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1
Perez, José Angel Alvarez, Daniela Cordella de Aguiar, and João Antônio Teixeira dos Santos. "Gladius and statolith as tools for age and growth studies of the squid Loligo plei (Teuthida: Loliginidae) off southern Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000600009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Statolith and gladius were investigated for their suitability as tools for age and growth studies in the loliginid squid Loligo plei off southern Brazil. Statoliths when polished, revealed a series of concentric increments deposited around a nucleus. Consistent increment counts covered the squid's entire life-time and could be considered suitable for individual age estimation. Growth increments were observed on the dorsal surface as delimited by consecutive marks formed during low growth periods. Because early growth was masked during chitin deposition, total increment counts underestimated individual age. Gladius growth was highly correlated with somatic growth, and gladius increments could be used to reconstruct individual growth histories. Both statolith and gladius increments were deposited with the same, possibly daily, periodicity. It could be inferred that L. plei off southern Brazil might live up to around nine months of age.
2
Calvo-Rodriguez, Sofía, Mario M. Do Espírito-Santo, Yule R. F. Nunes, and Julio Calvo-Alvarado. "Tree diameter growth for three successional stages of Tropical Dry Forest in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú 14, no. 35 (June 26, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v14i35.3150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
he tropical dry forests of Brazil are classified as the most threatened and disturbed ecosystems in the country. We estimate the diameter growth in three successional stages in the Mata Seca State Park, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, through annual measurement of all individuals with more than 5 cm of diameter at breast height in 18 permanent plots (6 plots for each succession stage) in the early, intermediate, and late successional stages, over a period of 5 years (2006-2011). With this information the annual diameter increments for each individual were calculated to determine the diameter increments per stage, plot, and diameter class. The results show the following annual increments for each stage of succession: early (5.02 mm/year), intermediate (2.55 mm/year), and late (1.91 mm/year). We found high similarity in incremental growth between the plots in the intermediate and late stages. The greatest increments in the early stage was in the 15-20 cm diameter class, in the intermediate stage in the 30-35 cm class, and in the late stage in the 45-50 cm class. The dominant species with the highest increments were Myracrodruon urundeuva (9.33 mm/year) and Mimosa hostilis (10.35 mm/year). Species with lower increments were mostly those of the late stage. The high diameter increment in the early stage and the differences we observed between stages were associated with species composition and biophysical factors that regulate the growth and structure of each forest.
3
Eis, S. "Differential growth of individual components of trees and their interrelationships." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The growth of six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), eight western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and eight western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.) trees was studied using standard stem-analysis techniques. Trees standing side by side had similar height and diameter increment patterns, i.e., high and low increments in identical years. With increasing distance, this similarity rapidly decreased even on identical forest sites. On different sites, the patterns were different, often opposite. The length increment pattern on branches was similar to that shown by stem height increment only on four to five top whorls. On exposed branches the average decrease of both diameter and length increments was slow and fluctuated widely from one year to another. On shaded branches the decrease in increment was rapid and smooth. Growth of roots was very irregular and uncorrelated one with another; while some grew rapidly in length in some years, others in the same root system grew slowly or not at all. The radial increments and the increment patterns of structural roots were similar to the pattern in the stem, but long, ropelike lateral roots had their own independent growth patterns dissimilar to those of any other part of the tree.
4
Sato, Noriyosi, Takashi Kasugai, and Hiroyuki Munehara. "Estimated life span of the Japanese pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus from statolith growth increments." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 2 (March 2008): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000581.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth increments in statoliths of Idiosepius paradoxus were observed for aging analysis. The rate of increment formation was examined by staining the statoliths with tetracycline at 5–14 d intervals. In 6 of 16 specimens, increments formed daily, but in the other specimens, increments formed less than one per day. The maximum number of increments observed in males and females were more than 150 and 140, respectively, suggesting a life span of ≥150 and ≥140 d. During the cool season (from November to April), the dorsal mantle length (DML) and the number of increments gradually increased. Specimens collected in June showed bi-modal patterns in DML and the number of increments. Only small specimens were collected from August to October. These results suggest that two generations alternately occurred in the cool season and in the warm season.
5
Tudoran, Gheorghe-Marian, Avram Cicșa, Albert Ciceu, and Alexandru-Claudiu Dobre. "Growth Relationships in Silver Fir Stands at Their Lower-Altitude Limit in Romania." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study presents the biometric relationships among various increments that is useful in both scientific and practical terms for the silvicultural of silver fir. The increments recorded in the biometric characteristics of trees are a faithful indicator of the effect of silvicultural work measures and of environmental conditions. Knowing these increments, and the relationships among them, can contribute to adaptations in silvicultural work on these stands with the purpose of reducing risks generated by environmental factors. We carried an inventory based on tree increment cores. The sample size was determined based on both radial increment and height increment variability of the trees. The sample trees were selected in proportion to their basal area on diameter categories. Current annual height increment (CAIh) was measured on felled trees from mean tree category. For CAIh we generated models based on the mean tree height. Percentages of the basal area increment and of form-height increment were used to compute the current annual volume increment percentage (PCAIv). For the mean tree, the CAIh estimated through the used models had a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.8749 and for the current annual volume increment (CAIv) the RMSE value was 0.1295. In even-aged stands, the mean current volume increment tree is a hypothetical tree that may have the mean basal area of all the trees and the form-height of the stand. Conclusions: The diameter, height, and volume increments of trees are influenced by structural conditions and natural factors. The structures comprising several generations of fir mixed with beech and other deciduous trees, which have been obtained by the natural regeneration of local provenances, are stable and must become management targets. Stable structures are a condition for the sustainable management of stands.
6
Y Liao, C., V. V Podrázský, and G. B Liu. "Diameter and height growth analysis for individual White Pine trees in the area of Kostelec nad Černými lesy ." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 12 (January 16, 2012): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4723-jfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Four theoretical growth functions, Mitscherlich, Logistic, Gompertz and Korf functions, were applied to the growth data on dbh and tree height of individual Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) trees to model their growth. The current increments, mean increments and relative growth rates of dbh and height as functions of age were given by derivation from the best fit growth functions. The growth processes of dbh and height were divided into three periods by the inflexion points of the corresponding current increment curves.
7
Morrison, I. K., and N. W. Foster. "Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers on growth of a semimature jack pine forest, northwestern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71422-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the spring of 1969, an experiment to test response (mean DBH, BA, BA%, and total and merchantable volume increments) to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) fertilizers, singly and in combination, was established in a semimature jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest on a Site Class III sandy site in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Analysis of variance of 10-year increments revealed highly significant (P = 0.01) responses of mean DBH increment, BA and percent BA increments, and total and merchantable volume increments to N, but no response to either P or Mg. An interaction between N and P was noted, however, in relation to BA and to total and merchantable volume increments. The best treatment in terms of total volume increment over that of the control was 151 kg N ha−1 plus 62 kg Mg ha−1, which produced ca. 16 m3 ha−1 of extra wood over 10 years. Key words: forest fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium fertilizers, jack pine growth response
8
Humphrey, Craig, David W. Klumpp, and Richard G. Pearson. "Early development and growth of the eastern rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida (Peters). II. Otolith development, increment validation and larval growth." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method of preparing and interpreting the microstructure of otoliths of the eastern rainbowfish, Melanotaenia splendida splendida, was developed and used to validate the periodicity of increment formation. Otoliths were collected from laboratory-reared M. s. splendida of known age. The sagittal otolith was preferred for ageing because resolving the earliest increments was easier than in the lapillus during an early slow-growth period, up to 15 days after hatching. Increments formed in the sagittae before hatching, and a distinct discontinuity was visible in the otolith sections at a time corresponding to hatching. Another discontinuity occurred at the time of yolk-sac absorption, when larvae became completely reliant on exogenous feeding. After this, increments were clear, regularly spaced and easily resolved. Linear relationships were found between fish size and sagittal length, breadth and perimeter. Observations of the otolith sections confirmed that the increments in sagittae of M. s. splendida were laid down daily. The information provided here enables growth and mortality rates of M. s. splendida to be measured, providing a useful tool for monitoring the impacts of contaminants in tropical Australian waters.
