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1
Mondino, Federico, Amelia Piscitello, Carlo Bianco, Andrea Gallo, Alessandra de Folly D’Auris, Tiziana Tosco, Marco Tagliabue, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Injection of Zerovalent Iron Gels for Aquifer Nanoremediation: Lab Experiments and Modeling." Water 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the main technical problems faced during field-scale injections of iron microparticles (mZVI) for groundwater nanoremediation is related to their poor colloidal stability and mobility in porous media. In this study, a shear-thinning gel, composed of a mixture of two environmentally friendly biopolymers, i.e., guar gum and xanthan gum, was employed to overcome these limitations. The slurry rheology and particle mobility were characterized by column transport tests. Then, a radial transport experiment was performed to mimic the particle delivery in more realistic conditions. The gel, even at a low polymeric content (1.75 g/L), proved effective in enhancing the mobility of high concentrated mZVI suspensions (20 g/L) in field-like conditions. The high radius of influence (73 cm) and homogeneous iron distribution were achieved by maintaining a low injection overpressure (<0.4 bar). Based only on the information derived from column tests, the MNMs 2018 software (Micro- and Nanoparticle transport, filtration, and clogging Model-Suite) was able to predict the particle distribution and pressure build-up measured in the radial domain. Experimental and simulated results showed good agreement, thus proving that a simplified experimental-modeling procedure based on 1D column tests could be used to effectively upscale the slurry behavior to more representative scales, e.g., radial domains.
2
Su, Ying, Yi Ding Shen, Xiao Juan Lai, and Xiao Rong Wang. "Preparation and Property of Hydrophobic Modified Guar Gum Thickener." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The modified guar gum was synthesized with guar gum as material and bromododecane as etherifying agent by suspension polymerization method. The solution and gel of the modified guar gum were also prepared. The structure and the property of the modified guar gum were analysized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The heat resistance and the viscoelasticity modulus of the gel were also researched by rheometer. The results of FT-IR and XRD show that the hydrophobic long chain has been introduced into the guar gum successfully. TGA indicates that the modified guar gum has higher thermal stability. The rheology tests reflect that with different temperature conditions, the shear viscosity, the viscoelasticity modulus of the gel and the heat resistance of the modified guar gum are both better than that of the unmodified guar gum. The modified guar gum can be used as thickener of fracturing fluid, and it can reduce its amount.
3
Velimirovic, Milica, Hong Chen, Queenie Simons, and Leen Bastiaens. "Reactivity recovery of guar gum coupled mZVI by means of enzymatic breakdown and rinsing." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 142-143 (November 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.09.003.
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Sugita, Purwantiningsih, Bambang Srijanto, Budi Arifin, and Ellin Vina Setyowati. "STABILITY OF KETOPROFEN COATED BY CHITOSAN-GUAR GUM GEL." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21504.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The coating stability of ketoprofen by chitosan-guar gum gel has been studied. Into 228.6 mL of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid, 38.1 mL of guar gum (gg) solution was added with concentration variation of 0.35, 0.55, and 0.75% (w/v) for ketoprofen microcapsules, and stirred with magnetic stirrer until homogenous. Afterwards, 7.62 mL of glutaraldehyde (glu) was added slowly under stirring, with concentrations varied: 3, 3.5, and 4% (v/v). All mixtures were shaked for 20 min for homogenization. Into each microcapsule mixture for ketoprofen, a solution of 2 g of ketoprofen in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added. Every mixture was then added with 5 mL of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature. Conversion of suspension into fine powders/granules (microcapsules) was done by using spray dryer. Every microcapsule formula was packed into capsules, as much as 100 g per capsule. The capsules were contained in 100-mL dark bottles and the bottles were kept in climatic chamber at (40 ± 2) °C and RH (75 ± 5) % for 3 months. The microcapsule stabilities were tested chemically and physically. The result showed that formulation of ketoprofen preparation composed of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan, 0.35% (w/v) gg, and 3.50% (v/v) glu, was relatively the best, with ketoprofen percentage left in microcapsule after 3 months, degradation rate constant, and shelf life of 80.33%, 0.0351 % week-1, and 18.92 months, respectively. Reaction kinetic model for this formula followed Prout-Tompkins equation and the degradation of ketoprofen was seem to follow autocatalytic reaction mechanism controlled by the formation and growth of reaction core. Keywords: Ketoprofen, chitosan-guar gum gel
