Дисертації з теми "Habitat reconstruction"

We determined the diet contributions of grasses, forbs and shrubs for three herds of bighorn sheep along the Wasatch Front, Utah using stable isotope techniques and determined the electivity values for different forage species for four herds. Forbs were generally the most common forage eaten across all herds while shrubs were the least used forage resource. The Provo Peak and Mount Nebo herds used grasses, forbs and shrubs at proportions similar to other bighorn sheep populations across the west, while the Antelope Island herd used forbs at higher levels than any other local herd. Additionally, the herd on Antelope Island was analyzed to compare differential use by rams and ewes. Our results indicate that there was no significant difference in diet between sexes on Antelope Island. Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) was a common species across all sites and was an important forage for all populations. Managers may consider these proportions when seeding in bighorn habitat improvement projects.

Le but de ce travail de recherche est de démontrer que la ré-exploitation des matériaux locaux de construction dans la vallée du Jourdain, peut contribuer à une autonomie des communautés rurales palestiniennes. Pour ce faire, cette thèse questionne le développement de la filière terre dans ces territoires. Nous posons l’hypothèse qu’il existe un lien étroit entre les transformations de la société rurale, de sa structure économique et politique, et les transformations de la filière constructive en terre. ‘Trois temps’ de cette filière ont été relevés et ont permis de vérifier cette hypothèse. Le cas de la Palestine avant 1920, l’habitat en terre crue entre 1920 et 1970 et finalement la situation actuelle. Ces évolutions nous ont permis de comprendre que la ré-exploitation des matériaux locaux permet une véritable autonomie lorsque la filière est intégrée aux pratiques économiques et sociales en cours. Cette idée a été vérifiée par l’étude du contexte actuel où la filière est en reconstruction temporaire car déconnectée des pratiques sociales et économiques. Ce travail de recherche se divise en trois parties, à l’image de ces ‘trois temps’. La première détaille la relation entre la filière terre et la notion de développement durable pour faire le lien ensuite au cas de la Palestine avant 1920. La seconde précise le changement de valeurs qui s’est opéré entre 1920 et 1970 dans la société rurale et les transformations de l’habitat qui y sont liées. Enfin, la dernière partie tente d’évaluer la reconstruction de cette filière en détaillant le contexte politique et économique actuel pour le confronter ensuite aux actions des nouveaux acteurs sur le terrain
This research aims to demonstrate that the re-use of local building materials in the Jordan Valley can contribute to the autonomy of rural Palestinian communities. To achieve this, we question the evolution of the earthen building sector in these territories. We assume that there is a close link between the transformations of the rural society, its economic and political structure and the transformations that appeared in the earthen building sector. Three historical periods have been identified and have verified this hypothesis: the case of Palestine before 1920, the period between 1920 and 1970 and finally the current situation. Through these evolutions, we understood that the re-use of local materials allows real autonomy when the earthen building sector is integrated to the ongoing social and economic practices. This idea was verified by studying the current context where this building sector knows a temporary reconstruction. This research is divided into three parts. The first part details the relation that exists between earthen architecture and the concept of sustainable development; we will be explaining the case of Palestine before 1920. The second part specifies the changing values of rural society that have taken place between 1920 and 1970 and the transformations of the habitat linked to it. Finally, the last section attempts to assess the reconstruction of this building sector by detailing the current political and economic context and confronting it with the projects led by the “new actors” on the ground

