Дисертації: "GSM- channel"

1

Månsson, Jonas. "Principles for Channel Allocation in GSM." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10697.

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In today's GSM system there is a complex resource situation when it comes to the scarce TDMA channels in the air interface, the time slots. There are both voice call services that use one or a half time slot and there are packet data users, that may share time slots with other packet data users, and they can use multiple channels at the same time. Allocating time to users is a crucial part in the system and it may affect the performance for the end user substantially.

In the future there may be more types of services than just voice and packet data and that these services may have specific demands on their channels, time slots. That means they would not be able to use just any of the available channels. The way to "give" services channels is what is called channel allocation. In this thesis four different services and three different principles for channel allocation is implemented in a Matlab simulator and simulated. The thesis goal is to determine which principle is best for which mix of services.

The principles that have been investigated are Flexible Algorithm that lets all services use all channels, Fix Dedication Algorithm where all channels are dedicated to a service and only can be used by that one and finally Soft Dedication Algorithm where all channels are dedicated to a service but may be used by other services when it is not needed by the preferred one.

The conclusion is, simplified, that the Soft Dedication Algorithm generates low blocking rates, high bandwidth and that it is a quite robust principle although the borrowing user may be preempted. It may not always be the best one but over all it is the one to prefer.

Detta examensarbete är utfört på uppdrag av och i samarbete med Ericsson och rör kanal- och resurshantering i GSM-systemet.

Ett ständigt problem vid trådlös och mobil kommunikation är den begränsade mängd frekvenser som finns tillgängliga i radiogränssnittet och hur pass nära två radioresursers frekvenser kan ligga varandra. I GSM används TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) för att få plats med många användare på ett smalt frekvensband. TDMA innebär förenklat att tiden delas upp i åtta tidsluckor och att varje användare får tillgång till en av radioresurserna under en sådan tidslucka (kanal). Detta gäller både i upp- och nedlänk.

I nuläget finns två tjänster, paketdata och tal, som använder tidsluckorna på olika sätt. En talanvändare använder en eller en halv lucka själv medan paketdataanvändare kan dela på en eller flera luckor. Det finns alltså en mängd olika sätt att allokera, "dela ut", dessa luckor till ett givet antal användare. I nuläget har man en väl fungerande algoritm för detta men man tror att det i framtiden kommer att finnas fler tjänster med mer specifika krav på sina tidsluckor (kanaler) och att man då inte längre kan använda samma princip för kanalallokeringen.

I detta exjobb har tre nya, enkla och renodlade principer för kanalallokering undersökts för fyra fiktiva tjänster. Det tre principerna är Flexible Algorithm, där alla tjänster tillåts använda alla kanaler, Fix Dedication Algorithm, där alla kanaler är dedicerade till någon tjänst och endast kan användas av just denna tjänst; och slutligen Soft Dedication Algorithm som fungerar liknande den föregående men här kan tjänster "låna" kanaler av andra tjänster så längs som de är lediga. I Soft Dedication Algorithm kan en eventuell "låntagare" bli avbruten om en användare av rätt tjänst inte hittar en ledig kanal.

Utvärdering har skett genom att simulera systemet i en, delvis egengjord, Matlabsimulator.

Resultaten visar, förenklat, att Soft Dedication Algorithm är den bästa vad gäller låg blockering, kanalutnyttjande och även bandbredder. Den är även förhållandevis robust mot variationer i last.

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2

Mahesar, Fayaz Ahmed. "Dynamic Channel Allocation in GSM Network." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för telekommunikationssystem, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1234.

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The rapid evolution of cellular technology and the more user demand for advanced mobile services leads the industry to develop more efficient network structures. The increasing number of cellular subscribers and the demand for cellular networks communication (3rd and 4th generation) drives to the research of the new methodologies for the design of cellular networks and services. This thesis has been generated and complied with the objective of proposing GSM Network Utilizing DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION starting with the architecture of GSM Network with system design. In next chapter we define the channels that are transmitted over the Air Interface, leading further towards the Channel Allocation Schemes in GSM. In this chapter we describe the various types of channels are used in GSM Network. Furthermore define the main two strategies for channel assignment, briefly differentiate between the FCA (Fixed Channel Allocation) and (Dynamic Channel Allocation) as well as advantages of both schemes. Then the major is study of (Dynamic Channel Allocation) and the proposed Algorithm for Dynamic Channel Allocation in GSM network is presented and discussed. All channels will placed in a pool and on demand or on request will be assigned to the user for that particular call that will be helpful to maintain the grade of service and increase system capacity.

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3

Deshpande, Nikhil. "Matlab implementation of GSM traffic channel." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000167.

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4

Liu, Christine N. "Channel coding for enhanced full rate GSM." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39398.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59).
by Christine N. Liu.
M.Eng.

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5

Leiviskä, Emily. "Implicit Channel Allocation in GSM/EDGE radio networks." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-86157.

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Efficient channel allocation in GSM communication is difficult and believed to be a performance bottleneck. This thesis is dedicated to studying the performance of GSM/EDGE networks in modern usage scenarios (surfing the web, chatting and streaming services) under the assumption that explicit channel allocation is not needed. Users are able to be (re-)allocated at any time without explicit signaling and the typically associated delay. The radio hardware of these users is identical to that of typically used devices and the theoretical peak performance is not affected. This allows the network to use the radio channels in a more efficiently way and the delays from signaling are reduced or eliminated. The thesis studies this problem by statistically modeling such usage scenarios and the resulting channel utilization patterns. The study finds that the latency can be reduced by 40-70% for typical radio hardware, and that network throughput can be improved by up to 20%. However, further studies are needed on the subject.

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6

Zinchenko, I. S., Tetiana Oleksandrivna Protasova, Тетяна Олександрівна Протасова, and Татьяна Александровна Протасова. "The use of gsm-channel in security systems." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65499.

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The opportunities provided by mobile operators are increasingly used in surveillance systems. To date wireless security systems on the basis of GSM is widespread due to their relatively low cost and ease of installation and operation. The use of GSM obviates the need to expand its network of repeaters – repeaters are used by GSM operators. As a result, it is possible to protect objects wherever confidently works GSM network operator.

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7

Павленко, Богдан Вікторович. "Системи безпеки, які використовують GSM канали". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/39324.

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У дипломній роботі проводиться порівняння різних безпровідних технологій, детально розглянутий принцип побудови GSM- каналу в системах охорони, GSM порівнюється з іншими безпровідними технологіями. Проведений огляд декількох основних безпровідних систем охорони, на їх прикладі був проведений аналіз його використання в різних системах охорони. Проведений аналіз функціонування систем безпеки, які використовують GSM канали, розглянуті принцип шифрування, завадостійкість та завадо-захищеність у GSM-каналі. Сформульовані декілька основних принципів та рекомендацій по використанню GSM-каналу в системах охорони. Зазначені основні шляхи розвитку мереж GSM. Представлений один із можливих варіантів розрахунку зони покриття окремо взятої базової станції.
A comparison of different off-wire technologies, principle of construction of GSM considered in detail, is made in diploma work - to the channel in the systems of guard, GSM is compared to other off-wire technologies. Conducted review of a few basic off-wire systems of guard, on their example there was the conducted analysis of his use in the different systems of guard. Conducted, analysis of functioning of the systems of safety that use GSM the channels considered principle of enciphering, noise immunity and noise protection in GSM- channel. Several basic principles and recommendations for the use of GSM-channel in security systems are formulated. The main ways of development of GSM networks are indicated. One of the possible options for calculating the coverage area of a single base station is presented.
В дипломной работе проводится сравнение различных беспроводных технологий, подробно рассмотрен принцип построения GSM- канала в системах охраны, GSM сравнивается с другими беспроводными технологиями. Проведенный обзор нескольких основных беспроводных систем охраны, на их примере был проведен анализ его использования в различных системах охраны. Проведенный анализ функционирования систем безопасности, использующих GSM каналы, рассмотрены принцип шифрования, помехоустойчивость и помех-защищенность в GSM-канале. Сформулированы несколько основных принципов и рекомендаций по использованию GSM-канала в системах охраны. Указаны основные пути развития сетей GSM. Представлен один из возможных вариантов расчета зоны покрытия отдельно взятой базовой станции.

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8

Franz, Volker. "Turbo-detection for GSM-systems channel estimation, equalization and decoding /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96205772X.

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9

Deshpande, Nikhil 1978. "Matlab implementation of GSM traffic channel [electronic resource] / by Nikhil Deshpande." University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000167.