9
Lima, Edberto Moura, Gustavo Ribas Curcio, Annete Bonnet, Alexandre Uhlmann, and Viviane Helena Palma. "CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NATIVAS EM SOLOS DEGRADADOS E COM PRESENÇA DE PLINTITA NO BIOMA CERRADO, BRASÍLIA – DF." Nativa 6 (December 17, 2018): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v6i0.6210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A intensificação do processo de antropização somado às características dos solos do Cerrado, em grande parte oligotróficos e intemperizados, dificulta a regeneração natural das espécies florestais, sendo necessária a intervenção humana para recompor a paisagem natural. O presente estudo teve como objetivoindicar espécies para iniciar o processo de recuperação de áreas degradadas do Cerrado com presença de plintita e processo de erosão estabelecido. Desta forma, analisamos as taxas de incremento em diâmetro e altura; e a taxa de sobrevivência e mortalidade de 963 indivíduos plantados próximo a área ciliar, em diferentes espaçamentos e com distinta composição de espécies. Os valores de incremento e sobrevivência variaram bastante de espécie para espécie. Das 17 espécies arbóreas plantadas oito apresentaram taxas de sobrevivência igual ou superior a 80%. As taxas de incremento em altura e diâmetro foram classificadas em três grupos: baixo, médio e alto incremento. Quanto à altura, cerca de 50% das espécies testadas apresentaram de alto a médio incremento. Oito espécies tiveram valores de incrementos considerados baixos e duas espécies não foram mensuradas devido à elevada mortalidade. Para a distribuição dos incrementos diamétricos, com exceção de I. laurina todas as espécies apresentaram baixo valor. Em geral, os baixos valores de incrementos observados neste experimento são explicados, em grande parte, pelos fatores abióticos, principalmente pelas características edáficas da área. A ausência de horizonte A e o caráter petroplíntico reduzem o volume total de solo disponível a ser explorado pelas raízes, comprometendo o crescimento das plantas. Contudo, mesmo em condições ambientais desfavoráveis as espécies estudadas demostraram rusticidade. Entre as espécies arbóreas estudadas, T. roseoalba, M. urundeuva, A. aculeata, A. niopoides, G. ulmifolia, E. nitens, G. americana e I. laurina apresentaram taxa de sobrevivência de alta a média e com elevados incrementos. Essas características indicam que as espécies citadas são aptas a iniciar o processo de recuperação.Palavras-chave: Regeneração, fragilidade, sobrevivência, Cerrado. INITIAL GROWTH OF NATIVE TREE SPECIES IN A DEGRADED SOIL WITH PRESENCE OF PLINTHITE IN BIOME CERRADO, BRASÍLIA-DF ABSTRACT:The intensification of the anthropization process, associate with the characteristics of the Cerrado soils, which are largely oligotrophic and weathered, are an impediment to natural regeneration of forest species, requiring human intervention to restore the natural landscape. The present study had as objectives to indicate species to initiate the process of recovery of degraded areas of the Cerrado with presence of plintite and established erosion process. In this way, we analyze the rates of increase in diameter and height; and the survival and mortality rate of 963 individuals planted near the ciliary area, at different spacings and with different species composition model. Increment and survival values varied greatly from species to species. Of the 17 trees species planted eight presented survival rates equal to or greater than 80%. The rates of increase in height and diameter were classified into three groups: low, medium and high increment. Regarding the height, about 50% of the species tested showed high to medium increment. Eight species had values of increments considered low and two species were not measured due to the high mortality. For the distribution of the diametric increments, except for I. laurina all species showed low increment value. In general, the low values of increments observed in this experiment are explained, greatly, by the abiotic factors, mainly the edaphic characteristics of the area. The absence of horizon A and the petroplinthic character reduces the total volume of soil available to be explored by the roots, put at risk the plants growth rates. However, even under unfavorable environmental conditions, the studied species showed a rusticity. Among the arboreal species studied, T. urumeuva, A. aculeata, A. niopoides, G. ulmifolia, E. nitens, G. americana and I. laurina presented a high to medium survival rate with high increases. These characteristics indicate that the species mentioned are apt to initiate the recovery process.Keywords: Regeneration, fragility, plant species survival, Cerrado.
10
Dimmlich, Wetjens F., and Frank E. Hoedt. "Age and Growth of the Myosid Squid Loliolus Noctiluca in Western Port, Victoria, Determined from Statolith Microstructure Analysis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 2 (May 1998): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400041631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth in Loliolus noctiluca (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in Western Port, Victoria, Australia was studied from statolith growth increments. Tetracycline staining experiments verified previous work on tropical forms of this species that showed growth increments to be deposited daily. A logistic growth function described the relationship between length and increment number. There appear to be major differences in the form of growth, longevity and life history pattern between tropical and temperate forms of this species. These are probably attributable to differences in environmental conditions.
11
Jackson, G. D., and C. C. Lu. "Statolith microstructure of seven species of Antarctic squid captured in Prydz Bay, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The statolith microstructure was examined from seven species of seven families of Antarctic squid captured in Prydz Bay (n=23). Five of the species (Kondakovia longimana, Psychroteuthis glacialis, Brachioteuthis sp., Mastigoteuthis psychrophila, Galiteuthis glacialis) had very clear statolith growth increments which could be enumerated from the nucleus to the statolith margin. These increments were similar in appearance to daily statolith increments in other temperate and tropical squids. Psychroteuthis glacialis also had two distinct zones which may reflect growth during the pelagic and demersal phases of the life cycle. Total statolith increment counts were not possible on two of the species (Bathyteuthis abyssicola and Alluroteuthis antarcticus). The statolith microstructure of Bathyteuthis abyssicola had some very faint increments near the nucleus but increments were not visible in most of the statolith microstructure, while the statolith microstructure of A. antarcticus was indistinct in the nuclear region (possibly due to the formation of a second primordium during ontogenesis). Future research may reveal that statolith increments are useful tools for Antarctic squid age and growth studies.
12
Lou, DC, and NA Moltschaniwskyj. "Daily Otolith increments in juvenile tropical Parrotfishes and Surgeonfishes." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9920973.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Otolith microstructure was examined in juvenile tropical herbivorous fish belonging to the families Acanthuridae and Saridae at Lizard Island. Growth increments on the lapilli of 14 species were validated by tetracycline marking in the laboratory. All species examined deposited growth increments on a daily basis. Increment counts in left and right lapilli were compared for consistency in increment deposition. Interobserver differences were examined as a possible cause of bias in age estimates for Ctenochaetus binotatus and Scarus schlegeli. Given the precision of otolith increment counts by an observer, the differences between counts of the left and right otoliths were acceptable, as were differences between independent observers reading the same otoliths.