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Pressi, Giovanna, Elisa Barbieri, Raffaella Rizzi, Giovanni Tafuro, Alessia Costantini, Elisa Di Domenico, and Alessandra Semenzato. "Formulation and Physical Characterization of a Polysaccharidic Gel for the Vehiculation of an Insoluble Phytoextract for Mucosal Application." Polysaccharides 3, no. 4 (November 9, 2022): 728–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3040042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maintaining insoluble plant-based ingredients in suspension and ensuring long-term physical stability is particularly challenging for formulators of green cosmetics. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and applicative properties of gel and gel-cream topical formulations suitable for delivering an insoluble phytocomplex on the vaginal mucosa and maintaining its integrity. For this purpose, we studied the compatibility of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton phytocomplex (PFP), derived from in vitro plant cell cultures and presented as a powder finely dispersed in glycerin, with different classes of natural rheological modifiers (such as xanthan gum, sclerotium gum, succinoglycan, xyloglucan, diutan gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum derivative) in gel and gel-cream formulations, to meet the needs of the cosmetic market for naturalness and biodegradability. Through rheological and texture analyses, we studied the physico–mechanical properties of the samples, comparing the performances of the chosen polysaccharides to those of acrylic polymeric rheological modifiers, evaluating their contribution in terms of stability and applicative properties. Since a weak-gel rheological pattern proved to be the optimal one to keep the actives in suspension, the associations of tamarind seed polysaccharides with succinoglycan or scleroglucan were the most suitable for the formulation of mucoadhesive gels.
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Ghosh, Indrasena, Chhaya Sharma, and Rita Tandon. "Comparative study of guar gum and its cationic derivatives as pre-flocculating polymers for PCC fillers in papermaking applications." April 2022 21, no. 4 (May 1, 2022): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.4.203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, gums from guar seeds were evaluated as a potential precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler pre-flocculant to induce functional filler in papermaking applications. In recent years, guar has been conidered one of the promising wet-end additives due to its abundance, rich source of hemicellulose content, and bio-degradability. However, application of guar gum in filler pretreatment methods for producing high ash paper has scarcely been reported. In this paper, the flocculating ability of three types of guar gum was established with charge analysis and turbidity (NTU) of the system at 1% and 5% for each gum: native gum (NG) having a degree of substitution (DS) of 0, and cationic gums having a DS value of 0.07 (CL) and 0.15 (CH). It was interesting to observe that even at a 5% dose of G, the charge density of PCC did not deviate much from the initial values. The system carried a weak negativeharge, resulting in an unstable colloidal suspension that led to PCC-PCC particle bridging. On the other hand, the operative mechanism of CL and CH during adsorption and PCC flocculation was predicted to be charge neutralization and electrostatic-patch formation, accompanied by particle bridging. Note that CL, with a maximum 47.5% eduction in residual turbidity of PCC at a 1% dose, was much more efficient in doing so than the other two gums; NG had a 40% maximum reduction in residual turbidity at a 5% dose and CH had a maximum 30% reduction at a 1% ose. Later on, floc formation and structure were correlated with optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images. In the next set of trials, paper properties were determined by varying the different gum dosages from 0.2% to 5% at a constant dose of 20% filler. It is also noteworthy to mention that with 1% CL (low DS) dose, PCC retention increased by 39%, which also enhanced the tensile, tear, burst, and opacity properties by 11%, 19%, 5%, and 4.4%, respectively, without significantly affecting the bulk properties. Further, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that pre-flocculating PCC with a 1% gum dose did not induce any change in crystalline transformation. Based on observation, it was found that cationic gums with low DS values re a better choice for maximizing the strength of paper while maintaining bulk and high opacity when pre-flocculaion is adopted to increase the filler retention in paper.
