Добірка наукової літератури з теми "H. brookii Complex"

A new rupicolous gecko from the Hemidactylus brookii complex is described from the forests and plateaus of Amboli, in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. This medium sized (average adult SVL 56.2±5.0 to at least 62 mm), nocturnal species is superficially similar to other congeners from the ‘H. brookii’ clade, but can be distinguished from them in having 17 or 18 fairly regular longitudinal rows of enlarged, conical, keeled tubercles at midbody, extending from posterior part of the head to groin; tubercles in parasagittal rows smaller, feebly keeled and more rounded; approximately six rows of tubercles on either side of parasagittal tubercle rows, highly enlarged, remarkably conical and strongly keeled; lamellae divided in a straight transverse series—seven or eight lamellae beneath fourth digit (manus and pes) and five or six beneath first digit (manus and pes). Males with nine or ten (rarely eight) femoral pores separated by four or five poreless scales; supralabials 11–13; infralabials 8–11. Molecular data based on the mitochondrial ND2 gene supports the distinctiveness of this species and helps ascertain its phylogenetic position within the ‘H. brookii’ group of the Indian Hemidactylus radiation.

We describe a new species of Hemidactylus based on an integrative taxonomic framework from scrub habitats at the southern tip of India, in Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu. The new species has the most densely packed tubercles among Indian Hemidactylus, almost resembling the most tuberculate Indian Cyrtopodion. Hemidactylus quartziticolussp. nov. is phylogenetically placed within the brookii group of Indian Hemidactylus, where it is sister to the H. gleadowi complex from western-central India. The new species is 14.5–23.7% divergent in ND2 mitochondrial sequence data from other brookii group members, and can be easily diagnosed from regional congeners by its unique dorsal scalation, the number and arrangement of precloacal-femoral pores, the number of dorsal tubercle rows at midbody, number of lamellae under digit I and IV of manus and pes. The new species is currently known only from two isolated, low quartzite hillocks 45 km apart with scrubby, thorn forests and loose, stony soil.

The new micro-dolichopodid genus Hurleyella and two new species, H. cumberlandensis and H. brooksi are described from the Nearctic. Hurleyella resembles the subfamily Medeterinae in having the legs bare of major setae, a depressed posterior mesonotum, and concave dorsal postcranium, but the complex male genitalia is unlike the relatively simple structure of traditional Medeterinae (e.g., Medetera, Thrypyicus, Corindia, etc.). Until the relationship of Hurleyella to other genera can be determined, and the limits of dolichopodid subfamilies refined, it should be considered as incertae sedis.

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection by-product (DBP) that has been classified as a probable human carcinogen in multiple risk assessments. NDMA presence in drinking water is widespread and dependent on source water, disinfectant type, precursors, and water treatment strategies. The objectives of this study were to investigate NDMA formation potential in a modeled monochloramine water treatment plant (WTP) fed by seasonally and spatially varying source water; and to optimize DBP precursor removal by combining conventional and additional treatment techniques. After NDMA analysis, it was found that NDMA formation was significantly dependent on source water type and monochloramine contact time (CT); e.g., at 24 h CT, Cork Brook produced 12.2 ng/L NDMA and Bailey Brook produced 4.2 ng/L NDMA, compared with 72 h CT, Cork Brook produced 4.1 ng/L NDMA and Bailey Brook produced 3.4 ng/L NDMA. No correlations were found between traditional DBP precursors such as total organic carbon and total nitrogen, and the formation of NDMA. The laboratory bench-top treatment system was highly effective at removing traditional DBP precursors, highlighting the need for WTPs to alter their current treatment methods to best accommodate the complex system of DBP control.