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Title from PDF of title page.
Document formatted into pages; contains 62 pages
Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format.
ABSTRACT: The GSM platform is a extremely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. The GSM platform is growing and evolving and offers an expanded and feature-rich voice and data enabling services. General Packet Radio Service, (GPRS), will have a tremendous transmission rate, which will make a significant impact on most of the existing services. Additionally, GPRS stands ready for the introduction of new services as operators and users, both business and private, appreciate the capabilities and potential that GPRS provides. Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone. Moreover, the capability and ease of access to these services increase at work, at home or during travel. In this research the traffic channel of a GSM system was studied in detail and simulated in order to obtain a performance analysis. Matlab, software from Mathworks, was used for the simulation.
ABSTRACT: Both the forward and the reverse links of a GSM system were simulated. A flat fading model was used to model the channel. Signal to Noise Ratio, (SNR), was the primary metric that was varied during the simulation. All the building blocks for a traffic channel, including a Convolutional encoder, an Interleaver and a Modulator were coded in Matlab. Finally the GPRS system, which is an enhancement of the GSM system for data services was introduced.
System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.

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10

Öjerteg, Theo. "Design and implementation of test a tool for the GSM traffic channel." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1240.

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Todays’ systems for telecommunication are getting more and more complex. Automatic testing is required to guarantee quality of the systems produced. An actual example is the introduction of GPRS traffic in the GSM network nodes. This thesis investigates the need and demands for such an automatic testing of the traffic channels in the GSM system. A solution intended to be a part of the Ericsson TSS is proposed. One problem to be solved is that today’s tools for testing do not support testing of speech channels with the speech transcoder unit installed. As part of the investigation, a speech codec is implemented for execution on current hardware used in the test platform. The selected speech codec is the enhanced full rate codec, generating a bitstream of 12.2 kbit/s, and gives a good trade-off between compression and speech quality. The report covers the design of the test tool and the implementation of speech codec. Particularly performance problems in the implementation of the encoder will be addressed.

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11

Narinian, Vartan. "Combined adaptive speech and channel coding for digital mobile radio communication." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314172.

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12

Gleissner, Filip. "Koexistence mobilních komunikačních systémů GSM-EDGE a UMTS." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233470.

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The dissertation thesis deals with the investigation of the coexistence of GSM–EDGE and UMTS systems with focus on the physical layer of the systems. The aim is to provide a set of recommendations for practical cooperation while the systems operate in both the separated and the common radio bands. A detailed description of signal processing of both the systems on the physical layer is presented. On the basis of this description, models of both systems were created and implemented in the MATLAB environment. The simulations are focused on the physical layer quality parameters, especially the bit error ratio evaluation for various ratios of useful signal power to noise power during the transmission over the radio channel. Simulation is also used to examine the quality of received useful signal while it is interfered by signals from the same and adjacent channels. The purpose is to determine the isolation between these adjacent channels, when the bit error ratio of the useful signal does not exceed a certain reference value. The simulation results are subsequently subjected to comparison with the results of the experimental measurements in laboratory conditions. Before the measurements are carried out, a study of possible interference types is performed. Consequently, the crucial parameters of the measuring equipment used are verified. From the results of simulations and measurements, the proposal of a minimum and recommended carrier separation between both the systems is presented in order to efficiently utilize the assigned frequency spectrum. Furthermore, for the cooperation in both the separated and the common radio bands, the necessary precautions are given for reaching the required isolation and thereby inter-system interference minimization.

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13

Tyrberg, Andreas. "Data Transmission over Speech Coded Voice Channels." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6755.

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The voice channel in mobile communication systems have high priority and are almost always available. By using the voice channel also for data transmissions it is possible to get the same availability as for voice calls. But due to speech codecs in the voice channel, regular modems can not be used and special techniques are needed to transmit data.

This thesis presents methods to transmit data over the voice channel in a GSM, UMTS or TETRA network. The focus has been on robust data transmission rather than high data bit rates. Approaches are introduced which improve the reliability for transmissions even for systems with low rate speech codecs and channels with some distortion.

The results of the thesis are suggestions of symbol patterns and ways to create and adapt symbols for specific application and channel conditions to achieve the desired goal for the application.

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14

Klein, Adam Sherman. "Design and Characterization of RFIC Voltage Controlled Oscillators in Silicon Germanium HBT and Submicron MOS Technologies." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34435.

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Advances in wireless technology have recently led to the potential for higher data rates and greater functionality. Wireless home and business networks and 3G and 4G cellular phone systems are promising technologies striving for market acceptance, requiring low-cost, low-power, and compact solutions. One approach to meet these demands is system-on-a-chip (SoC) integration, where RF/analog and digital circuitry reside on the same chip, creating a mixed-signal environment. Concurrently, there is tremendous incentive to utilize Si-based technologies to leverage existing fabrication and design infrastructure and the corresponding economies of scale. While the SoC approach is attractive, it presents major challenges for circuit designers, particularly in the design of monolithic voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs). VCOs are important components in the up or downconversion of RF signals in wireless transceivers. VCOs must have very low phase noise and spurious emissions, and be extremely power efficient to meet system requirements. To meet these specifications, VCOs require high-quality factor (Q) tank circuits and reduction of noise from active devices; however, the lack of high-quality monolithic inductors, along with low noise transistors in traditional Si technologies, has been a limiting factor. This thesis presents the design, characterization, and comparison of three monolithic 3-4 GHz VCOs and an integrated 5-6 GHz VCO with tunable polyphase outputs. Each VCO is designed around a differential -G_{M} core with an LC tank circuit. The circuits exploit two Si-based device technologies: Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) for a cross-coupled collectors circuit and Graded-Channel MOS (GC-MOS) transistors for a complementary (CMOS) implementation. The circuits were fabricated using the Motorola 0.4 μm CDR1 SiGe BiCMOS process, which consists of four interconnected metal layers and a thick copper (10 μm) metal bump layer for improved inductive components. The VCO implementations are targeted to meet the stringent phase noise specifications for the GSM/EGSM 3G cellular standard. The specifications state that the VCO output cannot exceed -162 dBc/Hz sideband noise at 20 MHz offset from the carrier. Simultaneously, oscillators must be designed to address other system level effects, such as feed-through of the local oscillator (LO). LO feed-through directly results in self-mixing in direct conversion receivers, which gives rise to unwanted corrupting DC offsets. Therefore, a system-level strategy is employed to avoid such issues. For example, multiplying the oscillator frequency by two or four times can help avoid self-mixing during downconversion by moving the LO out of the bandwidth of the RF front-end. Meanwhile, direct conversion or low-IF (intermediate frequency) receiver architectures utilize in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) downconversion signal recovery and image rejection. Any imbalance between the I and Q channels can result in an increase in bit-error-rate (BER) and/or decrease in the image rejection ratio (IRR). To compensate for such an imbalance, an integrated tunable polyphase filter is implemented with a VCO. Control voltages between the differential I and Q channels can be individually controlled to help compensate for I/Q mismatches. This thesis includes an introduction to design flow and layout strategies for oscillator implementations. A detailed comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the SiGe HBTs and GC-MOS device in 3-4 GHz VCOs is presented. In addition, an overview of full-wave electromagnetic characterization of differential dual inductors is given. The oscillators are characterized for tuning range, output power, and phase noise. Finally, new measurement techniques for the 5-6 GHz VCO with a tunable polyphase filter are explored. A comparison between the time and frequency approaches is also offered.
Master of Science

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15

Kerndl, Michal. "Automatický systém pro sledování polohy pohybujících se objektů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220084.

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There is suggestion of obtaining exact position in this work, based on GPS and GSM modules controlled by PIC microcontroller. Layout of this work is electronic schematic, PCB footprint and theoretical analysis of used modules. The practical part of work is also dealing with software for both microprocessor and web interface. The function prototype will be created and tested in next phases of this project.

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16

Zhu, Chao. "Performance Analysis of Minimum Selection GSC with Channel Estimation Errors in Rayleigh Fading Channels." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1250184723.

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17

McKee, James J. "Simultaneous digital signalling of duplex speech and multiple electrocardiograms over PSTN and GSM channels." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342306.

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18

Li, Dongfu. "Deep Neural Network Approach for Single Channel Speech Enhancement Processing." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34472.

