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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Ground Weather Radars"

1

Protat, Alain, Valentin Louf, Joshua Soderholm, Jordan Brook, and William Ponsonby. "Three-way calibration checks using ground-based, ship-based, and spaceborne radars." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-915-2022.

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Abstract. This study uses ship-based weather radar observations collected from research vessel Investigator to evaluate the Australian weather radar network calibration monitoring technique that uses spaceborne radar observations from the NASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM). Quantitative operational applications such as rainfall and hail nowcasting require a calibration accuracy of ±1 dB for radars of the Australian network covering capital cities. Seven ground-based radars along the western coast of Australia and the ship-based OceanPOL radar are first calibrated independently using GPM radar overpasses over a 3-month period. The calibration difference between the OceanPOL radar (used as a moving reference for the second step of the study) and each of the seven operational radars is then estimated using collocated, gridded, radar observations to quantify the accuracy of the GPM technique. For all seven radars the calibration difference with the ship radar lies within ±0.5 dB, therefore fulfilling the 1 dB requirement. This result validates the concept of using the GPM spaceborne radar observations to calibrate national weather radar networks (provided that the spaceborne radar maintains a high calibration accuracy). The analysis of the day-to-day and hourly variability of calibration differences between the OceanPOL and Darwin (Berrimah) radars also demonstrates that quantitative comparisons of gridded radar observations can accurately track daily and hourly calibration differences between pairs of operational radars with overlapping coverage (daily and hourly standard deviations of ∼ 0.3 and ∼ 1 dB, respectively).
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2

Lombardo, F., F. Napolitano, F. Russo, G. Scialanga, L. Baldini, and E. Gorgucci. "Rainfall estimation and ground clutter rejection with dual polarization weather radar." Advances in Geosciences 7 (February 16, 2006): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-7-127-2006.

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Abstract. Conventional radars, used for atmospheric remote sensing, usually operate at a single polarization and frequency to estimate storm parameters such as rainfallrate and water content. Because of the high variability of the drop size distribution conventional radars do not succeed in obtaining detailed information because they just use horizontal reflectivity. The potentiality of the dual-polarized weather radar is investigated, in order to reject the ground-clutter, using differential reflectivity. In this light, a radar meteorology campaign was conducted over the city of Rome (Italy), collecting measurements by the polarimetric Doppler radar Polar 55C and by a raingauge network. The goodness of the results is tested by comparison of radar rainfall estimates with raingauges rainfall measurements.
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3

Min, Chao, Sheng Chen, Jonathan J. Gourley, Haonan Chen, Asi Zhang, Yong Huang, and Chaoying Huang. "Coverage of China New Generation Weather Radar Network." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (June 16, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5789358.

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The China Meteorological Administration has deployed the China New Generation Weather Radar (CINRAD) network for severe weather detection and to improve initial conditions for numerical weather prediction models. The CINRAD network consists of 217 radars comprising 123 S-band and 94 C-band radars over mainland China. In this paper, a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and beam propagation simulations are used to compute radar beam blockage and evaluate the effective radar coverage over China. Results show that the radar coverage at a height of 1 km above ground level (AGL) is restricted in complex terrain regions. The effective coverage maps at heights of 2 km and 3 km AGL indicate that the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and North China Plain have more overlapping radar coverage than other regions in China. Over eastern China, almost all areas can be sampled by more than 2 radars within 5 km above mean sea level (MSL), but the radars operating in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau still suffer from serious beam blockage caused by intervening terrain. Overall, the radars installed in western China suffer from much more severe beam blockage than those deployed in eastern China. Maps generated in this study will inform users of the CINRAD data of their limitations for use in precipitation estimation, as inputs to other weather and hydrological models, and for satellite validation studies.
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4

Bestugin, A. R., M. B. Ryzhikov, and Iu A. Novikova. "The frequency range selection for airborne weather radar with the search for areas with the visibility of landmarks for flight and landing." Radio industry 28, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2018-28-3-8-17.

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A radar dome of a small aircraft can accommodate an antenna with a small aperture only. The energy potential and radiation parameters required for detection of hazardous weather events are thereby impaired. Mathematical modeling of the effect of wavelength change on the quality of radar meteorological forecast has been performed. Performance parameters of small-sized weather radars have been evaluated for enhancing the safety of the flights of small aircraft. Mathematics have been presented for comparing the efficiency of detecting dangerous thunderstorm areas with allowance for the signal reflection from the ground surface. The formula take into account the wavelength, the directional function of the antenna system, the radar reflectivity of the ground surface, the speed and altitude of flight. The efficiency of the weather radar with a small-sized antenna aperture operating in3 cmand8 mmwave lengths has been reviewed. The detection range of small aircraft radars with different wavelengths in different weather conditions has been determined. A flight envelope search mode is proposed with a possibility of visual orientation and landing in bad weather conditions. The mode is based on measuring the radar reflectivity of moisture targets.
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5

Qi, Youcun, and Jian Zhang. "Correction of Radar QPE Errors Associated with Low and Partially Observed Brightband Layers." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 6 (November 22, 2013): 1933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-040.1.

