Статті в журналах: "Ground Water Storage"

1

Šútor, J., M. Gomboš, M. Kutílek, and M. Krejča. "Soil water regime estimated from the soil water storage monitored in time." Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (June 30, 2008): S139—S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2008-swr.

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During the vegetation season, the water storage in the soil aeration zone is influenced by meteorological phenomena and by the vegetated cover. If the groundwater table is in contact with the soil profile, its contribution to water storage must be considered. This impact can be either monitored directly or the mathematical model of the soil moisture regime can be used to simulate it. We present the results of monitoring soil water content in the aeration zone of the East Slovakian Lowland. The main problem is the evaluation of the soil water storage in seasons and in years in the soil profile. Until now, classification systems of the soil water regime evaluation have been mainly based upon climatological factors and soil morphology where the classification has been realized on the basis of indirect indicators. Here, a new classification system based upon quantified data sets is introduced and applied for the measured data. The system considers the degree of accessibility of soil water to plants, including the excess of soil water related to the duration for those characteristic periods. The time span is hierarchically arranged to differentiate between the dominant water storage periods and short-term fluctuations. The lowest taxonomic units characterize the vertical fluxes over time periods. The system allows the comparison of soil water regime taxons over several years and under different types of vegetative cover, or due to various types of land use. We monitored soil water content on two localities, one with a deep ground water level, one with a shallow ground water level. The profile with a shallow ground water level keeps a more uniform taxons and subtaxons of soil water regime due to the crop variation than the profile with a deep ground water level.

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2

Guymon, Gary L., and Michael R. Welch. "Reclaimed Wastewater Storage in Ground‐water Basins." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 116, no. 3 (May 1990): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1990)116:3(305).

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3

Zhao, Tianxing, Yan Zhu, Jingwei Wu, Ming Ye, Wei Mao, and Jinzhong Yang. "Quantitative Estimation of Soil-Ground Water Storage Utilization during the Crop Growing Season in Arid Regions with Shallow Water Table Depth." Water 12, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 3351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123351.

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Water storage in unsaturated and saturated zones during the crop non-growing season is one of the important supplementary water resources to meet crop water requirements in arid areas with shallow water table depth. It is necessary to analyze utilization of the soil-ground water storage during the crop growing season and its attribution to irrigation during the non-growing season. To facilitate the analysis, a new method based on measurements of soil moisture content and water table depth is developed. The measurements used in this study include (1) 15-year data of soil moisture content within a depth of 1 m from the land surface and water table depth measured in Jiefangzha, including its four subareas and (2) 4-year data of the same kind in Yonglian, located in arid northern China. The soil-ground water storage utilization is calculated as the difference of water storage between the beginning and end of the crop growing season in the whole computational soil profile. The results of average soil-ground water storage utilization in Jiefangzha and its four subareas and Yonglian are 121 mm, 126 mm, 113 mm, 124 mm, 185 mm and 117 mm, and the corresponding average utilization efficiencies in the non-growing season are 32.2%, 32.5%, 31.5%, 31.6%, 57.3% and 47.6%, respectively. Further, the water table fluctuation method was used to estimate the variation in water storage. The coefficients of soil-ground water storage utilization, soil-ground water storage utilization below 1 m soil depth and ground water utilization are defined, and their average values are 0.271, 0.111 and 0.026 in Jiefangzha, respectively. Then, the contribution of soil-ground water storage utilization to actual evapotranspiration is evaluated, which are over 23.5% in Jiefangzha and Yonglian. These results indicate that the soil-ground water storage plays an important role in the ecological environment in arid areas with shallow water table depth.

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4

Lefkoff, L. Jeffrey, and Donald R. Kendall. "Yields from Ground-Water Storage for California State Water Project." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 122, no. 1 (January 1996): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1996)122:1(72).

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5

van der Merwe, Venessa, Stacey Duvenage, and Lise Korsten. "Comparison of biofilm formation and water quality when water from different sources was stored in large commercial water storage tanks." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 1 (December 3, 2012): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.014.

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Rain-, ground- and municipal potable water were stored in low density polyethylene storage tanks for a period of 90 days to determine the effects of long-term storage on the deterioration in the microbial quality of the water. Total viable bacteria present in the stored water and the resultant biofilms were enumerated using heterotrophic plate counts. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Colilert-18® tests were performed to determine if the faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli was present in the water and in the biofilm samples collected throughout the study. The municipal potable water at the start of the study was the only water source that conformed to the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Domestic Use. After 15 days of storage, this water source had deteriorated microbiologically to levels considered unfit for human consumption. E. coli was detected in the ground- and potable water and ground- and potable biofilms periodically, whereas it was detected in the rainwater and associated biofilms at every sampling point. Imperfections in the UV resistant inner lining of the tanks were shown to be ecological niches for microbial colonisation and biofilm development. The results from the current study confirmed that long-term storage can influence water quality and increase the number of microbial cells associated with biofilms on the interior surfaces of water storage tanks.

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6

Alley, William M. "Another Water Budget Myth: The Significance of Recoverable Ground Water in Storage." Ground Water 45, no. 3 (May 2007): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00274.x.

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7

Mould, Kevin, Gregory DeMarco, and Robert Frederick. "IS GROUND WATER PROTECTED AGAINST RELEASES FROM ABOVEGROUND STORAGE FACILITIES?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 992–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-992.

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ABSTRACT Growing concern about the threat to our nation's ground water from leaking above-ground oil storage facilities has prompted a reevaluation of regulatory and nonregulatory programs to prevent such contamination. Government and industry have begun efforts to address this concern.

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8

Al-Haddad, Amer Hassan, and Zainab Kadhim Jabal. "Evaluating the Recharge of Ground Water within Al-Wand River Basin." Journal of Engineering 22, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.12.06.

