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Статті в журналах з теми "Grinding additive"
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Paramasivam, R., and R. Vedaraman. "Studies in additive grinding of minerals." Advanced Powder Technology 3, no. 1 (1992): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60686-x.
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Denkena, Berend, Alexander Krödel, Jan Harmes, Fabian Kempf, Tjorben Griemsmann, Christian Hoff, Jörg Hermsdorf, and Stefan Kaierle. "Additive manufacturing of metal-bonded grinding tools." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 107, no. 5-6 (March 2020): 2387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05199-9.
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Takahashi, H., Y. B. Tian, Y. Mikami, J. Shimizu, Li Bo Zhou, Y. Tashiro, H. Iwase, and S. Kamiya. "Effect of Wheel Additive On Chemo-Mechanical Grinding (CMG) of Single Crystal Si Wafer." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chemo-mechanical grinding (CMG) process is a promising process for large-sized Si substrate fabrication at low cost. However, effect of additive in CMG wheel is not completely understood yet. In this paper, three different CMG wheels were developed, in which one excluded additive and the other two contained two kinds of additive i.e. silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Grinding experiments were conducted to explore the influence of exclusion of additive and inclusion of different kinds of additive on CMG performance. The grinding characteristics of the three wheels were also analyzed and discussed to reveal the roles of wheel compositions in CMG process. This work provides some fundamental insights for the selection of different types of additive for optimization of CMG wheel.
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Wang, Jian Feng, Dong Min Wang, Duan Le Li, Guan Bao Tang, and Cheng Du. "The Theoretical Research on Development Direction of Cement Grinding Aids." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cement grinding aids has been widely used in cement grinding process. The development of traditional compound cement grinding aids, such as triethanolamine and salts based has encountered a bottleneck. Synthesis of cement grinding aids can be improved by the molecular structure design of traditional cement grinding aids, or even lay aside the shackles of traditional cement additive and synthesize high-grinding effect, high performance and low cost cement grinding aids. In this paper, it has proposed two types of cement additives research direction，medium-small molecule and polymer synthesis system. Finally, it had introduced the application performance advantages of two new synthetic grinding aids, compared to triethanolamine and triisopropanolamine.
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Balan, Arunachalam S. S., Kannan Chidambaram, Arun V. Kumar, Hariharan Krishnaswamy, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, Khaled Giasin, and Krzysztof Nadolny. "Effect of Cryogenic Grinding on Fatigue Life of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Additive manufacturing (AM) is replacing conventional manufacturing techniques due to its ability to manufacture complex structures with near-net shape and reduced material wastage. However, the poor surface integrity of the AM parts deteriorates the service life of the components. The AM parts should be subjected to post-processing treatment for improving surface integrity and fatigue life. In this research, maraging steel is printed using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process and the influence of grinding on the fatigue life of this additively manufactured material was investigated. For this purpose, the grinding experiments were performed under two different grinding environments such as dry and cryogenic conditions using a cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel. The results revealed that surface roughness could be reduced by about 87% under cryogenic condition over dry grinding. The fatigue tests carried out on the additive manufactured materials exposed a substantial increase of about 170% in their fatigue life when subjected to cryogenic grinding.
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Zhang, Hao Qiang, Xiao Ming Jia, and Fei Wang. "Study of Inhibition Function of Grinding Fluid Additive to Leaching Cobalt from Cemented Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 416 (September 2009): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.416.381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grinding fluid is the essential supplementary material in cemented carbide grinding process. The amine-base additive can make cobalt leach from cemented carbide. Through grinding test, this paper mainly studies the influence of TEA-containing solution on cobalt leaching from cemented carbide and the leaching mechanism by SEM and AES, and then identifies the effective inhibitor. The results are as follows: (1) TEA additive can make cobalt leach from cemented carbide. (2) Additive of triethanolamine oleate in the solution can obviously inhibit the leaching of cobalt from cemented carbide. (3) Additive of benzotriazole in the solution can obviously inhibit the leaching of cobalt from cemented carbide. (4)The mixture of triethanolamine oleate, borax and benzotriazole has the best inhibition function. So it can conclude: The mixture of triethanolamine oleate, borax and benzotriazole can obviously reduce the leaching of cobalt from the cemented carbide, and reduce the danger of the fluid to human body.
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Zhou, Zhao Zhong, Kai Ping Feng, Bing Hai Lv, Hong Wei Fan, and Ju Long Yuan. "Analysis on Wear of Self-Sharpening Fine Super-Hard Abrasive Tool." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.528.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to improve the efficiency of ultra-precision processing, the self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool is presented to reduce or eliminate the surface and subsurface defects and improve the process efficiency. In the study of efficient experimental research of self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool, base on single factor experiments such as additives composition, grinding speed, grinding pressure and processing liquid. The results showed that the wear rate of the self-sharpening fine super-hard abrasive tool can reach appropriate rate when the additive concentration 30wt%, grinding pressure 45N, grinding speed 60rpm and processing liquid 1wt%.
