Дисертації з теми "Groundwater contribution"
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Pacheco, Adriana. "Contribution of methanotrophic groundwater and rhizosphere bacteria to phytoremediation." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013836.
Повний текст джерелаBurkett, Danny, and danny burkett@deakin edu au. "Nutrient contribution to hyper-eutrophic wetlands in Perth, Western Australia." Deakin University. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20071115.082506.
Повний текст джерелаChatton, Eliot. "Contribution of dissolved gases to the understanding of groundwater hydrobiogeochemical dynamics." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S131/document.
Повний текст джерелаFor more than a century, global change has led to a profound modification of our societies, our lifestyles and, of course, our environment. This trajectory followed willy-nilly by all mankind has consequences for natural systems and already seems to lead the future generations ahead of serious challenges. In order not to compromise our ability to meet these future ordeals, and because of the urgent need for action, part of the scientific community has chosen to concentrate on the near-surface environment that supports terrestrial life: the Critical Zone. The emergence of this concept underlines the need to develop multidisciplinary scientific approaches integrating a wide variety of temporal and spatial scales. As the link between the different compartments of the Critical Zone (Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Pedosphere), water is an essential molecule controlling the exchanges of energy and matter whose dynamics require special attention. In view of the diversity and spatiotemporal variability of water and matter transfers arising in aquatic environments, new methods of investigation are needed. The general objective of this thesis is to describe the interest and the potential lying in the use of dissolved gases, especially when they are measured at high frequency in the field, in order to characterise the hydrobiogeochemical dynamics of the natural waters of the Critical Zone at different spatial and temporal scales. To perfect this ambition, this work focused first on the development of an innovative instrumentation, then, on the implementation of novel tracers integrated into original experimental setups and finally, on the acquisition, processing and analysis of different dissolved gas datasets focusing on groundwater
Liuzzo, Scorpo Alberto. "Heat transfer in borehole heat exchangers and the contribution of groundwater flow." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10123.
Повний текст джерелаThe exploitation of geothermal heat by ground source heat pumps is presently growing throughout Europe and the world. In Italy, at the end of 2010, borehole heat exchangers covered most of the 30% of the total energy used for space conditioning, showing an increase of 50%compared to 2005. The forecasts for 2015 suggest a further increase in the direct uses of the geothermal heat exceeding 50% compared to 2010 and a corresponding increase in the geothermal energy consumption. The possibility to design plants with higher efficiency and lower costs of installation and operation is required, to support the growth of the ground source heat pump systems and the consequent diffusion of the exploitation of the geothermal resources. Research and better knowledge of the processes involved in the heat transfer between the borehole heat exchanger and the surrounding ground is crucial to predict the behavior of the plant-geothermal source interaction in any possible operational condition. The knowledge of the hydrogeological characteristics of the specific site where the plant has to be installed is also essential to prevent over- or under-sizing of the heat exchanger(s) due to a rough design. Over the years, several analytical solutions have been proposed to calculate the temperature distribution around a borehole heat exchanger during operation. The infinite line source analytical model considers an infinite linear heat source which exchanges heat with the surrounding ground by conduction only. Other models, based on the infinite linear heat source, have been later developed, considering also the contribution to the conductive heat transfer due to groundwater flow. The presence of flowing water around a borehole heat exchanger implies forced convection, resulting in an increased efficiency of the heat transfer between the ground and the borehole heat exchanger. Studying this process may suggest new ways to improve the efficiency and to reduce the cost of ground source heat pump systems. In this thesis, the contribution of groundwater flow in the heat transfer process between borehole heat exchangers and surrounding ground has been investigated, in order to increase the theoretical knowledge as well as to improve the existing design tools. Two-dimensional models have been considered, taking into account the actual cylindrical geometry of the borehole. The groundwater flow has been modeled as steady, horizontal and with variable flow rates, in order to encompass most of the real ground source heat pump applications. Gravitational effects, i.e. the effects of a possible natural convection, have been neglected. The results suggest that in the considered range of Darcy number, the calculation of the heat transfer efficiency is not affected if Darcynian model is used to describe the velocity field, although the viscous effects, and consequently the formation of the hydraulic boundary layer, are neglected. Calculations made using numerical simulations are compared with an analytical solution which takes into account forced convection due to groundwater flow and based on the linear heat source model. The regions of space and time where this analytical solution is affected by the effects of the line source assumption, in both cases of single- and multiple-borehole(s) systems, have been defined. The potential of the thermal response test analysis as a tool to predict the spacing between boreholes when groundwater flow occurs has been investigated, defining and studying the Influence Length as function of groundwater flow rate. The results suggest that even relatively low flow rates allow to reduce significantly the spacing between boreholes in the perpendicular direction with respect to groundwater flow. The distance from the borehole where the temperature disturbance becomes not-significant (Influence Length) is roughly predictable by thermal response test analysis. The study of the Influence Length may be a useful tool in the design of dissipative multiple-boreholes systems, as well as in areas with a high density of single-borehole plants, to reduce the spacing avoiding thermal interferences. Moreover, an expeditious, graphical method to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the ground by thermal response test analysis has been proposed. An example of application of the methodology is presented, taking into account experimental data as well as plausible hydrological and petrological assumptions when the data are unavailable. The obtained result is in agreement with the hydraulic conductivity range reported in literature for the type of substrate considered in the example. In order to verify this method, further inv1estigations and developments are required. In fact, the graphs used in the procedure presented in this work are referred to specific borehole conditions (borehole filled by groundwater) and are based on two-dimensional models (i.e. end-effects and natural convection are neglected). Besides, the assumptions required to compensate the unavailable data imply that the method cannot be considered verified. Finally, further studies are suggested in order to improve and develop the proposed methods.