13
Soares, Claudia, Susana Ferreira, Pedro Ré, Maria Alexandra Teodósio, António Miguel Santos, Hugo Batista, Nuria Baylina, and Susana Garrido. "Effect of Temperature on the Daily Increment Deposition in the Otoliths of European Sardine Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) Larvae." Oceans 2, no. 4 (November 8, 2021): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans2040041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Otolith microstructure analysis is a valuable tool to evaluate the relationship between larval age and growth and how it relates to environmental variability. Otolith growth and daily increment deposition were analyzed in sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae reared in the laboratory under different temperatures (13, 15, and 17 °C), with a diet rich in microalgae, rotifers, and copepods Acartia grani. The number and width of growth increments, first-check and otolith diameter were determined in the otoliths and then related to larval age and total length. At hatching, the sagittal otoliths consisted of a lenticular core with a diameter of 10.56 μm (±1.07 μm SD). Somatic growth increased with the increasing temperature and the growth rate of larvae reared at 13 and 15 °C was significantly lower than for larvae reared at 17 °C. At 17 °C, otoliths exhibited a higher diameter with wider increments than at 13 °C. There was a high variability of increment counts-at-age for larvae reared within the same temperature treatment. The increase of growth increments with larval size was higher for larvae reared at 17 °C until 35 days post-hatching than those growing at 15 °C. Scanning electronic microscopy confirmed that increments are deposited daily, with an average width smaller than 1 µm and as low as 0.33 μm, therefore impossible to distinguish using light microscopy. At colder temperatures, larval otoliths had thinner and less marked increments and lower growth rates, which can lead to incorrect age determinations. The effect of temperature on the otolith microstructure can help in identifying strong temperature gradients experienced by wild sardine larvae.
14
Natsukari, Yutaka, and Naoki Komine. "Age and growth estimation of the European squid, Loligo vulgaris, based on statolith microstructure." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, no. 2 (May 1992): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400037681.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Age and growth were estimated in the European squid, Loligo vulgaris, by examining growth increments in the statoliths of 203 specimens collected from off the French Mediterranean coast. Length and increment data were analyzed assuming that the increments were formed daily. The relationships between age and length showed that: growth rate varied considerably among individuals; growth was double exponential; the squids grew on average to 240 mm ML at 240 d from hatching, with a maximum of 350 mm at 240 d; the life span is probably about one year.
15
Hoedt, Frank E. "Growth in eight species of tropical anchovy determined from primary otolith increments." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth in eight species of tropical anchovy from Townsville, North Queensland was analysed from counts of primary growth increments in the sagittal otolith. Experimental validation of growth increment periodicity in four species indicated that primary growth increments are deposited daily. Reparameterized von Bertalanffy growth equations were used to describe the relationship between length and age over the range of lengths aged in all species. Growth rate during the immature phase ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 mm d–1 with an average of 0.58 mm d–1. Longevity was estimated for four stolephorid anchovies and ranged from three to ten months. The short lifespan and high values of the growth constant, K, calculated for the smaller species of anchovy were consistent with other recent otolith-based studies on small tropical clupeoids. This paper reports the first study of large number of co-occurring closely related tropical anchovy species and evidence that growth increments are formed with a daily periodicity.
16
Longhurst, Alan R. "Instar Increments in Copepod Growth." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is a difference in the growth patterns of large and small copepods as indicated by lengths at each instar for 55 species of copepods from all latitudes. Large species put on a greater proportion of their adult size relatively late in life compared with small species. This confirms an earlier suggestion based on a comparison of only two species.
17
Hazell, R. W. Anthony, Andrew C. Cockcroft, Stephen Mayfield, and Mark Noffke. "Factors influencing the growth rate of juvenile rock lobsters, Jasus lalandii." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 8 (2001): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental conditions for juvenile spiny lobsters can vary spatially, interannually, and seasonally. We examined both field and aquarium data to elucidate some of the most important factors influencing somatic growth rates of juvenile Jasus lalandii. Growth increments of juveniles were determined at two sites in Table Bay, South Africa. Premoult individuals were captured and held in aquaria until they moulted. In addition, growth rates of small, medium, and large juvenile lobsters were monitored in aquaria under approximately ambient conditions for nine months. A separate aquarium experiment addressed effects of temperature. Moult increments at the two field sites varied significantly with season (highest in winter, lowest in spring), and month and site interacted. Temperature and diet affected grow-out significantly. Tagging and limb regeneration slowed grow-out. The 10˚C and the 15˚C experimental groups did not differ significantly in mean moult increment, but intermoult period at 15˚C was 50% shorter, so lobsters at 15˚C grew faster. Temperature affects intermoult period but, provided food is not limiting, does not appear to affect moult increment (within normal temperature range). In the wild, however, moult increments can vary up to twofold with season, probably at least in part because of seasonal temperature variation.
18
Casas, Maria C. "Increment formation in otoliths of slow-growing winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) larvae in cold water." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Known-age winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) larvae were reared in large outdoor mesocosms where the temperatures were <5°C for the first 40 days and increased slowly after this and in field enclosures where the temperature ranged between 12.3 and 19.6°C. In the cold-water group, somatic and otolith growth were suppressed at the low initial temperatures and no increments were visible. After temperatures increased, somatic growth was evident and a variable number of initial narrow increments (0.2-0.6 µm) was observed. As larvae emerged from this initial period of slow growth, they began to develop rapidly and otolith increment widths increased to 1.0-3.0 µm. In contrast, larvae reared at the warmer temperature grew rapidly and laid down daily increments beginning 5 days after hatching.
19
Campana, Steven E., and John D. Neilson. "Microstructure of Fish Otoliths." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1014–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Otolith microstructure examination has found an increasing number of applications in recent years. However, few workers have critically assessed the assumptions upon which the age and growth inferences are based or considered the potential for environmental modification of microstructural features. This paper reviews present applications and their assumptions and suggests future directions. Particular attention is given to the premises that the frequency of increment formation is constant and that the width of increments is proportional to fish growth. A hypothesis of increment formation is presented which appears consistent with the numerous and often conflicting studies reported to date. The presence of an endogenous circadian rhythm of increment formation is invoked, entrained by photoperiod, but susceptible to modification by other cyclic environmental variables. Increments formed as a result of the circadian rhythm (once per 24 h) may be induced by different processes than those induced through the action of environmental cues (often > 1 per 24 h), thus explaining apparent morphological differences in increment structure noted by some workers. Temperature fluctuations appear to be a primary source of subdaily increments and are a potential source of error in otolith interpretation.
20
Lucht, Tore, and M. H. Aliabadi. "A New Correction Procedure to Correct the Predicted Crack Extension Direction of a Mixed Mode Crack Path." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.89.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In an incremental crack extension analysis each crack increment is in general modelled with a straight extension. In order to avoid introduction of an error when the local crack growth criterion is used with an incremental formulation, each straight crack extension would have to be infinitesimal as the crack growth direction changes when the crack grows. A correction procedure to correct the extension direction of the increment can however be applied to ensure that a unique crack path is achieved with different analyses of the same problem performed with different size of the crack-extension increments. A proposed correction procedure and an reference correction procedure are demonstrated by solving a computational crack growth example. The demonstration shows that analyses of the crack path performed with big crack extensions and the proposed crack correction procedure are in excellent agreement with analyses of the crack path performed with very small crack extensions. Furthermore it is shown that the reference correction procedure has a tendency to overcorrect the crack growth direction if the stop criterion for the iterative correction procedure is not specified for each new crack growth analysis.