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Speech intelligibility represents how comprehensible a speech is. It is more important than speech quality in some applications. Single channel speech intelligibility enhancement is much more difficult than multi-channel intelligibility enhancement. It has recently been reported that training-based single channel speech intelligibility enhancement algorithms perform better than Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) based algorithm. In this thesis, a training-based Deep Neural Network (DNN) is used to improve single channel speech intelligibility. To increase the performance of the DNN, the Multi-Resolution Cochlea Gram (MRCG) feature set is used as the input of the DNN. MATLAB objective test results show that the MRCG-DNN approach is more robust than a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) approach. The MRCG-DNN also works better than other DNN training algorithms. Various conditions such as different speakers, different noise conditions and reverberation were tested in the thesis.

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19

Boucher, Jérôme. "Feasibility studies of the pbar p -->pi0e+e- electromagnetic channel at PANDA." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662455.

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The proton is described by the electric G_E and magnetic G_M form factors which characterise its internal structure. The way to measure the proton form factors consists in measuring the angular distribution of the e-p elastic scattering accessing the so-called Space-Like region where q^2<0. Using the crossed channel pbar p<-->e+e-, one accesses another kinematical region, the so-called Time-Like region where q^2>0. However, due to the pbar p<-->e+e- threshold q^2_{th}, only the kinematical domain q^2>q^2_{th}>0 is available. To access the unphysical region, one may use the pbar p --> pi0e+e- reaction where the pi0 takes away a part of the system energy allowing q^2 to be varied between q^2_{th} and almost 0. This thesis aims to show the feasibility of such measurements with the PANDA detector which will be installed on the antiproton ring at the FAIR facility at Darmstadt. To describe the pbar p --> pi0e+e- reaction, a Lagrangian based approach is developed. The 5-fold differential cross section is determined and related to linear combinations of hadronic tensors. Under the assumption of one nucleon exchange, the hadronic tensors are expressed in terms of the 2 complex proton electromagnetic form factors. An extraction method which provides an access to the proton electromagnetic form factor ratio R=|G_E|/|G_M| and for the first time in an unpolarized experiment to the cosine of the phase difference is developed. Such measurements have never been performed in the unphysical region. Extended simulations were performed to show how the ratio R and the cosine can be extracted from the positron angular distribution. Furthermore, a model is developed for the pbar p-->pi0pi+pi- background reaction considered as the most dangerous one. The background contribution can be reduced to the percent level or even less. The corresponding signal efficiency ranges from a few % to 30%. The precision on the determination of the ratio R and of the cosine is determined using the expected counting rates via Monte Carlo method. A part of this thesis is also dedicated to more technical work with the study of the prototype of the electromagnetic calorimeter and the determination of its resolution.

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20

Haßfurth, Benjamin. "ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN A NEURONAL CIRCUIT IMPORTANT FOR SOUND LOCALIZATION." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-120452.

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21

Stefanova, Iskra. "Age-related changes of the cortical visual-vestibular interaction in healthy subjects." Diss., lmu, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-153210.

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22

Gong, Xiaofeng. "Recent interdecadal variations in the tropical atmosphere : evidence and idealized GCM simulations /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1998.

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23

JAIN, VISHESH. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GENERALIZED SELECTION COMBINING IN ARBITRARILY CORRELATED NAKAGAMI FADING CHANNELS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1131175492.

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24

Belounnas, Amel. "Study of baryonic resonances in the channel pp->ppπ⁺π⁻ at 3.5 GeV beam energy with the HADES detector". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS243.

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Le sujet de cette thèse est l’analyse de la réaction pp->ppπ⁺π⁻ mesurée à une énergie de faisceau de 3,5 GeV avec le spectromètre HADES à GSI. L’objectif est d’apporter des informations complémentaires à la production d'un pion et d'un kaon mesurés par HADES pour l'excitation d'une résonance ainsi que des résultats tout nouveaux pour la production de deux résonances et pour la production du méson ρ. Ces informations sont particulièrement importantes pour l'interprétation des spectres de di-électrons également mesurés par la collaboration HADES. L'extraction du signal pour la production de pp->ppπ⁺π⁻ est basée sur la détection d'un proton, un π⁺ et un π⁻ dans le détecteur HADES et sur le calcul de la masse manquante. Les erreurs statistiques sont négligeables et les erreurs systématiques sont principalement dues aux corrections d’efficacité basées sur des simulations et à la normalisation. Un modèle simple basé sur le générateur d’évènements PLUTO a été construit pour l'interprétation des données en incluant trois types de contributions: la production d’une résonance décroissant en pπ⁺π⁻ et l’excitation de deux résonances décroissant respectivement en pπ⁺ et pπ⁻ et la production directe du méson ρ. Une procédure de fit est développée en utilisant comme contraintes pour l'excitation baryonique simple les résultats obtenus pour la production d'un pion et d'un kaon. La contribution du méson ρ a été également extraite après l’application des coupures cinématiques nécessaires et le rôle des résonances baryoniques dans cette production est discuté. Parmi toutes les contributions identifiées, les principales sont la double excitation de Δ(1232) et la simple excitation de N(1520). Un modèle de Lagrangien a été mis au point pour ces deux contributions, les calculs donnent un résultat assez proche du modèle simple et prédisent un effet des interférences très faible. Finalement, la confrontation des résultats expérimentaux aux prédictions de modèles théoriques existants montre la nécessité de prendre en compte ces nouvelles données pour la description de la production de mésons et de di-électrons dans les collisions nucléaires au-delà de 1.5 GeV/nucléon
The subject of this thesis is the analysis of the pp->ppπ⁺π⁻ reaction measured at a beam energy of 3.5 GeV with the High Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI. The aim is to provide additional information on the production of a pion and a kaon measured by HADES for the excitation of a resonance as well as new results for the production of two resonances and the ρ meson production. Such information is important, in particular, for the interpretation of the di-electron spectra measured by the HADES collaboration. The extraction of the signal for pp->ppπ⁺π⁻ production is based on the detection of one proton, one π⁺ and one π⁻ in the HADES detector and the calculation of the missing mass. Statistical errors are negligible and systematic errors are mainly due to the efficiency corrections which are based on simulations and to normalization. A simple model based on PLUTO event generator was built for the interpretation of the data, by including three main types of contributions: the production of one resonance decaying into pπ⁺π⁻ and the excitation of two resonances, decaying respectively into pπ⁺ and pπ⁻ and the direct ρ production. A fitting procedure is developed, using as constraint the information obtained for the single resonance excitation from one pion and one kaon production data. The contribution of the ρ meson was also extracted after applying necessary kinematical cuts. Among all the identified contributions, the main ones are the double Δ(1232) excitation and the N(1520) excitation. A Lagrangian model was developed for these two contributions, the calculations give a similar result to the simple model and predict a negligible interferences effect. Finally, the confrontation of the experimental results to the predictions of existing theoretical models shows the necessity to take into account these new data for the description of mesons and di-electron production in nuclear collisions above 1.5 GeV/nucleus

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25

Cherian, Ribu, Chandrasekhar Venkataraman, Johannes Quaas, and Srinivasan Ramachandran. "GCM simulations of anthropogenic aerosol-induced changes in aerosol extinction, atmospheric heating and precipitation over India." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-176395.

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The influence of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol distributions and the hydrological cycle are examined with a focus on monsoon precipitation over the Indian subcontinent, during January 2001 to December 2005, using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-Hamburg (ECHAM5.5) general circulation model extended by the Hamburg Aerosol Module (HAM). The seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra and Aqua satellite is broadly well simulated (R 0.6–0.85) by the model. The spatial distribution and seasonal cycle of the precipitation observed over the Indian region are reasonably well simulated (R 0.5 to 0.8) by the model, while in terms of absolute magnitude, the model underestimates precipitation, in particular in the south-west (SW) monsoon season. The model simulates significant anthropogenic aerosol-induced changes in clear-sky net surface solar radiation (dimming greater than -7 W m-2), which agrees well with the observed trends over the Indian region. A statistically significant decreasing precipitation trend is simulated only for the SWmonsoon season over the central-north Indian region, which is consistent with the observed seasonal trend over the Indian region. In the model, this decrease results from a reduction in convective precipitation, where there is an increase in stratiform cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and solar dimming that resulted from increased stability and reduced evaporation. Similarities in spatial patterns suggest that surface cooling, mainly by the aerosol indirect effect, is responsible for this reduction in convective activity. When changes in large-scale dynamics are allowed by slightly disturbing the initial state of the atmosphere, aerosol absorption in addition leads to a further stabilization of the lower troposphere, further reducing convective precipitation.