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ENÜSTÜN, B. V., D. C. LIU, K. L. LIN, and R. MARKUSZEWSKI. "Use of a Surfactant as a Coal Grinding Additive." Coal Preparation 4, no. 3-4 (June 1987): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349348708945532.
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Tian, Chenchen, Yi Wan, Xuekun Li, and Yiming Rong. "Pore morphology design and grinding performance evaluation of porous grinding wheel made by additive manufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 79 (July 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.04.024.
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SONG, Myoung Youp, and Eunho CHOI. "Effects of Milling in Hydrogen on Magnesium Hydride with a Hydride-Forming Titanium Additive." Materials Science 27, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.25056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A hydride-forming element titanium (Ti) was selected as an additive to improve the hydrogen uptake and release properties of MgH2. The hydrogen uptake and release properties of three Ti-added MgH2 alloys [named MgH2-xTi (x = 6, 12, and 15)] prepared by milling in hydrogen (reactive mechanical grinding) were investigated and those of MgH2-12Ti were studied in more detail because it had the highest initial hydrogen uptake and release rates and the largest quantities of hydrogen absorbed and released for 60 min. At the cycle number, n, of one (n = 1), MgH2-12Ti absorbed 4.01 wt.% H for 2.5 min and 6.39 wt.% H for 60 min at 573 K in 12 bar H2, having an effective hydrogen storage capacity of 6.39 wt.%. MgH2-12Ti released 0.44 wt.% H for 2.5 min and 1.86 wt.% H for 60 min at 593 K in 1.0 bar H2. γ-MgH2, TiH1.924, and MgO were formed during reactive mechanical grinding. We believe that the brute forces and tensile, compressive, or shear stresses, which are applied to the materials during reactive mechanical grinding, introduce imperfections, fabricate cracks, expose fresh and clean surfaces, decrease the particle size, and disperse the additive among the particles. The γ-MgH2, TiH1.924, and MgO formed during reactive mechanical grinding and their pulverization during reactive mechanical grinding are believed to make these effects stronger.
Дисертації з теми "Grinding additive"
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Skrzypczak, Mathieu. "Compréhension des mécanismes physico-chimiques intervenant lors du broyage à sec du carbonate de calcium en présence d'agents de broyage." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECDL0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail s’inscrit dans un effort de compréhension des mécanismes physico-chimiques intervenant au cours du broyage à sec du carbonate de calcium (CaC03). Le processus de réduction de taille est généralement facilité par la présence d'agents de broyage, qui permettent de réduire significativement la consommation énergétique du procédé pour atteindre des poudres de granulométries comparables. Nous avons ainsi cherché à déterminer quels étaient les différents effets des additifs sur le broyage et à quantifier leur importance relative sur Ie broyage. Dans une première approche, les forces de surface ont été considérées. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une tendance à l'augmentation de l’efficacité de broyage lorsque la tension superficielle de l’additif utilisé diminuait. L'énergie de surface de la poudre broyée, caractérisée par la méthode de Washburn, n’a en revanche pas pu être corrélée à un quelconque impact sur le rendement du procédé. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons considéré le comportement mécanique du CaC03. Ceci a permis de montrer l’existence d’une taille critique de transition ductile-fragile comprise entre 1 et 2 µ. Cette taille de transition correspond à la limite de broyage observée industriellement. Par ailleurs, le CaC03 est sensible aux phénomènes de fatigue, qui conduisent à terme à la rupture des particules malgré des charges appliquées très faibles. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle significatif des additifs sur la modification de la dureté de surface. Le durcissement de la surface conduit potentiellement à la fragilisation du matériau et donc tend à favoriser le broyage fin. Les résultats de broyage obtenus lors de tests à petite échelle conduisent à penser que l’efficacité d'un additif résulte de sa capacité à limiter les forces d'agglomération par une faible tension superficielle et par un durcissement de sa surfaceThis work aims at understanding the physicochemical mechanisms that occur while processing the dry grinding of calcium carbonate (CaC03). The particles size reduction is helped by grinding aid addition that permits to significantly reduce power consumption. We try to define the different effects of additives on grinding and to quantify their relative importance on the final result. In a first attempt, surface forces were considered and it was shown that low surface tension additive was generally related to high grinding efficiency. On the other side, the surface energy of the powder, determined using the Washburn method, does not seem to influence the final process efficiency. In a second time, we considered the CaCO3 mechanical behavior and showed the existence of a critical size of ductile-brittle transition comprised between 1 and 2 µm. This dimension corresponds to the grinding limit observed experimentally in CaCO3 dry grinding. The material seems to be very sensitive to the fatigue process and it appears fracture can occur after a repetition of low applied stress. Finalyy, we emphasized the additive effect on the CaCO3 surface hardness. This hardening may increase the material brittleness and therefore eases grinding. Small scale grinding experiments highlight the fact that the grinding aid efficiency results both from a low liquid surface tension that reduces surface forces between particles and from a material hardening due to additive presence