21
CALDIZ, Mayra S. "Seasonal growth pattern in the lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina in north-western Patagonia." Lichenologist 36, no. 6 (November 2004): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282904014422.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seasonal growth increments (%) were measured in the foliose epiphytic lichen Pseudocyphellaria berberina in north-western Patagonia. Growth was determined by measuring increase in weight (expressed as percentage of the original biomass) in transplanted thalli. Transplants were either hung freely from wooden frames or attached to tree trunks in a Nothofagus dombeyi forest and then weighed every three months between January 2001 and April 2003. The influence on growth increment of treatment, donor thallus, temperature, and absolute and relative humidity was analysed. Mean annual growth increment after two years, in both treatments was 12±1·07% (±SE). Growth increment was greatest in winter and lowest in summer; the mean winter growth increment was 6±0·50%, representing half of the annual growth, whereas most of the remaining growth occurred during both spring and autumn. Growth increments were similar for freely-hanging lichens and for the transplants attached to tree trunks. Individual trees had no consistent effect on growth while the donor thallus had a significant effect in the first season which then diminished, indicating acclimation in the transplants. Initial transplant weight had no influence on final cumulative growth, nor was there any consistent correlation between one season and another in the growth of transplants. Both transplantation methods proved to be useful for experiments on the growth of P. berberina.
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Doubleday, Zoë A., Jimmy White, Gretta T. Pecl, and Jayson M. Semmens. "Age determination in merobenthic octopuses using stylet increment analysis: assessing future challenges using Macroctopus maorum as a model." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 10 (August 16, 2011): 2059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Doubleday, Z. A., White, J., Pecl, G. T., and Semmens, J. M. 2011. Age determination in merobenthic octopuses using stylet increment analysis: assessing future challenges using Macroctopus maorum as a model. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2059–2063. Stylet increment analysis (SIA) is a method recently developed to age octopuses; it involves the enumeration of daily growth increments within stylets (an internal shell). To examine the potential of SIA in a merobenthic octopus species, SIA was applied to Macroctopus maorum collected from southeast Australia and New Zealand (n = 147). The stylets had clear concentric growth increments and a core-like region. However, low increment counts (≤224 d) produced non-feasibly high (≤21.7% body weight per day) instantaneous growth rates, based on the assumption that increment number relates to age (d). In the light of these results, the issues surrounding the application of SIA to merobenthic octopuses is discussed, particularly in relation to the lack of understanding in regard to stylet development in the early life history stages and the importance of validating age at first increment formation.
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Bouriaud, O., N. Bréda, J. L. Dupouey, and A. Granier. "Is ring width a reliable proxy for stem-biomass increment? A case study in European beech." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2920–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relationship between basal-area increment and stem-volume increment or biomass annual production was investigated in 30 dominant European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northeastern France. The trees were sampled at four heights along the stem for dendrochronological and densitometric measurements. Annual stem-volume and stem-biomass increments were computed from the measurements and were not obtained by applying allometric relationships. A comparison of the ring-area increments at the four stem heights indicated that the vertical distribution of annual growth fluctuates at an interannual time step and is influenced by climate during the growing season, particularly drought events. Ring-area increments were more strongly reduced at breast height than in the upper parts of the tree during dry years. Relationships between basal-area increment and volume or annual biomass production were very strong, but the residuals of these relationhips contained up to 50% climate information. The amplitude of the breast-height radial-growth response to drought is much larger than the volume and biomass-production responses. Variations of wood density in this diffuse-porous species are not large enough to consistently modify the estimates of annual stem biomass production. Breast-height series are a valuable tool for dendrochronological investigations, but as they are more sensitive to drought, they greatly underestimate tree biomass increments during drought episodes.
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Fedorov, Yu, V. Pavlidis, V. Urban, and E. Yakovleva. "Model for the Dynamics of the Gas Medium Temperature Growth in the Initial Stage of a Fire in Buildings." Safety in Technosphere 9, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-071x-2021-9-3-33-40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within the framework of the integral mathematical model for the building fire’s initial stage, the increments of the gas medium temperature in the initial stage of a fire development in buildings have been determined, and estimates for these increments have been presented. The dependence between the gas medium temperature’s relative increment and the burn-up rate’s average value has been established, and an estimated formula for the relative temperature difference over a given time period has been obtained.
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Zischke, Mitchell T., Shane P. Griffiths, and Ian R. Tibbetts. "Rapid growth of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) in the Coral Sea, based on length-at-age estimates using annual and daily increments on sagittal otoliths." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 6 (May 22, 2013): 1128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Zischke, M. T., Griffiths, S. P., and Tibbetts, I. R. 2013. Rapid growth of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) in the Coral Sea, based on length-at-age estimates using annual and daily increments on sagittal otoliths. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1128–1139. The wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) is an economically important species incidentally caught in oceanic fisheries targeting tuna and coastal fisheries targeting mackerels. The age and growth of wahoo was examined using whole and sectioned otoliths from 395 fish (790–1770 mm LF) sampled from the Coral Sea. Growth increments were more reliably assigned on whole otoliths than sectioned otoliths. Edge analyses revealed that growth increments were deposited annually, primarily between October and February. Furthermore, analysis of presumed daily microincrements showed that ∼90% of fish had deposited the first “annual” growth increment by the 365th day, thereby indirectly validating annual increment formation. Wahoo were aged at between 108 d and 7 years, with 76% of fish being <2-year old. The specialized von Bertalanffy growth function provided the best fit to length-at-age data, with parameter estimates (sexes combined) of L∞ = 1499 mm LF, K = 1.58 year−1, and t0 = −0.17 years. The growth performance index for wahoo in the Coral Sea (φ′ = 4.55) was one of the highest of all pelagic fish, with their growth and maximum size most similar to dolphinfish. This study suggests that wahoo are one of the fastest growing teleosts and provides growth parameter estimates that may facilitate future stock assessments and guide fisheries management.
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Chen, Y., and S. J. Kennelly. "Growth of spanner crabs, Ranina ranina, off the east coast of Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 4 (1999): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spanner crab, Ranina ranina, is the target of an important fishery off the east coast of Australia, yet its rate of growth is unknown. Descriptions of growth rates for spanner crabs, like those for other crustaceans, are difficult because during each moult all hard parts that might be used for ageing are lost, and because, as a result of moulting, the growth process is discontinuous. Tag–recapture data were used to model the relationships between the probability of moulting and the number of days at large and between the size increments per moult and the size at tagging. For crabs in similar size classes, males moulted about twice as often as females and had larger increments in size per moult. The relationship between increment per moult and size at tagging was not strong (small r2 ), but statistically significant. Size increments per moult tended to increase with the pre-moult sizes, indicating that larger crabs tended to grow more in a moult than smaller crabs. However, small crabs moulted more often than large crabs. A probabilistic stepwise growth simulation was used to generate a distribution of growth curves that mimics discontinuous growth patterns and samples the variation in the data.