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Cherian, Ribu, Chandrasekhar Venkataraman, Johannes Quaas, and Srinivasan Ramachandran. "GCM simulations of anthropogenic aerosol-induced changes in aerosol extinction, atmospheric heating and precipitation over India." Wiley, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13437.

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The influence of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol distributions and the hydrological cycle are examined with a focus on monsoon precipitation over the Indian subcontinent, during January 2001 to December 2005, using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-Hamburg (ECHAM5.5) general circulation model extended by the Hamburg Aerosol Module (HAM). The seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra and Aqua satellite is broadly well simulated (R 0.6–0.85) by the model. The spatial distribution and seasonal cycle of the precipitation observed over the Indian region are reasonably well simulated (R 0.5 to 0.8) by the model, while in terms of absolute magnitude, the model underestimates precipitation, in particular in the south-west (SW) monsoon season. The model simulates significant anthropogenic aerosol-induced changes in clear-sky net surface solar radiation (dimming greater than -7 W m-2), which agrees well with the observed trends over the Indian region. A statistically significant decreasing precipitation trend is simulated only for the SWmonsoon season over the central-north Indian region, which is consistent with the observed seasonal trend over the Indian region. In the model, this decrease results from a reduction in convective precipitation, where there is an increase in stratiform cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and solar dimming that resulted from increased stability and reduced evaporation. Similarities in spatial patterns suggest that surface cooling, mainly by the aerosol indirect effect, is responsible for this reduction in convective activity. When changes in large-scale dynamics are allowed by slightly disturbing the initial state of the atmosphere, aerosol absorption in addition leads to a further stabilization of the lower troposphere, further reducing convective precipitation.

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27

Roivainen, A. (Antti). "Three-dimensional geometry-based radio channel model:parametrization and validation at 10 GHz." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215549.

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Abstract This dissertation presents complete parameterizations for a three-dimensional (3-D) geometry-based stochastic radio channel model (GSCM) at 10 GHz based on measurement campaigns. The thesis is divided into the following main parts: radio channel measurements, the characterization of model parameters, and model validation. Experimental multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurements carried out in two-story lobby and urban small cell scenarios are first described. The measurements were performed with a vector network analyzer and dual polarized virtual antenna arrays with a bandwidth over 500 MHz. The measurement data was post-processed using the ESPRIT algorithm and the post-processed data was verified using a semi-deterministic map-based model. The results showed a good match between estimated and modeled multipath components (MPCs). In addition, single-input single-output outdoor-to-indoor measurements were executed through a standard multi-pane glass window and concrete wall. A statistical analysis was carried out for defining full 3-D characterization of the propagation channel in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions. The delay and angular dispersions of MPCs are smaller in comparison to lower frequency bands due to the higher attenuation of the delayed MPCs. Moreover, specular reflection is observed to be the more dominant propagation mechanism in comparison to diffuse scattering, leading to smaller cluster angle spreads in comparison to lower frequency bands. The penetration loss caused by a standard multi-pane glass window is on the same level as in the lower frequency bands, whereas the loss caused by the concrete wall is a few dBs higher than at lower frequency bands. Finally, the GSCM with determined parameters is validated. A MIMO channel was reconstructed by embedding 3-D radiation patterns of the antennas into the propagation path estimates. Equivalently the channel simulations were performed with a quasi deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa) using the defined parameters. The channel capacity, Demmel condition number, and relative condition numbers are used as the comparison metrics between reconstructed and modeled channels. The results show that the reconstructed MIMO channel matches the simulated MIMO channel well
Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja esittää parametroinnit kolmiulotteiselle geometriaan perustuvalle stokastiselle radiokanavamallille 10 GHz:n taajuusalueella perustuen mitattuun radiokanavaan. Väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta pääalueesta: radiokanavamittaukset, radiokanavamallin parametrien määrittäminen ja mallin validointi. Aluksi kuvataan kaksikerroksisessa aula ja kaupunkipiensolu ympäristöissä monilähetin monivastaanotin (MIMO) järjestelmällä tehdyt kanavamittaukset. Mittaukset tehtiin vektoripiirianalysaattorilla ja kaksoispolaroiduilla virtuaaliantenniryhmillä 500 MHz kaistanleveydellä. Mittausdata jälkikäsiteltiin käyttämällä ESPRIT-algoritmia ja jälkikäsitelty data varmennettiin osittain deterministisellä mittausympäristön karttaan pohjautuvalla radiokanavamallilla. Tulokset osoittivat hyvän yhteensopivuuden mitattujen ja mallinnettujen moniteiden välillä. Lisäksi toteuttiin yksi-lähetin yksi-vastaanotin mittaukset ulko-sisä etenemisympäristössä monikerroksisen lasin ja betoniseinän läpi. Tilastollinen analyysin avulla määritettiin täysi kolmiulotteinen kuvaus radioaallon etenemiskanavasta näköyhteys ja näköyhteydettömässä tilanteissa. Moniteiden suuremmista vaimennuksista johtuen viive ja kulmahajonnat ovat pienemmät verrattaessa matalempiin taajuuksiin. Peiliheijastus on diffuusisirontaa merkittävämpi radioaallon etenemismekanismi johtaen pienempiin klustereiden kulmahajeisiin matalempiin taajuuksiin verrattuna. Monikerroksisen lasin läpäisyvaimennus on samankaltainen kuin alemmilla taajuuksilla, kun sitä vastoin betoniseinän vaimennus on muutaman desibelin suurempi kuin alemmilla taajuuksilla. Lopulta geometriaan perustava stokastinen radiokanavamalli validoidaan määritellyillä parametreilla. MIMO kanava uudelleen rakennetaan lisäämällä kolmiulotteiset antennien säteilykuviot estimoituihin radioaallon etenemisteihin. Vastaavasti radiokanava simuloidaan näennäisesti deterministisellä radiokanavageneraattorilla (QuaDRiGa) käyttäen määriteltyjä mallin parametreja. Kanavakapasiteettia, Demmel ehtolukua ja suhteellista ehtolukua käytetään vertailumittareina uudelleen rakennetun ja simuloidun kanavan välillä. Tulosten perusteella uudelleen rakennettu MIMO kanava on yhteensopiva simuloidun radiokanavan kanssa

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28

GuimarÃes, Antonio Walter Gadelha. "Impact of changes in gdp in the collection of the state of gst by economic sectors PiauÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7512.

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nÃo hÃ
This work aims at analyzing the impact of changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the collection of VAT in the State of PiauÃ, studying separately the fluctuations of the collections in the primary, secondary and tertiary. Used in developing this work ICMS and GDP data, which were analyzed using econometric regression model for time series with panel data, to identify the elasticities of the PIB variable that will affect the ICMS variable. The results show clearly that the growth rate of the ICMS follows the growth rate of GDP, the total level, and specifically, this behavior was repeated in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy of the state of Piaui.
O presente trabalho possui como objetivo principal analisar o impacto das alteraÃÃes do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) sobre a arrecadaÃÃo do ICMS no Estado do PiauÃ, estudando, separadamente, as oscilaÃÃes das arrecadaÃÃes nos setores primÃrio, secundÃrio e terciÃrio. Foram utilizados no desenvolvimento desse trabalho dados de ICMS e PIB, os quais foram analisados atravÃs de modelo economÃtrico de regressÃo por sÃries temporais com dados em painel, visando identificar as elasticidades da variÃvel PIB que afetarÃ a variÃvel ICMS. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a taxa de crescimento do ICMS segue a taxa de crescimento do PIB, a nÃvel total, e, especificamente, esse comportamento repetiu-se nos setores secundÃrio e terciÃrio da economia do Estado do PiauÃ.

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29

Oba, Selay. "Effect of Ion Channels on Intracellular Localization of REV-ERBα in Glioma-Initiating Cells". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446067.

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The number of children and young adolescents diagnosed with cancer is increasing, leading to a need for new therapeutic strategies with diminished neurodegenerative side- effects. This report presents preliminary observations on glioma-initiating cells (GICs) in the way to develop a strategy that induces cell-cycle arrest or quiescence in neural stem cells (NSCs). To test how changes in membrane potential due to pharmacological treatments have effects on localization and levels of REV-ERBα protein, proneural (PN) and mesenchymal (MES) cells were treated with varying concentrations of REV-ERBα agonist SR9009 drug and T-type calcium channel blocker mibefradil. Treatments showed that both drugs do not relocalize REV-ERBα to the nucleus. However, SR9009 decreases the levels of REV-ERBα protein, whereas mibefradil does not have a similar effect. Our preliminary data on mouse NSCs showed they engage with REV-ERBα protein while going into contact inhibition. Therefore, we investigated whether high confluency put PN and MES GICs into quiescence and the role of the main molecular clock protein REV-ERBα in this process. Cells were grown up to certain confluency, and following qPCR gene expression analysis revealed PN cells go into contact inhibition whereas MES cells continue proliferating even after they are grown to confluency. Moreover, REV-ERBα protein does not have any role in both outcomes.