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Carmo, Carolina de Almeida. "Grau de moagem do milho, inclusão de subprodutos agroindustriais e aditivo microbiológico em rações para vacas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-09082005-125013/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Foram realizados três experimentos para avaliar o grau de moagem do milho, sua substituição por subprodutos agroindustriais e o fornecimento de aditivos microbiológicos em rações para vacas leiteiras recebendo silagem de milho como volumoso. Experimento 1: Foram utilizadas trinta e seis vacas da raça Holandesa (330 DEL) para avaliar o fornecimento de aditivo microbiológico (Levucell SC20 da Lallemand Animal Nutrition) em rações com ou sem substituição parcial (50%) de milho finamente moído por polpa cítrica. Foi utilizado delineamento em Quadrados Latinos 4x4 repetidos. A ingestão de matéria seca, produção e composição do leite e teor de glicose plasmática não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. O nitrogênio uréico no leite foi maior (P<0,05) nos animais que receberam aditivo microbiológico. O nitrogênio uréico no plasma foi reduzido pela substituição parcial do milho pela polpa cítrica (P<0,05). A substituição parcial do milho por polpa cítrica não teve efeito negativo sobre o desempenho de vacas produzindo em média 19 kg/d de leite. Experimento 2: Foram utilizadas vinte e oito vacas da raça Holandesa (230 DEL) para avaliar os efeitos de vários teores de amido na matéria seca da ração sobre o desempenho lactacional dos animais. O teor de amido variou através da substituição do milho moído fino pela polpa cítrica. Os tratamentos foram: 15% (AM15), 20% (AM20), 25% (AM25) e 30% de amido (AM30). Foi utilizado delineamento em Quadrados Latinos 4x4 repetidos. As produções de leite foram 27,94; 29,17; 31,11 e 29,64 kg/d para os tratamentos AM15, AM20, AM25 e AM30, respectivamente, apresentando efeito cúbico significativo (P<0,05). Para produção de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais do leite também houve efeito cúbico (P<0,05). Para teor de proteína, sólidos totais e nitrogênio uréico no leite houve efeito linear (P<0,05). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre teor de gordura do leite e glicose e nitrogênio uréico plasmáticos (P>0,05). Vacas produzindo em torno de 30 kg/d apresentaram melhor desempenho quando alimentadas com rações contendo 25% de amido, não havendo vantagem no fornecimento de rações com teor de amido de 30%. Experimento 3: Foram utilizadas trinta e duas vacas da raça Holandesa (160 DEL) para comparar o grau de moagem do milho (fino ou grosso) em combinação com polpa cítrica peletizada ou casca de soja nas rações. Os tratamentos foram: milho moído fino + polpa cítrica (MFPC), milho moído grosso + polpa cítrica (MGPC), milho moído fino + casca de soja (MFCS), milho moído grosso + casca de soja (MGCS). Foi utilizado delineamento em Quadrados Latinos 4x4 repetidos. A ingestão de matéria seca, produção de leite, teores de gordura, proteína e lactose do leite, glicose e nitrogênio uréico plasmáticos não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Houve efeito significativo da interação grau de moagem versus tipo de subproduto (P<0,05) para produção de leite corrigido para gordura, produção de gordura e de sólidos totais do leite. O grau de moagem do milho e o tipo de subproduto não afetaram o desempenho de vacas leiteiras com produção ao redor de 24 kg/d.Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of corn grain grinding, byproducts and yeast culture supplementation in dairy cow rations containing corn silage as forage. Experiment 1: Thirty six lactating Holstein cows (330 days in milk - DIM) were used to study the supplementation of yeast culture (Levucell SC20 Lallemand Animal Nutrition) in dairy rations with partial (50%) replacement of finely ground corn by dried citrus pulp. A repeated 4x4 Latin Square design was used. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition and plasma glucose were not affected (P>0,05) by treatments. Milk urea nitrogen was raised by yeast culture supplementation (P<0,05). Plasma urea nitrogen was reduced by feeding citrus pulp in partial replacement of corn (P<0,05). The partial replacement of finely ground corn by dried citrus pulp did not affect the cows performance with 19 kg/d milk yield. Experiment 2: Twenty eight lactating Holstein cows (230 DIM) were used to evaluate the effects on performance of varying contents of starch in the ration. Starch contents was varied by replacing fine ground corn by dried citrus pulp. Treatments were: 15% (AM15), 20% (AM20), 25% (AM25) e 30% of starch (AM30) in the ration dry matter. A repeated 4x4 Latin Square design was used. Milk yield was 27,94; 29,17; 31,11 e 29,64 kg/d for treatments AM15, AM20, AM25 and AM30, respectively, with cubic effect (P<0,05). Milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids yield were affected cubically (P<0,05). Linear effects were detected for protein, total solids and milk urea nitrogen contents (P<0,05). Milk fat contents, plasma urea nitrogen and glucose were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Cows producing about 30 kg/d got better performance when fed with rations 25% starch contents. Did not have advantage by supplying 30% starch contents rations. Trial 3: Thirty two mid lactating Holstein cows (160 DIM) were used to study the effects on performance of corn grain grinding (coarse or fine) and its combination with dried citrus pulp or soy hulls. A repeated 4x4 Latin Square design was used. The treatments were: fine ground corn + citrus pulp (MFPC), coarse ground corn + citrus pulp (MGPC), fine ground corn + soy hulls (MFCS), coarse ground corn + soy hulls (MGCS). Treatments did not affect DMI, milk yield, milk fat, protein and lactose contents, plasma urea N and glucose (P>0.05). The interaction corn grain grinding and byproduct source was significative for fat corrected milk, fat and total solids yield (P<0,05). Corn grain grinding and byproduct variety did not affect the cows performance with 24 kg/d milk yield.