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The estimation of recharge to ground water is the important basics to improve the use of ground water with other available resources, and to save ground water resource from depletion, especially when using large quantity of ground water during a long time such as for agricultural purposes. Al-Wand River Basin in Iraq suffers from water shortage of its requirement of Blajo–Al-Wand Project, and to cover this shortage, the ground water plays a good role to overcome this problem. In this study, three methods were used to estimate the recharge and ground water storage for Al-Wand Basin, these methods are: Water Table Fluctuation (WTF), Water Balance of Climatic for Basin, and Water Table Balance for Basin. The results showed differences between the methods used to estimate recharging and ground storage for this basin. The approximated values between drawl water from production wells and water balance of climate for basin method make it better the other methods, which the difference percentage was large with drawls water. Also, classifying the methods by assumptions found make (WTF) better method, because it contains less assumptions compared to the other methods.

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9

Giri, Vedanti Arunkumar. "Artificial Ground Water Recharge Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54612.

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bstract: Artificial groundwater recharge aims at increasing the groundwater storage by modifying the natural movement of surface water with the help of suitable structures. It is a well-planned human endeavour to increase the amount of groundwater available through structures designed to increase the natural recharge or percolation of surface water into the water table, resulting in an improvement in the amount of groundwater available for withdrawal. The main objective of this technology is to conserve and augment groundwater resources in various parts of India, which includes maintaining or diverting floodwaters, controlling saltwater intrusion, storing water to reduce pumping, and improving groundwater quality by merging with naturally occurring groundwater. In areas where artificial recharge of groundwater is required, a variety of methods can be used, including water spreading, recharge pits and wells, and many other alternatives. The choice of methods generally depends on topographic, geologic, and soil conditions, the quantity and quality of water available for recharge, and the technical and financial feasibility and social acceptability of the measure. This paper discusses various recharge methods and several issues related to artificial recharge of groundwater

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10

Matthews, Christine A. "USING GROUND WATER BASINS AS STORAGE FACILITIES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 27, no. 5 (October 1991): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb01482.x.

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11

Zhao, Yingkui, Chen Wu, and XiuQing Zhang. "Palaeochannels and ground-water storage on the North China Plain." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 163, no. 1 (1999): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.163.01.18.

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12

Pendke, M. S., and D. P. Waskar. "Studies on Water Balance and Groundwater Budgeting in Godawari-Purna Sub-basin." Journal of Agriculture Research and Technology 47, no. 01 (2022): 08–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56228/jart.2022.47102.

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The Godawari-Purna sub basin is located between 76°36' to 77°59' E and 19°07' to 19°17' N with an area of 34413.87 ha falls in assured rainfall region. The basin boundary was updated using the updated drainage and terrain information from high resolution satellite data of LISS-IV using GIS tool. Based on the last 30 years rainfall records, the runoff potential was estimated using SCS curve number method. Marathwada region of Maharashtra state has always been a water deficit area which calls for immediate remedial measures to address the critical water resources situation in the region. The entire Godawari-Purna sub basin (GP sub basin) is hard rock terrain. It suffers from growing water scarcity, which is aggravated by frequent droughts. The various water balance components viz. soil moisture storage, ground water recharge and surface storage were estimated for the GP basin. Similarly, the input from the rainfall was also worked out. The various losses such as runoff, evaporation from water bodies were estimated and accordingly the water available in the basin was estimated. The estimated values of ground water recharge were considered for water balance analysis. The surface water storage in each sub basin was estimated considering the water storage area as per satellite image and thus the storage volume was estimated. Combining the soil moisture storage, surface water storage and ground water recharge, water availability was estimated for each sub basin. The surface runoff was estimated by water balance method considering the rainfall volume and losses in each sub basin. Water balance study reflected that sub-catchment No. I, IV, VI and VIII of GP sub basin are under total water deficit and require urgent attention for water management to meet out the water deficit

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13

Zhang, Yi, and Dong Ming Guo. "Effect of Cold Energy Storage of Single-Well Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Sanhejian Coal Mine." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1433.

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Effective implementation of technology of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) must form a "ground cold water reservoir" or "ground warm reservoir". In this paper, taking Sanhejian Coal Mine as an example, we analyze the effect of cold energy storage in single-well by analyzing the volume change of cold water body within different temperature ranges. Through the analysis of volume change of cold water body, it can prove that with the same irrigation temperature, the increase of irrigation flow makes the volume and percentage of cold water body in aquifer within different temperature ranges. And the impact on the cold water of 2-5°C is more obvious. With the same irrigation flow, both the cold water body and its percentage of 2-10°C in the condition of 2°C irrigation temperature are more than those in the condition of 5°C. The increase of irrigation flow and the decrease of irrigation temperature are beneficial to cold energy storage, and the effect of cold energy storage of the condition 3 (100m3/h irrigation flow and 2°C irrigation temperature) is the best in these four conditions.

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14

Abdalla, A. I., and A. J. Feilzer. "Two-year Water Degradation of Self-etching Adhesives Bonded to Bur Ground Enamel." Operative Dentistry 34, no. 6 (January 1, 2009): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/09-020-l.

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Clinical Relevance All the adhesives tested showed no difference in bond strength after 24-hours of water storage. After two years of water storage, the bonds produced by some self-etch adhesives were significantly reduced.

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15

Bhargava, Kapilesh, A. K. Ghosh, and S. Ramanujam. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of a Water Storage Structure." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 4 (June 24, 2005): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2043204.