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30

Tong, Zhang, Naw Mie Pae Hsertawbu, and Payal Hirani. "Why not now? : Reasons for small firm unable to adopt and transform through Green Supply Chain Management." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48883.

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Introduction: It is undeniable that green effort returns more than just a better image for firms. GSCM initiative has resulted in many successful companies transition to a more sustainable organization and supply network. However, the evidence for smaller entities are not abundantly available and one can assume that GSCM is not currently adopted among this size of enterprises. With this premise, the study focuses on why these firms are reluctant to adopt GSCM initiative. The study focuses on a single case study of one successful business not adopting GSCM. Purpose: To help SMEs prepare for what they might expect when taking green initiative, this study seeksto find barriersfor why GSCM is not adopted among smaller firms. Method: A single holistic explorative study have been conducted. With qualitative approach, the interviews are analyzed and deliver enriched data to unveil reason for thefirms in this study supply network. Findings: Every respondent admitted to having financial constraint. Therefore, they are not investing in the GSCM initiative because of unknown ROI.This indicate that the firm do not know enough about the initiative and left out one important activity following the initiative, the value chain. These firms also recognize external barriers, this again turnsback to knowledge of value chain and lacking in communication. Conclusion: The barriers appear in internal and external form, meaning that some barriers are over the firm’s owncontrol. However, smaller firms somehow unconsciously create own barriers by not having a good communication and neglecting shared environmental value within their own supply network.

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31

Reeder, Matthew, and res cand@acu edu au. "The Emotional Congruence of Experience and Bodily Change." Australian Catholic University. School of Psychology, 2001. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp10.09042006.

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This study examined the association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes. The study compared reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event. Emotions were measured as both general negative emotion as well as specific emotions: anger, disgust, fear, sadness and shame. Participants were volunteers from a Victorian university who agreed to watch a video depicting the dramatisation of child abuse. Throughout the video, participants indicated their experience of emotion. Measures were also taken throughout the procedure of facial expression and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). In order to examine emotional-congruence, subjects were divided into three groups. These groups were divided according to the congruence of subjects’ experienced emotion with autonomic changes and facial expressivity. Groups were divided separately for each of the emotion types. Where there was little difference between the reported experience of emotion and that, which would have been expected from the observed somatic changes, the subject was deemed to be in the Congruent Group. Subjects whose reported experience of emotion was greater or less than would be expected from observed somatic changes were allocated to the Over-reporter and Under-Reporter Groups respectively. This data was then compared to participants’ reports of the number of somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious. It was found that participants who under-report the experience of general negative-emotion compared with their observed somatic changes (both GSR and facial expressivity) had lower trait-somatic-anxiety (reported fewer somatic symptoms usually experienced when anxious). There was no significant difference between the Congruent Group and Over-Reporter Group. The Under-Reporter Groups had significantly lower trait-somatic-anxiety than the Congruent Group when emotional-congruence was defined by fear and GSR, anger and GSR and sadness and facial expressivity. The actual association of shame and disgust with either somatic change, sadness with autonomic change and anger and fear with facial expressivity was unrelated to the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. The results supported the idea that subjective reports of the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious reflect the actual association of somatic change and experience, but with limitations. The actual association of experience of fear with autonomic change seems to reflect the number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious more than other emotions. Further for those for whom the experience of anger and negative-emotion has a greater association with somatic change, there was a greater number of somatic symptoms reported to be usually experienced when anxious. This would suggest that some people have a greater association of some experiences of emotion and somatic change. Furthermore, while there is an association between reported somatic changes generally experienced when anxious with the actual association of the experience of emotion and somatic changes as measured during a specific event, this was dependant on the association of the emotion types rather than being generalised for all emotions.

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32

Hernandez, Gerardo Rodriguez. "Study of mixed mode electro-optical operations of Ge2Sb2Te5." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5bb8c1f5-2f4b-4eb0-a61a-3978af04211f.

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Chalcogenide based Phase Change Materials are currently of great technological interest in the growing field of optoelectronics. Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) is the most widely studied phase change material, and it has been commercially used in both optical and electronic data storage applications, due to its ability to switch between two different atomic configurations, at high speed and with low power consumption, as well as its high optical and electrical contrast between amorphous and crystalline states. Despite its well-known optical and electrical properties, the operation in combination of optical and electrical domains has not yet been fully investigated. This work studies the operation of GST nano-devices exposed to a combination of optical and electrical stimuli or mixed mode by asking, is it possible to electrically measure an optically induced phase change, or vice versa? If so, how do the optical and electrical responses relate to each other, and is it possible to operate GST with a combination of optical and electrical signals? What are the technical constraints that need to be considered in order to fabricate GST devices that could be operated either optically or electrically? In order to answer these questions, experiments that characterized the optical and electrical responses of GST based nano-devices were performed. It was found that different crystallization mechanisms may have influence in the response, and that the thermal and optical design characteristics of the device play a key role in its operation. Finally a proof of principle, of an opto-electonic memory device that can be read electrically, reset optically and write electrically, is presented. This opens up possibilities for the development of new opto-eloectronic applications such as non-volatile interfaces between future photonics and electronics, high speed optical communication detectors, high speed cameras, artificial retinas and many more.

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Chou, Nigel Shijie. "Measuring mass changes in single suspended and adherent cells, with applications to personalized medicine in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112498.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 117-119).
The increased precision offered by developments in suspended microchannel resonator (SMR) technology opens the possibility for measuring small mass changes in cells. Mass accumulation rate (MAR) measurements in single suspended cells over short periods of time have the potential for characterizing heterogeneous collections of tumorigenic cells and serve as a functional marker for the effects of anti-cancer drugs. In this thesis we adapt mass accumulation measurements for use in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) patient-derived cell lines, exploring the heterogeneity between and within patient tumors, and validating the measurement as a predictor of drug susceptibility with response times on the order of 24 to 48 hours using an experimental MDM2 inhibitor. While MAR measurements can be performed on suspended single cells with high precision, it has not yet been adapted for measuring the growth of adherent cells. We develop a technique to measure mass accumulation in cells adhered to the inner surface of the resonator channel. To overcome challenges inherent in such a measurement, we use infrared imaging and multiple resonant modes to reveal the cell's position in the SMR, and utilize differential measurements from a second cantilever to account for frequency drift.
by Nigel Shijie Chou.
Ph. D.

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34

Hussain, Waqar. "Requirements Change Management in GlobalSoftware Development: A Case Study inPakistan." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6079.

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Global software development has been a phenomenon of growing interest for almost past decade or so; and its adoption trend continues to gain momentum. Globally distributed work istaken up as an alternative to single-site mainly because of the economic and strategic benefits itoffers. Software development at geographically distributed environment is not a straightforwardtask and entails numerous challenges which are unique to this form of development.

Requirements change management is considered challenging even in the best of conditions andit becomes even harder when performed at geographically distributed development locations.There is no existing model for managing requirements change in globally distributed softwaredevelopment context.

This study uses qualitative research method to explore requirements change managementprocess and investigates the underlying causes of requirements change in geographicallydistributed software development. The research work proposes a model for requirementschange management for global software development. This model tries to incorporate the roles,activities and artifacts identified in the change management models.

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35

Morais, Filipe Manuel de Almeida. "Taxas de juro implícitas e situação financeira das empresas portuguesas: uma análise empírica." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2833.