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Abstract The melting of aggregated snow/crystals often results in an enhancement of the reflectivity observed by weather radars, and this is commonly referenced as the bright band (BB). The locally high reflectivity often causes overestimation in radar quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) if no appropriate correction is applied. When the melting layer is high, a complete BB layer profile (including top, peak, and bottom) can be observed by the ground radar, and a vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) correction can be made to reduce the BB impact. When a melting layer is near the ground and the bottom part of the bright band cannot be observed by the ground radar, a VPR correction cannot be made directly from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar observations. This paper presents a new VPR correction method under this situation. From high-resolution precipitation profiler data, an empirical relationship between BB peak and BB bottom is developed. The empirical relationship is combined with the apparent BB peak observed by volume scan radars and the BB bottom is found. Radar QPEs are then corrected based on the estimated BB bottom. The new method was tested on 13 radars during seven low brightband events over different areas in the United States. It is shown to be effective in reducing the radar QPE overestimation under low brightband situations.
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6

Marzano, Frank S., Errico Picciotti, Mario Montopoli, and Gianfranco Vulpiani. "Inside Volcanic Clouds: Remote Sensing of Ash Plumes Using Microwave Weather Radars." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00160.1.

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Microphysical and dynamical features of volcanic tephra due to Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions can be quantitatively monitored by using ground-based microwave weather radars. The methodological rationale and unique potential of this remote-sensing technique are illustrated and discussed. Volume data, acquired by ground-based weather radars, are processed to automatically classify and estimate ash particle concentration and fallout. The physical– statistical retrieval algorithm is based on a backscattering microphysical model of fine, coarse, and lapilli ash particles, used within a Bayesian classification and optimal estimation methodology. The experimental evidence of the usefulness and limitations of radar acquisitions for volcanic ash monitoring is supported by describing several case studies of volcanic eruptions all over the world. The radar sensitivity due to the distance and the system noise, as well as the various radar bands and configurations (i.e., Doppler and dual polarized), are taken into account. The discussed examples of radar-derived ash concentrations refer to the case studies of the Augustine volcano eruption in 2002, observed in Alaska by an S-band radar; the Grímsvötn volcano eruptions in 2004 and 2011, observed in Iceland by C- and X-band weather radars and compared with in situ samples; and the Mount Etna volcano eruption in 2011, observed by an X-band polarimetric radar. These applications demonstrate the variety of radar-based products that can be derived and exploited for the study of explosive volcanism.
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7

Leinonen, Jussi, Dmitri Moisseev, Matti Leskinen, and Walter A. Petersen. "A Climatology of Disdrometer Measurements of Rainfall in Finland over Five Years with Implications for Global Radar Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 2 (February 2012): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-056.1.

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AbstractTo improve the understanding of high-latitude rain microphysics and its implications for the remote sensing of rainfall by ground-based and spaceborne radars, raindrop size measurements have been analyzed that were collected over five years with a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer located in Järvenpää, Finland. The analysis shows that the regional climate is characterized by light rain and small drop size with narrow size distributions and that the mutual relations of drop size distribution parameters differ from those reported at lower latitudes. Radar parameters computed from the distributions demonstrate that the high latitudes are a challenging target for weather radar observations, particularly those employing polarimetric and dual-frequency techniques. Nevertheless, the findings imply that polarimetric ground radars can produce reliable “ground truth” estimates for space observations and identify dual-frequency radars utilizing a W-band channel as promising tools for observing rainfall in the high-latitude climate.
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8

Louf, Valentin, Alain Protat, Robert A. Warren, Scott M. Collis, David B. Wolff, Surendra Raunyiar, Christian Jakob, and Walter A. Petersen. "An Integrated Approach to Weather Radar Calibration and Monitoring Using Ground Clutter and Satellite Comparisons." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 1 (January 2019): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0007.1.