The study was conducted to evaluate the biodegradation of detergent contained Alkyl Sulfonate (LAS) and Benzene Alkyl Sulfonate (BAS) occur under aerobic condition by complex microbial community in activated sludge process. A 1.8 L of sequential batch reactor, and batch experiments were set up to study the characters LAS and BAS biodegradation. Microbial community in Activated Sludge actively brook down LAS and BAS. Biodegradation rate of LAS was higher than that of BAS. The complex chemical molecule structure of ABS could be the reason for slower degradation of BAS. The value of LAS degradation under aerobic condition were indicated by μmax of 0.26–h, Ks = 15.5 mg/L, Vmax = 11.04 mg/L. hour–1and Km = 8.19 mg/L. Whereas for BAS were μmax of 0.22–h, Ks = 25.1 mg/L, Vmax = 12.74 mg/L. hour–1and Km = 8.119 mg/L. Activated sludge process is appropriate technology for removal of removal of LAS and BAS.

Boecker, H., A. Dagher, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, R. E. Passingham, M. Samuel, K. J. Friston, J.-B. Poline, C. Dettmers, B. Conrad, and D. J. Brooks. Role of the human rostral supplementary motor area and the basal ganglia in motor sequence control: investigations with H2 15O PET. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1070–1080, 1998. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional anatomy of distributed cortical and subcortical motor areas in the human brain that participate in the central control of overlearned complex sequential unimanual finger movements. On the basis of previous research in nonhuman primates, a principal involvement of basal ganglia (medial premotor loops) was predicted for central control of finger sequences performed automatically. In pertinent areas, a correlation of activation levels with the complexity of a motor sequence was hypothesized. H2 15O positron emission tomography (PET) was used in a group of seven healthy male volunteers [mean age 32.0 ± 10.4 yr] to determine brain regions where levels of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) correlated with graded complexity levels of five different key-press sequences. All sequences were overlearned before PET and involved key-presses of fingers II–V of the right hand. Movements of individual fingers were kept constant throughout all five conditions by external pacing at 1-Hz intervals. Positive correlations of rCBF with increasing sequence complexity were identified in the contralateral rostral supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the associated pallido-thalamic loop, as well as in right parietal area 7 and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1). In contrast, while rCBF in contralateral M1 and and extensive parts of caudal SMA was increased compared with rest during task performance, significant correlated increases of rCBF with sequence complexity were not observed. Inverse correlations of rCBF with increasing sequence complexity were identified in mesial prefrontal-, medial temporal-, and anterior cingulate areas. The findings provide further evidence in humans supporting the notion of a segregation of SMA into functionally distinct subcomponents: although pre-SMA was differentially activated depending on the complexity of a sequence of learned finger movements, such modulation was not detectable in caudal SMA (except the most antero-superior part), implicating a motor executive role. Our observations of complexity-correlated rCBF increases in anterior globus palllidus suggest a specific role for the basal ganglia in the process of sequence facilitation and control. They may act to filter and focus input from motor cortical areas as patterns of action become increasingly complex.

Abstract Abstract 2768 Background: The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (CD123) is over-expressed on the tumor bulk and cancer stem cells of multiple hematologic malignancies relative to normal stem cells. CD123 has also been shown to be up-regulated by the tumor bulk of a variety of lymphomas, and is also expressed by Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). The prognosis for patients with HL who fail to achieve a durable remission with approved therapeutics or transplantation is poor. Therefore, novel treatment strategies for such patients are needed. SL-101, a novel monoclonal antibody-conjugate that targets CD123 with high affinity, was constructed. The potency and activity of SL-101 was assessed in HL. Methods: A panel of anti-CD123 monoclonal antibodies was previously screened for binding affinity to CD123 and for receptor internalization. Three antibodies were selected and the VH and VL domains of each were sequenced and used to generate scFv constructs. The scFv regions were genetically fused, via recombinant DNA technology, to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) containing its translocation and ADP-ribosylation domains. Candidates were then screened based on several functional parameters, including affinity of the parental antibodies, expression of stable antibody conjugates, and CD123 internalization. The coding sequences of the lead antibody-conjugate candidate, SL-101, was codon optimized for expression in E. coli, cloned into an expression vector, and the resulting protein was refolded and purified from inclusion bodies. CD123 receptor internalization was measured using the Mab-ZAP® assay. The sensitivity of CD123-expressing lymphoma cell lines to SL-101 was assessed using a CellTiter Glo® in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Cell lines were incubated with SL-101 (2.54 to 450 pM), or buffer control, for 48 h and then assessed for viability. Results: After 24 h incubation with an anti-CD123 antibody and the Mab-ZAP® reagent, approximately 75% of CD123-expressing THP-1 cells were killed at the highest concentration tested. Importantly, the degree of cell death was concentration-dependent, indicating that CD123 efficiently internalized upon binding the antibody-Mab-ZAP complex. Based on these results, the sensitivity of CD123-expressing HL cell lines to SL-101 was evaluated. The cell lines studied were sensitive to SL-101 in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, a wide range of drug sensitivity was observed, with IC50 values as low as < 0.2 nM. Conclusions: These results indicate that SL-101 is internalized following binding to CD123 and has demonstrated cytotoxicity against HL cells. The expression of CD123 on multiple hematologic cancers coupled with these results provides a rationale for further development of SL-101 in patients with HL and potentially other CD123-expressing hematologic malignancies. Disclosures: Brooks: Stemline Therapeutics, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Cirrito:Stemline Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Hoberman:Stemline Therapeutics, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Rowinsky:Stemline Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership.