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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira
Este trabalho procura investigar a relação existente entre a situação financeira das empresas portuguesas e os seus custos de financiamento, utilizando-se para tal informação detalhada a nível microeconómico relativa a estes agentes económicos. Esta informação foi obtida a partir de um painel de dados composto por mais de 30.000 empresas não financeiras portuguesas, que integram a Central de Balanços do Banco de Portugal. De modo a garantir a obtenção de resultados fiáveis procurou-se aplicar uma metodologia econométrica relativamente recente, o system GMM, que permite explorar de forma dinâmica a informação contida em dados de painel. Os resultados apresentados confirmam a existência, em Portugal, de uma relação inversa entre a situação financeira das empresas e o seu custo de financiamento, avaliado por uma taxa de juro implícita estimada neste trabalho. Isto é consistente com a hipótese subjacente à teoria do acelerador financeiro, que sugere que melhorias na saúde financeira da empresa implicam uma diminuição no seu custo de financiamento.
This work intends to evaluate the relationship between the financial situation of Portuguese firms and their funding costs. In order to achieve such objective, we used detailed information on these economic agents at the micro level. This information was based on a panel dataset comprising more than 30.000 non-financial Portuguese firms, which is part of the Central Balance-Sheet Database held by Banco de Portugal. With the aim of obtaining sound and reliable empirical results, we applied a relatively recent econometric methodology, usually known as system GMM. Such technique makes possible the dynamic analysis of the information contained within panel datasets. The results obtained confirm the existence, in Portugal, of an inverse relation between firms' financial situation and their funding costs, measured by our estimates of an implicit interest rate. This result is consistent with the hypothesis underlying the financial accelerator theory, which suggests that improvements in firms' financial health imply a decrease in their funding costs.

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36

Mohammadipour, Gishani Azadeh. "An Introduction to Application of Statistical Methods in Modeling the Climate Change." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-175770.

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There are many unsolved questions about the future of climate, and most of them are due to lack of knowledgeabout the complex system of atmosphere, but still there are models that produce relatively realistic projectionsof the future although there are uncertainties in the presentation of them, and that's where statistical methodscould be of help. Here a short introduction is given to the projection of future climate with GCM ensembles andthe uncertainties about them, the emerging probabilistic approach, as well as the REA (Reliability EnsembleAverage) method for measuring the reliability of the model projections. In order to have an impression of theresults of the GCM ensemble results and their uncertainties the results of the weather forecast over a time periodof one year in three dierent cities of Sweden is studied as well.

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37

Teerawat, Ram-Indra. "DEVELOPMENT OF BIAS CORRECTION METHOD FOR GCM RUNOFF DATA AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE UPPER CHAO PHRAYA RIVER BASIN IN THAILAND." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263626.

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38

Beguy, Olivier. "Trois essais sur la surliquidité bancaire dans la communauté économique et monétaire d'Afrique Centrale (CEMAC)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10374/document.

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Cette thèse s’articule autour de trois essais consacrés à l’analyse de la surliquidité bancaire dans les pays de la CEMAC. Le premier essai a cherché à identifier les déterminants de la surliquidité des pays membres de la CEMAC sur la période de 1985 à 2002. L’estimation GMM utilisé a permis de montrer que la surliquidité en Afrique Centrale dérive à la fois du comportement de précaution des banques commerciales et des facteurs exogènes. La grande prudence des banques peut s’expliquer par l’expérience de la crise financière des années 1980, la restructuration du système bancaire, l’instabilité des dépôts et un contexte économique très risqué. L’embellie du cours du pétrole alimente les réserves excédentaires due à la faible capacité d’absorption des pays de la zone. Dans le deuxième essai, il a été question d’identifier les canaux de transmission les plus opérationnels en Afrique Centrale. La modélisation VAR a permis de montrer que le taux d’intérêt est le canal le plus faible. C’est précisément la carence d’un marché financier qui ne permet pas d’assurer le rôle de recyclage de la liquidité bancaire et de la transmission de la politique monétaire. Dans le troisième essai, a été élaboré un modèle de prévision d’inflation dans un des pays membres de la CEMAC à savoir le Tchad. Les modèles BVAR se sont révélés en Afrique Centrale être plus efficaces que les outils traditionnels (AR, ARIMA, VAR).L’analyse de sensibilité entreprise par l’approche bayesienne indique que la surliquidité exercerait des tensions inflationnistes dans la zone
This thesis is based on three essays focused on analysis of the excess liquidity in the CEMAC countries. The first one identifies the determinants of excess liquidity in developing countries by studying the case of CEMAC member countries from 1985 to 2002. The GMM estimator used has shown that the excess liquidity in Central Africa derived from both the prudence of commercial banks and exogenous factors. The precaution of Commercial Banks can be explained by the financial crisis in 1980s, the restructuring of the banking system, the instability of deposits and a very risky economic environment. The increasing in oil prices fueling excess reserves due to the low absorption capacity of countries in the region. In the second essay, it was discussed the transmission channels in Central Africa. The VAR model used has shown that the interest rate channel is the lowest. This is exactly the lack of a financial market that does not allow ensuring the function of the recycling of liquidity and the transmission of mone ary policy. At the last essay, it was developed a forecasting model of inflation in Chad which is member of CEMAC countries. BVAR models have been shown in Chad to be more effective than traditional tools (AR, ARIMA and VAR). A sensitivity analysis undertaken by the Bayesian approach indicates that the excess liquidity would exert inflationary pressures

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39

Kiouseloglou, Athanasios. "Caractérisation et conception d' architectures basées sur des mémoires à changement de phase." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT128/document.

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Les mémoires à base de semi-conducteur sont indispensables pour les dispositifs électroniques actuels. La demande croissante pour des dispositifs mémoires fortement miniaturisées a entraîné le développement de mémoires non volatiles fiables qui sont utilisées dans des systèmes informatiques pour le stockage de données et qui sont capables d'atteindre des débits de données élevés, avec des niveaux de dissipation d'énergie équivalents voire moindres que ceux des technologies mémoires actuelles.Parmi les technologies de mémoires non-volatiles émergentes, les mémoires à changement de phase (PCM) sont le candidat le plus prometteur pour remplacer la technologie de mémoire Flash conventionnelle. Les PCM offrent une grande variété de fonctions, comme une lecture et une écriture rapide, un excellent potentiel de miniaturisation, une compatibilité CMOS et des performances élevées de rétention de données à haute température et d'endurance, et peuvent donc ouvrir la voie à des applications non seulement pour les dispositifs mémoires, mais également pour les systèmes informatiques à hautes performances. Cependant, certains problèmes de fiabilité doivent encore être résolus pour que les PCM se positionnent comme un remplacement concurrentiel de la mémoire Flash.Ce travail se concentre sur l'étude de mémoires à changement de phase intégrées afin d'optimiser leurs performances et de proposer des solutions pour surmonter les principaux points critiques de la technologie, ciblant des applications à hautes températures. Afin d'améliorer la fiabilité de la technologie, la stœchiométrie du matériau à changement de phase a été conçue de façon appropriée et des dopants ont été ajoutés, optimisant ainsi la stabilité thermique. Une diminution de la vitesse de programmation est également rapportée, ainsi qu'un drift résiduel de la résistance de l'état de faiblement résistif vers des valeurs de résistance plus élevées au cours du temps.Une nouvelle technique de programmation est introduite, permettant d'améliorer la vitesse de programmation des dispositifs et, dans le même temps, de réduire avec succès le phénomène de drift en résistance. Par ailleurs, un algorithme de programmation des PCM multi-bits est présenté. Un générateur d'impulsions fournissant des impulsions avec la tension souhaitée en sortie a été conçu et testé expérimentalement, répondant aux demandes de programmation d'une grande variété de matériaux innovants et en permettant la programmation précise et l’optimisation des performances des PCM
Semiconductor memory has always been an indispensable component of modern electronic systems. The increasing demand for highly scaled memory devices has led to the development of reliable non-volatile memories that are used in computing systems for permanent data storage and are capable of achieving high data rates, with the same or lower power dissipation levels as those of current advanced memory solutions.Among the emerging non-volatile memory technologies, Phase Change Memory (PCM) is the most promising candidate to replace conventional Flash memory technology. PCM offers a wide variety of features, such as fast read and write access, excellent scalability potential, baseline CMOS compatibility and exceptional high-temperature data retention and endurance performances, and can therefore pave the way for applications not only in memory devices, but also in energy demanding, high-performance computer systems. However, some reliability issues still need to be addressed in order for PCM to establish itself as a competitive Flash memory replacement.This work focuses on the study of embedded Phase Change Memory in order to optimize device performance and propose solutions to overcome the key bottlenecks of the technology, targeting high-temperature applications. In order to enhance the reliability of the technology, the stoichiometry of the phase change material was appropriately engineered and dopants were added, resulting in an optimized thermal stability of the device. A decrease in the programming speed of the memory technology was also reported, along with a residual resistivity drift of the low resistance state towards higher resistance values over time.A novel programming technique was introduced, thanks to which the programming speed of the devices was improved and, at the same time, the resistance drift phenomenon could be successfully addressed. Moreover, an algorithm for programming PCM devices to multiple bits per cell using a single-pulse procedure was also presented. A pulse generator dedicated to provide the desired voltage pulses at its output was designed and experimentally tested, fitting the programming demands of a wide variety of materials under study and enabling accurate programming targeting the performance optimization of the technology

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40

Wallbäck, Alexandra, and Rebecca Wahlberg. "Förändringshantering: Tvådimensionella koder - paradigmskifte inom dagligvarubranschen? : En fallstudie om hur processer i dagligvarubranschen påverkas när endimensionell kod ersätts med tvådimensionell kod." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44678.