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Chipakwe, Vitalis. "Comparative Study of Chemical Additives Effects on Dry Grinding Performance." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Mineralteknik och metallurgi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The application of chemical additives, known as grinding aids (GA), dates back to 1930 in the cement industry. As opposed to the cement industry, where the use of GAs is on the final processing step, it could be one of the first process steps in ore beneficiation. A few investigations addressed the GA applications in ore dressing; therefore, further studies are required to better understand the GA effects on the product properties and downstream separation processes. This thesis undertakes a comparative study on the dry grinding of magnetite and the resulting product characteristics with and without GAs. The main aim is to reduce energy consumption and to address some of the challenges associated with dry processing. The effects of GAs on the dry batch ball milling of magnetite were examined to analyze the energy consumption (Ec), particle size distribution, flow properties, bulk properties, surface morphology, particle fineness, and surface chemistry of products. Their effects on the ground product were systematically explored by sieve analysis, powder rheology, BET surface measurements, optical microscopy analysis, and zeta potential measurements. Compared with the absence of GAs, the dry grinding efficiency of magnetite increased after using GAs; however, an optimal dosage exists based on the GA type. Among GAs which considered in this investigation (Zalta™ GR20-587 (Commercial GA) and Zalta™ VM1122 (Commercial viscosity aid) as well as sodium hydroxide), Zalta™ VM1122, a polysaccharide-based additive, was the most effective GA where by using this GA; the Ec decreased by 31.1% from 18.0 to 12.4 kWh/t. The PSD became narrower and finer (P80 decreasing from 181 to 142 µm), and the proportion of the particles (38–150 µm) increased from 52.5 to 58.3%. In general, the results reveal that at sufficient GA dosages, they reduce the average particle size, increase the specific surface area, and narrow the particle size distribution. However, an excessive amount of GAs could be detrimental to the grinding performance. Further studies on powder rheology indicated that the used GAs resulted in improved material flowability compared to grinding without additives (in the examined dosage range). The rheology measurements by the FT4 Powder Rheometer showed strong linear correlations between basic flow energy, specific energy, and the resulting work index when GAs was considered for grinding. There was a strong correlation between the grinding parameters and flow parameters (r > 0.93). These results confirmed the effect of GA on ground particles' flowability. Zalta™ VM1122 showed the best performance with 38.8% reduction of basic flow energy, 20.4 % reduction of specific energy, 24.6% reduction of aerated basic flow energy, and 38.3% reduction of aerated energy. The present investigation showed that the predominant mechanism of GAs is based on the alteration of rheological properties. Further investigation on the surface properties showed that using GAs could increase the surface roughness, which is beneficial for downstream processes such as froth flotation. Zalta™ VM1122 resulted in increased surface roughness and minimum microstructural defects from the optical microscope images. Furthermore, Zalta™ VM1122 (non-ionic) resulted in similar zeta potentials and pH values for the product compared to experiments without GA. These comparable product properties are advantageous as they minimize any potential negative effects on all possible downstream processes.Kolarctic CBC (KO1030 SEESIMA)
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Kozdas, Ondřej. "Aktivátory mletí." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233364.
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"Influence of the grinding dust addition in a matrix ofmagnesium phosphate cement." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. http://www.bdtd.ufscar.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1280.