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Sun, Chenggui, and Yaman Boluk. "Rheological behavior and particle suspension capability of guar gum: sodium tetraborate decahydrate gels containing cellulose nanofibrils." Cellulose 23, no. 5 (August 5, 2016): 3013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1015-x.
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Wang, Shibin, Yiyao Zhang, Jianchun Guo, Jie Lai, Dean Wang, Le He, and Yuyin Qin. "A study of relation between suspension behavior and microstructure and viscoelastic property of guar gum fracturing fluid." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 124 (December 2014): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2014.09.016.
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Natania, Kam, and Giovani Fransisca Setiawan. "Characterization of Antimicrobial Edible Films with Single and Double Emulsions from Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Oil." Reaktor 20, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.1.38-46.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Clove oil as a potent antimicrobial agent was added to enhance the properties of edible films. Clove oil was converted to single and double emulsion emulsions for homogenous dispersion in a starch based edible film suspension. Double emulsion was made with two steps emulsification with CaCl2 as inner water phase and guar gum as outer water phase. Single emulsion was prepared similarly without inner water phase. The physico-chemical characteristics and the antimicrobial activity of the of starch-based edible film added with the emulsion were observed. MBC/MFC of clove oil was determined against E. coli, S. aureus, R. stolonifer, and A. niger which gives value of 1.95, 1.46, 0.52, and 0.35 mg/ml respectively. Incorporation of different emulsions on starch-based edible films affect the properties of resulting edible films by increasing thickness, opacity, elongation at break, water vapor transmission rate, and swelling index. Both emulsions showed comparable physicochemical characteristics such as thickness, WVTR, and swelling index value. However, double emulsion produced more superior edible films in terms of tensile strength and antimicrobial activity. 15% addition of double emulsion were able to show strong antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone of more than 8.0 mm for E. coli and 24.0 mm for R. stolonifer.Keywords: clove oil; edible film; single and double emulsion
10
Varma, M. Mohan, and H. L. N. Rao. "Evaluation of Aceclofenac Loaded Alginate Mucoadhesive Spheres Prepared by Ionic Gelation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 5, no. 4 (February 28, 2013): 1847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2012.5.4.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Controlled release aceclofenac spheres were prepared in a cross-linked alginate matrix using ionotropic gelation technique. A suspension of aceclofenac in sodium alginate solution was added drop wise into 10% w/v calcium chloride solution and the resulting spheres were evaluated for their drug content, flow properties, mucoadhesive property and the dissolution rate. The aceclofenac loaded alginate spheres were prepared using various mucoadhesive polymers: sodium alginate, HPMC, sodium CMC, guar gum, methyl cellulose and carbopol. The calcium chloride was used as the crosslinking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the drug-polymer interaction. The alginate spheres showed good rheological properties, drug content uniformity and high entrapment efficiency. The aceclofenac release from the spheres was slow and extended up to 10 hours. The drug loaded spheres exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro wash off test. The drug release from the optimized formulation (drug-sodium alginate-HPMC K15M; 1:0.9: 0.1 ratio) followed zero order kinetics and exhibited non-Fickian diffusion. The rate of release of aceclofenac decreased with increasing concentration of sodium alginate due to slow penetration of dissolution fluid in the spheres. The results suggest that alginate spheres can potentially deliver aceclofenac at zero-order controlled release following oral administration. The FTIR studies indicated the absence of the drug-polymer interaction in the solid state.