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Endimensionell kod ska fasas ut som informationsbärare i dagligvarubranschen och ersättas med tvådimensionell kod, något som anses kunna leda till ett paradigmskifte enligt GS1. Syftet med studien är att analysera den potentiella påverkan ersättandet av endimensionell kod till tvådimensionell kod kommer ha på orderhanteringsprocessen i dagligvarubutiker. Förändringen antas i sin tur påverka andra processer i butik samt den direkta försörjningskedjan. Studien hade en induktiv ansats och information från GS1 har legat till grund för teorivalen. En digital intervju utfördes för att diskutera aktiviteter som sker i en orderhanteringsprocess. Resultatet från studien visade på att QR-koden i sig inte kommer skapa ett paradigmskifte, mycket kommer att bero på hur QR-koden implementeras och på vilket sätt organisationer drar nytta av informationen som blir tillgänglig. QR-kod (typ 3) kommer inte påverka de nuvarande aktiviteterna i orderhanteringsprocessen nämnvärt, men QR-koden har desto större potential att påverka aktiviteter som indirekt har kopplingar till orderhanteringen. Eftersom den tvådimensionella koden har kapacitet för mer information kan det potentiellt bidra till att varuflöden effektiviseras och att samtliga medlemmar i försörjningskedjan får tillgång till information som skapar affärsnyttor för både leverantör, butik och kund.
One-dimensional code will be phased out in the grocery industry and replaced with two-dimensional code, something that is considered to lead to a paradigm shift according to GS1. The purpose of the study is to analyze the potential impact the replacement of one-dimensional code to two-dimensional code will have on the order fulfillment process in grocery stores. The change is in turn assumed to affect other processes in the store as well as the direct supply chain. The study had an inductive approach, information from GS1 has been the basis for the theories chosen. A digital interview was conducted to discuss activities that take place in an order fulfillment process. The results from the study showed that the QR code itself will not create a paradigm shift, much will depend on what way organizations benefit from the information that becomes available. QR code will not significantly affect the current activities in the order fulfillment process, the QR code has greater potential to affect activities that are indirectly linked to order fulfillment. Two-dimensional code has the capacity for more information, it can potentially contribute to streamlining of product flows and contribute to business benefits for the members of the supply chain.

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41

Su, Ye. "The Impacts of Climate Changeon River Flow and Riparian Vegetation in the Amu Darya River Delta, Central Asia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74428.

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The increasing global air temperature will trigger changes in the global mean water vapor, precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration, which further leads to changes, for instance, instream flow, groundwater flow and soil moisture. Projections of future changes in thehydrological regime of the Aral Sea Drainage Basin (ASDB) in Central Asia are however highlyuncertain, due to complexities of natural and engineered water systems of the basin. The AmuDarya River Delta (ADRD) is vital to the water budget of the Large Aral Sea, the livelihood inUzbekistan and Turkmenistan, as well as the surrounding riparian ecosystem. This study attemptsto investigate responses of river flow in the Aral Sea Drainage Basin and key riparian vegetationspecies (of the so-called Tugai community) in the Amu Darya River Delta to projected futureclimate change. Results from hydrological model and outputs from multi-GCM predictions providea basis for conducting more robust quantitative analysis of possible future hydro-climatic changesin the Amu Darya River Basin. A qualitative synthesis of the suitability of Tugai is furthermoreperformed in order to increase the knowledge of the riparian vegetation status under thechanging hydro-climatic conditions. The results show that the averaged temperature in the ASDBis likely to continuously increase and yield a total increase of about 2 °C ~ 5°C by 2100. Thechange trend of the annual regional precipitation of 2100 is relatively unclear, with estimatesranging from 50 mm lower than today to 75 mm higher than today. Modeled ensemble means (EM)river flow, obtained from hydrological modeling of climate output from multi-GCM projections,converge on showing future decreases in river runoff (R). Projected absolute R may decrease tozero around 2100, implying no surface flow and a dry out near the river outlet. The relationship ofwater flux between upstream and downstream will be changed dramatically due to climatechange. More specifically, R of the upstream region will decrease, and it is likely to becomeinsufficient for feeding downstream river reaches as it used to. The decreased river flow in thedelta may accelerate the desertification and salinization processes. Consequently, speciestransitions may occur, along with degradations of the existing Tugai communities. Theuncertainties of hydro-climatic change projections to some extent hinder the understanding of thedynamic hydrological-climatic-ecological system. However, the detailed responses of the delta toclimate change based on multiple qualitative and quantitative analyses provide an important basisfor the formulation of more robust forecasts on the future ecological development in the ADRD, and further for recommendations of measures to mitigate the ecosystem’s deterioration under achanging climate.

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Du, Bing Bing. "ECC Video: An Active Second Error Control Approach for Error Resilience in Video Coding." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15847/.

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To support video communication over mobile environments has been one of the objectives of many engineers of telecommunication networks and it has become a basic requirement of a third generation of mobile communication systems. This dissertation explores the possibility of optimizing the utilization of shared scarce radio channels for live video transmission over a GSM (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) network and realizing error resilient video communication in unfavorable channel conditions, especially in mobile radio channels. The main contribution describes the adoption of a SEC (Second Error Correction) approach using ECC (Error Correction Coding) based on a Punctured Convolutional Coding scheme, to cope with residual errors at the application layer and enhance the error resilience of a compressed video bitstream. The approach is developed further for improved performance in different circumstances, with some additional enhancements involving Intra Frame Relay and Interleaving, and the combination of the approach with Packetization. Simulation results of applying the various techniques to test video sequences Akiyo and Salesman are presented and analyzed for performance comparisons with conventional video coding standard. The proposed approach shows consistent improvements under these conditions. For instance, to cope with random residual errors, the simulation results show that when the residual BER (Bit Error Rate) reaches 10-4, the video output reconstructed from a video bitstream protected using the standard resynchronization approach is of unacceptable quality, while the proposed scheme can deliver a video output which is absolutely error free in a more efficient way. When the residual BER reaches 10-3, the standard approach fails to deliver a recognizable video output, while the SEC scheme can still correct all the residual errors with modest bit rate increase. In bursty residual error conditions, the proposed scheme also outperforms the resynchronization approach. Future works to extend the scope and applicability of the research are suggested in the last chapter of the thesis.

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Sahan, Fatih. "The Impact Of Technology Level And Structural Change Of Exports On The Dynamics Of International Competitiveness: A Sectoral Disaggregated Analysis Of Turkish Manufacturing Sector." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614719/index.pdf.

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The major aim of this thesis is to analyze the impact of structural change of exports and technology level on the international competitiveness. In order to analyze international competitiveness, export market shares are used. The empirical analysis suggested in this thesis includes two steps. In the first step, constant market share analysis is conducted to understand the causes of changes in export market shares from one period to another and in the second step a difference generalized method of moments model is proposed for 44 manufacturing sectors, which are classified with respect to their technology intensities, over 2003- 2008 period. The results are highly sensitive to the technology intensity of sectors.

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44

Sevison, Gary Alan. "Silicon Compatible Short-Wave Infrared Photonic Devices." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1523553057993197.

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45

Siebenmorgen, Christopher B. "Potential climate change impacts on hydrologic regimes in northeast Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6993.