Negli ultimi anni, l’utilizzo del calore geotermico tramite pompe di calore accoppiate al terreno sta aumentando significativamente in tutta Europa e in generale nel mondo. In Italia, alla fine del 2010, le sonde geotermiche coprivano più del 30% dell’energia totale utilizzata per riscaldamento e raffrescamento degli edifici, mostrando un aumento del 50% rispetto al 2005. Le previsioni per il 2015 suggeriscono un ulteriore aumento degli utilizzi diretti del calore geotermico maggiore del 50% rispetto al 2010 e un analogo incremento del consumo di energia geotermica in generale. Con l’aumento della diffusione di questa tecnologia, e quindi un maggior sfruttamento di tale risorsa, aumenta anche la necessità di progettare impianti con la massima efficienza possibile e con bassi costi di installazione ed esercizio. La comprensione dei processi coinvolti nel trasferimento di calore tra sonda geotermica e terreno circostante è fondamentale per prevedere il comportamento degli impianti. Anche la conoscenza delle caratteristiche idrogeologiche del sito specifico nel quale l’impianto deve essere installato è essenziale al fine di evitare un’errata progettazione che può causare sovra- o sotto-dimensionamento della sonda. Nel corso degli anni, diverse soluzioni analitiche sono state proposte per calcolare la distribuzione di temperatura attorno alla sonda geotermica durante il suo utilizzo. Il modello analitico della sorgente di calore lineare e infinita considera lo scambio di calore che avviene per sola conduzione attorno ad una sorgente di raggio infinitesimo e di lunghezza infinita. Altri modelli successivi a questo e anch’essi basati sulla sorgente di calore lineare ed infinita, tengono conto anche del contributo convettivo dovuto al flusso dell’acqua di falda. La presenza di un flusso di acqua attorno ad una sonda geotermica, infatti, comporta convezione forzata e, di conseguenza, un aumento dello scambio di calore tra sonda e terreno. Per questo motivo, lo studio degli effetti di tale processo è un fattore chiave per riuscire a migliorare l’efficienza degli scambiatori di calore accoppiati al terreno. Questa tesi presenta lo studio del contributo del flusso delle acque di falda sul processodi scambio termico tra sonde geotermiche e terreno circostante, al fine di incrementare la conoscenza teorica e migliorare gli strumenti di progettazione già esistenti. Per raggiungere questo scopo ci si è serviti di modelli numerici bi-dimensionali che tengono conto della reale geometria cilindrica della sonda. Il fusso delle acque di falda è stato assunto come stazionale e orizzontale. Al fine di includere la maggior parte delle applicazioni geotermiche reali, un vasto range di portate è stato preso in considerazione. Gli effetti gravitativi, e quindi i possibili effetti di convezione naturale, sono stati invece trascurati. Sono stati confrontati i risultati del calcolo del trasferimento di calore ottenuti utilizzando rispettivamente l’equazione di Darcy e l’equazione di Darcy-Brinkman per descrivere il campo di velocità dell’acqua di falda attorno alla sonda. Le conclusioni raggiunte suggeriscono che utilizzando il modello di Darcy, il risultato risulta comunque sufficientemente accurato per i numeri di Darcy considerati, nonostante gli effetti viscosi, e quindi la formazione dello strato-limite fluidodinamico, vengano trascurati. I risultati delle simulazioni numeriche sono stati comparati con un modello analitico che prevede convezione forzata, dovuta al flusso di falda, attorno ad una sorgente di calore lineare ed infinita. Sono quindi state definite le regioni dello spazio e del tempo dove tale soluzione analitica è soggetta agli effetti della linearit`a della sorgente, sia nel caso di sonda singola, sia nel caso di campo-sonde. Sono inoltre state studiate le potenzialità dell’analisi del test di risposta termica come strumento per prevedere la spaziatura tra le sonde in funzione della portata del flusso dell’acqua di falda. I risultati suggeriscono che portate relativamente modeste, permettono una riduzione significativa della spazitura tra le sonde in direzione perpendicolare rispetto a quella di scorrimento dell’acqua di falda. Sfruttando l’analisi del test di risposta termica, è possibile stimare approssimativamente la distanza dalla sonda alla quale il disturbo di temperatura diventa trascurabile (distanza di influenza). Lo studio di questa distanza