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Amad, Abdulkarim Abdulmaged. "Zum Einfluss unterschiedlicher Behandlungsverfahren und Zusatzstoffe auf ernährungsphysiologische Parameter und Leistung wachsender Broiler nach Verabreichung weizenbetonter Futtermischungen." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AB8E-D.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In mehrfaktoriellen 2 x 2 x 4 Untersuchungen im Zeitraum vom 7. - 28. Lebenstag und in Bilanzversuchen vom 15. - 20. Lebenstag mit männlichen Broilerküken (Cobb 500) wurden die Effekte der Versuchsfaktoren Zerkleinerung (Hammermühle vs. Walzenstuhl), thermische Behandlung (Konditionierung bei 70°C vs. Konditionierung/Expandierung 100°C) und Zusätze von Zink-Bacitracin bzw. Roxazym G2 (ohne Zusatz, mit Zink-Bacitracin 50 mg, mit Roxayzm G2 150 ppm und deren Zusatzkombination A+E) sowie die Interaktionen untersucht. Als Kriterien dienten die Parameter Futterverzehr, Lebendmassezunahme, Futteraufwand, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung, ileale Verdaulichkeit von ausgewählten Aminosäuren, Proteinverwertung/Proteinqualität und Umsetzbarkeit der Energie. Die Versuchstiere erhielten ab dem 7. Lebenstag die entsprechenden Versuchsmischungen. Der Gehalt an XP und MEn aller Versuchsmischungen war einheitlich (XP 21,7% und MEn 12,3 MJ/kg Futter). Die Lysinversorgung wurde auf 90 % unter der optimalen Bedarfsdeckung in allen Futtermischungen limitiert. Die Auswirkungen der Versuchsfaktoren lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: - Zerkleinerung : Die Zerkleinerungstechnologie mit dem Walzenstuhl übte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Futterverzehr (-3,5 %) und Futteraufwand (-2,8 %) gegenüber der Zerkleinerung mit der Hammermühle aus. Die Nährstoffverwertung (XP und Energie) zeigten durch Walzenstuhl-Zerkleinerung tendenzielle Verbesserungen. Die ileale Lysinverdaulichkeit blieb unverändert, die ileale Verdaulichkeit von Threonin und Met+Cys wurde signifikant erhöht. Die Walzenstuhl-Zerkleinerung führte zu einer besseren Futterstruktur und zu einer höheren Nährstoffdichte in den Pellets. Das wird deutlich durch die höhere N-Aufnahme bzw. N-Bilanz sowie durch gesteigerte N-Verwertungsparameter und einen erhöhten Gehalt an N-korrigierter umsetzbarer Energie (MEn). - Thermische Behandlung : Durch erhöhte Hitzeapplikation mit dem Expander konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit hinsichtlich der Leistungsparameter, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung keine Unterschiede gegenüber der Konditionierung festgestellt werden. Die Expandierung führte zu einer signifikant erhöhten ilealen Lysinverdaulichkeit, die durch die gemessene Lysinwirksamkeit im Bilanzversuch jedoch nicht widergespiegelt wurde. Auch signifikant niedrigere N-Bilanz und physiologische Proteinnutzwerte (PNu) sowie die tendenzielle Verringerung der N-Verdaulichkeit und des Gehaltes an umsetzbarer Energie deuten auf eine negative Wirkung der intensiveren thermischen Behandlung durch Expandieren hin. Hierzu sind weitere klärende Untersuchungen notwendig. - Futterzusätze: Durch die alleinige Supplementierung mit dem Antibiotikum Zink-Bacitracin oder NSP-spaltenden Enzym Roxazym G2 bzw. deren Kombination reagierten Mastleistung und Futterverwertung signifikant positiv. Während der Effekt der Enzymzulagen bei Nährstoffverwertung und ilealer Verdaulichkeit ausgewählter Aminosäure signifikant höher gegenüber der unsupplementierten Gruppe war, blieb ein Effekt von Zink-Bacitracin hinsichtlich dieser Parameter aus. Der Effekt der Zusatzkombination war bei Mastleistung, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung und bei der ilealen Verdaulichkeit der ausgewählten Aminosäuren gegenüber der Kontrolle oder dem alleinigen Zusatz signifikant höher. Das deutet auf einen synergistischen Effekt der gleichzeitigen Applikation der beiden Additive hin. Die N-Verwertung einschließlich des Gehalts an N-korrigierter scheinbar umsetzbarer Energie lag nach alleiniger Applikation von Zink-Bacitracin unerwartet signifikant niedriger gegenüber den anderen Zusätzen bzw. tendenziell gegenüber der Kontrolle. Die Gehalte an scheinbar umsetzbarer Energie (AMEn) waren deutlich durch den Enzymzusatz allein oder in Kombination mit Zink-Bacitracin erhöht. -Interaktionen: Die Abhängigkeit der Versuchsfaktoren voneinander im Mastversuch war nicht stark ausgeprägt. Die Zerkleinerung in Verbindung mit anschließender thermischer Behandlung führte zur Beeinflussung der Futterverzehrsdaten. Danach verbesserten die Verfahrenskombinationen Hammermühle x Konditionierung oder Walzenstuhl x Expandierung bedingt durch einen erhöhten Futterverzehr die Lebendmassezunahme und den Nährstoffansatz signifikant. Hinsichtlich der ilealen Aminosäurenverdaulichkeit zeigten die Futterzusätze eine Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung bzw. Zerkleinerung und Behandlung. Die Enzymzulage allein oder in Kombination mit Zink-Bacitracin zeigte stärkere Effektivität in Verbindung mit der thermischen Behandlung durch Expandieren.