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Master of Science
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin
The Great Plains once encompassed 160 million hectares of grassland in the central United States. In the last several decades, conversion of grassland to urban and agricultural production areas has caused significant increases in runoff and erosion. Past attempts to slow this hydrologic system degradation have shown success, but climate change could once again significantly alter the hydrology. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) studies the state of knowledge pertaining to climate change. The IPCC has developed four possible future scenarios (A1, A2, B1 and B2). The output temperature and precipitation data for Northeast Kansas from fifteen A2 General Circulation Models (GCMs) were analyzed in this study. This analysis showed that future temperature increases are consistent among the GCMs. On the other hand, precipitation projections varied greatly among GCMs both on annual and monthly scales. It is clear that the results of a hydrologic study will vary depending on which GCM is used to generate future climate data. To overcome this difficulty, a way to take all GCMs into account in a hydrologic analysis is needed. Separate methods were used to develop three groups of scenarios from the output of fifteen A2 GCMs. Using a stochastic weather generator, WINDS, monthly adjustments for future temperature and precipitation were applied to actual statistics from the 1961 – 1990 to generate 105 years of data for each climate scenario. The SWAT model was used to simulate watershed processes for each scenario. The streamflow output was analyzed with the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration program, which calculated multiple hydrologic indices that were then compared back to a baseline scenario. This analysis showed that large changes in projected annual precipitation caused significant hydrologic alteration. Similar alterations were obtained using scenarios with minimal annual precipitation change. This was accomplished with seasonal shifts in precipitation, or by significantly increasing annual temperature. One scenario showing an increase in spring precipitation accompanied by a decrease in summer precipitation caused an increase in both flood and drought events for the study area. The results of this study show that climate change has the potential to alter hydrologic regimes in Northeast Kansas.

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46

Aboujaoude, Andrea E. "Nanopatterned Phase-Change Materials for High-Speed, Continuous Phase Modulation." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1538243834791942.

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47

GROSCHWITZ, STEPHAN F. "A WATERSHED MOMENT? THE CHANGES IN DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL PRIDE AFTER 9/11. EVIDENCE FROM THE GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY AND THE NATIONAL TRAGEDY STUDY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179412774.

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48

Keneck, Massil Joseph. "Qualité de la démocratie, corruption et constitution : essais en économie politique et des institutions." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100015.

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Cette thèse est une contribution à l’analyse économique des institutions politiques et économiques dans les pays en développement. Elle s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle et de la Nouvelle Economie Politique. Précisément, nous nous intéressons aux institutions telles que la constitution, la corruption et la démocratie. Cette thèse est structurée en cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 aborde la problématique des institutions dans sa globalité. Dans ce chapitre, nous définissons le terme institutions comme : « règle et contrainte », « instrument de gouvernance » et « équilibre de jeux ». Nous discutons ensuite des théories du changement institutionnel. Enfin, nous identifions les facteurs influençant la qualité des institutions. Dans le chapitre 2, nous revisitons la théorie de la modernisation. Nos différentes analyses empiriques nous conduisent à conclure que la théorie de la modernisation, telle que définie actuellement et selon laquelle l’éducation, le revenu, l’urbanisation et l’industrialisation influencent la démocratie, n’explique pas la dynamique négative de démocratie en Afrique. Dans le chapitre 3, nous démontrons que le manque d’expérience parlementaire à l’indépendance exerce un effet négatif sur la qualité de la démocratie en Afrique plusieurs années après les indépendances. Le chapitre 4 aborde la problématique du changement constitutionnel en Afrique. Il identifie les facteurs qui influencent la tentative et la réussite du changement de l’article constitutionnel sur la limitation du nombre de mandats présidentiels, et montre qu’ils sont d’ordre institutionnel, macroéconomique, culturel et socioculturel. Enfin, le chapitre 5 met en évidence le fait que les déterminants de la corruption varient selon le niveau de développement des pays et selon les zones géographiques
This thesis is a contribution to the economic analysis of political and economic institutions in developing countries. It is in line with the works of the new institutional economics and the new political economics. Precisely, we are interested in institutions such as constitution, corruption and democracy. This thesis is articulated around five chapters. The first chapter provides a global approach of the analysis of institutions. In this chapter, we define institutions as « rule and constraint », « governance tool » and « game equilibrium ». Then, we discuss the theories of institutional changes. Finally, we identify the key drivers of the institutional quality. In the second chapter, we revisit the modernization theory. The empirical analyses lead to the conclusion that the modernization theory according to which the democracy is mainly driven by the level of education, income, urbanization and the industrialization do not explain the negative dynamic of the democratic process in Africa. In chapter 3, we show that the lack of parliamentary experience at the independence has a negative persistent effect on the current state of democracy in Africa. Chapter 4 adresses the issue of constitutional changes in Africa. It shows that the factors which affect the attempt and the success of the change of the article limiting the number of presidential terms are of institutional, macroeconomic, cultural and sociocultural order. Finally, chapter 5 highlights the fact that the determinants of corruption vary according to the country’s level of development and according to the geographic area

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Teutschbein, Claudia. "Hydrological Modeling for Climate Change Impact Assessment : Transferring Large-Scale Information from Global Climate Models to the Catchment Scale." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-84197.

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A changing climate can severely perturb regional hydrology and thereby affect human societies and life in general. To assess and simulate such potential hydrological climate change impacts, hydrological models require reliable meteorological variables for current and future climate conditions. Global climate models (GCMs) provide such information, but their spatial scale is too coarse for regional impact studies. Thus, GCM output needs to be downscaled to a finer scale either through statistical downscaling or through dynamic regional climate models (RCMs). However, even downscaled meteorological variables are often considerably biased and therefore not directly suitable for hydrological impact modeling. This doctoral thesis discusses biases and other challenges related to incorporating climate model output into hydrological studies and evaluates possible strategies to address them. An analysis of possible sources of uncertainty stressed the need for full ensembles approaches, which should become standard practice to obtain robust and meaningful hydrological projections under changing climate conditions. Furthermore, it was shown that substantial biases in current RCM simulations exist and that correcting them is an essential prerequisite for any subsequent impact simulation. Bias correction algorithms considerably improved RCM output and subsequent streamflow simulations under current conditions. In addition, differential split-sample testing was highlighted as a powerful tool for evaluating the transferability of bias correction algorithms to changed conditions. Finally, meaningful projections of future streamflow regimes could be realized by combining a full ensemble approach with bias correction of RCM output: Current flow regimes in Sweden with a snowmelt-driven spring flood in April will likely change to rather damped flow regimes that are dominated by large winter streamflows.

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SROUR, ILINA MOUSTAFA. "TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND EMPLOYMENT IN MIDDLE AND LOW INCOME COUNTRIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/4373.

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Negli anni ’80, paesi in via di sviluppo (DCs) e paesi meno sviluppati (PMS) hanno subito cambiamenti strutturali, muovendosi da politiche di sostituzione di importazione a strategie di liberalizzazione. Questi paesi hanno assistito ad una crescita dinamica risultata dall’aumento della produttività dovuto alla maggiore esposizione delle industrie locali alla concorrenza, dall'aumento delle importazioni tecnologiche incarnate in capitale e in beni intermedi, e ad una maggiore diffusione di conoscenze e informazioni. Questo lavoro esamina come liberalizzazione commerciale ed aggiornamento tecnologico abbiano influito sull’occupazione in paesi DCs e PMS, e studia il fenomeno del cambiamento tecnologico skill biased. Si esaminano il settore manifatturiero turco tra il 1980-2001 e quello etiope tra il 1996-2004. Questo studio, basato sul System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS), implementa un quadro dinamico di due equazioni che raffigurano tendenze occupazionali a livello enterprise per lavoratori qualificati e non qualificati. I risultati confermano l'aspettativa teorica che DCs e LDC affrontano fenomeni di skill-biased technological change e incrementano il potere d’importazione di tecnologia, aumentando il divario d’occupazione tra lavoratori qualificati e non qualificati. Tuttavia, le cause specifiche di skill-bias e la portata del loro effetto possono variare in base a diverse infrastrutture istituzionali e capacità nazionali.
In the 1980's developing countries (DCs) and least developed countries (LDCs) underwent structural changes, moving from import substitution policies to liberalization strategies. These countries witnessed a dynamic growth effect that emerges from productivity growth due to increased exposure of local industries to competition, increased technological imports embodied in capital and intermediate goods, and to the transfer of knowledge. This work looks into the employment impact of trade liberalization and technological upgrading in DCs and LDCs, and studies the phenomenon of skill biased technological change in those countries. It takes the case of the Turkish manufacturing sector for the period 1980 - 2001, and the case of the Ethiopian manufacturing sector for the period 1996 - 2004. It deploys System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) procedure to this effect, implementing a two-equation dynamic framework that depicts enterprise-level employment trends separately for skilled and unskilled workers. The results confirm the theoretical expectation that DCs and LDCs face the phenomena of skill-biased technological change and skill-enhancing technology import, both leading to increasing the employment gap between skilled and unskilled workers. However, the specific determinants of skill bias and the size of their effect can differ due to diverse institutional infrastructures and national capabilities.

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