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Mäkinen, Harri. "Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 8 (September 1, 1999): 1216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Branch growth dynamics in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied in 19 thinning experiments in southern and central Finland. Data were collected from 229 trees growing on sites of different fertility with different stand density, age, and canopy position. Radial increments were measured from discs from the base of the thickest branch on every fifth living whorl. Branch growth declined gradually from the upper part of the crown towards the crown base. Near the crown base, the effect of stand density was most apparent and branches remained alive without forming annual rings. After the thinnings, branch growth did not increase, but wider spacing delayed the reduction in branch growth and increased branch longevity. Correlation of branch increment between trees was greater in the upper whorls than in the lower crown. Correlation of the radial increment between whorls of different ages was greater between whorls near each other than between whorls from the upper and lower crown. Variation of the annual increments was similar in the stem and branches. A model was developed for predicting branch increment at different heights in the crown. The best independent variables for indicating branch increment were stem radial increment, height/diameter ratio, and branch age.
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Jackson, George D. "Application and Future Potential of Statolith Increment Analysis in Squids and Sepioids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2612–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Periodic increments within the squid statolith microstructure are now routinely used to obtain individual age estimates. Validation and culture studies have shown that statolith increments (similar to increments in larval fish otoliths) are produced daily in a number of squid species and in one sepioid. However, sample sizes for validation studies are small and there is need for further, more comprehensive validation experiments. Statolith age analysis has revealed that temperate squids can complete their life cycle in less than 2 yr while tropical species live for less than 8 mo. Obtaining individual age estimates has also facilitated the identification of cohorts by analysing hatch date distributions. Size-at-age analysis has been used for some preliminiary growth modelling, and there is a continued need for more accurate age-based squid growth models. There is now potential to use image analysis systems for increment counts and for width analysis of increments. Future studies should be aimed at obtaining age information from a wider number of species, considering how other features within the statolith microstructure, such as zones, might reflect past habitats, and determining how statolith length or weight measurements might be related to past growth histories.
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Gao, Minghui, Zhiqiang Wu, Liangliang Huang, Xichang Tan, Mingsi Li, and Haibo Huang. "Growth and Microstructural Features in Otoliths of Larval and Juvenile Sinogastromyzon wui (F. Balitoridae, River Loaches) of the Upper Pearl River, China." Fishes 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Otolith growth and microstructural features of fish are essential to the understanding of the early fish lifecycle. This paper assesses the features of otoliths from laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Sinogastromyzon wui (S. wui, 0 to 25 days post-hatching) that were obtained as eggs from the Shilong Reach of Xijiang River between April and August 2021. We observed the development of the three pairs of otoliths (lapilli, sagittae, and asterisci) and compared the shape changes and growth of the lapilli and sagittae, as well as the timing and deposition rate of increments of the lapilli. The lapilli and the sagittae were visible on hatching, whereas the asterisci were present at four days post-hatching (dph). The shape of the sagitta changed more obviously than that of the lapillus, and a strong correlation was observed between sagitta shape changes and fish ontogenesis. The otolith shape greatly modulated during the post-flexion larval stage (Post-FLS), it corresponded with the formation period of individual fins. Analysis of the microstructural features indicated that lapilli were the optimal otolith for age determination and increment deposition rate confirmation. Using regression analysis of the known age and the number of lapillus daily increments, we demonstrated that the lapillus developmental increments were deposited daily, and the first increment formed at two days post-hatching. Our conclusions support employing the lapillus increment deposition rate and the time of the first daily increments in the determination of the age of wild larval and juvenile S. wui.
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Lussier, Jean-Martin, Hubert Morin, and Réjean Gagnon. "Comparaison de la croissance de marcottes d'épinette noire (Piceamariana) adultes après coupe à celle d'individus issus de graines après feu." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analysis was performed on 112 stems of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) from the Réserve faunique des Laurentides to compare the growth in height, DBH, and volume of layers released by clear-cutting to the growth of individuals of comparable age originating from seeds after fire. The sampled stands originated from fires and clear-cuttings that occurred between 1894 and 1941. Stem analysis also permitted the calculation of specific volume increment, which corresponds to the annual volume increment divided by the surface of the cambium. Results show that height, DBH, and volume measured 60 years after clear-cutting were better correlated to the height of the advanced growth at the moment of release (Ho) than to the number of years of suppression. The mean annual increments in height and DBH of released layers were positively related to height at the year of logging when the height was less than 2 m. When layers were taller, mean annual increments in height and DBH were negatively related to initial height. These relationships were however variable, since for two-thirds of the stand's life, the periodic annual increments in height and diameter did not differ significantly (α = 0.05) between small (Ho < 1 m ), medium (1 m ≤ Ho ≤ 2 m), and large second-growth spruces (Ho > 2 m). The superiority of taller layers is consequently due to greater heights before release. Volume growth rate of layers was positively related to initial height until approximately 60 years after clear-cutting. However, no differences in specific volume increment could be associated with initial height. Therefore, the relationship between initial height and volume increment can be attributed to the difference of cambial area between small, medium, and large second-growth spruces. Black spruce originating from seeds had greater height, DBH, and specific volume increments than second-growth trees, until about 50 years after stand origin. Thereafter, growth rates are comparable. Consequently, after 40 years, stands originating from seeds are comparable in height, volume, and DBH to layers that reached between 1 and 2 m in height after clear-cutting. Neither drainage class nor point density had a significant effect on the sampled black spruces. Stem analysis also revealed an important growth reduction that can be associated with the last spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana Clem.) outbreak in the Réserve faunique des Laurentides. We can deduce from the results of this study that the performance of second-growth stands compared with fire-origin stands will mainly depend on the density of the advanced growth and its height structure.
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Lyapkov, S. M., D. V. Ibragimova, and N. V. Nakonechnyi. "The Age Composition and Postmetamorphic Growth Characteristics of the Moor Frog (Rana arvalis) from Habitats with a Short Activity Season." Biology Bulletin 49, no. 4 (August 2022): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359022040094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The between-population and sexual differences in demographic and postmetamorphic growth characteristics were studied in Rana arvalis from several habitats of Khanty-Mansiiskii Autonomous Okrug–Yugra (KhMAO) with a relatively short (about 3.5 months) activity season. Skeletochronology was used for age determination. The annual size increments and the rates of these increments were determined on the base of back-calculated body length at each age. In three of four populations, a higher average age in females but not significant sexual differences in the average body length were revealed. In both males and females of all studied KhMAO populations, the rate of the annual size increment between the 1st and 2nd wintering was maximal. The rate of the annual size increment between the 2nd and 3rd wintering was kept relatively high. In comparison with R. arvalis populations of Bryansk, Moscow, and Kirov oblasts with a longer activity season (seven, six, and five months, respectively), frogs from KhMAO populations had a relatively small average body length at each age and low population averages of the body length. At the same time, the character of between-age dynamics in the rate of the size increments of KhMAO populations enabled us to reveal the effects of counter-gradient selection not yet mentioned in the literature. These effects represent the maintenance of a relatively high rate of annual increments up to the 5th wintering in R. arvalis from KhMAO populations with a short activity season.
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Buschang, P. H., R. Tanguay, L. LaPalme, and A. Demirjian. "Mandibular growth prediction: mean growth increments versus mathematical models." European Journal of Orthodontics 12, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/12.3.290.