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Masar Basim Mohsin Mohamed, Iman Sabah Jaafar, Methaq Hamad Sabar, Marwa Hazem Jasim, Furqan M. Abdulelah, and Doaa Abbas Zghair. "Oily in situ gels as an alternative floating platform for ketoconazole release." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 2638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, and guar gum were mixed with oils such as olive oil (OO), sesame oil (SO), and medium chain triglyceride (MCT). The oily formulations were found to simplify the preparation of in situ floating gel. This was the aim of this study using ketoconazole (keto) as a model drug. The investigations for the floating property were established by In vitro gelling capacity study and In vitro floating study. Additionally, in vitro release study was applied to find the best formulations to delay the release of keto. Then, selected formulations were studied by FTIR and SEM. Lastly, in vivo gelation was performed to examine the gelation in the rat’s stomach. The results showed all formulations were floating after successful gelation as the least amount of sodium alginate to gel oils was 20% w/w. The gels in SO and OO were better than MCT in delaying keto release, and 30% w/w sodium alginate in SO was the best to delay the release of keto within 8 hours of the release study. Selected gels showed interactions between the keto molecules and the molecules of the gel contents by FTIR study, and SEM showed a difference in the internal structure of selected formulations. Lastly, the 30% w/w sodium alginate in SO proved to gel and remain in the rat's stomach in the following periods: 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, and after 8 hours. Oily suspension formulations showed floating properties in the stomach and slowed the release of keto and specifically 30% w/w of sodium alginate in SO.
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Sugita, Purwantiningsih, Suminar Setiati Achmadi, and Yuyu Yundhana. "Perilaku Disolusi Ketoprofen Tersalut Gel Kitosan-Karboksimetilselulosa (CMC)." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 13, no. 1 (November 21, 2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.13.1.21-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Study dissolution behaviour of ketoprofen through optimum chitosan-CMC microcapsule has been carried out. Into228.6 ml of 1.0% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid, 38.1 ml of CMC solution was added with concentrationvariation of 0.075; 0.0875; and 0.10% (w/v). Afterwards, 7.62 mL of glu was added slowly under stirring, withconcentrations varied: 3; 4.5; and 6% (v/v). All mixtures were shaked for 20 minutes for homogenization. Into eachmicrocapsule mixture for ketoprofen, a solution of 2 g of ketoprofen in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added. Everymixture was then added with 5 ml of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature.Conversion of suspension into fine powders/granules (microcapsules) was done by using spray dryer. Thedissolution behaviour of optimum ketoprofen microcapsules were investigated in gastric and intestinal medium.Microcapsule morphology before and after dissolution as well as empty microcapsule (blank) were observed withSEM. Spray drying process had successfully coated ketoprofen in chitosan-CMC microcapsule. Optimization byusing Minitab Release 14 software showed that among the microcapsule compositions studied, CMC and glu of0.0925% (w/v) and 3.01% (v/v), respectively, optimum to coat ketoprofen at constant chitosan concentration 1.0%(w/v). Result of SEM morphology and In vitro dissolution profile showed that ketoprofen in chitosan-CMCmicrocapsule was relatively well than chitosan-guar gum microcapsule. Kinetically, dissolution of ketoprofen frommicrocapsule in intestinal pH condition was first order with release rate constant, k, of 7.285 10-4 % min-1 andrelease half-time, t1/2, of approximately 15 hours.
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Jayaprakash, A., S. Revathy, K. V. Ashok raj, and E. M. Rajesh. "Production and characterization of bioflocculant produced by Bacillus subtilis OL818309 and its flocculating effect on harmful algae." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1802rjbt72085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bioflocculation is said to be a biological process where solid particles are separated from liquid suspension with the help of microorganisms. They are preferred to be an alternative to synthetic flocculants as they are non-toxic, eco-friendly and biodegradable compounds. The lower yield and efficacy limit industrial application of microbial flocculants. Hence, it is mandatory to determine a microbial source which had ability to produce bioflocculant at larger quantity with high efficiency. Therefore, it was intended in this study to isolate and identify a potential bioflocculant producing bacterium from Kurichi Lake and characterize the produced bioflocculant. The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis through 16S rRNA sequencing deposited in the GenBank with accession number OL818309. Optimization of growth parameters for maximal bioflocculation was analyzed. It was found that pH of 7, growth temperature of 35 to 40°C at 48 hours of incubation with inoculum density of 3%, shaking speed of 165 rpm with guar gum as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source aid in highest bioflocculant production. Moreover, batch fermentation was considered as suitable method for industrial scalability of bioflocculant production with a yield of 2.651 g/L. The bioflocculants are characterized by using FTIR, SEM, GC-MS and TGA. The purified bioflocculant was applied on algal polluted water. BOD, COD, TSS and TDS were evaluated. It was observed that 98.20% of flocculation occurred and clear supernatant was obtained. Overall results suggested that this strain has an ability to produce bioflocculants for industrial uses and also for environmental remediation.