Книги з теми "Grinding additive"
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Llano, Samuel. Discordant Notes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199392469.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scholarship on urban culture and the senses has traditionally focused on the study of literature and the visual arts. Recent decades have seen a surge of interest in the effects of sound on the urban space and its population. These studies analyze how sound generates identities that are often fragmentary and mutually conflicting. They have also explored the rise of campaigns against the negative effects of noise on the nerves and health of the population. However, little research has been carried out on the impact of sound and music in areas of broader social and political concern, such as social aid, hygiene, and social control. Based on a detailed study of Madrid from the 1850s to the 1930s, this book argues that sound and music have played a key role in structuring the transition to modernity by helping to negotiate social attitudes and legal responses to problems such as poverty, insalubrity, and crime. Attempts to control the social groups that own unwanted musical practices such as organ-grinding and flamenco performances in taverns raised awareness about public hygiene, alcoholism, and crime and triggered legal reform in these areas. In addition to marginalizing and persecuting these musical practices, the authorities and the media used workhouse bands as instruments of social control to spread “aural hygiene” across the city and wipe out unwanted musical practices.
Частини книг з теми "Grinding additive"
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Phi-Trong, Hung, Trung Nguyen-Kien, Chung Luong-Hai, and Son Truong-Hoanh. "The Effect of Microstructure and Nano Additive Lubrication on the Specific Grinding Energy and Surface Roughness in Ti-6Al-4V Grinding." In The AUN/SEED-Net Joint Regional Conference in Transportation, Energy, and Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, 1023–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1968-8_87.
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Li, X. J., Dong Ming Guo, R. K. Ren, and Zhu Ji Jin. "Research on Effects of Slurry Additives in Cu CMP for ULSI Manufacturing." In Advances in Grinding and Abrasive Technology XIII, 350–54. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-986-5.350.
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"Optimization Design of Process Parameters for Different Workpiece Materials in NMQL Grinding With Different Vegetable Oils." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding, 337–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch015.
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This research shows with superior lubricating, heat-conducting properties, and proper market price, Al2O3 and MoS2 nanoparticles have broad application prospects as lubricant additives. This work has been researched, and most researches are restricted to using one kind of lubricants to machine specific workpiece or multiple workpieces. There has been no systematic and detailed analysis of grinding performances from cutting mechanisms and debris formation mechanisms of different workpieces. Therefore, analysis of signal to noise ratio(S/N), variance, microstructure, and morphology analysis were used to study the influence of different typical nanofluid lubricants on the grinding performance of different materials in this chapter. Results showed that the optimal grinding parameters are using nodular cast iron and MoS2 nanofluid. Compared with other lubricants, MoS2 nanofluid can exert a significant effect on reducing wear of grinding wheel. In order to reduce surface roughness, MQL lubricating oils of the following sequence can be used: Al2O3 nanofluid, MoS2 nanofluid, and pure palm oil.
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Jemmali, Mosbah, Basma Marzougui, Youssef Ben Smida, Riadh Marzouki, and Mohamed Triki. "Polycrystalline Powder Synthesis Methods." In Crystallization and Applications. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97006.
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The synthesis of polycrystalline powder is a key step for materials sciences. In this chapter, we present the well-known methods of preparation of powders such as: solid-state reaction, sol–gel, hydrothermal, combustion, co-precipitation. Moreover, synthesis methods by arc furnace, by heating in a “high frequency” induction furnace and by high energy grinding are presented. The obtained powders could be defined by their purity, gain size, crystallinity, and morphology, which are influenced by the synthesis method. In addition, each method is dependent on some parameters like pH, concentration and temperature.
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Sniezhkin, Yurii, Raisa Shapar, and Olena Husarova. "GRINDING AND FRACTIONATION OF DRIED PLANT MATERIALS." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-35.
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In the absence of large-scale pectin production in Ukraine, pectin-containing powders are an alternative source. They are used as natural additives in the manufacture of health products, due primarily to the presence of pectin, as well as other useful natural components of raw materials. The purpose of the work is to conduct research on the dispersion and fractionation of dried plant materials and to determine the energy-saving regimes of these processes. The task of the research is to develop optimal modes of dispersion of dried plant materials; determine the depend-ence of the micromill performance and power consumption on the rotation speed of the dispersant rotor; to establish the influence of the load on the sieve and the scattering time on the fractionation process. Objects, equipment and research methods. Dried pectin-containing apples and table beets were used as research objects. Studies of the dispersion process were performed on an micromill (8-MM), the coarse part was ground on a disintegrator (ДЕЗІ), the study of the dispersed composition of powders was carried out on the device 029. The paper analyzes the existing methods of grinding and equipment for its implementation. The analysis showed that percussion mills are the most suitable for grinding dried pectin-containing apples and table beets. The dispersed composition of pectin-containing powders is determined in the article. The influence of material loading on the sieve and scattering time on the yield of the fine fraction was investigated. It is proved that the scattering process is more influenced by the scattering time. The paper graphically shows the effect of rotor speed on the equivalent particle diameter and powder dispersion; differential and integral particle distribution curves depending on rotor speed and scattering time for apple and beet powders; the dependence of micromill productivity and power consumption on the speed of the disperser rotor, etc. The optimal operating speed of the rotor is 50 m/s. At this speed, energy consumption for grinding dried materials is minimal. It is proved that the fractionation process almost does not depend on the load on the sieve, but depends on the scattering time. It is impractical to increase the process duration over 3 minutes. Increasing the time to 4 minutes increases the mass of the fine fraction by only 2…5%. The yield of the fine fraction of powders according to the optimal modes of dispersion and separation is: apple – 65...68%, beet – 62...65%. The possibility of re-grinding in order to increase the fine fraction yield is shown. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, the optimal dispersion regimes, the dependence of micromill productivity and power consumption on the dispersant rotor speed, as well as the effect of load on the sieve and scattering time of apple and beet powders on the fractionation process are determined. On the basis of the conducted researches energy-saving conditions of processes of dispersion and fractionation of pectin-containing powders and proper work of the corresponding equipment are defined.