Повний текст джерела
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Kaźmierczak, Katarzyna. "The current growth increment of pine tree stands comprising three different age classes." Forest Research Papers 74, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2013-0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The study presents the results of an analysis of the pine tree growth increments (height increment, dbh increment, basal area increment and volume increment) for a 5-year period. The study involved Scots pine trees of Kraft’s class 1, 2 and 3 (dominant stand) in stands of different age classes (II, III, V) growing in fresh mixed coniferous (BMśw) and fresh coniferous (Bśw) forest habitats. The multivariate analysis of variance was performed to assess the statistical significance of age and dominance of trees within a stand on their increment. The dominance position was classified for each tree using Kraft’s criteria. The following characteristic were also measured: dbh of the trunk in two directions (N-S and W-E), and crown projection area on the basis of the characteristic tree crown points, projected using of a crown projector, characteristic points in tree crowns (7 to 14 on average). The actual height was determined after trees were felled. The following measurements of the single tree growing space were selected and determined: crown projection area - pk (m2), crown diameter - dk (m), Seebach’s growth space number - dk / d1.3, crown projection area to basal area ratio d 2 k / d 2 1.3, crown deflection coefficient dk / h, single tree space ppd = pk·h (m3). We assessed the strength of the relationships between tree growth parameters and tree growth space, crown length, relative crown length and slenderness. Both the age and dominance position of trees within the stand affected the growth increments. The strongest correlation among measured traits was between the 5-year volume increment and decreasing slenderness.
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Christoffersen, Camron J., Dennis K. Shiozawa, Andrew D. Suchomel, and Mark C. Belk. "Age and Growth of Quillback Rockfish (Sebastes maliger) at High Latitude." Fishes 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data on age and growth of fishes is critical for effective management; however, growth rates documented in one location may not be representative of other locations, especially for species that occur across wide geographic ranges. Sebastes maliger, quillback rockfish, occur across a broad latitudinal range, but their growth patterns have been quantified only in the southern part of their range. To provide information for S. maliger in the more northern part of its range, we report age and growth patterns derived from otolith analysis from a population collected in southeast Alaskan waters. In southeast Alaska mean annual growth increments for years 1 and 2 range from 60–80 mm, and for ages 6–9 annual growth increments average about 20 mm. From age 10 on average the annual growth increment is about 5 mm. These data can be used in conjunction with harvest data to manage stocks of S. maliger in Alaskan waters.
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Sogard, Susan M. "Interpretation of Otolith Microstructure in Juvenile Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): Ontogenetic Development, Daily Increment Validation, and Somatic Growth Relationships." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sagittae developed secondary origins of calcium carbonate deposition during metamorphosis just prior to completion of eye migration. Sagittae and lapilli of larvae were bilaterally symmetrical, but those of postmetamorphic individuals showed increasing morphological asymmetry between the left and right side. In juveniles marked with oxytetracycline and maintained in field enclosures for 10 d, increment deposition on sagittae was daily if somatic growth following marking was good (> 0.25 mm∙d−1), but less than daily in individuals with poor or negative somatic growth (< 0.25 mm∙d−1). Narrowly spaced increments or divergence of otolith growth from the main rostral–postrostral growth axis, where counts were made, may have limited detection of daily deposition. Lack of detectable daily increments occurred primarily in larger juveniles (> 50 mm total length), which had lower absolute growth rates than newly settled juveniles. In oxytetracycline-marked fish there was a significant correspondence between otolith growth and somatic growth in both length and weight. The strength of this relationship, which varied with the specific radius used, was highest (r = 0.854) for the rostral radius of the left sagitta; increment widths along this radius are reliable estimators of prior somatic growth rates.
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Dünisch, Oliver, Josef Bauch, and Luadir Gasparotto. "FORMATION OF INCREMENT ZONES AND INTRAANNUAL GROWTH DYNAMICS IN THE XYLEM OF SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA, CARAPA GUIANENSIS, AND CEDRELA ODORATA (MELIACEAE)." IAWA Journal 23, no. 2 (2002): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The pattern of growth increment zones, the cambial growth dynamics and the structural variation in wood formation of Swietenia macrophylla King, Carapa guianensis Aubl., and Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) were investigated in order to understand the relationship of site conditions and sustainable growth in Central Amazonian plantations. Trees were available from 8-, 17-, 23-, and 57-year-old plantations, and from primary forests in Manaus (Amazônia), Santarem (Pará), and Aripuanã (Mato Grosso). The wood anatomical structure and the annual increments of 61 Swietenia, 94 Carapa, and 89 Cedrela trees were studied for different tree heights. The curves of annual increments were cross-dated and tested for synchronisation. The cambial growth dynamics of up to 52 trees per species were dated by means of dendrometer measurements, monthly labelling by pinmarkers, and extracted cambium samples investigated using a microscope. The intraannual course of the growth and structural variation was compared with the water supply of the soil and insect attacks (Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lep.).In Swietenia and Carapa parenchyma and vessel bands as well as bands of resin canals were observed. Within the xylem of Cedrela, alternating bands of fibres and vessels surrounded by paratracheal parenchyma were found; bands of resin canals were only occasional. In the juvenile wood of Swietenia and Carapa no synchronization of the increment curves was possible, whereas the increment curves obtained in the juvenile wood of Cedrela showed parallel run in growth. The increment curves obtained in adult wood of Swietenia and Cedrela indicate an annual formation of increment zones, whereas the number of increment zones in the xylem of Carapa was approximately 50% higher than the tree age (years) indicating that the growth increments of Carapa also were not annual during the adult phase of growth.The study of the intraannual growth dynamics of the trees showed that the formation of parenchyma bands in Swietenia is induced by dry periods before a cambial dormancy. The formation of parenchyma bands of Carapa was induced by extremely dry and extremely wet periods before a cambial dormancy, whereas fibre bands in Cedrela were induced by dry periods before a cambial dormancy and the formation of vessel bands embedded in paratracheal parenchyma was induced by wet periods after a cambial dormancy. In addition, insect attack (Hypsipyla grandella) induced locally restricted formation of parenchyma bands and bands of resin canals in Swietenia, Carapa and Cedrela.
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Lubetkin, S. C., J. E. Zeh, C. Rosa, and J. C. George. "Age estimation for young bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) using annual baleen growth increments." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 6 (June 2008): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We compiled age estimates and baleen plate δ13C data from 86 bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus L., 1758). We used previous whale age estimates based on aspartic acid racemization (AAR) and corpora counts to extend the use of δ13C data for age determination from cycle counting to a modified exponential model using annual baleen growth increments. Our approach used the growth increment data from individual whales in a nonlinear mixed effects model to assess both population-level and whale-specific growth parameters. Although age estimates from baleen-based models become less precise as the whales age, and baleen growth and length near steady state, the growth increment model shows promise in estimating ages of bowhead whales 10–13.5 m long with baleen lengths <250 cm, where other techniques are less precise or the data are scarce. Ages estimated using the growth increment data from such whales ranged from 6.4 to 19.8 years.