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Probabilistic seismic risk assessment (PSRA) of a structure is essential to identify the seismic vulnerability of structural members associated with the different stages of damage. Seismic fragility evaluation is a widely accepted approach to develop seismic vulnerability information for the structures. The present paper is concerned with the seismic response and fragility evaluation of a water storage structure. Seismic analysis has been carried out considering the hydrodynamic effects of the contained water. For seismic fragility evaluation, the various parameters that could affect the seismic structural response have been identified as material strength of concrete, structural damping available within the structure, and the normalized ground motion response spectral shape. Based on this limited case study, the seismic fragility of the structure is developed as families of conditional probability curves plotted as a function of peak ground acceleration at the location of interest. The paper presents the method adopted for the seismic fragility evaluation that incorporates the various randomness and uncertainty associated with the parameters under consideration. Typical results of fragility have been presented for different stresses, i.e., corresponding to the different modes of failure. The results of the fragility study show that the seismic structural response at the location of interest is quite sensitive to the randomness and uncertainty associated with the variable parameters considered in the present study. These results will be useful for PSRA studies.

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16

Hudak, Paul F. "A method for monitoring ground water quality near waste storage facilities." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 30, no. 2 (April 1994): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00545622.

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17

Rijsberman, F., and J. Harlin. "Workshop 5 (synthesis): cascading effective water use in catchment systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 8 (April 1, 2005): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0246.

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18

Cuesta-Valero, Francisco José, Hugo Beltrami, Almudena García-García, Gerhard Krinner, Moritz Langer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Jan Nitzbon, et al. "Continental heat storage: contributions from the ground, inland waters, and permafrost thawing." Earth System Dynamics 14, no. 3 (May 16, 2023): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-609-2023.

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Abstract. Heat storage within the Earth system is a fundamental metric for understanding climate change. The current energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere causes changes in energy storage within the ocean, the atmosphere, the cryosphere, and the continental landmasses. After the ocean, heat storage in land is the second largest term of the Earth heat inventory, affecting physical processes relevant to society and ecosystems, such as the stability of the soil carbon pool. Here, we present an update of the continental heat storage, combining for the first time the heat in the land subsurface, inland water bodies, and permafrost thawing. The continental landmasses stored 23.8 ± 2.0 × 1021 J during the period 1960–2020, but the distribution of heat among the three components is not homogeneous. The sensible diffusion of heat through the ground accounts for ∼90 % of the continental heat storage, with inland water bodies and permafrost degradation (i.e. latent heat) accounting for ∼0.7 % and ∼9 % of the continental heat, respectively. Although the inland water bodies and permafrost soils store less heat than the solid ground, we argue that their associated climate phenomena justify their monitoring and inclusion in the Earth heat inventory.

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19

Al-Dulaimi, Ali M., and Ayser M. Al- Shammaa. "Water Balance for the Euphrates Aquifer, South of Haditha District, Al-Anbar Governorate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1222, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1222/1/012031.

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Abstract Groundwater balance calculation was carried for the Euphrates aquifer extended in the southern parts of Haditha district within Al-Anbar Governorate, where the Euphrates aquifer in this area is considered as unconfined with a flow direction towards the Euphrates River. The yearly recharge quantity for the Western Desert catchment-basin (1664.19 ×106 m3/year); whilst the ground-water quantity that intervenes study area (1155926.53 m3/ year), as regenerated storativity. The quantity of consumed ground-water in the area through the present study (423567.36 m3/year) for both industrial and domestic uses. Therefore, the quantity of the ground-water storage change (ΔS) you will be (732359.17 m3/year). It is obviously that there is an increase in the continual storativity and the regenerated storage is sufficient to cover the water requirement.

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20

Zhao, Zhuo, Xiaowei Lu, Yu Guo, and Xiaofeng Zhao. "Seismic Fragility Assessment of Base-Isolated Steel Water Storage Tank." Shock and Vibration 2020 (October 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8835943.

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Steel water storage tanks (WSTs) are among the important components of water treatment industry facilities that are expected to remain functional and applicable after strong earthquakes. In this study, the seismic vulnerability of base-isolated steel WST is investigated. A three-dimensional finite element stick model of the targeted tank is created using OpenSees. This model is capable of reproducing convective, impulsive, and rigid responses of fluid-tank systems. Time-history responses of convective displacement, bearing displacement, and base shear force for base-isolated tank subjected to a typical ground motion are compared. Furthermore, time-history analysis based on a suite of 80 ground motions is conducted. The seismic demand models for various responses are established and the most efficient intensity measure (IM) is determined based on the dispersion and coefficient of determination. Seismic fragility curves for different responses are derived for all three damage states using cloud analysis. The results from this study reveal that (i) the convective displacement is significantly greater than bearing displacement; (ii) peak ground displacement (PGD) is the most efficient and sufficient IM for the targeted tank; and (iii) the characteristic of isolation bearing significantly influences the seismic fragilities of convective displacement and bearing displacement and has a little impact on base shear force, which makes the selection of the proper characteristic parameters for isolation bearing very essential. The analysis technique and procedure mentioned above as well as derived insights are of significance to general liquid storage tank system configuration.

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21

Darvishi, Mehdi, Georgia Destouni, Saeid Aminjafari, and Fernando Jaramillo. "Multi-Sensor InSAR Assessment of Ground Deformations around Lake Mead and Its Relation to Water Level Changes." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030406.

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Changes in subsurface water resources might alter the surrounding ground by generating subsidence or uplift, depending on geological and hydrogeological site characteristics. Improved understanding of the relationships between surface water storage and ground deformation is important for design and maintenance of hydraulic facilities and ground stability. Here, we construct one of the longest series of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to date, over twenty-five years, to study the relationships between water level changes and ground surface deformation in the surroundings of Lake Mead, United States, and at the site of the Hoover Dam. We use the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and Permanent scatterer interferometry (PSI) techniques over 177 SAR data, encompassing different SAR sensors including ERS1/2, Envisat, ALOS (PALSAR), and Sentinel-1(S1). We perform a cross-sensor examination of the relationship between water level changes and ground displacement. We found a negative relationship between water level change and ground deformation around the reservoir that was consistent across all sensors. The negative relationship was evident from the long-term changes in water level and deformation occurring from 1995 to 2014, and also from the intra-annual oscillations of the later period, 2014 to 2019, both around the reservoir and at the dam. These results suggest an elastic response of the ground surface to changes in water storage in the reservoir, both at the dam site and around the reservoir. Our study illustrates how InSAR-derived ground deformations can be consistent in time across sensors, showing the potential of detecting longer time-series of ground deformation.