Métodos filogenéticos comparativos utilizam informações sobre as relações de ancestralidade entre as espécies para testar hipóteses evolutivas. Neste contexto, a Reconstrução de Caracteres Ancestrais (RCA) pode nos esclarecer muito a respeito dos organismos já extintos. A família Canidae apresenta variada gama de comportamentos, distribuída por quase todo o planeta. Sua rica história fóssil demonstra processos que nos dão pistas sobre a evolução e diversificação destes comportamentos ao longo de 46 Ma. Entender a importância de fatores bióticos e abióticos na evolução de carnívoros tem sido um dos grandes desafios em estudos macroevolutivos nos últimos anos. Aqui foram abordados aspectos evolutivos de Canidae com o intuito de demonstrar o papel de fatores ambientais e comportamentais, além de interações, na diversificação do grupo. Para isso, construiu-se a filogenia para todas as espécies vivas de canídeos e uma espécie recentemente extinta. No total, 37 espécies foram incluídas na árvore filogenética. Foram obtidos 23 marcadores moleculares usados na construção da filogenia. Utilizou-se também 68 caracteres morfológicos. A construção da filogenia foi feita utilizando inferência Bayesiana. O modelo evolutivo escolhido nessa etapa foi GTR + G + I. Também foi utilizado o algoritmo de Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) para obter a distribuição a posteriori, com 50 x 106 iterações. A datação da árvore filogenética foi feita através do método de Penalized Likelihood, onde foram utilizados 11 registros fósseis de nós conhecidos da filogenia. Após a filogenia feita, obteve-se os dados comportamentais para realização da RCA a respeito dos quatro atributos avaliados. As quatro reconstruções foram criadas com inferência em 1000 árvores cada. Todas análises de RCA foram realizadas com o método de parcimônia. Com o intuito de entender de que maneira os atributos se correlacionam ao longo da filogenia, foi calculada a correlação de Pagel além de Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS). A topologia obtida aqui foi diferente das demais árvores filogenéticas já criadas para Canidae. Além disso, a calibração temporal indica que o split entre Canini e Vulpini se deu há 12.6 Ma, diferente do que é apontado na literatura. A respeito das reconstruções, as linhagens ancestrais dos lobos e das raposas desenvolveram o hábito de viver em áreas abertas. Já os canídeos sulamericanos desenvolveram preferência por áreas florestais. Em relação à dieta, o ancestral de Caninae, assim como os ancestrais diretos das tribos Canini e Vulpini, apresentavam comportamento alimentar hipocarnívoro. O ancestral de todos os canídeos existentes hoje apresentou baixa organização social, enquanto que os lobos desenvolveram alto comportamento social, coincidindo com o surgimento do hábito hipercarnívoro. A respeito do tamanho corporal, o nó ancestral a todos os canídeos possuía tamanho médio, e as duas tribos que surgiram a partir desta linhagem divergiram seus tamanhos. O teste de Pagel demonstrou que há correlação entre dieta e socialidade, mostrando que a alimentação levou a modificações no comportamento Social. Os PGLSs mostram que três tipos de modelos evolutivos explicam as mudanças nos atributos ao longo do tempo. As mudanças no uso de habitat dos canídeos acompanharam as mudanças climáticas no planeta ao longo dos últimos 13 Ma. Já a alimentação meso e hipocarnívora dos sulamericanos se deve ao cenário encontrado na América do Sul ao chegarem, e como reflexo, não desenvolveram alto grau de socialidade. Os resultados sugerem que raposas tentaram evitar a competição com os lobos para não sobreporem seus nichos, sendo o fator fundamental para sua diversificação.
Phylogenetic comparative methods use information on ancestral relationships between species to test evolutionary hypotheses. In this context, the Ancestral Characters Reconstruction (ACR) can shed light on the already extinct organisms. The Canidae family has a wide range of behaviors, distributed throughout most of the planet. Its rich fossil history demonstrates processes that give us clues about the evolution and diversification of these behaviors over 46 Ma. Understanding the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in the evolution of carnivores has been one of the major challenges in macroevolutionary studies in recent years. Here we discuss the evolutionary aspects of Canidae with the purpose of demonstrating the role of environmental and behavioral factors, as well as interactions, in the diversification of the group. For this, the phylogeny was constructed for all living species of canids and a recently extinct species. In total, 37 species were included in the phylogenetic tree. A total of 23 molecular markers were used to construct the phylogeny. We also used 68 morphological characters. The construction of the phylogeny was done using Bayesian inference. The evolutionary model chosen in this step was GTR + G + I. The Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm (MCMC) was also used to obtain the posterior distribution, with 50 x 106 iterations. The phylogenetic tree was dated using the Penalized Likelihood method, where eleven fossil records of nodes known from the phylogeny were used. After the phylogeny, the behavioral data were obtained to perform the ACR in relation to the four attributes evaluated. The four reconstructions were created with inference in 1000 trees each. All ACR analyzes were performed using the parsimony method. In order to understand how the attributes correlate throughout the phylogeny, the Pagel correlation was calculated in addition to Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS). The topology obtained here was different from the other phylogenetic trees already created for Canidae. In addition, the time calibration indicates that the split between Canini and Vulpini occurred 12.6 Ma ago, different from what is pointed out in the literature. Concerning reconstructions, the ancestral lineages of wolves and foxes have developed the habit of living in open areas. South American canids have developed preference for forest areas. Regarding diet, Caninae's ancestor, as well as the direct ancestors of the Canini and Vulpini tribes, presented hypocampivorous feeding behavior. The ancestor of all canids present today had a low social organization, while the wolves developed a high social behavior, coinciding with the emergence of the hypercarnivore habit. Regarding the body size, the ancestral node to all canids had medium size, and the two tribes that have emerged from this lineage diverged their sizes. The Pagel test demonstrated that there is a correlation between diet and sociality, showing that diet led to changes in social behavior. The PGLSs show that three types of evolutionary models explain changes in attributes over time. The changes in the habitat use of the canids have accompanied the climatic changes in the planet during the last 13 Ma. The meso and hypocarnivorous feeding of the South Americans is due to the scenario found in South America when they arrived, and as a reflex, they did not develop high degree of Sociality. The results suggest that foxes tried to avoid competition with the wolves to avoid overlapping their niches, being the fundamental factor for their diversification.