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"Thin-Section Preparation and Transmitted-Light Microscopy." In Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 115–35. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030115.
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Abstract Transmitted-light methods reveal more details of the morphology of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites than are observable using any other available microscopy techniques. This chapter describes the various aspects relating to the selection and preparation of ultrathin-section specimens of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites for examination by transmitted-light microscopy techniques. The preparation steps covered are a selection of the rough section, preparation of the rough section for preliminary mounting, grinding and polishing the primary-mount first surface, mounting the first surface on a glass slide, and preparing the second surface (top surface). The optimization of microscope conditions and analysis of specimens by microscopy techniques are also covered. In addition, examples of composite ultrathin sections that are analyzed using transmitted-light microscopy contrast methods are shown throughout.
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Carmichael Milton, Jemimah, and Prince Arulraj Gnanaraj. "Compressive Strength of Concrete with Nano Cement." In Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93881.
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Nano technology plays a very vital role in all the areas of research. The incorporation of nano materials in concrete offers many advantages and improves the workability, the strength and durability properties of concrete. In this study an attempt has been made to carry out an experimental investigation on concrete in which cement was replaced with nano sized cement. Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was ground in a ball grinding mill to produce nano cement. The characterization of nano cement was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET), Energy Dispersive X ray microanalysis (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). From the characterization studies, it was confirmed that particles were converted to nano size, the specific surface area increased and the chemical composition remained almost the same. The properties of cement paste with and without nano cement were found. For the experimental study, cement was replaced with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of nano cement. Cement mortar of ratio 1:3 and concrete of grades M20, M30, M40 and M50 were used. Compressive strength of cement mortar and concrete with different percentages of nano cement was found. The cement mortar was also subjected to micro structural study. It was found that the strength increased even up to the replacement level of 50%. Further increase in the replacement is not possible since the addition of nano cement reduces the initial and final setting time of cement paste. At 50% replacement level, the initial setting time got reduced to 30 minutes which the least permitted value as per IS 12269: 2013. The increase in strength was due to the fact that nano cement acts not only as a filler material but also the reactivity increased due to the higher specific surface area. The SEM image shows the formation of additional C-S-H gel. The percentage increase in compressive strength was found to increase up to 32%. The workability of concrete with nano cement was found to be significantly more than that of the normal cement concrete.
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Ayele Haile, Abebe. "Important Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: A Review in Years 2015–2020." In Herbs and Spices - New Processing Technologies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97937.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many studies on medicinal plants have been taking place in different parts of Ethiopia and the people use them for the preparation of traditional herbal medicine. The purpose of the current study is to review the assessment of the medicinal plants used in Ethiopia, to compile the components used, the method of preparation, the medical uses, and the compilation of the number of medicinal plants in 2015–2020. This review paper took place in the years 2015 to 2020 from the published papers. Various databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar, have been searched. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentages, charts, and numbers using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet 2010. In Ethiopia, a total of 4,007 medicinal plants were identified from different areas by different authors in the years 2015–2020. But, from this total number of identified medicinal plants, there was a similarity between types of plant species. Therefore, this total result has present similarities in plant species and types found in different areas. In 2015, a total of 1,062 medicinal plants were identified from different areas by different authors. Similarly, 315, 613, 944, 341, 732 medicinal plants were identified by different authors in different study areas in the years 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 respectively. The years 2015 and 2018 were the years many plants of medicinal value were documented. The growth forms of medicinal plants were analyzed from 2015 to 2020 in the different study areas with different authors but with the same year and valued for each year and put the average one. To calculate the 2015 growth form of medicinal plants for example to calculate herbs, add all herbs identified by different authors in the same year, and take the average one. This method applied to all growth forms of medicinal plants each year. In all years (2015–2020) the dominant growth forms were herbs. The highest average of growth form was herb in the year 2020 which is 44.2%. In all years the least growth form was a climber. In all growth forms, the parts used for medicine were identified. Add each medicinal plant’s parts in the same year and then take the average for all years. In 2020 year, the traditional healers mostly used leaves (56.3%) for the preparation of remedy. In general, in all year leaves was dominant for the preparation of remedy. Oral and dermal ways of the route of administration were the most important in medicinal plants to treat directly different ailments. The route of administration was varying in percentage from year to year and also, a place to place according to the potential of traditional healers and type of diseases. But, different study areas and years showed that oral administration was the dominant one. In 2019, most of the prepared remedy was taken orally. Crushing was the most important and more cited in the preparation of remedy in the year 2015–2020. Also, powdering, boiling, chewing, concoction, grinding, direct and immediate, chopping, squeezing, decoction, boiling/unprocessed use, liquid form, Homogenizing in water, heating, cooking, smoking, and fumigation are common methods of preparation of remedy. In general, this review highlights the situation of Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants associated with their knowledge from years to years. In addition, this review paper plays an important role in the extraction of potential medicinal plants to discover new drugs through detailed researches in the future.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Grinding additive"
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Wu, Zhi-Yuan, Shu-Hui Wang, Xin-Li Tian, Xiu-Jian Tang, and Jun-Wei Yang. "Research on Interaction of Additive in Paraffin Base Grinding Fluid." In 2016 International Conference on Mechanics and Materials Science (MMS2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813228177_0133.