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AbstractThe stability and accuracy of weather radar reflectivity calibration are imperative for quantitative applications, such as rainfall estimation, severe weather monitoring and nowcasting, and assimilation in numerical weather prediction models. Various radar calibration and monitoring techniques have been developed, but only recently have integrated approaches been proposed, that is, using different calibration techniques in combination. In this paper the following three techniques are used: 1) ground clutter monitoring, 2) comparisons with spaceborne radars, and 3) the self-consistency of polarimetric variables. These techniques are applied to a C-band polarimetric radar (CPOL) located in the Australian tropics since 1998. The ground clutter monitoring technique is applied to each radar volumetric scan and provides a means to reliably detect changes in calibration, relative to a baseline. It is remarkably stable to within a standard deviation of 0.1 dB. To obtain an absolute calibration value, CPOL observations are compared to spaceborne radars on board TRMM and GPM using a volume-matching technique. Using an iterative procedure and stable calibration periods identified by the ground echoes technique, we improve the accuracy of this technique to about 1 dB. Finally, we review the self-consistency technique and constrain its assumptions using results from the hybrid TRMM–GPM and ground echo technique. Small changes in the self-consistency parameterization can lead to 5 dB of variation in the reflectivity calibration. We find that the drop-shape model of Brandes et al. with a standard deviation of the canting angle of 12° best matches our dataset.
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9

Li, Yinguang, Guifu Zhang, Richard Doviak, and Darcy Saxion. "Scan-to-Scan Correlation of Weather Radar Signals to Identify Ground Clutter." Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE 10, no. 4 (February 2013): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226233.

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The scan-to-scan correlation method to discriminate weather signals from ground clutter, described in this letter, takes advantage of the fact that the correlation time of radar echoes from hydrometeors is typically much shorter than that from ground objects. In this letter, the scan-to-scan correlation method is applied to data from the WSR-88D, and its results are compared with those produced by the WSR-88D's ground clutter detector. A subjective comparison with an operational clutter detection algorithm used on the network of weather radars shows that the scan-to-scan correlation method produces a similar clutter field but presents clutter locations with higher spatial resolution.
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10

Hunzinger, Alexis, Joseph C. Hardin, Nitin Bharadwaj, Adam Varble, and Alyssa Matthews. "An extended radar relative calibration adjustment (eRCA) technique for higher-frequency radars and range–height indicator (RHI) scans." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 3147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3147-2020.

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Abstract. This study extends the relative calibration adjustment technique for calibration of weather radars to higher-frequency radars as well as range–height indicator (RHI) scans. The calibration of weather radars represents one of the most dominant sources of error for their use in a variety of fields including quantitative precipitation estimation and model comparisons. While most weather radars are routinely calibrated, the frequency of calibration is often less than required, resulting in miscalibrated time periods. While full absolute calibration techniques often require the radar to be taken offline for a period of time, there have been online calibration techniques discussed in the literature. The relative calibration adjustment (RCA) technique uses the statistics of the ground clutter surrounding the radar as a monitoring source for the stability of calibration but has only been demonstrated to work at S- and C-band for plan-position indicator (PPI) scans at a constant elevation. In this work the RCA technique is modified to work with higher-frequency radars, including Ka-band cloud radars. At higher frequencies the properties of clutter can be much more variable. This work introduces an extended clutter selection procedure that incorporates the temporal stability of clutter and helps to improve the operational stability of RCA for relatively higher-frequency radars. The technique is also extended to utilize range–height scans from radars where the elevation is varied rather than the azimuth. These types of scans are often utilized with research radars to examine the vertical structure of clouds. The newly extended technique (eRCA) is applied to four Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (DOE ARM) weather radars ranging in frequency from C- to Ka-band. Cross comparisons of three co-located radars with frequencies C, X, and Ka at the ARM Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (CACTI) site show that the technique can determine changes in calibration. Using an X-band radar at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site, we show how the technique can be modified to be more resilient to clutter fields that show increased variability, in this case due to sea clutter. The results show that this technique is promising for a posteriori data calibration and monitoring.
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Дисертації з теми "Ground Weather Radars"

1

Arshad, Irshad Ahmad. "Using statistical methods for automatic classifications of clouds in ground-based photographs of the sky." Thesis, University of Essex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250129.

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2

Jones, David C. "Validation of scattering microwave radiative transfer models using an aircraft radiometer and ground-based radar." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284065.

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3

BERTOLDO, SILVANO. "X-band mini weather radar network and other wireless sensor networks for environmental monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2535714.