Un ensemble de disciplines tente de comprendre les causes de la distribution de la biodiversité à la surface de la terre. Cette thèse, à l'interface entre macro-écologie et phylogéographie, démêle le rôle relatif des différents facteurs environnementaux et des processus contrôlant la diversité des crustacés aquatiques souterrains en Europe. L'utilisation d'un modèle biologique souterrain permet d'écarter l'effet de la saisonnalité thermique, omniprésente dans les milieux de surface. L'action de multiples facteurs – plus particulièrement la disponibilité des ressources trophiques et l'hétérogénéité environnementale – et les variations régionales de leur importance relative fournissent l'explication la plus parcimonieuse des patrons de richesse. Ce résultat s'oppose au paradigme du rôle prépondérant du processus d'extinction causé par les fortes oscillations climatiques du Pléistocène en Europe du nord. Toutefois, ces oscillations ont très probablement sélectionné des organismes mobiles qui participent à l'augmentation de la taille moyenne des aires de répartition des espèces avec la latitude. La reconstruction de la dynamique des aires de distribution montre que la dispersion est un processus très hétérogène entre et au sein des espèces. Elle interviendrait lors de courtes fenêtres temporelles entre lesquelles l'adaptation locale tendrait au contraire, à contrecarrer les capacités de dispersion. Enfin, ce travail propose des pistes de réflexion afin d'expliquer plus précisément, à partir de données moléculaires supplémentaires et d'outils génomiques, les variations géographiques des taux de diversification et de substitution à l'échelle continentale
A set of disciplines attempt to understand causes of biodiversity patterns on the earth. This thesis, at the frontier between macroecology and phylogeography, disentangles the relative influence of environmental factors and processes shaping groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe. Groundwater habitats offer useful case studies for avoiding the effect of thermal seasonality, which is pervasive in surface ecosystems. The influence of multiple factors – especially productive energy and spatial heterogeneity – and regional variation in their relative importance provide the most parsimonious explanation of species richness patterns. This result undermines the prominent role attributed to the disproportionate extinction of species in northern European regions with high historical climate oscillations. However, these oscillations have probably selected vagile species which contribute to the increase in median range size of species with latitude. Reconstructing range dynamics shows that dispersal is a heterogeneous process within and among species. It may occur during short time windows between which local adaptation favors specialization. Finally, I suggest several research avenues using molecular data and genomic tools for understanding geographical variation in diversification and substitution rates at continental scale