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Muller, Katherine A., Lirong Zhong, and Christopher E. Bagwell. "Characterizing the Influence of Organic Polymers on the Specific Reactivity of Particulate Remedial Amendments." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9 (November 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.703851.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Commercially available particulate amendments demonstrate high reactivity for effective treatment of water soluble organic and inorganic contaminants in laboratory studies; however, transport of these particles is constrained in the subsurface. In many field applications, particulate amendments are mixed with organic polymers to enhance mobility for direct push applications or stabilize suspensions for high mass loadings. As such, the interactions between particulate amendments, organic polymers and contaminant species need to be systematically investigated to properly understand mechanistic processes that facilitate predictive performance metrics for specific applications in situ. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of organic polymers (xanthan gum, guar gum, and sodium alginate), polymer concentration (800 and 4,000 mg/L), and aging (up to 28 days) on chromate treatment rate and capacity by two classes of amendments: reductants [granular zero-valent iron (gZVI), micron-ZVI (mZVI), sulfur modified iron (SMI)], and an adsorbent (bismuth sub-nitrate). When particulate amendments were suspended in polymer solutions, reductants retained between 84–100% of the amendment treatment capacity. Conversely, the adsorbent maintained 63–97% relative treatment capacity of the no-polymer control. Polymer solutions had a more pronounced impact on the rate of chromate removal; first order rates of chemical reduction decreased by as much as 70% and adsorption by up to 81% relative to the no-polymer controls. Polymer–amendment aging experiments also showed decreased Cr(VI) treatment capacity; reductants decreased by as much as 24% and adsorption decreased by as much as 44% after 28 days of incubation. While polymer suspensions are needed to aid the injection of particulate amendments into the subsurface, the results from this study indicate potential losses of treatment capacity and a decrease in the rate of remedial performance due to the physical and chemical interactions between polymer suspensions and reactive particulate amendments. Simple batch systems provide baseline characterization of tripartite interactions for the removal of Cr(VI). Additional work is needed to quantify the full impact of polymers on remedial outcomes under site relevant conditions at field scale.
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BHARAT BIJAPUR, GOWDA DV, VISHAL GUPTA N, SHAILESH THIRUMALESHWAR, PRAVEEN SIVADASU, and MANJUNATH M. "FORMULATION AND INVESTIGATION OF POLYMERIC MULTIPLE UNIT PELLET SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF SUSTAINED RELEASE GLIMEPIRIDE AND IMMEDIATE RELEASE ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, March 30, 2019, 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop novel fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) for improvement of glucose tolerance in type II diabetes mellitus patients associated with dyslipidemia.
Methods: Multiple unit pellet systems (MUPSs) consisting of sustained release (SR) glimepiride and immediate release atorvastatin calcium pellets were formulated. The SR glimepiride pellets were prepared using a combination of locust bean gum and gum ghatti/guar gum. Similarly, the immediate release of atorvastatin calcium pellets was prepared using locust bean gum suspension as a binder.
Results: The formulated pellets were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Further, surface morphology of the formulated pellets was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT-IR and DSC studies suggested that there were no chemical interactions between the drug and natural polymers. SEM studies revealed that formulated pellets were in spherical shape. Based on in vitro evaluation, the SR glimepiride formulation developed using a combination of 2% locust bean gum and 2.5% gum ghatti polymers sustained the release of the drug up to 12 h. Similarly, the immediate release atorvastatin calcium formulation containing 1% w/w locust bean gum suspension as a binder and 7% croscarmellose sodium showed fast disintegration of pellets. The in vivo studies in albino Wistar rat revealed that there was an improvement in bioavailability of the drugs. Stability studies showed that there were no significant changes in the drug content and physical appearance of the prepared SR glimepiride and immediate release atorvastatin pellet formulations.