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22

Mandlik, Prof D. N. "Increasing Ground Water Level by Penetrating Surface Runoff." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36511.

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System proposed in this paper is the planned filtrating penetration system to harvest the surface runoff like storm water into our designed unit in order to increase the natural level and replenishment of ground water resources. Ground water recharge is increasing in popularity as ground water resources are being depleted due to excess of water extraction of water from boreholes in the urban areas. Although the primary objective of this technology is to preserve or increase ground water resources, this kind of artificial recharge has been used for many other beneficial purposes. These include additional treatment (through soil filtration) and conservation or disposal of treated wastewater or floodwaters, storage of water to reduce pumping and piping costs as well as temporary regulation of ground water abstraction. Furthermore water quality can be improved through the removal of suspended solids via soil filtration (see also aquifer treatment) or through the dilution with naturally occurring ground water.

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23

de Figueiredo, Tomás, Ana Caroline Royer, Felícia Fonseca, Fabiana Costa de Araújo Schütz, and Zulimar Hernández. "Regression Models for Soil Water Storage Estimation Using the ESA CCI Satellite Soil Moisture Product: A Case Study in Northeast Portugal." Water 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010037.

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The European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Soil Moisture (ESA CCI SM) product provides soil moisture estimates from radar satellite data with a daily temporal resolution. Despite validation exercises with ground data that have been performed since the product’s launch, SM has not yet been consistently related to soil water storage, which is a key step for its application for prediction purposes. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between soil water storage (S), which was obtained from soil water balance computations with ground meteorological data, and soil moisture, which was obtained from radar data, as affected by soil water storage capacity (Smax). As a case study, a 14-year monthly series of soil water storage, produced via soil water balance computations using ground meteorological data from northeast Portugal and Smax from 25 mm to 150 mm, were matched with the corresponding monthly averaged SM product. Linear (I) and logistic (II) regression models relating S with SM were compared. Model performance (r2 in the 0.8–0.9 range) varied non-monotonically with Smax, with it being the highest at an Smax of 50 mm. The logistic model (II) performed better than the linear model (I) in the lower range of Smax. Improvements in model performance obtained with segregation of the data series in two subsets, representing soil water recharge and depletion phases throughout the year, outlined the hysteresis in the relationship between S and SM.

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24

Hall, D. J. M., R. A. Sudmeyer, C. K. McLernon, and R. J. Short. "Characterisation of a windbreak system on the south coast of Western Australia. 3. Soil water and hydrology." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 6 (2002): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02009.

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This paper describes changes in soil water and ground water at various distances from a Pinus pinaster windbreak in south-western Australia. Soil water contents were measured by neutron moisture meter and time domain reflectometry at distances from a windbreak ranging from 1 to 20 tree heights (H). Within 3 H of the windbreak, soil water storage was reduced by 100–153 mm/1.8 m when compared to unsheltered conditions (20 H) over the 4 years of the experiment. Beyond 3 H, no significant differences in soil water storage were found which could be related to microclimate modification. Relationships between surface soil water storage (mm/0.4 m) at <6�H and 12–24 H were 1 : 1 regardless of the technique used. Similarly, soil water depletion within the crop rootzone (mm/0.6 m) was similar at distances >3 H. Reductions in the depth and duration of perched water levels occurred within 4 H of the windbreak. Despite this, the windbreaks had no effect on the regional ground-water levels.

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25

Tang, Alex, Durgesh C. Rai, David Ames, C. V. R. Murty, Sudhir K. Jain, Suresh R. Dash, Hemant B. Kaushik, et al. "Lifeline Systems in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 581–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2205874.

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Lifeline systems in the Andaman and Nicobar islands performed poorly during the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. Several power stations and transmission lines were damaged by the ground shaking, affecting the electric power supply to parts of the islands. Telecommunication services were severely affected because of destruction of several telephone exchanges. These services were restored quickly by government agencies. The dams and reservoirs, which supply potable water, sustained minor damage from ground shaking. However, segmented pipelines connecting the dams and reservoirs to various storage sites broke at several places, which significantly affected the water supply for a few days. Ground shaking damaged several elevated as well as ground-supported storage tanks. Damage related to tsunami waves was substantial in the 500–1,000- m strip immediately next to the coastline.

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26

Zhang, Yan Mei, and Xu Dong Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Post-Construction Deformation Characteristics of Storage Oil Tank Ground." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.593.

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Ground soil was looked as porous medium, a three-dimensional finite element model of shell-liquid-foundation-ground was built, and the influence of soil parameters, filling liquid mode, and liquid height on the tank ground deformation was discussed. The research shows that the subsidence range caused by additional stress is the 0.3D range of the tank bottom edge outer; the influence of soil constrained modulus on settlement is remarkable, with constrained modulus decreasing, the tank ground settlement increases; with soil permeability coefficient decreasing, the tank ground settlement decreases; the ground settlement curve shape is decided by soil constrained modulus and permeability coefficient; the influence of filling liquid mode on the ground final settlement is very small ,but on the pore water pressure peak is remarkable.

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Terezopoulos, N. G., and R. N. Singh. "Ground water control by grouting in tunnels for a pumped storage scheme." International Journal of Mine Water 6, no. 1 (March 1987): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02498138.

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28

Zhou, Jiangcun, Heping Sun, Jianqiao Xu, and Weimin Zhang. "Estimation of local water storage change by space- and ground-based gravimetry." Journal of Applied Geophysics 131 (August 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.05.007.