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The main section of the present Ph. D. thesis is related to X-band radars. Since 2005 the Remote Sensing Group of Department of Electronics and Telecommunications of Politecnico di Torino developed an X-band mini weather radar as a standalone sensor to measure rain. Some early results have been presented until 2011 showing the proper functioning and it has been decided to realize an experimental and operative integrated network of X-band radar devoted to rain measurement. The network structure deployed during the Ph. D. period is presented, together with the analysis, the study and the realizations of some operative services, calibration procedures (including Quantitative Precipitation Estimation, QPE) and software and applications developed for the institutions which support the network realizations. The design of an innovative and low cost method to check the radar stability and proper functioning is presented: by simply acquiring a large number of ground clutter echoes during clear sky days and computing some analysis, it is shown it is possible to identify some statistical indicators that allow users and radar operators to know if the radar equipments suffered some degradations of failure. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). After a study on WSN technologies for environmental monitoring, a first developed prototypal DGPS network is presented. Using the same multipurpose node designed for such network (or its updated releases with very small differences) and varying only their firmware, other two prototypal and fully operative WSNs are described. The designed choices are described for what concern both hardware and software.
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4

Sindhu, Kapil Dev. "Characteristics of Convective Clouds Over the Indian Monsoon Zone from Weather Radar Data." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4144.

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Deep convective clouds play an important role in global energy balance through vertical transport of water vapor, momentum and energy, altering radiation and also influence hydrological cycle via precipitation. These clouds are organized mainly at Synoptic scale (~1000 km), Mesoscale (~100 km) and storm-scale (~10 km) and involve interactions from micro-scale (e.g., cloud condensation nuclei and droplets) to planetary scale. Physical processes associated with such clouds are the largest sources of uncertainty in atmospheric weather and climate models. Clouds involve rich physics and therefore, studying and understanding of convective clouds is an important research area in weather and climate sciences. In present work, the mesoscale and storm scales of convective cloud systems are addressed using spacebrone and ground based Doppler weather (conventional and polarimetric) radars. The work started with the analysis of cloud systems over Tibetan Plateau. These cloud systems are observed to be very deep in nature. After finding the underestimation of radar reflectivity especially in convective regime, analysis is further extended in entire latitudinal belt of 38°N-38°S. The coincident data collected with the precipitation radar (PR) onboard TRMM (Tropical Precipitation measuring Mission) satellite and profiling radar (CPR) onboard CloudSat satellite is used. It is shown the PR measures properties of convective part but it misses portions of the anvil part of mesoscale convective cloud systems (MCSs). CPR measures the full spatial extent of MCSs however its reflectivity values are very low due to the strong attenuation suffered by the radar beam while passing through a precipitating convective cloud. CPR beam gets attenuated severely during convective rain episodes especially below 6 km height. While going by their technical specification, we can expect substantial overlap in the radar reflectivity factor for convective clouds, very little overlap is observed. One should be very careful while drawing conclusions on the cloud characteristics measured with the PR and CPR. I felt that it is better to study the cloud properties using ground radars, hence, most of the results reported in the thesis are based on ground radar data. As part of the Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) program of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. India, India Meteorological Department (IMD) made available its Doppler weather radar (DWR) data for the years 2012 and 2013 to researchers within the country. Using IMD DWR data, life cycle of monsoonal MCSs over Indian monsoon zone and properties of storms embedded within MCSs are studied at five locations, namely, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Patiala and Delhi. Stages in the lifecycle of MCSs have been explored including convective area and precipitation fractions. It was observed that intense precipitation within an MCS is confined to several pockets having areas much smaller than that of an MCS. Those convective cells are called storms in this work. Storm is a precipitating convective cloud having a volume of more than 50 km3 of connected pixels with radar reflectivity factor of at least 30 dBZ. The results of storm properties are reported for the first time using the DWR data for the Indian subcontinent. It is observed that the growth phase of an MCS is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of storms. An MCS can have more than one growth and decay phases during its lifetime. MCS may contain few or large number of storms depending upon geographic location and life phase. Average area of storms varies from less than 20 to more than 250 km2, while average storm height lies typically between 6 and 10 km. In one extreme case, it is found even 17 km. Average convective precipitation fraction (CPF) is 40% or less, highest at Kolkata, Hyderabad, Patiala and Delhi (~40%) and the least at Nagpur (13%). Average convective area fraction (CAF) is less than 15% at all locations. The maximum CAF and CPF can go higher up to 45% and 90% respectively. The most intense convective clouds are observed over Patiala and Delhi where 30 dBZ radar echoes are found above 10 km. These locations lie near Himalayan foothills. According to previous studies, this region experiences intense convective systems due to high degree of potential instability caused by high moisture flux from low-level air flow from Arabian Sea to over foothills of Himalayas which interacts with extra moisture supplied from soil wetted from earlier precipitation. The vertical structure of MCSs is different at each radar location. These differences appear remarkably below 5 km and above 10 km altitudes. The final part of the thesis is based on the analysis of data from a polarimetric DWR located at Delhi. Using polarimetric DWR radar reflectivity data at Delhi (a land Indian region), the three prominent features of an MCS (Severe precipitation (below 4 km), melting band (at ~4 km) and anvil structures at higher altitudes (~12 km) are captured in vertical distributions of convective and stratiform echoes. Convective clouds are very deep over the Delhi region, many of them extended beyond 16 km. The typical storm duration is an hour while few exceed 3½ hours. Storms those have large average areas and long durations contribute more in precipitation amount. The average precipitation rate (R) of storms is estimated in between 5 and 34 mm hr-1. The total accumulated precipitation (Pacc) derived from polarimetric variable (Kdp) is as large as 250 mm in 6 days at Delhi. The cloud liquid water content (M) is derived using horizontal radar reflectivity (Zh, property of cloud volume observed by the radar beam which is which is proportional to the 6th moment of the diameter of hydrometeors) and specific differential phase (a measure of phase difference between horizontally and vertically polarized waves). The mean of cloud liquid water content derived from Zh (~1 gm m-3) is just half of that derived from Kdp. However, their maximum bound (~4.2 gm m-3) are found similar but have different frequencies. At each altitude, values of M vary largely which reflects the natural variability in clouds. One of the important finding is that the Pacc and M estimates are found to be more realistic when derived using polarimetric variable.
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5