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
South Africa's health transformation blueprint is designed to replace apartheid's inequities and instill instead a new utilitarian approach by the health care sector. This study gives attention to the medical gaze and the body in hospitalisation. At macropolitical level the study focuses on the ways in which the new health policy impacted on power relations and multi-levelled subject positions of medical and nursing staff, as well as on patients in a hierarchy of spaces such as in the wards, in the institution and at a national level, in terms of policy implementation and the reconstruction of the health care services. It shows that policy and institutional discourses and arrangements were embedded in a regime of visuality which discursively homogenised people from different cultural realities. Yet, at the same time biases related to constructions of bodies in relation to class, age, gender and 'value' continued to exist. At the level of hospital protocols and structure the thesis examines the social, political and conceptual frameworks that conveyed, allowed or disallowed particular meaning to the institution. It describes the formal, dominant discourses and processes in the wards and show how these impacted on everyday interaction and relations of power, autonomy, authority, conflict and resistance. The study shows that for patients there often was a disjuncture between policy and practice, as biomedical practitioners and policy makers struggled to define the scope and implementation of health care services in response to pressures for change and concomitant fluctuation. By problematising the notion of the medical gaze and by giving attention to discourses and practices, which were not legitimated by it, the study draws attention to realities that were deemed largely irrelevant by western medical epistemology, such as subjective experiences and knowledge, which, though lacking the same legitimation as the gaze, did not disappear but only become less visible. In this way the study widens the social context in which medical practice can be perceived and understood within a transforming South African health care system.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (July 17, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Amb cinc capítols, la tesi doctoral combina l’estudi dels hàbitats presents, passats i futurs del Delta de l’Ebre, un dels ecosistemes d’aiguamolls més gran del Mediterrani occidental. S’han aplicat diferents aproximacions per cadascuna de les tres escales temporals: i) en el present, la utilitat de diatomees i foraminífers bentònics com a indicadors ecològics dels hàbitats del Delta de l’Ebre, ii) en el passat, l’ús de les comunitats de foraminífers preservades en el sediment per reconstruir els canvis associats a factors naturals i humans, i iii) en el futur, la distribució potencial dels hàbitats assumint un escenari de nul•la intervenció humana. Els resultats posen en evidència la capacitat de cadascun dels dos grups d’indicadors per caracteritzar de forma diferent tot el rang d’hàbitats deltaics, indicant que aquest coneixement pot ser útil en el context de futurs impactes del canvi climàtic (és a dir increment del nivell del mar i retrocés de la costa), ja que els models de distribució dels hàbitats són sensibles a variables eco-geogràfiques com l’elevació i distància a la costa. Per cadascun dels hàbitats identificats, s’han determinat diferents espècies indicadores de diatomees i foraminífers. Algunes d’aquestes espècies podrien detectar canvis primerencs en les comunitats degut a que els hàbitats estan afectats per múltiples factors d’estrès natural i antropogènic. Els resultats també mostren que quan es combinen les comunitats de foraminífers bentònics que habiten en la plana deltaica i els hàbitats marins adjacents, s’obté una nova eina per la reconstrucció paleoambiental en deltes. En el cas del Delta de l’Ebre, el registre de foraminífers de testimonis profunds datats amb carboni-14 va permetre rebutjar la hipòtesi que el Delta era un estuari abans de l’època dels Romans (fa uns 2000 anys). A una escala temporal inferior (10-100 anys), les comunitats de foraminífers indiquen canvis significatius en el tipus d’hàbitat com a resultat de l’introducció del cultiu intensiu de l’arròs. Aquests resultats aporten informació valuosa sobre les condicions de referència dels hàbitats del Delta de l’Ebre per tal d’informar futurs plans de restauració i monitoreig ambiental.
En cinco capítulos, la tesis doctoral combina el estudio de los hábitats presentes, pasados y futuros del Delta del Ebro, uno de los humedales costeros más grandes del Mediterráneo occidental. Para cada una de las tres ventanas temporales se han aplicado distintas aproximaciones: i) en el presente, la utilidad de diatomeas y foraminíferos bentónicos como indicadores ecológicos de los hábitats del Delta, ii) en el pasado, el uso de las asociaciones de foraminíferos preservadas en el sedimento para reconstruir los cambios ligados a factores naturales y humanos, y iii) en el futuro, la distribución potencial de los hábitats asumiendo un escenario de nula intervención humana. Los resultados evidencian que cada uno de los dos grupos de indicadores bentónicos es capaz de caracterizar de forma distinta todo el rango de hábitats deltaicos, y señalan que este conocimiento puede ser aprovechable en el contexto de futuros impactos del cambio climático (incremento del nivel del mar y retroceso de la línea costera), debido a que los modelos de distribución de los hábitats son sensibles a variables eco-geográficas como por ejemplo la elevación y distancia al mar. Para cada uno de los hábitats identificados, se han determinado distintas especies indicadoras de diatomeas y foraminíferos. Algunas de estas especies podrían detectar cambios tempranos en las comunidades, debido a que los hábitats están sometidos a múltiples factores de estrés natural y antropogénico. Los resultados también evidencian que cuando se combinan las asociaciones de foraminíferos bentónicos que viven en la llanura deltaica y en los hábitats marinos adyacentes, se obtiene una nueva herramienta para la reconstrucción paleoambiental en deltas. Para el caso del Delta del Ebro, el registro de foraminíferos preservado en sondeos profundos y datados con carbono-14 permitieron rechazar la hipótesis que el Delta era un estuario antes de la época romana (hace 2000 años). A menores escalas de tiempo (10-100 años), las asociaciones de foraminíferos indican cambios significativos de hábitat como resultado de la introducción del cultivo intensivo del arroz. Estos resultados proporcionan información valiosa para determinar las condiciones de referencia en el Delta del Ebro y aportar información a futuros planes de restauración y monitoreo ambiental.
In five chapters, this thesis combines the study of present, past and future habitats of the Ebro Delta, one of the largest coastal wetlands in the northwest Mediterranean. Different approaches are applied in each of the three temporal scales: i) in the present, the utility of benthic diatoms and foraminifera as ecological indicators of the Ebro Delta habitats, ii) in the past, the use of buried, well-preserved benthic foraminiferal assemblages to reconstruct natural and human-driven changes, and iii) in the future, the potential habitat distribution across the Delta plain assuming a scenario of no human disturbance. The results show the capacity of each group of indicators to distinctively characterise the whole range of deltaic habitats, and indicate that this knowledge may prove useful in the context of future climate change impacts (i.e. sea-level rise and coastal retreat), since habitat distribution models are sensitive to eco-geographic features such as elevation and distance to the coast. For each habitat type identified, diatom and foraminiferal indicator species are recognized. Some of these species have also a value for detecting early community changes, because habitats are affected by multiple natural and anthropogenic stressors. This thesis also shows that benthic foraminifera, when combines the assemblages inhabiting both the deltaic plain and the adjacent marine area, provide a new tool in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of deltas. For the Ebro Delta case, the foraminiferal record of radiocarbon-dated boreholes rejected the hypothesis that the central delta plain was an estuary prior to the Roman period (i.e. 2000 years ago). At scales of 10s and 100s of years, down-core foraminiferal assemblages revealed habitat shifts, together with a significant correlation with organic matter increases as a result of human-mediated drainage inputs coming from rice paddies. This knowledge provides valuable information on background conditions for the Delta habitats to inform environmental restoration and monitoring schemes.