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West, D. C., T. W. Doyle, M. L. Tharp, J. J. Beauchamp, W. J. Platt, and D. J. Downing. "Recent growth increases in old-growth longleaf pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris Mill.) tree-ring data were obtained from an old-growth stand located in Thomas County, Georgia. The tree-ring chronology from the pine stand is composed of a collection of cores extracted from 26 trees ranging in age from approximately 100 to 400 years. These cores were prepared, dated, and measured, and the resulting data were examined with dendrochronological and statistical techniques. Beginning in approximately 1950 and continuing to the present, annual increments of all age classes examined in this study have increased, resulting in an average annual ring increment approximately 40% greater in 1987 than in 1950. When compared with expected annual increment, the increase for 100- to 150-year-old trees is approximately 45%, while the increase for 200- to 400-year-old trees is approximately 35%. In terms of stand-level aboveground biomass accumulation, the increased growth has resulted in approximately 5% more biomass than expected. The increased growth cannot be explained by disturbance; stand history; or trends in precipitation, temperature, or Palmer drought severity index over the last 57 years. Increased atmospheric CO2 is a possible explanation for initiation of the observed trend, while SOx and NOx may be augmenting continuation of this phenomenon.
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Rybníček, Michal, Petr Čermák, Tomáš Kolář, and Tomáš Žid. "Growth responses of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) to the climate in the south-eastern part of the Českomoravská Upland (Czech Republic)." Geochronometria 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-012-0003-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe research was conducted in selected 80- to 110-year-old spruce stands in the south-eastern part of the Českomoravská Upland at altitudes from 350 m a.s.l. to 465 m a.s.l. The regional standard tree-ring chronology shows very low increments for years 1974, 1976 and 1992. After 1992, there is a sharp rise in increments with a climax in 1997. Afterwards, increments gradually decrease, reaching minima in 2003 and 2008. The years with low increments were also confirmed by the analysis of negative pointer years when over 80% of the analysed trees responded by a sharp decrease in increment, mainly in years 1976 and 1992. We can usually find values of monthly precipitation or monthly temperature average which can explain or help explain these falls in the radial growth. The correlations of diameter increments with average monthly precipitation gain only positive statistically significant values, namely for the months of May, June, July and August of the particular year. The correlations of diameter increments with average monthly temperatures gain only negative statistically significant values, namely for the months of June, July and September of the previous year and January and August of the particular year. In the examined area there is a significant negative correlation between average temperatures and monthly precipitation in July, August and September. The results of the habitual diagnostics show that with respect to the climatic conditions the health condition of the monitored stands is relatively good. On average, the defoliation does not exceed the values ascertained in different territories of the Czech Republic.
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Goudiaby, Venceslas, Suzanne Brais, Frank Berninger, and Robert Schneider. "Vertical patterns in specific volume increment along stems of dominant jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) after thinning." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 4 (April 2012): 733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) total stem volume increment and vertical growth distribution after thinning were quantified and related to foliage biomass, foliage density, and growth efficiency (GE) (stem to foliage biomass ratio). Significant positive stem volume increments were observed following thinning for jack pine (3 years after) and black spruce (4 years after). Both species reacted differently in terms of the distribution in specific volume increments (SVI) (annual stem volume increment to cambial surface ratio): (i) for jack pine, an increase in SVI was first observed at the base of the tree, with the increase moving upwards, showing that the taper was likely to increase following thinning and (ii) for black spruce, the vertical distribution of SVI was constant, leading to no modifications in stem taper. For jack pine, total stem volume growth was related to an increase in GE and a greater foliage biomass at midcrown, with foliage density staying constant. For black spruce, however, no changes in GE, foliage biomass, and foliage mass density were observed.
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Plaza, Guido, Mauricio F. Landaeta, C. Valeria Espinoza, and F. Patricio Ojeda. "Daily growth patterns of six species of young-of-the-year of Chilean intertidal fishes." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 2 (August 9, 2012): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000859.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Otolith microstructure analysis was used to reveal daily growth patterns of young-of-the year (YOY) of six species of perciform fishes, Bovichtus chilensis (Bovichtidae), Girella laevifrons and Graus nigra (Kyphosidae), Helcogrammoides chilensis (Tripterygiidae) and Hypsoblennius sordidus and Scartichthys viridis (Blenniidae). YOY collected in intertidal pools from June to December 2008 in Central Chile, ranged from 24 to 76 mm total length and from 25 to 390 days of age. In the six species, sagittal otoliths showed a slightly oval shape, symmetrical and laterally compressed and showed micro-increments distinguishable after a two-side polishing. Increment width of sagittae showed two patterns irrespective of hatch month and species: (i) a parabolic growth with wider increment widths (during the first 150 of YOY life, e.g. B. chilensis, G. nigra and G. laevifrons); and (ii) a more irregular pattern with lower increment widths during most of the seasons in H. chilensis and H. sordidus. Further results were: (i) a unique central primordium enclosed by two checks after which distinctive increments were deposited; (ii) low instantaneous growth rates estimated through the slope of the length-at-age relationship (range 0.1–0.21 mm d−1); and (iii) a linear fish size–otolith size relationship.
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Rybníček, M., P. Čermák, T. Kolář, E. Přemyslovská, and T. Žid. "Influence of temperatures and precipitation on radial increment of Orlické hory Mts. spruce stands at altitudes over 800 m a.s.l." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 6 (June 1, 2009): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/90/2008-jfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research on the influence of temperatures and precipitation on radial increment was carried out in spruce stands over ninety years old in the surroundings of Anenský vrch in the Orlické hory Mts. at altitudes over 800 m above sea level. To model diameter increment in dependence on climatic conditions, the standard tree-ring and correlation analysis together with the analysis of negative pointer years were used. The diameter increment has a statistically significant correlation with temperatures in July of each year in question. The growth of spruce is also affected to a statistically significant degree by precipitation in July of the previous year and by precipitation in February and March of the year in question. The standard tree-ring chronology shows an obvious decrease in radial increments starting at the beginning of the 1970s and ending at the end of the 1980s. The lowest increments were recorded for 1974, 1980, 1984 and 1986. These years with low increments were also confirmed by the analysis of negative pointer years. In the following period there is an increase in increments, with slight decreases in 1996 and 2000, which, however, according to the analysis of negative pointer years do not demonstrate any significant reduction of increments. Another decrease was recorded starting in 2003 and this lasted until the studied period, i.e. 2007. The current condition of spruce stands is certainly the result of more stressors but it appears that with the current air pollution load the climatic conditions are the factor determining the resulting effect of the synergic influence of the stressors on the stands.
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Martin, Michael H. "Validation of daily growth increments in otoliths of Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur) elvers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The presence of daily growth increments in otoliths was validated for Anguilla rostrata. Elvers were captured at the freshwater–seawater interface of the Annaquatucket River, Rhode Island, immersed in a tetracycline hydrochloride solution to mark their otoliths, and maintained in stream aquaria for 10 or 20 d. Increment counts outside the tetracycline mark generally underestimated the number of days since marking by less than 5%. This underestimation was probably due to the time required for tetracycline incorporation after administration.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., and Druscilla S. Sullivan. "Impact of feeding damage by snowshoe hares on growth rates of juvenile lodgepole pine in central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study assessed the impact of snowshoe hare (Lepusamericanus Erxleben) feeding injuries on diameter and height growth of juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). Five-year growth increments of undamaged and damaged crop trees in control (unspaced) and spaced stands, 20 km east of Prince George, B.C., were compared using analysis of variance. Semigirdling (sublethal) damage clearly suppressed diameter growth of small diameter (control, 41–60 mm; spaced, 31–50 mm) trees, but had little effect on larger stems. Height increment was significantly reduced by semigirdling in all diameter classes except for the 61–80 mm class in the control. Surface area or amount of bark and vascular tissue removed had little effect on growth increments in the spaced stand. The recommendation to delay spacing until the average tree diameter is >60 mm to avoid snowshoe hare damage is further supported for diameter but not necessarily for height growth.