di influenza pu`o essere un utile strumento per la progettazione di sistemi dissipativi composti da sonde multiple, così come nelle aree con un’alta densità di impianti a sonda singola, al fine di ridurre la spaziatura tra le sonde, evitando allo stesso tempo l’insorgere di interferenze termiche tra sonde adiacenti. Inoltre è stato proposto un metodo grafico e speditivo per la stima della conducibilità idraulica del substrato tramite l’analisi del test di risposta termica. È stato presentato un esempio dell’applicazione di questa metodologia utilizzando sia dati sperimentali sia assunzioni plausibili di carattere idrologico e petrologico, quando non è stato possibile avvalersi di dati sperimentali. I risultati ottenuti sono in accordo con i valori di conducibilità idraulica proposti in letteratura per il tipo di substrato dell’esempio. Per poter verificare l’affidabilità di questo metodo, ulteriori studi e sviluppi sono sono necessari. Infatti, i grafici utilizzati nella procedura presentata in questa tesi, si riferiscono a specifiche condizioni della sonda (acqua di falda come materiale di riempimento) e sono inoltre basati su modelli bi-dimensionali (trascurando quindi gli effetti di fine-pozzo e il contributo della convezione naturale). Infine vengono forniti suggerimenti riguardo ulteriori studi che consentirebbero di migliorare e sviluppare ulteriormente le metodologie proposte.
XXVI Ciclo
1985
Lapp, Anthony. "Seasonal Variability of Groundwater Contribution to Watershed Discharge in Discontinuous Permafrost in the North Klondike River Valley, Yukon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32298.
Повний текст джерелаBushman, Michelle. "Contribution of Recharge Along Regional Flow Paths to Discharge at Ash Meadows, Nevada." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2386.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBarquin, Valle Luis Pablo. "Modeling shallow groundwater table contribution to soil water retention in the unsaturated zone of a calcareous soil of south Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025060.
Повний текст джерелаSmidt, Geerd Ahlrich [Verfasser]. "Mobility of fertiliser-derived uranium in arable soils and its contribution to uranium concentrations in groundwater and tap water / Geerd Ahlrich Smidt." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1035267578/34.
Повний текст джерелаGarnier, Frédéric. "Contribution à l’évaluation biogéochimique des impacts liés à l’exploitation géothermique des aquifères superficiels : expérimentations et simulations à l’échelle d’un pilote et d’installations réelles." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2079/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of shallow groundwater as heat source for heat pump is very coveted for air-conditioning of building or industrial facilities. Their intensive use during many years combined with the redeployment of the geothermal industry these last years, raise concerns about the safeguarding of the water resources. In such a context, the present study aims to evaluate the impact of local variations of temperature on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of groundwater systems on the basis of (I) field investigation and, (II) experiments on a pilot (named BIOTHERMEX) making it possible to reproduce, in perfectly supervised conditions, the effect of the propagation of a thermal plume in a reduced aquifer model. Within the temperature recorded on site, principal outcomes showed that thermal impacts are confined in the immediate vicinity of the installation, and were able to deteriorate, up to about ten degrees, the stenothermy of the groundwater systems. The evolution of the physicochemical parameters did not reveal any significant disturbances over the monitoring period, this being also predicted by hydrogeochemical modeling. On the other hand, a significant influence was raised about some microbiological indicators-descriptors (namely activity, diversity of the total microflora). Lastly, the experiments undertaken on the laboratory scale made it possible to finely apprehend the reactional behavior of the system and to define a critical temperature of re-injection beyond which, potential disorders are expected
Satchithanantham, Sanjayan. "Water management effects on potato production and the environment." American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22279.