Dans un contexte de changement climatique et d’érosion de la biodiversité marine, la surveillance écologique des habitats marins les plus sensibles est primordiale et nécessite des méthodes opérationnelles de suivi permettant aux décideurs et gestionnaires d’établir des mesures de conservation pertinentes et d’évaluer leur efficacité. TEMPO et RECOR sont deux réseaux de surveillance centrés sur les herbiers de posidonie et les récifs coralligènes, les deux habitats les plus riches et sensibles de Méditerranée. L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre aux besoins de la surveillance des habitats marins par le développement de méthodes d’évaluation de leur état de santé, basées sur deux techniques d’analyses d’images clés : les réseaux de neurones convolutifs et la photogrammétrie. Les résultats montrent que les réseaux de neurones convolutifs sont capables de reconnaître les principales espèces des assemblages coralligènes sur des photos sous-marines issues de RECOR, avec une précision semblable à celle d’un expert taxonomiste. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que la photogrammétrie permettait de reproduire en 3D un habitat marin avec une grande précision, suffisante pour un suivi de la structure de l’habitat et de la distribution d’espèces à fine échelle. À partir de ces reconstructions, nous avons mis au point une méthode de cartographie automatique des herbiers de posidonie, permettant de réaliser un suivi temporel de la qualité écologique de cet habitat sensible. Enfin, nous avons caractérisé la structure 3D des récifs coralligènes à partir de leurs reconstructions photogrammétriques et étudié les liens avec la structuration des assemblages qui les composent. Ce travail de thèse a permis de développer des méthodes opérationnelles, aujourd’hui intégrées aux réseaux de surveillance TEMPO et RECOR, et ouvre la voie à de futures recherches, notamment la caractérisation de l’activité biologique des récifs coralligènes grâce au couplage entre photogrammétrie, réseaux de neurones et acoustique sous-marine
In a context of climate change and the erosion of marine biodiversity, ecological monitoring of the most sensitive marine habitats is of paramount importance. In particular, there is a need for operational methods that enable decision-makers and managers to establish relevant conservation measures and to evaluate their effectiveness. TEMPO and RECOR are two monitoring networks focusing on Posidonia meadows and coralligenous reefs, the two richest and most sensitive habitats in the Mediterranean. The objective of this thesis is to meet the needs of effective monitoring of marine habitats by developing methods for assessing their health, based on two key image analysis methods: convolutional neural networks and photogrammetry. The results show that convolutional neural networks are capable of recognizing the main species of coralligenous assemblages in underwater photographs from RECOR, with a precision similar to that of an expert taxonomist. Furthermore, we have shown that photogrammetry can reproduce a marine habitat in three dimensions with a high degree of accuracy, sufficient for monitoring habitat structure and species distribution at a fine scale. Based on these reconstructions, we have developed a method for automatic mapping of Posidonia meadows, enabling temporal monitoring of the ecological quality of this sensitive habitat. Finally, we characterized the three-dimensional structure of coralligenous reefs based on their photogrammetric reconstructions and studied the links with the structuring of the assemblages that make them up. This PhD work has led to the development of operational methods that are now integrated into the TEMPO and RECOR monitoring networks. Results of this work paves the way for future research, in particular concerning characterization of the biological activity of coralligenous reefs thanks to the coupling of photogrammetry, neural networks and underwater acoustics

A multiproxy approach has been used to investigate environmental change within a palaeochannel of the River Trent. The river floodplain and its palaeochannels provide palaeoecological and sedimentological archives of environmental changes. This study draws on information obtained from the analysis of the sediments contained within a palaeochannel at Aston-on-Trent, Derbyshire, and from a contemporary comparative taphonomic study of a reach of the River Soar, Leicestershire. Three insect proxies (Coleoptera, Trichoptera and Chironomidae) have been used within the palaeochannel sediments to reconstruct palaeoflow conditions by adapting a contemporary index based on the species level flow requirements of aquatic invertebrates (Lotic invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation, LIFE). The comparative study in the River Soar used one insect proxy (Trichoptera) to establish the nature of the current processes of taphonomic distribution, in order to validate the use of the contemporary flow index in the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.

During the Late Quaternary, abrupt climate and cultural changes took place and made alternations to the past landscape. Climatic phenomena such as expand of ice masses,sea level rise, high and low temperatures, migration of humans, decline and increase of forest areas and more changes were the reason of changing the biodiversity of species and the formation of the land. Here cartographic maps with the use of GIS will be presented from reconstructions of the environment during the Late Quaternary, which then will be interpreted from coleopteran fossils for the whole of Europe. Furthermore, living and extinct species will be compared, in which the focus of the extinction will be in the British Isles. Each period will show a different abundance of species, the regional disappearance of the species will be depicted by the abrupt changes in the landscape during the past. Anthropogenic and natural factors will be discussed and be compared with the habitats of the species.