RETHINKING HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND RELIGION: An Exploration of Conflict and the Complexity Principle by Bernard Lightman, ed. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. ix-307 pages, with notes, selected bibliography, and index. Hardcover; $50.00. ISBN: 9780822945741. *First some background to the making of Rethinking History, Science, and Religion. This edited collection by Bernard Lightman, Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada, and past president of the History of Science Society, is the product of a two-day symposium on "Science and Religion: Exploring the Complexity Thesis," during the International Congress of History of Science and Technology in Rio de Janeiro in 2017. One can consider this to be a companion volume to The Warfare between Science and Religion: The Idea That Wouldn't Die, edited by Jeff Hardin, Ronald L. Numbers, and Ronald A. Binzley (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018).1 *In one way, Rethinking History, Science, and Religion is a focused and daring work. It asks a fundamental question directed at much of contemporary historiography in the field of science-religion relations: if science and religion are not perpetually in conflict, as ever so many historians have claimed over the past fifty years, is complexity a better, if not the best, way to recount the relationship between science and religion? Complexity is the solution first proposed by John H. Brooke in his now classic 1991 text, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press).2 In fact, Lightman dedicates his edited book to John H. Brooke, the leading proponent of complexity. *But what does the "complexity thesis" add to our discussion? Is it really a thesis? Is it a principle? Does it explain or does it rather describe the situatedness and contingency of the science-religion relationship, its cartography, as David Livingstone might say? Is its sole positive feature to discourage us from making facile assumptions about the relationship between science and religion? Or does it simply add another c-word to our vocabulary: complexity instead of contrast, concordance, compatibility, conflict, conversion, complementarity (or harmony)? Brooke has famously said, "There is no such thing as the relationship between science and religion. It is what different individuals and communities have made of it in a plethora of different contexts" (p. 321, italics original, Science and Religion). That statement certainly invites one to consider a complexity thesis. *Although the role of complexity has been a conversation topic for several years,3 Lightman wants to gauge the current "pulse of the field." He wishes contributors to test the "complexity principle" in scholarly contexts other than the usual Christian West (often seen as Europe and the USA/Canada), as well as in public spaces. This move invites an additional question: will the complexity thesis be able to provide a coherent narrative, or will it merely give us one contextualized example after another with no perceptible trend to bind them together? If there are many complex stories to tell, then it seems that a master-narrative or pattern would be a pipedream at best. *After an introduction by Bernard Lightman, the book is divided into three sections: Part I: The Local and the Global; Part II: The Media and the Public; and Part III: Historiographies and Theories. The book concludes with "Afterword: The Instantiation of Historical Complexity," written by John Hedley Brooke. *Part I contains four chapters ranging from a local context (chap. 1, "The Stigmata of Ancestry: Reinvigorating the Conflict Thesis in the American 1970s," by Erika Lorraine Milam), to more global ones (chap. 2, "Three Centuries of Scientific Culture and Catholicism in Argentina: A Case Study of Long-Term Trends," by Miguel de Asúa; chap. 3, "Reexamining Complexity: Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Interpretation of 'Science' in Islam," by Sarah A. Qidwai; and chap. 4, "Christian Missionaries, Science, and the Complexity Thesis in the Nineteenth-Century World," by John Stenhouse). *Each of these chapters addresses the complexity thesis with a different focus. Erika Milam argues that the supposed conflicts between science and religion "gained rhetorical traction" by both scientific creationists and die-hard evolutionists because they both denied the complexity of their own origins. Irven DeVore's studies of primate behavior is used as a template to test that thesis. Miguel de Asúa identifies three trends in Argentinean scientific culture: (1) colonial period harmony, (2) nineteenth-century conflict, and (3) twentieth-century indifference. Sarah A. Qidwai calls