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29

Ma, Li, and Roy F. Spalding. "EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ON GROUND WATER QUALITY AND AQUIFER STORAGE RECOVERY." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33, no. 3 (June 1997): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb03532.x.

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30

Bosch, David D., R. Richard Lowrance, Joseph M. Sheridan, and Randall G. Williams. "Ground Water Storage Effect on Streamflow for a Southeastern Coastal Plain Watershed." Ground Water 41, no. 7 (December 2003): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02433.x.

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31

Śmiechowska, Maria, and Millena Ruszkowska. "Effect of storage on the quality parameters of sea salt." Zywnosc Nauka Technologia Jakosc/Food Science Technology Quality 128, no. 3 (2021): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15193/zntj/2021/128/395.

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Table salt (sodium chloride) is one of the most commonly occurring compounds on Earth. Sea salt is produced by the evaporation of sea water. Because of its origin, this type of salt is distinguished by a natural content of iodine and other valuable minerals (lithium, magnesium, zinc and selenium). Sea salt has a more distinctive taste compared to table salt, so that smaller amounts thereof can be used and, owing to its relatively low sodium content, it is considered to be the healthiest type of salt. The natural sea salt crystals impede the packaging and storage processes and also its dissolution during the technological process or during the food preparation by consumers in domestic conditions. Thus, the objective of the research study was to assess the effect of storage on the quality parameters of crystalline (commercial) and finely ground sea salt. The research material consisted of 6 sea salt samples, which were assessed in a crystalline (CH) and ground (RH) forms immediately after purchase and after 12 months of storage – crystalline (CP) and ground (RP) sea salt samples. The quality assessment of the sea salt samples was made on the basis of the following: water content and water activity, colour assessment, determination of loose (bulk) and tapped density, and static and kinetic angle of repose measured. On the basis of the analyses performed, statistically significant differences were found between the crystalline and ground salt samples taken from the purchased and stored packets; those differences were found in the L* colour parameter (brightness), the value of the Hausner ratio, and the values of the static and kinetic angle of repose. The performed quality assessment of the stored ground sea salt samples might constitute potential recommendations for both the consumers and the food technologists in various branches of the food industry.

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32

Sabar Abdallah Saleh, Saja Sami Mohammed, and Sawsan Hameed Al-Hazaa. "Hydrogeological Conditions of Groundwater Aquifers/ West Makhul, North Iraq." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 22, no. 5 (January 29, 2023): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i5.778.

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The lithological description of drilled wells and pumping test analysis used to determine the hydrogeological conditions of the west Makhul area, the main ground water aquifer in the area represented by unconfined aquifer within the sediments of Injana Formation, the hydraulic properties of this aquifer (Transmissivity, Storage coefficient, Hydraulic conductivity) were estimated by pumping test, the flow net of ground water was plotted, it reflected that the ground water flow direction from the northeastern to the southwestern which compatible with the general direction of surface drainage system and general slope

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33

A R, Mohamed Haroon, Bhaskaran A, Maragatham S, and Sheik Dawood M. "A Ground Water quality of Thiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu." Madras Agricultural Journal 94, July (2007): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100711.

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In Tamil Nadu, surface water flows are diminishing due to monsoon failures, decline in storage capacities of tanks due to encroachment, silting etc., leading to over exploitation of ground water. This led to lowering of groundwater table, increasing the pumping costs and change of water quality. A survey was made to assess the suitability of underground water both from open and bore wells at every revenue village of Thiruchirapalli district. Thiruchirappalli district with an area of 4,40,412 ha has been subdivided in to eight taluks comprising 483 revenue villages. The water samples, collection from all the revenue villages were analysed for pH, EC and cationic and anionic composition and the quality parameters like Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) were computed.

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34

Yu, Qingyang, Chengbin Wang, Zhenxue Dai, Xinglong Ran, Mohammad Amin Amooie, Mohamad Reza Soltanian, and Mojtaba Soltanian. "Effects of surface loading on groundwater flow and skeletal deformation." Water Supply 20, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.163.

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Abstract This paper proposes a relationship for the physics and mechanics constants of porous media related to water storage rate and ground settlement under a surface load variation condition. This provides the basis for accurate calculation of ground subsidence. Traditional equations for vertical deformation, groundwater flow and land subsidence due to surface loading were developed using Jacob's assumptions. This paper derives a skeletal elastic specific storage rate. The new deformation and flow equations are similar to the traditional ones based on Jacob's assumptions except that the pore-water head in the traditional equations corresponds with the margin between the pore-water head and the water-column height given in the proposed equations representing the surface load. The analysis show that increasing the surface loading leads to land subsidence, rise in pore-water head and decrease in elastic water storage capacity. The maximum subsidence is equivalent to the subsidence triggered by lowering the water head to the equivalent water column height. The maximum rise of the water head is also equal to the equivalent water column height. The maximum water released to a specific volume of porous medium is close to that resulting from reduction in the water head by the equivalent column height.

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35

Burszta-Adamiak, Ewa, and Janusz Łomotowski. "Modelling of percolation rate of stormwater from underground infiltration systems." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 10 (October 25, 2013): 2144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.467.

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Underground or surface stormwater storage tank systems that enable the infiltration of water into the ground are basic elements used in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). So far, the design methods for such facilities have not taken into account the phenomenon of ground clogging during stormwater infiltration. Top layer sealing of the filter bed influences the infiltration rate of water into the ground. This study presents an original mathematical model describing changes in the infiltration rate variability in the phases of filling and emptying the storage and infiltration tank systems, which enables the determination of the degree of top ground layer clogging. The input data for modelling were obtained from studies conducted on experimental sites on objects constructed on a semi-technological scale. The experiment conducted has proven that the application of the model developed for the phase of water infiltration enables us to estimate the degree of module clogging. However, this method is more suitable for reservoirs embedded in more permeable soils than for those located in cohesive soils.