Souvent négligées dans les pratiques urbanistiques, la thèse explore les formes de représentations des aspects sensibles de l'habiter mobilisables dans un processus de conception urbaine. À travers deux enquêtes de terrain nous montrons comment les habitants participent à la production d'un espace public créatif et résilient. Par espace public nous entendons sa double filiation théorique : lieu physique et espace politique. Nous ciblons l'observation sur les processus de transformation des lieux publics à travers la modification des usages et des significations que ces lieux ont pour les habitants. Nous traitons également l'espace public comme le lieu du débat politique, de la rencontre et du conflit dans la forme d'une pratique démocratique. Cet espace public particulier sera nommé : « espace public spontané ». Il est public et aussi spontané : il n'est pas conçu à l'avance, il n'est pas prémédité ou planifié. Lorsqu'il surgit spontanément, il peut disparaître de la même manière. Il est produit à partir des conditions et des vécus locaux. Une enquête ethnographique dont l'objet porte sur les espaces publics et sur les perceptions issues de l'expérience vécue et perçue par les habitants et les communautés, donne une intentionnalité à l'analyse de l'expérience sensible, car elle ne se limite pas aux dimensions de l'expérience sensible mais intègre également des aspects observés ou bien relevés par les habitants. Après le tremblement de terre et le tsunami du 27 février 2010 au Chili, nous avons remarqué comment dans une situation de bouleversement et de reconstruction des espaces de représentation, la dimension sensible joue un rôle clé. La situation catastrophique est génératrice d'espaces publics spontanés, elle génère un engagement pratique des habitants, mobilise des réactions sensibles et exacerbe le caractère hospitalier et résilient de l'espace public. À partir de l'étude de deux cas concrets, illustré par le campement d'urgence El Molino de Dichato et par la ville de Talca après la catastrophe, nous avons ciblé l'observation sur les pratiques d'implication des habitants pendant tout le processus de reconstruction de leur environnement, de leurs espaces publics et privés, ainsi que de leurs sphères d'intimité. Ces pratiques englobent l'ensemble des actions des habitants, depuis leurs actions les plus spontanées et éphémère visant à faire face à la reconstruction, à l'état d'urgence et aux vulnérabilités générées par les situations post-catastrophe, jusqu'aux actions les plus formalisées. Nous voulons compléter la compréhension d'une conception urbaine « participative » par cette notion d'investissement d'un espace public spontané, vécu comme un tiers inclus et capable d'introduire dans le débat des variables sensibles. Cette recherche donne lieu à des interrogations sur la conception urbaine en tant qu'espace commun d'expression, d'entendement et de traduction des aspects sensibles de l'expérience des habitants, où la distinction existante entre expert et novice peut être surpassé
Often neglected by the practice of urban planning, this thesis explores the forms of representation of the sensitive aspects of urban life in a process of urban design. Through two field surveys we show how the inhabitants participate in the production of a creative and resilient public space. By public space we understand its double theoretical filiation: physical and political. We target the observation in the transformation processes of the public places through the modification of the practices and the meanings that these places have for the inhabitants. We also handle the public space as the place of the political debate, the meeting and the conflict in the shape of a democratic practice. This particular public space will be named: “spontaneous public space”. It is spontaneous, because it is not designed and it is not planned. As it appears spontaneously, it can disappear in the same way. It is produced from real-life experiences and from local conditions. An ethnographical field survey focused on the experiences and perception of public spaces by the inhabitants and the communities, give an intentionality to the analysis of the sensitive experience, because it does not limit itself to the dimensions of the sensitive experience but integrates what is observed or either found by inhabitants. After the earthquake and the tsunami that occurred on February 27, 2010, off the coast of south-central Chile, we noticed how in a situation of upheaval and reconstruction of the spaces of representation, the sensitive plays a key-role. The catastrophic situation generates spontaneous public spaces; it generates a practical commitment of the inhabitants, mobilizes sensitive reactions and makes the public space more hospitable and resilient. From the study of two concrete cases -corresponding to the emergency camp El Molino of Dichato and to the city of Talca after the disaster- we focus the observation in the practices of implication of the inhabitants during all the process of reconstruction of their public and private spaces as well as their intimate spheres. These practices include all the actions of the inhabitants, from their most spontaneous and short-lived actions to face the reconstruction and the state of emergency and vulnerability of the situation post-disaster, to the most formalized actions. We want to complete the idea of a “participative” urban design with the notion of a spontaneous public space - autonomous of the participative plans - as an inclusive third space capable of introducing sensitive aspects in the debate. This research gives rise to questioning the urban design as a common space of expression and understanding, where the decoupling existing between the expertise and the novice can be surpassed

By highlighting the embedded forms of social life contemporary debates in Social Sciences have made it necessary to newly explore two major binary oppositions, that of nature and society and structure and individual. In the current atmosphere of tension between constructivist and materialistic positions, it is fundamental to offer detailed analysis and definition of these core issues. The aim of this thesis is to explore new understandings of social constructionist accounts by focusing on sex/gender identity and critically comparing two constructionist views: Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and its core notion of habitus, and The Performative Theory of Social Institutions, the social theory of the Strong Programme, (a sociology of scientific knowledge developed by Barnes, Bloor). The Performance Theory claims that the realm of the ‘social’ is the result of the constitutive nature of self-referential performing practices (verbal or otherwise). Its basic tenet that social life is a collective achievement, that is, the result of the continuing realignment among individuals which occurs in the interactive, and its emphasis on the performative nature of the individuals’ self-referential inductive inferences, stands in stark contrast with that of Bourdieu’s notion of the stability of the habitus as the internalization of pre-existing macro-structures. I argue that whereas Bourdieu’s novelty is that he locates social effects at the level of the body, his theory, by envisaging this socialization as a Parsonian model of early internalization resulting in permanent fixidity, suffers from a macro-structuralist bais of ‘externality’. The Performance Theory, although not specifically concerned with the body, provides an analytical framework which resolves Bourdieu’s tacit reification of the ‘social’. By introducing Kusch’s notion of Artificial Kinds, closely connected with the main tenets of the performative theory of social institution, I develop a definition of an embodied habitus as a ‘social institution’, that is, as the result of the constitutive power of the dispositions, as a self-referential collective achievement, and to achieve a more accomplished synthesis of the dualisms individual/structure and nature/society.