Conclusion: Thus, the formulated FDC as MUPS can be used as an alternative approach for treating diabetes mellitus-induced dyslipidemia.
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Sugita, Purwantiningsih, Bambang Srijanto, Budi Arifin, Fithri Amelia, and Mahdi Mubarok. "PERILAKU DISOLUSI KETOPROFEN DAN INDOMETASIN FARNESIL TERSALUT GEL KITOSAN-GOM GUAR." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jsti.v12i1.849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chitosan, a modification of shrimp-shell waste, has been utilized as microcapsule. However, it’s fragile gel property needs to be strengthened by adding glutaraldehyde (glu) and natural hydrocolloid guar gum (gg). This research’s purposes were to study dissolution behaviour of ketoprofen and infar through optimum chitosan-guar gum microcapsule. Into 228.6 mL of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid,38.1 mL of gg solution was added with concentration variation of 0.35, 0.55, and 0.75% (w/v) for ketoprofen microcapsules and 0.05, 0.19, and 0.33% (w/v) for infar microcapsules, and stirred with magnetic stirrer until homogenous. Afterwards, 7.62mL of glu was added slowly under stirring, with concentrations varied: 3, 3.5, and 4% (v/v) for ketoprofen microcapsules, and 4, 4.5, and 5% (v/v) for infar microcapsules. All mixtures were shaked for 20 minutes for homogenization. All mixtures wereshaked for 20 minutes for homogenization. Into each microcapsule mixture for ketoprofen, a solution of 2 g of ketoprofen in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added, whereas solution of 100 mg of in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added into each microcapsule mixture for infar. Every mixture was then added with 5 mL of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature. Everymixture was then added with 5 mL of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature. Conversion of suspension into fine powders/granules (microcapsules) was done by using spray dryer. The data of [gg], [glu], and medicine’s content from each microcapsule were treated with Minitab 14 software to obtain optimum [gg] and [glu] for microencapsulation. The dissolution behaviour of optimum ketoprofen and infar microcapsules were investigated. The result of optimization by using Minitab Release 14 software showed that among the microcapsule compositions of [gg] and [glu] were 0.35% (w/v) and 3.75% (v/v), respectively, optimum to coat ketoprofen, whereas [gg] and [glu] of 0.05% (w/v) and4.00% (v/v), respectively, optimum to coat infar, at constant chitosan concentration (1.75% [w/v]). In vitro dissolution profile showed that chitosan-guar gum gel microcapsule was more resistant in intestinal pH condition (rather basic) compared with that in gastric pH (very acidic).
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Tovar-Pedraza, Juan Manuel, Guillermo Márquez-Licona, Daniel Bárcenas-Santana, Karla Yeriana Leyva-Madrigal, Guadalupe Arlene Mora-Romero, Genny Llaven-Valencia, and Elizabeth García‑León. "Occurrence of Curvularia pisi and C. muehlenbeckiae Causing Leaf Spot on Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Mexico." Plant Disease, June 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-22-0858-pdn.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Fabaceae family), known as guar or clusterbean, is a drought-tolerant annual legume cultivated on a commercial scale focused on industrial gum production. In September 2021, symptoms of leaf spot were observed on guar plants in several commercial fields located at Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. Symptoms included round to oval, light brown lesions with dark margins. The disease incidence was estimated to be up to 30% in five fields. Curvularia-like colonies were consistently isolated, and 12 monoconidial isolates were obtained. Two representative isolates were selected to use downstream and were deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Faculty of Agriculture of Fuerte Valley at the Sinaloa Autonomous University under Accession FAVF643 and FAVF645. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies of both isolates FAVF643 (pale brown margin) and FAVF645 (lobate edge) were dark brown. Conidiophores of both isolates FAVF643 (paler towards apex and 76 to 191 × 3.5 to 5.2 μm) and FAVF645 (80 to 260 × 3.9 to 5.1 μm) were mostly straight, pale brown to dark brown, septate, and simple to branched. Conidia of both isolates FAVF643 (19.9 to 33.3 × 8.8 to 13.5 μm) and FAVF645 (18.5 to 27.1 × 9.1 to 13.1 μm) were curved, rarely straight, brown, with apical and basal cells paler than middle cells being pale brown, and 3-distoseptate. Morphology of both isolates FAVF643 and FAVF645 was consistent with that described for Curvularia (Marin-Felix et al. 2017; 2020). For phylogenetic identification, total DNA was extracted and PCR products sequenced from ITS5/ITS4 primers –the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990) and GPD1/GPD2 – partial sequences of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdh) gene amplification. A phylogenetic tree based on Maximum likelihood including published ITS and gpdh for Curvularia spp. was constructed. Phylogenetic analyses showed that isolate FAVF643 grouped with the type strain C. pisi (CBS190.48) sequence, and the isolate FAVF645 grouped with the type strain C.muehlenbeckiae (CBS144.63) sequence. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank as: C. pisi OM802153 (ITS); OM835758 (gpdh), and C. muehlenbeckiae OM802154 (ITS); OM835759 (gpdh). The pathogenicity was verified on healthy guar plants. For each isolate, five plants were inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) onto leaves until runoff. Five plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. All plants were kept in a moist chamber for two days, and subsequently transferred to a greenhouse for 12 days at temperatures ranging from 26 to 32°C. All inoculated leaves exhibited necrotic lesions with a dark margin 10 days after inoculation, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The fungi were consistently re-isolated from the diseased leaves and found to be morphologically identical to the isolates used for inoculation, fulfilling Koch´s postulates. Curvularia lunata had been reported as the causal agent of leaf spot on guar in India (Chand and Verma 1968); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. pisi and C. muehlenbeckiae causing leaf spot on guar in Mexico and worldwide.
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Tomkins, Trevor, and Janusz Sowinski. "Use of Non Medicated Oral Rehydration Therapy to Treat Diarrhea and Scouring in The Young Calf." American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, August 31, 1992, 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro19926600.
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Diarrhea and scouring are still major problems associated with rearing of calves. Calf mortality in the dairy herd may be as high as 15% and much of this is attributable to deaths as a result of dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and physiological starvation, associated with digestive disturbances (diarrhea & scours). Although the use of oral rehydration therapy has been advocated for a long time producers have been slow to move away from reliance on antibiotics to treat diarrhea.
Most oral electrolyte products simply aim at replacement of lost ions and perhaps replenishment of some energy with dextrose. Many of these electrolytes have severe imbalances in tonicity resulting in reduced absorption of ions. In addition, few electrolyte products slow rate of passage to prevent further excessive loss of ions through the feces.
With these problems in mind, an oral rehydration product (ORP*) was developed and tested in clinical situations.
The ORP consisted of a number of ingredients which are common components of diets and oral rehydration products for both animals and humans. These included: energy sources - dextrose, corn syrup solids, lecithin; fibers - to absorb water and slow flow rate in the gut; vegetable gums - to increase viscosity of gut contents to slow rate of passage and aid in suspension of insoluble fibers; electrolytes - sodium, potassium, magnesium.
The formulation is proprietary but ingredients were: dextrose, apple flakes, oat hulls, dried corn syrup, xanthan gum, guar gum, vegetable fat, sorbitol, lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, potassium chloride, ascorbic acid, calcium pantothenate, potassium phosphate, dried whey product, magnesium sulfate, polysaccharide complexes of icon, zinc manganese, copper and cobalt, fumaric acid, citric acid, calcium propionate, sodium propionate, potassium sorbate, ethylenediamine dihydriodide, silicon dioxide.
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Li, Qiang, Fuling Wang, Yanling Wang, Kobina Forson, Lili Cao, Chenglin Zhang, Chang Zhou, Bo Zhao, and Jiashuo Chen. "Experimental investigation on the high-pressure sand suspension and adsorption capacity of guar gum fracturing fluid in low-permeability shale reservoirs: factor analysis and mechanism disclosure." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, March 12, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19663-4.
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