us to carefully consider the interpretation of science in Islam rather than by Islam in the 1865 self-published commentary by Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898). John Stenhouse examines whether Ronald Numbers's suggestion that we introduce some mid-scale patterns (or generalizations) such as "naturalization, privatization, secularization, globalization and radicalization," aids us in understanding the complexity of science/religion relationships in the nineteenth century. Stenhouse concludes that a study of missionary science outside the West complicates Numbers's attempt to "simplify complexity," and does not do justice to missionary practices well into the twentieth century. *Part II contains five chapters examining the role of the media and public response to science/religion discussions and events: chap. 5, "Creating a New Space for Debate: The Monthlies, Science, and Religion," by Bernard Lightman; chap. 6, "Darwin's Publisher: John Murray III at the Intersection of Science and Religion," by Sylvia Nickerson; chap. 7, "The 'Harmony Thesis' in the Turkish Media, 1950-1970," by M. Alper Yalçinkaya; chap. 8, "A Humanist Blockbuster: Jacob Bronowski and the Ascent of Man," by Alexander Hall; and chap. 9, "Teaching Warfare: Conflict and Complexity in Contemporary University Textbooks," by Thomas H. Aechtner. *In summary, these chapters illustrate how insights from the study of print culture, communications studies, and visual studies have broadened our more "familiar grooves" of explanation and deepened our understanding of science and religion. *Part III is to my mind the most stimulating section, one in which some of the leading historians of science and religion present (their) historiographies and theories. It contains four chapters: chap. 10, "Revisiting the Battlefields of Science and Religion: The Warfare Thesis Today," by Ronald Numbers; chap. 11, "From Copernicus to Darwin to You: History and the Meaning(s) of Evolution," by Ian Hesketh; chap. 12, "Scale, Territory, and Complexity: Historical Geographies of Science and Religion," by Diarmid A. Finnegan; and chap. 13, "Conflict, Complexity, and Secularization in the History of Science and Religion," by Peter Harrison.4 *Focusing on two of the chapters: In a relatively short chapter (a "brisk survey" of eight pages), Numbers explores the factors that contribute to the continued support of the warfare thesis and the "growth of the opposing neo-harmonist point of view" (p. 183). Contemporaries such as Carl Sagan, Francis Crick, Stephen Hawking, William Provine, the New Atheists, and Christian and Muslim fundamentalists such as Ken Ham and Adnan Oktar are considered. Numbers chides scholars who legitimately question the warfare thesis but often do not address popular audiences. *Peter Harrison argues that we need to make complexity intelligible. Although historians are often averse to meta-narratives, he considers them to be both "unavoidable and indispensable." Harrison defends the utility of a master-narrative, at least something that rises above mid-scale patterns (such as those suggested by Ronald Numbers). He appeals to Charles Taylor's view of secularization as one way to begin to address the relation between science and religion. Taylor, for instance, distinguishes between science as cause of religious disbelief and science as a retrospective justification for it. Secularization involves a change in the conditions of belief which Taylor contributes to transformations within Western Christianity.5 *In "Afterword: The Instantiations of Historical Complexity," John Hedley Brooke reflects on each of the contributed chapters. He provides a concise judgement about complexity: "Understood neither as a thesis competing with other theses nor as a prescription to seek out complexity for its own sake, but as a heuristic guiding principle for a critical research methodology, it ceases to be trivial and has proven fertile" (pp. 239-40). *Brooke once again restates his earlier view on complexity: it is a "corrective to essentialist and reductionist narratives of conflict," and complexity's primary function is to critique conflict narratives as well as facile harmonizing ones. *For anyone interested in exploring the latest in the historiography of science and religion, read this stimulating and informative book. You will be challenged. Whether the contributors do justice to the central role and character of religion one will have to judge. I for one have my doubts. If we consider our lives as lived to be religion, then religion is not irrelevant to, or in conflict with, or an influential factor on, but rather the very ground for scientific practice. *Notes *1See my review in PSCF 71, no. 3 (2019): 183-84. *2See my essay review, "Telling the Story of Science and Religion: A Nuanced Account," British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 3 (1996): 357-59. *3See Part 2, "Complexity and the History of Science and Religion," in Recent Themes in the History of Science and Religion, ed. Donald A. Yerxa (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2009). *4Peter Harrison's book The Territories of Science and Religion (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015) has been described by Ronald L. Numbers as "the most significant contribution to the history of science and religion since the appearance of John Hedley Brooke's landmark study, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives." [See Matthew Walhout's review in PSCF 67, no. 4 (2015): 281-84.] *5For a more extensive discussion of "science causes secularization," see Peter Harrison's article "Science and Secularization," Intellectual History Review 27, no. 1 (2017): 47-70. *Reviewed by Arie Leegwater, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546.

The paper presents the process of language socialization and acquisition of grammatical categories through the Roma oral culture in which metaphors are extensively used. Roma children who grow up in extended Roma families and community learn the language through communication with speakers of different registers. Research with 22 Roma children between three and six years of age from Croatia was carried in order to find out what grammatical categories are learned in this period of the life of children. The children were tested with a specially designed language assessment test in Romani (Kyuchukov & de Villiers, 2014b). The results show that Roma boys perform the test much better than Roma girls. Boys learn Romani from folkloristic genres which are rich in metaphors and this helps them to acquire complex grammatical categories. References Beller, S. (2008). Fostering Language Acquisition in Daycare Settings. The Hague:Bernard van Leer Foundation. Black, B. & Logan, A. (1995). 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Understanding the patterns and processes generating biodiversity is fundamental to ecology and evolutionary biology, and studying diversification can give us key insights into this process. In my thesis, I investigate diversification patterns of lineage and morphology to understand the underlying climatic processes that have shaped these patterns. Peninsular India provides an exciting historical context to study diversification. The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the framework used to study lineage and morphological diversification, climate and geological history of Peninsular India, and the model system used in this thesis. Hemidactylus geckos— commonly called ‘house geckos’— are found in a wide range of habitats and climatic zones, and are an excellent model system to address this question. However, given the dearth of studies in the tropics, especially the dry zone of Peninsular India, a large proportion of the diversity is undescribed. Therefore, the first task was to carry out systematic sampling accompanied by species delimitation, before addressing questions regarding diversification in this group. Molecular data are increasingly being used to resolve cryptic species complexes; however, subsequent formal species description and taxonomic revisions often remain incomplete. Given that most species are described based on morphology-based alpha taxonomy, one cannot resolve nomenclatural issues of species complexes without the aid of morphology. In the second chapter, I aim to resolve the taxonomic status of a long-known human commensal and cryptic species complex— Hemidactylus brookii. Based on samples collected opportunistically across India, I analysed molecular as well as morphological data. While the molecular data resulted in identification of genetically distinct clades, morphological data yielded evidence to support clades retrieved by molecular data. Based on morphological data available on synonyms, the nomenclatural issues as well as taxonomic status of these species were resolved. The study also revealed that the H. brookii complex in India includes two commensal species, H. parvimaculatus and H. murrayi. Furthermore, these two lineages have independently acquired adaptations that could have assisted them in exploiting human habitat. The third chapter focuses on the larger Indian radiation, and has three broad sections – 1. Species delimitation using multispecies coalescent based approach. 