25 années ont passé depuis la chute du mur de Berlin. Cependant, le chemin vers l’« union intérieure », comme l’a prônée Helmut Kohl en 1997, est encore long. Mystification et standardisation marquent le discours normatif et médiatique. Le temps semble être venu de chercher de nouveaux paradigmes ; c’est ce que tente d’apporter ce travail. Par le biais d’un procédé méthodique qualitatif novateur à partir de photo-interviews biographiques analysées avec la méthode documentaire, il propose une nouvelle perspective sur les questions d’identité et de socialisation. L’étude porte sur la façon dont les anciens citoyens de RDA, dans la confrontation avec leurs photos du passé, gèrent « habituellement » (en référence au concept d’habitus) leurs identités personnelle et sociale, ainsi que les attentes normatives. Le but est de reconstruire les structures de savoirs qui guident l’interaction et, allant plus loin, la construction de l’identité du Moi. Il s’agit d’observer si des signes de travail identitaire sont visibles, et si oui, quels sont les facteurs déterminants. À partir de l’analyse des photographies privées et de leur réception, je démontre que les individus disposent de ressources habituelles qui déterminent la construction identitaire. Ces ressources dépendent fortement d’expériences de reconnaissance qui, en partie, ont été expérimentées dans l’environnement primaire (famille et groupe de pairs). Un rôle décisif joue par ailleurs l’expérience d’une « désintégration sociale ». Je montre également que d’éventuelles césures, dans le contexte de la Réunification, étaient primairement dues à des changements à un niveau social et individuel, et non pas systémique
25 years have passed since the fall of the Berlin wall. However, the way to an « inner union » –praised by Helmut Kohl in 1997 –is still long. Mystification and standardisation shape the normative and medial discourse. The time seems to have come to search for new paradigmata, which this thesis wants to achieve. With the help of an innovative qualitative methodological approach, this study suggests a new perspective on questions of identity and socialisation. It is based on the analysis of biography-oriented photo-interviews with the documentary method. The examination of how former GDR citizens deal with their photographs of the past, aims at exploring how they « habitually » (referring to the concept of habitus) deal with personal and social identity as well as with normative expectations. The goal of the study is to examine underlying structures of knowledge that guide the interaction and thus the construction of Self-Identity. This project was to observe if signs of identity work can be found and, if yes, which factors are decisive. The study of the private photographs and their reception finally demonstrates that individuals are « equipped » with habitual resources that determine their way of constructing identity. These resources strongly depend on experiences with recognition, which have partially been made by these individuals in the primary environment, such as in the family or amongst peers. Furthermore, the experience of « social disintegration » has a prominent part to play. It can be seen that disruptions, in the context of the Reunification, primarily depend on changes on an individual and social level, and not on a systemic one

This thesis is an ethnographic account of social change, triggered by the civil war in Nepal (1996-2006). Based on an ethnographic fieldwork in the village of Thabang, the war-time capital of the Maoist base area, this thesis explores the transformative impact of the conflict on people’s everyday lives and on the constitution of key hierarchies structuring Nepali society. Rather than focusing on violence and fear – the commonly researched themes in warzones – the thesis examines people’s everyday social and embodied practices during the war and its aftermath, arguing that these remain central to our understanding of war-time social processes and the ways in which they shape the contours of post-conflict society. By focusing on mundane practices – such as meat-eating and alcohol-drinking, raising livestock and worshipping gods – the thesis demonstrates how change at the micro-level is illustrative of a profound transformation in the social structures constituting Nepali society. Theoretically, the thesis seeks to understand how the situation of war re-orders society: in this case, how people in the Maoist base area interiorized formerly transgressive norms and practices, and how these practices were normalized in the post-conflict environment. The research revealed that much of the change triggered by the conflict came as a result of the ‘exceptional’ times of war and the necessity to follow ‘rules that apply in times of crisis’. Thus, in adopting transgressive practices during the conflict, people were responding to the expediency of war-time rather than following Maoist war-time policies or ‘propaganda’. Furthermore, while adopting hitherto unimaginable practices and making them into habitual action, people transformed the rigid social structures, without necessarily intending to do so. The thesis puts particular stress on the centrality of unintended consequences in social change, the power of embodied practice in making change real, and the ways in which agency and structure are mutually constitutive.