Mosier, Richard Matthew. "Radar-Derived Forecasts of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Over Houston, Texas." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-12-7263.

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Ten years (1997 - 2006) of summer (June, July, August) daytime (14 - 00 Z) Weather Surveillance Radar - 1988 Doppler data for Houston, TX were examined to determine the best radar-derived lightning forecasting predictors. Convective cells were tracked using a modified version of the Storm Cell Identification and Tracking (SCIT) algorithm and then correlated to cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Combinations of three radar reflectivity values (30, 35, and 40 dBZ) at four isothermal levels (-10, -15, -20, and updraft -10 degrees C) and a new radar-derived product, vertically integrated ice (VII), were used to optimize a radar-based lightning forecast algorithm. Forecasts were also delineated by range and the number of times a cell was identified and tracked by the modified SCIT algorithm. This study objectively analyzed 65,399 unique cells, and 1,028,510 to find the best lightning forecast criteria. Results show that using 30 dBZ at the -20 degrees C isotherm on cells within 75 km of the radar that have been tracked for at least 2 consecutive scan produces the best forecasts with a critical success index (CSI) of 0.71. The best VII predictor was 0.734 kg m-2 on cells within 75 km of the radar that have been tracked for at least 2 consecutive scans producing a CSI of 0.68. Results of this study further suggest that combining the radar reflectivity and VII methods can result in a more accurate lightning forecast than either method alone.
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6

LEONI, LORENZO. "Shallow landslides triggered by rainfall: integration between ground-based weather radar and slope stability models in near-real time." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/547918.

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7

Fotheringham, T. J. "Comparison of geophysical techniques to determine depth to bedrock in complex weathered environments of the Mount Crawford region, South Australia." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/100086.

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This item is only available electronically.
Geophysical techniques have the ability to characterise the subsurface and define the depth to bedrock. The non-destructive nature and relatively cheap costs of geophysical surveying compared to drilling make it an attractive tool for subsurface analysis. Many studies have utilized geophysics to interpret soil features such as clay content, water content, salinity, textural properties and bulk density. Further work has been done to map the regolith-bedrock boundary. Previous work has been conducted in the Mount Crawford region using remote sensing based techniques to determine depth to bedrock. Comparisons between the effectiveness of different geophysical techniques at determining depth to bedrock have not previously been undertaken in similar environments. Fieldwork was undertaken along three transects chosen to represent different geological environments. Three geophysical apparatus were compared: Electrical Resistivity (ER), Frequency Domain EM (FDEM) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). A simultaneous soil sampling program was conducted to provide ground truthing. The work in this study reveals the strengths and weakness of the three geophysical techniques at determining depth to bedrock in complex weathered environments of the Mount Crawford region, South Australia. The study reveals differences in the responses of the three geophysical techniques at each of the transects. The GPR was found to be largely unsuitable due to rapid attenuation of the signal. Resistivity and FDEM appeared to show similar variations in the models generated, with differences in the resolution and depth of investigation relating to intrinsic differences between the two systems. Qualitative analysis of the data suggests resistivity provides the strongest correlations with drill refusal depths. The FDEM appeared to display similar trends to the resistivity data and the system offers faster data acquisition, however the inverted model displays lower resolution. The data suggests that bedrock along the surveyed transects is highly weathered and relatively conductive compared to overlying regolith.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2013
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Книги з теми "Ground Weather Radars"

1

Hinton, David A. Airborne derivation of microburst alerts from ground-based terminal doppler weather radar information: A flight evaluation. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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2

A Comparison of Horizontal Cloud-To-Ground Lightning Flash Distance Using Weather Surveillance Radar And The Distance Between Successive Flashes Method. Storming Media, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Ground Weather Radars"

1

van Gorp, Jacques J. "Ground Clutter Reduction During Rain Measurements by a Noncoherent Radar System." In Weather Radar Networking, 228–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0551-1_26.