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Sakai, Mitsuo, Norma Brunetti, Marcela Ivanovic, Beatriz Elena, and Kazuyoshi Nakamura. "Interpretation of statolith microstructure in reared hatchling paralarvae of the squid Illex argentinus." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 4 (2004): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To identify sub-daily or aperiodic increments of statolith growth in the ommastrephid squid Illex argentinus, we examined statolith microstructure, especially with regard to the natal ring, where counting of daily growth increments should begin, and the widths of subsequent daily increments. Paralarvae obtained by artificial fertilisation were incubated on board at different temperatures ranging from 11.4 to 25.4°C, and were starved throughout the experiments. We observed statolith growth from newly hatched to 10-day-old paralarvae and used alizarine complexone staining to attempt validation of the growth. The maximum statolith radius (MSR) of newly hatched paralarvae was constant at 21.1 μm across the full range of temperatures, with the exception of 25.4°C. Daily growth of MSR was analysed separately in two phases, the pre-yolk-absorption phase (i.e. yolk sac still present) and the post-yolk-absorption phase. During the pre-yolk-absorption phase, the daily growth rate (DGR, y) of the MSR varied from 3 to 7 μm day–1 depending on rearing temperature (x) and was expressed as y = 0.37x – 1.77. We concluded that the natal ring forms at 21 μm MSR. The initial increment width obtained from the DGR of MSR seems applicable for distinguishing daily rings from sub-daily rings, although this application should be limited to hatchling paralarvae in the pre-yolk-absorption phase.
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Ohashi, Yoji, Mohd Hamami Sahri, Nobuo Yoshizawa, and Takao Itoh. "Annual Rhythm of Xylem Growth in Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) Trees Grown in Malaysia." Holzforschung 55, no. 2 (February 21, 2001): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary The periodicity of the growth increment in six rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) trees grown in Peninsula Malaysia was investigated continuously throughout three years using the pinning and the band-dendrometer method. The pinning and dendrometer data were analyzed for obtaining the correlation with the seasonal rhythm of radial growth and circumferential increments. The data of growth increments measured with the dendrometer continuously for three years indicated growth dormancy during the first three to five months (from January to March or May) each year in all the sample trees, in which annual ring-like features were observed. This means that rubber wood trees have an annual rhythm in the xylem growth. The boundary zone consisted of flattened wood fibers with thin walls, axial parenchyma cells, and small vessels. On the other hand, those obtained from the pinning method showed a vague growth dormancy around March every year. It seemed that growth measurement in tropical trees using the dendrometer is useful for detecting the growth rhythm of cambium.
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Federer, C. Anthony, and James W. Hornbeck. "Expected decrease in diameter growth of even-aged red spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Weibull functions provide close least square fits to tables for stand basal area and density versus age in even-aged, second-growth red spruce as reported by W. H. Meyer (USDA Tech. Bull. No. 142. 1929). The annual mean radial and basal area increments of the trees can be calculated from the two Weibull functions. For a stand following Meyer's tables and reaching breast height in 1915, mean tree basal area increment increases steadily to a maximum in the early 1960's and then declines; mean radial increment is constant from 1925 to 1955 and then declines rapidly. This behavior matches very closely the results from 3001 red spruce increment cores in New England and New York, which suggests that forest aging is an important cause of decreasing red spruce diameter growth.
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Laurs, R. M., R. Nishimoto, and J. A. Wetherall. "Frequency of Increment Formation on Sagittae of North Pacific Albacore (Thunnus alalunga)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An examination of sagittae from 116 albacore (Thunnus alalunga) caught in the North Pacific, injected with tetracycline, tagged, released, and subsequently recaptured in sport and commercial fisheries showed that detectable increments are formed on these otoliths at an average rate of 0.954 per day. We take this as a confirmation of daily increment formation in North Pacific albacore sagittae. The slight departure of observed mean increment counts from the expected rate of one per day may be due to an occasional interruption of otolith growth, or to a systematic bias in detecting daily increments or interpreting otolith microstructure. The estimated rate of detectable increment formation applies explicitly to albacore of fork lengths between about 50 and 100 cm. If the same rate holds for fish smaller than 50 cm, as is likely, most albacore taken in sport or commercial catches can be aged accurately by applying our methods and expanding the increment count by 5%.
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Deith, Margaret R. "The Composition of Tidally Deposited Growth Lines in the Shell of the Edible Cockle, Cerastoderma Edule." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 3 (August 1985): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400052425.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The shells of marine invertebrates grow incrementally (Wilbur, 1972). When a section of shell is observed under the microscope, the increments are often visible, separated by fine lines (Fig. 1). Studies of these phenomena have focused chiefly on the periodicity of increment and growth-line formation, principally because of its geological or archaeological application as a ‘biological clock’ (e.g. Wells, 1963; Koike, 1973).
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Prykhodko, N. F., T. V. Parpan, and M. M. Prykhodko. "Radial increment in European spruce (Picea abies) as indicator of sanitary condition of spruce forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians." Biosystems Diversity 28, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, there has been an intense desiccation of spruce forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians, where European spruce is the main forest-forming species. Over the recent years, desiccation has spread to the spruce forest stands which grow in the Carpathians at the height of over 1,000 m above the sea level. This process causes large economic losses, significant deterioration of the condition and productivity of the forests in the Carpathians, decrease in the level of provision of ecosystemic services by forests, functions they perform, therefore leading to dangerous exogenic processes (floods, freshets, erosion, mudflows, landslides). To determine the interaction between the radial increment and sanitary condition of the spruce stands and substantiate the measures of the use of drying spruce forests, in the Vysokohirsky forestry reserve district of the Ukrainian Carpathians in anti-erosion forests, in hotbeds of desiccation of spruce in 2018, dendrochronological surveys were undertaken in two monitoring plots in forests in weak and severely weakened condition. We collected cores from the model trees, measured width of the annual rings, and developed individual dendrochronologies according to the absolute values of the radial increments and generalized dendrochronologies according to the absolute values of the radial increments and increment indices of the duration of 97 (1921–2017) and 81 years (1937–2017). We conducted single-factor dispersion analysis, calculated the indices of abnormality of the radial increments and correlation coefficient. The results revealed that the lowest increments occurred in the years 1965–1990 in the weakened stand and in 1997–2017 in the severely weakened stand. The relative indices of the forests ranged 83.8–114.6%. The cycles of increment lasted 7–9 years. Over the last few decades, favourable conditions for the growth of the trees took place in 1991–2010, unfavourable in 2011–2017, very unfavourable in 1981–1990. Synchronicity of annual radial increments in the spruces of two monitoring plots equaled 49 years. Correlation coefficient indicates that the type of the conditions of growth location has a significant effect on its variability in the process of trees’ life cycle. Average radial increment of the weakened stand of trees over the last 10 years decreased by 7.9%, while it declined by 54.9% in the severely weakened stand compared with the average increments of the tree stands for the surveyed periods, suggesting that the forests undergo different stages of succession: the weakened stand undergoes the stage of recovery after disturbance, severely weakened forest – stage of disturbance. The studies revealed the dependence of radial increment of spruce on the sanitary condition of the forests. The results of the studies may be used for the assessment of dynamic processes in forest ecosystems as a result of the impact of various factors and planning of the forestry measures.