Повний текст джерелаKara, Redha. "Mesures in situ des tres faibles perméabilités : contribution à l'amélioration des méthodes de mesure par expérimentation en vraie grandeur et modélisation numérique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL092N.
Повний текст джерелаPyett, Nicole Jean. "Physical measurements of groundwater contributions to a large lake." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54844.
Повний текст джерелаIrving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of (Okanagan)
Graduate
Berg, Aaron Andrew, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Urban impacts on a prairie groundwater system : estimation of anthropogenic contributions of water and potential effects on water table development." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 1997, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/65.
Повний текст джерелаxiii, 190 leaves : ill., maps ; 28 cm.
Berg, Aaron Andrew. "Urban impacts on a prairie groundwater system, estimation of anthropogenic contributions of water and potential effects on water table development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38429.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMcDonough, Hannah L. "Groundwater and Surface Water Contributions to Metals Loading in Bayhorse Creek at the Abandoned Ramshorn Mine Site Near Bayhorse, Idaho." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4163.
Повний текст джерелаTao, Jing Murowchick James B. "Identification of landscape and socioeconomic factors contributing to sediment contamination in urban streams and assessment of potential ecotoxicological effects a case study in Metropolitan Kansas City area /." Diss., UMK access, 2005.
Знайти повний текст джерела"A dissertation in geosciences and chemistry." Advisor: James B. Murowchick. Typescript. Vita. Description based on contents viewed June 26, 2006; title from "catalog record" of the print edition. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-245). Online version of the print edition.
Forstner, Tara. "Mapping aquifer stress, groundwater abstraction, recharge, and groundwater’s contribution to environmental flows in British Columbia." Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10467.
Повний текст джерелаGraduate
2019-10-25
"Influence of lakes and peatlands on groundwater contribution to Boreal streamflow." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-03-1031.
Повний текст джерелаPereira, Ana Carina Santos. "Contribution to environmental risk management of pesticides in agricultural areas of north vulnerable area of the Tejo." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/585.
Повний текст джерелаThis study was made to provide a better knowledge of the hazard of groundwater resources to pesticides, in agricultural ecosystems, mainly in maize and potato irrigated areas inserted in North Vulnerable zone of Tejo. The studies were developed in areas of high vulnerability to groundwater contamination. Surface and groundwater resources are intimately connected, with changes in one affecting the other. Due to the importance of the integration of ground and surface water, sampling was performed in Almonda river and “Dique dos Vinte” marsh. The registered pesticides for the main crops in the region were selected and considered to environmental modeling (model of Mackay, Bacci & Gaggi, GUS and EPRIP indices). Of the 26 pesticides and metabolites tested, three were detected in the both natural resources: atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, reaching a maximum concentration of 0.28, 1.73 and 0.21μg/L respectively. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with the Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius aquatic organisms. Toxicity effects were observed in the both natural resources. P. subcapitata was the most sensitive organism followed D. magna. This study highlights the need for a more conscientious management of the factors which determine the contamination of water resources with pesticides.
Bhagat, Himanshu. "Seasonal Isotopic Variability and Major Ion Chemistry of the Cauvery River Basin, Peninsular India." Thesis, 2019. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4427.
Повний текст джерелаMinistry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
Wang, Wei-Hong, and 王瑋宏. "Using hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to assess contribution of groundwater to stream water: A case study of Jing Mei Creek, Taipei." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b9zc5a.
Повний текст джерела國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系所
100
Use hydrogen and oxygen isotopes as a natural tracer to find how the groundwater bonding to the Jing Mei Creek and identify the source of spring pit in Jing Mei Creek. This study chooses three seasons to analyze. It is August of 2009 (summer), January of 2010 (winter), and May of 2010 (spring).Kind of the samples includes: stream, hole water of stream and hole water of spring pit. According to hydrogen and oxygen composition isotopes between the hole water of spring pit and stream, can be divided into three kinds of spring pits. The typeⅠ, its hole water''s isotope composition lighter than stream, infer that it came from the catchment area of the high altitude about 700m. The typeⅡ,the isotopes composition of hole water of spring pits is similar to the stream, means there is no groundwater to gush out , or the hole waters are not be caused by groundwater, such as due to activity of the fish. The typeⅢ, its isotope composition in hole water is heavier than stream, infer its groundwater came from the rain of the surface of Jing Mei Creek. Analyzing each types of the relative frequency in all the hole, it find that the typeⅡ is the most. These data suggest that the spring pits of Jing Mei Creek to be part of typeⅡ roughly. To calculate the percentage contribution of groundwater to Jing Mei Creek, using three component of the point method to the result of the summer when the groundwatercontribution to stream on Jing Mei about 27% in the winter can not have reasonable results, the springgroundwater contribution of about 34 % Jingmei Creek are the foothills of the groundwater contribution to the range area, inferred from the east due to the infiltration of surface water from the mountains; in the spring than in summer the proportion of groundwater contribution to thehigher summer rainfall, although many may be, but mostly heavy rain, the soil is easy to reach saturation infiltrationrate slows down, resulting in runoff volume, less the proportion of groundwater contribution, winter can not estimate the contribution of groundwater, because there is no winter springs pits appear, and the endpoint can’t have accurate source.