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2

Baldini, Luca, Nicoletta Roberto, Mario Montopoli, and Elisa Adirosi. "Ground-Based Weather Radar to Investigate Thunderstorms." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation, 113–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72583-3_4.

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3

Zhang, Shuai, Jian-xin He, and Zhao Shi. "Ground Clutter Analysis and Suppression of Airborne Weather Radar." In Electrical Engineering and Control, 543–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21765-4_66.

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Williams, John K., and Gregory Meymaris. "Remote Turbulence Detection Using Ground-Based Doppler Weather Radar." In Aviation Turbulence, 149–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23630-8_7.

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Marzano, Frank S. "Weather Radar Remote Sensing of Volcanic Ash Clouds for Aviation Hazard and Civil Protection Applications." In Integrated Ground-Based Observing Systems, 189–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12968-1_11.

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Rukundo, Wellen. "Ionospheric Electron Density and Electron Content Models for Space Weather Monitoring." In Magnetosphere and Solar Winds, Humans and Communication. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103079.

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Monitoring and prediction of space weather phenomena and associated effects requires an understanding of the ionospheric response related to ionospheric electron content and electron density redistribution. These ionospheric response effects to space weather over time have been quantified by ground station measurements (ionosondes, radars, and GPS), satellite and rocket measurements, and estimations from ionospheric models. However, the progressive development of ionospheric models has had inconsistences in trying to describe the redistribution of electron density in response to extreme space weather conditions. In this chapter, we review and discuss the recent developments, progress, improvements, and existing challenges in the developed ionospheric models for prediction and forecasting space weather events and the need for continuous validation. The utilization of deep learning and neural network techniques in developing more flexible, reliable, and accurate data-driven ionospheric models for space weather prediction is also discussed. We also emphasized the roles of International and national Organizations like COSPAR, URSI, ITU, CCIR, and other research and education institutions in supporting and maintaining observatories for real-time monitoring and measurements of ionospheric electron density and TEC.
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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Precipitation Rate." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0011.

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Accurate rainfall measurements are required, usually over broad areas because of the natural variability of rain. Coverage of a large area can be achieved using many distributed point measurement instruments or a remote sensor with large areal coverage, such as radar, or both. This chapter describes several methods for measuring precipitation, both liquid and frozen types. Point measurements, e.g., rain gauges, are emphasized although a section on weather radar is included because this is a very important method of estimating precipitation. Precipitation rate could be specified as the mass flow rate of liquid or solid water across a horizontal plane per unit time: Mw in kg m-2 s-1. Water density is a function of temperature but that can be ignored in this context; then the volume flow rate, or precipitation rate, becomes R = Mw/pw in m s-1 or, more conveniently, in units of mm hr-1 or mm day-1. Precipitation rate is the depth to which a flat horizontal surface would have been covered per unit time if no water were lost by run-off, evaporation, or percolation. Precipitation rate is the quantity used in all applications but, in many cases, the unit of time is not specified, being understood for the application, commonly per day or per storm period. Some gauges measure precipitation, rain, snow and other frozen particles, while others measure only rain. Rainfall can be measured using point measurement techniques which involve measuring a collected sample of rain or measuring some property of the falling rain such as its optical effects. The other general technique is to use remote sensing, usually radar, to estimate rainfall over a large area. Both ground-based and space-based radars are used for rain measurement. A precipitation gage (US) or gauge (elsewhere) could be a simple open container on the ground to collect rain, snow, and hail. However, this is not a practical method for estimating the amount of precipitation because of the need to avoid wind effects, enhance accuracy and resolution, and make a measurement representative of a large area. These issues will be discussed in sect. 9.2.1.6.
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Valero, Mario M., Amanda Makowiecki, Alan Brewer, Craig B. Clements, Neil P. Lareau, Adam K. Kochanski, and Edward Strobach. "The California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE): Developing Validation Data Sets for Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Simulations." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 388–93. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_62.