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36

Zhang, Pengfei, Menglin Xiao, Yanyan Dai, Zhaorui Zhang, Geng Liu, and Jingbo Zhao. "Evaluation of Water Quality of Collected Rainwater in the Northeastern Loess Plateau." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 10834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710834.

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Water resources are scarce in the Northeastern Loess Plateau, and water cellar water (WCW) is a vital water resource available in the vast rural areas of the region. The quality of WCW was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) and Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) for different rainfall catchment areas, depths, and storage times. Eleven indicators were measured, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. The results show that the tap water quality in the rural areas of the Northeastern Loess Plateau is above the second level and meets the drinking water standard (DWS), which is similar to the tap water quality in the region. The main component score of water quality from tile roof + cement ground (I) is 0.32, and the Nemero index is 0.41; the principal component score of water quality from cement ground (I) is 0.45, and the Nemero index is 0.29; the principal component score of water quality from trampled land (I) is 0.59, and the Nemero index is 0.44; the principal component score of water quality from tile roof + trampled land (II) is 1.87, and the Nemero index is 1.10. The rainwater harvesting catchment area of tile roof + cement ground (I) ensured the highest water quality, followed by cement ground (I), trampled ground (I), and tile roof + trampled ground (II). The water quality of the catchment area for artificially collected rainwater (roof tile surface, cement ground, etc.) was better than that of the original soil (trampled ground). The highest water quality was found at a storage time of 1 year (I), followed by 2.5 years (I), and 2 months (II). A depth of 4 m (I) contributed to the highest water quality, followed by 2 m (II), 3 m (II), and 1 m (II). Water quality improved with the increasing depth of WCW. The rainfall and WCW in the area were weakly alkaline, and the groundwater was contaminated with NO3−. PCA’s water quality assessment results were similar to the NPI method, indicating that both methods can be used in combination for unconventional water quality assessment.

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37

Piovano, Thea I., Doerthe Tetzlaff, Sean K. Carey, Nadine J. Shatilla, Aaron Smith, and Chris Soulsby. "Spatially distributed tracer-aided runoff modelling and dynamics of storage and water ages in a permafrost-influenced catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 2507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2507-2019.

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Abstract. Permafrost strongly controls hydrological processes in cold regions. Our understanding of how changes in seasonal and perennial frozen ground disposition and linked storage dynamics affect runoff generation processes remains limited. Storage dynamics and water redistribution are influenced by the seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity of frozen ground, snow accumulation and melt. Stable isotopes are potentially useful for quantifying the dynamics of water sources, flow paths and ages, yet few studies have employed isotope data in permafrost-influenced catchments. Here, we applied the conceptual model STARR (the Spatially distributed Tracer-Aided Rainfall–Runoff model), which facilitates fully distributed simulations of hydrological storage dynamics and runoff processes, isotopic composition and water ages. We adapted this model for a subarctic catchment in Yukon Territory, Canada, with a time-variable implementation of field capacity to include the influence of thaw dynamics. A multi-criteria calibration based on stream flow, snow water equivalent and isotopes was applied to 3 years of data. The integration of isotope data in the spatially distributed model provided the basis for quantifying spatio-temporal dynamics of water storage and ages, emphasizing the importance of thaw layer dynamics in mixing and damping the melt signal. By using the model conceptualization of spatially and temporally variable storage, this study demonstrates the ability of tracer-aided modelling to capture thaw layer dynamics that cause mixing and damping of the isotopic melt signal.

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38

Kara, Recep, Ulaş Acaröz, Zeki Gürler, Fahriye Zemheri Navruz, and Ali Soylu. "Afyonkarahisar’da satışa sunulan kıymalarda Aeromonas spp. varlığının araştırılması." Food and Health 7, no. 1 (2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh21002.

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Ground beef as commonly consumed among animal products may be suitable for bacterial growth under unhygienic production and storage conditions. Aeromonas spp. can be widely found in the environment and it is associated with water. With contaminated water used in production, microorganisms pass into products and may pose a threat to public health. People are often infected by consuming contaminated water and meat products. Aeromonas spp. causes various disorders such as vomiting, diarrhoea and gastroenteritis. In addi-tion, children and older people are more susceptible to these bacteria. In this study, the presence of Aeromonas spp. was investigated by classical culture method in 100 ground beef samples which were sold in Afyonka-rahisar city centre. The suspected Aeromonas spp. were confirmed with VITEK® 2 Compact. The detected A. hydrophila strains were further investigated by PZR in terms ofaerA and hlyA genes. At the end of the analysis, A. hydrophila was identified in 3% of the ground beef samples. It was detected that all three bacteria have both the aerA and hlyA genes. In addition, only one of the identified strains was found to be resistant to amoxicillin and nalidixic acid. As a result, it is recommended to take necessary hygiene measures in all stages of red meat production according to farm to fork, to give attention to storage, heat treatment and inform consumers.

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39

Huntoon, Peter W. "Variability of karstic permeability between unconfined and confined aquifers, Grand Canyon region, Arizona." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.6.2.155.

