solution was constrained to have a positive energy balance and must maximize solar space heating and domestic fraction in a view to reduce total energy consumption. A validation process has also been set up and the developed optimization algorithm has proved its ability to solve standard problems with a fairlyshort number of evaluations. Adopted methodology was illustrated by two applications of the design phase of a near zero energydetached house. First one is located at Bordeaux an second one in Strasbourg. Selected climate conditions emphasize the ability of the proposed approach to identify a wide range of optimal solutions showing differences within the building’s performance as well as the solar system sizing. Lastly a decision aid tool allows to explore optimal front in a convenient way to shape adapted solutions