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The California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE) is a 6-week study of wildfire behavior and its response to spatially and temporally evolving wind fields in California, USA. It is the result of a partnership between the Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center (WIRC) at San Jose State University (SJSU) and University of Nevada, Reno. A Twin Otter aircraft will be instrumented and flown over landscape-scale wildfires in California between August 14 and September 30, 2022. Onboard instrumentation includes (i) a scanning Doppler lidar system capable of measuring vertical profiles of 3D wind speed and turbulence, (ii) a multispectral infrared imaging system designed to remotely sense fire behavior, (iii) NightFox fire radiative power sensors (iv) AIMMS probe to measure flight-level winds, temperature, and water vapor content, and (v) Chemistry instruments to sample flight level NOX , NOY, O3, CO and GHG. Airborne measurements will be complemented with ground-based mobile scanning radars and lidars, which will be positioned around the fire to characterize the spatial structure and internal dynamics of the smoke plume. This combination of sensors will provide a unique opportunity to characterize landscape-scale wildfire behavior, fire weather and fire atmospheric chemistry in a synchronized manner. We expect that the datasets resulting from this experiment will have a broad applicability in fundamental fire dynamics studies, fire model validation exercises and the calibration of spaceborne remote sensing fire observations.
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Dave, Divyang, Rajeev Kumar Gupta, Santosh Kumar Bharti, and Ved Prakash Singh. "Role of Meteorological Satellites and Radar in Weather Forecasting." In Artificial Intelligence of Things for Weather Forecasting and Climatic Behavioral Analysis, 16–31. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3981-4.ch002.

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Because of global warming, pollution, and many other factors, the environment is changing at an alarming rate. Accurate forecasting can assist people in making appropriate plans for activities such as harvesting, traveling, aviation, etc. Satellites and radar have been increasingly popular in weather forecasting over the previous few decades. The information collected by the satellite and radar can be used to monitor climate movement, track hurricanes, and give barometrical estimations that can be turned into mathematical climate expectation (NWP) models for exact forecasting. Currently, more than 160 meteorological satellites are located in orbit, which generates approximately 80 million observations every day. This chapter discusses several meteorological satellites which are used to extract weather pattern. For the time being, the results of Observation System Simulation Studies (OSSE) utilising satellite information are presented in order to demonstrate the relationship between perceptions from satellite sensors and ground-based sensors.
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Ferreiro, Larrie D. "Fight on the Landing Grounds." In Churchill's American Arsenal, C4—C4.P71. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554012.003.0004.

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Abstract Getting bombers and their escorting fighters to their targets over Europe was only half the battle; those aircraft still had to return through heavy weather to their home bases in Britain, and not be shot down by friendly forces in doing so. This chapter begins by describing how the Allies developed a new system, called Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), which allowed radar operators to distinguish Allied aircraft from enemy planes. It then describes a series of navigation and landing devices that permitted Allied aircraft to operate more securely at night and in heavy overcast. It then describes how a jointly developed radio beacon, named Eureka/Rebecca, became crucial for dropping special operations agents, commandos, and paratroopers behind enemy lines.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Ground Weather Radars"

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Kubota, Takuji, Yoichi Saito, Kinji Furukawa, Sambit Kumar Panda, Bipasha Paul Shukla, and Atul Kumar Varma. "Evaluations of Ground-Based Weather Radars Over the India with the Spaceborne Precipitation Radar." In IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9883885.

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2

Borron, Steven E., and Martin P. Derby. "Ground Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Combined With a Critical Slope Monitoring Program Will Provide Early Detection of Slope Movement Along Pipeline Corridors." In ASME-ARPEL 2019 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2019-5333.

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Abstract The transition of satellite InSAR technology to a ground-based system provides a proven risk reduction technology if combined with a critical slope monitoring (CSM) program. Together the technology with the active engagement of a defined program can detect the onset of slope displacement, acceleration, and provide a method to determine slope collapse. Recently, using the radar software, Guardian, and its ability to document surface velocity in intervals of 24-hours or less has allowed for the development of site-specific levels of rockfall risk. The ground-based InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) systems and their near real-time capabilities allow for proactive and early warning monitoring. The technical requirements include the ability to operate 24/7 in all weather conditions, acquire data in near real-time, and visually present data in an interpretable format that requires no end user processing. Since slope failure without acceleration is unlikely, the rapid visual presentation of processed data becomes a crucial component for a CSM technology. The definition of the CSM program not only requires short intervals for data acquisition, processing, and visual presentation but also requires a monitoring professional that can interpret and communicate changes in slope movement. A specific CSM technology requirement demands, acquiring data at a continuous interval of 2-minutes or less, 24 hours per day for the duration of the monitoring project. Also, the CSM technology must be able to transmit alarm messages at the moment thresholds are met, visually present data with various time series plots, including displacement, and velocity maps while acquired radar data is continuously updated and with no end-user processing. A site-specific document called a trigger action response plan (TARP) needs to be prepared at the start of any CSM project. Currently, only the IBIS-FM and ArcSAR radars developed by IDS (Ingegneria Dei Sistemi) GeoRadar can meet the technical requirements of the defined CSM technology. During a CSM program, the short interval between each data acquisition provides two specific advantages. First, the short acquisition interval decreases interpolation, which automatically increases data confidence. Second, the short intervals also decrease the effects of atmospheric changes that are a part of all data acquisitions. Although the IBIS-FM and ArcSAR radar systems can operate in nearly all-weather conditions, sudden changes in local atmospheric conditions can still exhibit data effects. Both radar systems include active proprietary algorithms that account for ongoing atmospheric changes during acquisitions. In comparison, some remote sensing data acquired from, LIDAR, and total station technologies can be critically affected by sudden changes in local atmospheric conditions. Combining the near real-time capabilities of an interferometric synthetic aperture radar system with a dedicated professional will decrease risk to people and property by allowing slope movement trends to be identified and observed in near real-time, 24-hours per/day. The paper will discuss the highlights of several successful CSM programs. We describe deployment versatility, the ability to identify the onset of displacement accurately, and the critical identification of the onset of acceleration.
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Juan Qin, Renbiao Wu, Zhigang Su, and Xiaoguang Lu. "Ground clutter censoring for airborne weather radar employing DEM." In 2011 IEEE CIE International Conference on Radar (Radar). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cie-radar.2011.6159940.