Stoor, R. W. "Groundwater contributions of methyl mercury to a Lake Superior watershed." 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50148317.html.
Повний текст джерелаTypescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).
Budge, Trevor Jones 1974. "Delineating contributing areas for karst springs using NEXRAD data and cross-correlation analysis." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17779.
Повний текст джерелаtext
Snatic, Jonathan Wells. "Identification and quantification of municipal water sources contributing to urban streamflow in the Austin, Texas area." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/22186.
Повний текст джерелаtext
Bursey, Kevin George. "Quantifying hydrological fluxes of contributing hillslopes in the Weatherley catchment, N. E. Cape, South Africa." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4964.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.
Adhikari, Bishwodeep. "The Contributions of Soil Moisture and Groundwater to Non-Rainfall Water Formation in the Namib Desert." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/20533.
Повний текст джерелаNon-rainfall waters such as fog and dew are considered as important source of water in drylands, and the knowledge of possible sources of its formation is very important to make future predictions. Prior studies have suggested the presence of radiation fog in drylands; however, its formation mechanism still remains unclear. There have been earlier studies on the effects of fog on soil moisture dynamics and groundwater recharge. On the contrary, no research has yet been conducted to understand the contribution of soil moisture and groundwater to fog formation. This study, therefore, for the first time intends to examine such possibility in a fog-dominated dryland ecosystem, the Namib Desert. The study was conducted at three sites representing two different land forms (sand dunes and gravel plains) in the Namib Desert. This thesis is divided into two parts: the first part examines evidences of fog formation through water vapor movement using field observations, and the second part simulates water vapor transport using HYDRUS-1D model. In the first part of the study, soil moisture, soil temperature and air temperature data were analyzed, and the relationships between these variables were taken as one of the key indicators for the linkage between soil water and fog formation. The analysis showed that increase in soil moisture generally corresponds to similar increase in air or soil temperature near the soil surface, which implied that variation in soil moisture might be the result of water vapor movement (evaporated soil moisture or groundwater) from lower depths to the soil surface. In the second part of the study, surface fluxes of water vapor were simulated using the HYDRUS-1D model to explore whether the available surface flux was sufficient to support fog formation. The actual surface flux and cumulative evaporation obtained from the model showed positive surface fluxes of water vapor. Based on the field observations and the HYDRUS-1D model results, it can be concluded that water vapor from soil layers and groundwater is transported through the vadose zone to the surface and this water vapor likely contributes to the formation of non-rainfall waters in fog-dominated drylands, like the Namib Desert.
Gonçalves, Patricia Andreia Oliveira. "Contributo para a tomada de decisão no uso sustentável de pesticidas em vinha. Avaliação do perigo de pesticidas em recursos hidricos do Alentejo central." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/582.
Повний текст джерелаThis study focused on the evaluation of how the traditional agricultural practices, namely pesticide application, are affecting the quality of ground and surface water, in vineyard ecosystems inserted in Alentejo, Portugal. The methodology adopted, following in an integrated approach, involved field and laboratory work, as well as an ecotoxicological characterisation, using environmental exposure models and environmental indicators. Every pesticide used in Portuguese vineyards was characterized, taking into account their physical-chemical properties, predicted environmental distribution, leaching potential, as well as the toxic effects to several organisms. This information aims to contribute to support decision making, in pesticide selection, considering vineyard ecosystems specific characteristics. To evaluate water exposure to pesticides, SPME and GC-MS techniques were adopted. Pesticides were detected in 10% of groundwater samples, and in 53% of surface water samples. The most frequently detected pesticide was terbuthylazine, with a maximum level of 0,24 μg/L in groundwater, and 4,50 μg/L in surface water. Microbiotests were used to evaluate toxic effects on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (algae) and Daphnia magna (crustacean). For both organisms selected, a maximum toxic effect of 100% was observed, in ground and surface water samples.