2. Pattern of lineage diversification and 3. Pattern of morphological diversification. I delimit 40 putative species within the Indian radiation which is over 30% increase in diversity in this group. These lineages were then used for further analysis. With regard to the pattern of diversification, I found an early-burst in lineage accumulation. To understand if this radiation exhibits ecomorphs, based on habitat preferences we catagorised these geckos into four groups— terrestrial, rupicolous, arboreal and human commensal geckos. However, morphological data revealed presence of two broad ecomorphs— terrestrial geckos and scansorial geckos (consisting of rupicolous, arboreal and human commensal species). I also found that there was a delayed accumulation of disparity in morphology, which occurred ~15 Million years ago (Ma). In the fourth chapter, I investigate the possible role of climate in generating these patterns of lineage and morphological diversification. Previous studies suggest that Hemidactylus dispersed into India after the Indian plate collided with Asia around 45 Ma. This lineage then underwent rapid radiation between 44 to 31 Ma, which coincides with the Eocene-Oligocene cooling. The Eocene-Oligocene cooling is purported to have led to extinction of several tropical rainforest flora and coincides with the appearance of drier forms. Given that species in the Indian radiation are distributed in the dry as well as wet zone, using ancestral trait reconstruction I demonstrate that the ancestor of this radiation was a dry zone adapted species. Therefore, I propose that this global cooling, which resulted in drier environment, might have provided numerous unoccupied niches for the recently dispersed Hemidactylus lineage to exploit. This scenario was supported by the early burst in lineage accumulation seen in this group. Interestingly morphological disparity did not track the trend in lineage diversification over time, with much of the disparity accumulating after 15 Ma. To understand the drivers of this pattern, ancestral state reconstruction of scansorial and terrestrial geckos was carried out. Results show that the terrestrial geckos have evolved independently at least five times. The earliest diversification began ~ 22–14 Ma, followed by the evolution of other ground dwelling lineages more recently. Most of diversification in the terrestrial lineages coincide with the intensification of monsoon seasonality during late Miocene, which initiated the establishment of open grassland habitats. Thus establishment of grasslands might have facilitated the evolution of the terrestrial lineages. The fifth chapter summarises the conclusions of each chapter in brief. My findings indicate that climate has been a key factor shaping the lineage as well as morphological diversification in this group. Understanding the broad ancestral climatic niche of Hemidactylus also provides an insight into the climatic history of Peninsular India.

En route to fawcettimine 4, Hongbin Zhai of Lanzhou University found (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 196) that microwave irradiation improved the efficiency of the cyclo­addition of the enone 1 with butadiene 2 to give 3. Takuya Kurahashi and Seijiro Matsubara of Kyoto University developed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 2594) a Ru complex that promoted the cycloaddition of butadiene with cyclic enones. In the course of a synthesis of sculponeatin N 7, Professor Zhai employed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 216) the silyl diene 5. After intramolecular cycloaddition, protonation of the resulting allyl silane with concomitant alkene migration led to the adduct 6. On the way to elansolid B1 10, Andreas Kirschning of Leibnitz Universität Hannover oxidized (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 568) the alcohol 8 to the enone, that cyclized to 9. Under the influence of MgBr2, the cyclization proceeded with remarkable diastereocontrol. Dennis L. Wright of the University of Connecticut began (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 4309) the synthesis of frondosin A 13 by preparing the secondary ether 11 in high ee. Diels–Alder cycloaddition of tetrabromocyclopropene gave, after exposure of the initial adduct to water, the dibromoenone 12. Kathlyn A. Parker of Stony Brook University explored (J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 919) the amine radical cation-promoted intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition of the bicyclooctadiene 14. Three readily-separated diastereomeric dimers were observed. The diol 15, the precursor to kingianin H 16, was the major product. Scott A. Synder of Scripps/Florida described (J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 88) the interesting oxidative coupling of 17 with 18. The product 19 was readily carried on to rufescenolide 20.