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4

Zhang, Shuna, Ling Wang, Daiyin Zhu, and Ye Zhou. "Ground Clutter Suppression for Weather Radar Using An Improved Wavelet Method." In 2021 CIE International Conference on Radar (Radar). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar53847.2021.10028558.

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5

Slavík, Martin, and Ondřej Vaculín. "Concept of Mission Control System for IN2Lab testing field for Automated Driving." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-acm-119.

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"Automated driving brings very high demands on all vehicle systems. In order to meet these requirements, automated vehicles are equipped with various vehicle sensors to collect information about the actual vehicle environment. Current systems are based on data acquired by in-vehicle sensors, such as radar, lidar and camera, which generate a comprehensive environment model where an automated vehicle locates. The sensors differ in their technical performance parameters such as range, resolution, reliability, sensitivity and robustness. The use of heterogeneous sensors allows the technologies to complement each other in terms of their technical properties. The overall safety level is increased by information from several sensors by means of sensor fusion. Assessment errors of the on-board sensors may occur despite the continuous improvement and optimisation of measurements and fusion. Systems under development are especially prone to these errors. Such issues reduce the reliability and trustworthiness of the whole system. These errors, either from sensors or evaluation algorithms and sensor fusion, should be identified during the development of automated driving functions. Virtual driving tests, proving ground tests and, in later development phases, driving tests in real traffic (field tests) serve this purpose. The filed tests in real traffic are crucial for the validation of automated driving systems. Only the real environmental conditions offer a variety of driving situations to prove the safety of automated vehicles. However, the test vehicles in a traffic flow must under no circumstances worsen road safety and put other road users at risk. The project IN2Lab aims to increase the overall test field safety by an infrastructure based safety system installed along a test field. It consists of sensors, C2X communication and mission control centre. This paper presents a concept of Mission Control System. The system provides additional information about traffic flow, obstacles or weather conditions based on data from infrastructure to connected vehicles. Cameras, radars, lidars and C2X roadside units installed along the public test filed to collect data about the traffic flow. The fundamental functionality of the system is the monitoring of traffic flow and object classification. An additional safety value is a quasi-real-time data processing provides relevant information feedback about dynamic and static objects along the test filed to connected vehicles, especially to automated vehicles. These vehicles can use the information to improve their environmental perception confidence or to plan driving manoeuvers."
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Rachkov, Dmytro S., David I. Lekhovytskiy, Andrii V. Semeniaka, Viacheslav P. Riabukha, and Dmytro V. Atamanskiy. "Lattice-filter-based ground clutter canceller for pulse Doppler weather radar." In 2014 15th International Radar Symposium (IRS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irs.2014.6869251.

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Li, Yinguang, Guifu Zhang, and Richard J. Doviak. "A new approach to detect the ground clutter mixed with weather echoes." In 2011 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2011.5960612.

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Renbiao Wu, Hai Li, and Yanfei Han. "Adaptive ground clutter suppression for airborne weather radar based on echoes power." In IET International Radar Conference 2013. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.0313.

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Falconi, Marta Tecla, Mario Montopoli, Frank Silvio Marzano, and Luca Baldini. "Weather radar performance monitoring using a metallic-grid ground-scatterer." In Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, edited by Claudia Notarnicola, Nazzareno Pierdicca, and Emanuele Santi. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2282163.

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Echevarria, Santiago, Jorge Cogo, and Juan Pablo Pascual. "Goodness-of-fit Based Weather Radar Ground Clutter Model Selection." In 2019 XVIII Workshop on Information Processing and Control (RPIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rpic.2019.8882182.

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