Habitat reconstruction is needed to reverse severe declines in biodiversity, but opportunities will be limited and many species are facing imminent extinction. Hence, there is a need to ensure reconstructed habitat is successful in every possible opportunity, and this will ultimately depend on the ability of guidelines provided by research to reflect all the habitat requirements of the species concerned. Current assessments of habitat requirements for habitat reconstruction have been successful in identifying a range of important features, but they are based on human-defined sampling using randomly selected plots, transects or patches. While effective at capturing variation in habitat use over broad areas and timeframes, individual samples may not exactly match the scale at which species are operating, and therefore trade-off some of the finer details of habitat requirements. In this thesis, an alternative, more detailed, focussed, organism-orientated approach was used to determine the important habitat requirements needed to reconstruct habitat for woodland birds in the Mount Lofty Ranges region of South Australia. Specifically, this approach was used to examine the habitat use of woodland birds in an existing system of reconstructed woodland and answer three key questions: 1) Where and how should reconstructed habitat be placed in the landscape, 2) How much habitat needs to be established in these areas, and 3) What microhabitat features should be included? First, where and how reconstructed habitat should be placed in the landscape was investigated by searching the entire area of habitat for woodland birds in 88 x 1 km² cells spread over 160 km², to capture species patchily distributed across the landscape. These searches were pooled to examine the influence of 12 landscape features in 22 x 4 km² areas on the richness of all woodland bird species and the relative abundance of 19 declining species. The results suggested reconstructed habitat should be established in large blocks along drainage lines and near existing woodland for some hollow users. Second, how much habitat should be established in these areas was estimated by the total amount of habitat in home ranges to reveal the entire area required by groups of birds. Eight home ranges from three species anticipated to be large area users were determined using radio-telemetry and these estimates were combined with similar data collated from 13 other species studied previously in the same system. The area of habitat used within home ranges ranged from 166 ha to just under 10 ha, suggesting that 100s of hectares would be required to support at least one group of larger area users and that even lower area users may require around 10 ha of habitat to ensure their presence. Finally, the microhabitat features that should be included were assessed using the fine scale distribution of woodland birds to determine the features that characterise the exact areas of highest use within patches. The distribution of woodland species richness and the richness of declining woodland species were determined by mapping the locations of birds in systematic area searches of five 40-60 ha patches of revegetation, and these were used to guide the sampling of microhabitat features. The findings implied that reconstructed habitat should include a mix of overstorey and understorey plants, comprised of a range of overstorey species, planted at low densities and incorporating a variety of ground substrates. Overall these results represent a range of important habitat features for woodland birds that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of reconstructed habitat from the landscape down to the microhabitat scale. As these results were developed using a detailed, focussed, bird-orientated approach, they can be used to guide reconstructed habitat with the confidence that they represent some of the finer variation in habitat use. Therefore, together with other results incorporating broader trends, they can be used to increase the chance that any resulting reconstructed habitat will indeed be successful in supporting the species concerned, and ultimately able to ensure their persistence.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2016.

This research better resolves the environmental mosaic that is typically reconstructed for the A. robustus-bearing faunal assemblages of South Africa and evaluates whether A. robustus were habitat specialists or habitat generalists by testing whether they are associated with numerous, different reconstructed habitats, or if they can be associated with a single, more homogeneous habitat type. Determining the habitat preferences of A. robustus holds important implications for understanding the behavior of these hominins and, potentially, for understanding whether their ultimate extinction might have been climatically influenced, as fluctuations in the environments associated with the robust australopiths provide direct evidence about the responses of hominins to environmental change. To achieve this, a 2-dimensionsal morphometric tool was developed for accurately identifying the abundant bovid teeth that are found in direct association with the hominins using Elliptical Fourier Function Analysis. More accurate taxonomic identifications facilitate more precise estimates of the relative abundance of ecologically sensitive bovids, allowing for finer resolution when segmenting the various components of the reconstructed habitat mosaics. The fossil bovids abundances were compared across the assemblages over time in order to define the environmental mosaic in each assemblage and to determine if environmental heterogeneity existed across the assemblages. The relative abundances of the bovid fossil assemblages and A. robustus were compared to assess the habitat preferences of these hominins. A. robustus were not consistently associated with a particular habitat type suggesting that perhaps they were habitat generalists, capable of surviving in multiple types of habitats.

碩士
大葉大學
休閒事業管理學系碩士在職專班
93
-vi- Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate middle-aged and old people’s different background variables about the differences and relationship of leisure need and leisure constraints after reconstruction for military dependent’s villages. Middle-aged and old people who had moved in new places over half year after reconstruction for military dependent’s villages were investigated by questionnaires in this study. As a result, out of 550 participants surveyed, 350 questionnaires were counted as being valid. Leisure need scale and leisure constraint scale were used as research instruments to be collected. We analyzed data by the statistical methods such as ANOVA, t-test and Pearson product-moment correlation. Finally, we acquired the following results: 1. Middle-aged and old people who have different background variables including age, education level, family life cycle, military rank before demobilizing and living areas have significant difference in leisure needs. But there are no significant differences in sex, family income per month, having job or not, marriage status, veterans or military dependants, branches of the armed forces before demobilizing and time of moving in. 2. Middle-aged and old people who have different background variables including age, education level, family life cycle, time of moving in and living areas have significant difference in leisure constraints. But there are no significant differences in sex, family income per month, having of the armed forces before demobilizing and military rank before demobilizing job or not, marriage status, veterans or military dependants, branches g. 3. There are partial negative linear relationship between middle-aged and old people’s leisure needs and leisure constraints. Conclusions and suggestions are also provided for future researches.