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Abstract Most of the ground water in the Grand Canyon region circulates to springs in the canyon through the thick, deeply buried, karstified Cambrian-Mississippian carbonate section. These rocks are collectively called the lower Paleozoic carbonates and comprise the Redwall-Muav aquifer where saturated. The morphologies of the caves in the Grand Canyon are primarily a function of whether the carbonates are unconfined or confined, a distinction that has broad significance for ground-water exploration and which appears to be generally transferable to other carbonate regions. Caves in unconfined high-gradient environments tend to be highly localized, partially saturated, simple tubes, whereas those in confined low-gradient settings are saturated 2- or even 3-dimensional mazes. The highly heterogeneous, widely spaced conduits in the unconfined settings make for difficult drilling targets, whereas the more ubiquitously distributed mazes in confined settings are far easier to target. The distinctions between the storage characteristics within the two classes are more important. There is minimal ground-water storage in the unconfined systems because cave passages tend to be more widely spaced and are partially drained. In contrast, there is maximum storage in the saturated mazes in the confined systems. Consequently, system responses to major storm recharge events in the unconfined systems are characterized by flow-through hydraulics. Spring discharge from the unconfined systems tends to be both flashy and highly variable from season to season, but total dissolved solids are small. In contrast, the pulse-through hydraulics in the artesian systems cause fluctuations in spring discharge to be highly moderated and, in the larger basins, remarkably steady. Both total dissolved solids and temperatures in the waters from the confined aquifers tend to be elevated because most of the water is derived from storage. The large artesian systems that drain to the Grand Canyon derive water from areally extensive, deep basins where the water has been geothermally heated somewhat above mean ambient air temperatures. Karst permeability is created by the flow system, so dissolution permeability develops most rapidly in those volumes of carbonate aquifers where flow concentrates. Predicting where the permeability should be best developed in a carbonate section involves determining where flow has been concentrated in the geologic past by examining the geometry and hydraulic boundary conditions of the flow field. Karstification can be expected to maximize in those locations provided enough geologic time has elapsed to allow dissolution to adjust to the imposed boundary conditions. The rate of adjustment in the Grand Canyon region appears to be related to the degree of saturation. The artesian systems are far better adjusted to hydraulic gradients than the unconfined systems, a finding that probably implies that there is greater contact between the solvent and rock in the saturated systems. These findings are not arcane distinctions. Rather, successful exploration for ground water and management of the resource is materially improved by recognition of the differences between the types of karst present. For example, the unsaturated conduit karsts in the uplifts make for highly localized, high risk drilling targets and involve aquifers with very limited storage. The conduits have highly variable flow rates, but they carry good quality water largely derived from seasonal flow-through from the surface areas drained. In contrast, the saturated basin karsts, with more ubiquitous dissolutional permeability enhancement, provide areally extensive low risk drilling targets with large ground-water storage. The ground water in these settings is generally of lesser quality because it is derived mostly from long term storage.

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40

Jin, Heng, Ruiyin Song, and Yi Liu. "Sloshing Motion in a Real-Scale Water Storage Tank under Nonlinear Ground Motion." Water 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082098.

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Water storage tanks in cities are usually large and are occasionally affected by earthquakes. A sudden earthquake can cause pressure pulses that damage water containers severely. In this study, the sloshing motion in a high filling level tank caused by seismic excitation is investigated by the numerical method in a 2D model. Two well-studied strong earthquakes are used to analyze the broadband frequency nonlinear displacement of the tank both in the longitudinal and vertical directions. Based on careful experimental verification, the free surface motion and the elevations at the side wall are captured, and the sloshing pressure response is examined. The results show that the 2D section of the cylindrical tank can be used to estimate the maximum response of the 3D sloshing, and the water motions under the seismic excitations are consistent with the modal characteristics of the sloshing. The time histories response of the water motion reflected that the sloshing response is hysteretic compared with the seismic excitation. The anti-seismic ability of the damping baffle shows that its effect on sloshing pressure suppression is limited, and further study on the seismic design of water tanks in earthquake-prone regions is needed.

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41

Fathey Fayek Tadros, Amgad. "Environmental aspects of petroleum storage in above ground tank." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601006.

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Oil pollution is a severing global environmental problem causing a number of adverse negative impacts on human health air ecosystem and eventually the natural income that is why soil, water, air pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons have become the focus of increasing public and research concern petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the air environment are caused by human activities when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earth’s atmosphere. Sources of air pollution include gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, the aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) fractions of petroleum are readily evolved to air during refinery and choosing the wrong storage tanks also leak to the soil change the chemical composition of spilled toxicity and biological impacts of the oil and add great difficulties to the identification of the residual spilled oil in the impacted environment and economic cost of air pollution in illness, health care costs, lost productivity so coordination between humans to conserves natural resources for future generation.

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42

DORSA, WARREN J., CATHERINE N. CUTTER, and GREGORY R. SIRAGUSA. "Long-Term Bacterial Profile of Refrigerated Ground Beef Made from Carcass Tissue, Experimentally Contaminated with Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria after Hot Water, Alkaline, or Organic Acid Washes†." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1615.

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The effects of 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid (LA), 2% (vol/vol) acetic acid (AA), 12% (wt/vol) trisodium phosphate (TSP), 72°C water (HW), and 32°C water (W) washes on bacterial populations which were introduced onto beef carcass surfaces after wash treatments were determined up to 21 days of storage at 4°C of packaged ground beef prepared from the treated and inoculated carcasses. Beef carcass necks were collected from cattle immediately after harvest and subjected to the above treatments or left untreated (control). Neck meat was then inoculated with low levels (ca. <2 log10) of Listeria innocua, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium sporogenes contained in a bovine fecal cocktail. In general, growth of these four bacteria, aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and pseudomonads was suppressed or not observed in the ground beef when LA, AA, or TSP treatments were used as compared to the untreated control. HW or W washes offered little suppression of growth of pathogens during subsequent storage of ground beef when these bacteria were introduced onto beef tissue posttreatment. Of the treatments used, a final LA or AA wash during the processing of beef carcasses offers the best residual efficacy for suppression of pathogen proliferation in ground beef during long-term refrigerated storage or short-term abusive temperature storage if these bacteria contaminate the carcass immediately after carcass processing.

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43

Tuinhof, A., T. Olsthoorn, J. P. Heederik, and J. de Vries. "Groundwater storage and water security: making better use of our largest reservoir." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0127.

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Provision of sufficient storage capacity under growing water demands and increasing climate variability is one the main concerns for water managers in the coming decades. It is expected that 150–300 km3 of additional storage capacity will be needed by 2025 especially in semi-arid and arid regions where changes in climate variability will have most impact on rainfall and drought. Storage of substantial amounts of water can either be above ground, in reservoirs behind dams or underground in aquifers (sub-surface storage). Recharge enhancement through management of aquifer recharge (MAR) and sub-surface storage (SSS) is a known technology and already successfully applied in a number of countries for many years at different scales. MAR-SSS is a flexible and cost-effective means to increase storage capacity both at village level and in modern water management schemes. A dialogue and information exchange between climate experts and water managers can provide an effective contribution to the planning, design and operation of MAR-SSS schemes.

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44

Bonstrom, Kristie, S. Lee Barbour, and M. Jim Hendry. "Physical and hydraulic characterization of fractured, hydrophobic sulphur within above-ground sulphur blocks." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 12 (December 2009): 1461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-066.

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Volatility in the price of sulphur has resulted in the temporary storage of sulphur in large, surface blocks at oil sands properties in northern Alberta, Canada, that are subject to oxidation which produces acidic effluent. Characterization of water storage and migration within these blocks is required to assess potential environmental impacts. Investigation of the elemental sulphur (S0) blocks at Syncrude’s Mildred Lake site included fracture mapping and laboratory testing of core samples for density and permeability to air and water. Internal porosity was mapped with X-ray tomography, and water-intrusion porosimetry was used to define saturation–pressure relationships. The blocks have regular polygonal fractures with a porosity of approximately 1.4%. The mean total and water-available porosity of core samples was 9% and 6%, respectively. The water-entry pressure head was 1–2 m for matrix pores, but only 1–2 mm for fractures. Estimated functional relationships for volumetric water content versus water pressure of the fracture and matrix system are used to illustrate how infiltration is likely to occur rapidly along fracture pathways but with insufficient pressure to allow water to penetrate the matrix, suggesting that acid production occurs by flushing of the fracture surface with little influence from the matrix.

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45

Kátai-Urbán, Maxim. "Managing the Environmental Risks of Dangerous Goods Warehouses." Hadmérnök 15, no. 4 (2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32567/hm.2020.4.6.

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Industrial accidents occurring at logistics facilities used for the storage of dangerous goods can have, as a result of contaminated water generated during fires, major environmental consequences to the surface and ground waters. In the present study, the author presents the causes and effects of major industrial accidents that may occur in logistics warehouses used for the storage of dangerous goods, as well as the interpretation of the series of serious accident events. Then he examines the design of facilities for the collection and storage of contaminated fire water.

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46

Young, Kathy L. "Assessment of snow storage and ground ice melt in High Arctic environments." Hydrological Processes 20, no. 12 (2006): 2643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6348.

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47

Beneke, D. L., J. R. Thumkunta, and D. J. Koen. "Optimal Structural Design of Circular, Rotationally Molded, Above-Ground Polyethylene Water Storage Tanks." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 16, no. 2 (May 2011): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000080.

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48

Varshney, Anurag. "Impact on Ground Water Contamination by Storage of Municipal Solid Waste Under Open Sky." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2016): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.411618.

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The conventional India is facing very big problem of Municipal Solid Waste. It is discharge daily in very heavy quantity and to store or dissolve are the major problem in our country. Governments doing the efforts but those are very small action against the quantity of Waste discharge. The Waste Management Plant is running low capacity due to daily quantity increase Furness goes slowly down by dumpage of Waste on incinerators. Dry Waste polluted air environment and wet waste polluted Ground water. Ground water contamination is the biggest problem in those areas where waste is stored in heavy quantity, under open sky without any concrete + rubber platform.

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49

Aghamkar, Allen, and Dr A. R. Gupta. "Comparative Analysis of Various Geometrical Shape Water Tanks Resting Over Ground for Same Capacity with Different Support Conditions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46655.

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Abstract: Water is one the most important source for humans to live. The need of water is serious and its storage is must. Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many application of our day to day life. So, an appropriate analysis of these water tanks must be done. This paper concerns the study of comparative analysis between circular, square and rectangular reinforced concrete water tanks resting over ground for same capacity. The report will include the study of analysis of various shapes of water tank using Staad-Pro and comparative analysis of circular, square and rectangular water tank with different support conditions on the basis of their post processing results taken from Staad-Pro. The above mentioned points will be studied in this report and conclusion will be made on the basis of the results.

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50

Pervin, Shikha, Selina Yeasmin, Jannatul Ferdous, and Afia Begum. "RADON CONCENTRATION IN GROUND WATER OF DHAKA CITY, BANGLADESH." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 11 (March 23, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i11.2018.318.

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Water is the most important source of life and ground water may contain varying levels of radioactivity. So it is therefore important to measure radon concentration in ground water for public health and radiation protection. In this study, radon concentration was measured in ground water samples collected from water pumps of different locations at Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Twenty ground water samples were collected in July 2017to April 2018 for radon level measurement. Radon detector RAD7 (manufactured by Durridge Company, USA) with RAD H2O technique was used for the measurement. The highest radon concentration was found 13.00±0.70 Bq/L for the pump of sample ID GW1 and the lowest radon concentration 2.13±0.593 Bq/L for the pump of sample ID GW10.The activity concentration of radon in maximum water samples in Dhaka city was lower than the value 11.1 Bq/L recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The radon concentration was lowered from the activity concentration before storage. The highest value of annual effective dose for radon in ground water was found 0.04745 mSv/y According to recommendation of World Health Organization, the annual effective dose level for radon in drinking water is 0.1 mSv/y. These results indicate that there is no probability of health hazards for public due to presences of radon in ground water and it is safe for consumption.

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