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Wu, Zhi-Yuan, Shu-Hui Wang, Kai-Wen Ji, and Jun-Wei Yang. "The Blockage of Diamond Grinding Wheel with Normal Acid and Alcohol Additive." In The 2nd Annual International Workshop on Materials Science and Engineering (IWMSE 2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813226517_0047.
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Tillmann, W., J. Zajaczkowski, I. Baumann, C. Schaak, D. Biermann, and M. Kipp. "Qualification of the Low-Pressure Cold Gas Spraying for the Additive Manufacturing of Copper-Nickel-Diamond Grinding Wheels." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Grinding wheels are usually manufactured by powder metallurgical processes, i.e. by moulding and sintering. Since this requires the production of special moulds and the sintering is typically carried out in a continuous furnace, this process is time-consuming and cost-intensive. Therefore, it is only worthwhile for medium and large batches. Another influencing factor of the powder metallurgical process route is the high thermal load during the sintering process. Due to their high thermal sensitivity, superabrasives such as diamond or cubic boron nitride are very difficult to process in this way. In this study, a novel and innovative approach is presented, in which superabrasive grinding wheels are manufactured by thermal spraying. For this purpose, flat samples as well as a grinding wheel body were coated by low-pressure (LP) cold gas spraying with a blend of a commercial Cu-Al2O3 cold gas spraying powder and nickel-coated diamonds (8-12 μm). The coatings were examined metallographically in terms of their composition. Afterwards, the grinding wheel was conditioned for the grinding application and the topography was evaluated. This novel process route offers great flexibility in the combination of binder and hard material as well as a costeffective single-part and small-batch production.
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Paramasivam, Ramasamy, and Baskaran Rajendran Nair. "Effect of Calcium Stearate as Grinding Additive for Grinding of Calcite in Ball Mill, Rod Mill and Vibration Ball Mill: A Comparative Study." In 5th Asian Particle Technology Symposium. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2518-1_299.
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Agu, Obiora S., Lope G. Tabil, Edmund Mupondwa, Duncan Cree, and Bagher Emadi. "Effect of biochar additive in torrefied biomass: energy consumption, mass yield, grinding performance, and thermochemical properties." In 2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 12-16, 2021. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202100926.
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Pavel, Radu, and Anil K. Srivastava. "Investigations for Safe Grinding of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Technology." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-4130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is an additive manufacturing technology that can construct medium to small size parts very efficiently in comparison to traditional machining processes. The ability of this technology to grow complex parts made of high strength titanium- and nickel-based alloys led to increasing interest from aerospace, defense, and medical industries. Although the technology allows growing parts close to their final shape, the active surfaces still need a finishing operation such as grinding to meet the tight tolerances and surface finish requirements. Due to the novelty of the DMLS technology, and the relatively recent developments of titanium alloy powders, there is a need for testing and validating the capabilities of the components manufactured through a combination of DMLS and grinding processes. This paper presents the findings of an experimental study focused on the effect of various grinding conditions on the surface integrity of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) specimens produced using DMLS technology. The goal is to identify dressing and grinding conditions that would result in ground surfaces free of defects such as micro-cracks, discoloration of surfaces and/or burn marks due to high heat generated during grinding. The residual stresses were used to quantify the effect of the grinding conditions on the ground surfaces. These investigations were conducted on an instrumented CNC surface grinding machine, using a silicon-carbide grinding wheel and a water-based fluid. The X-ray diffraction method was used to measure the residual stresses. Two batches of specimens were manufactured for these tests. The growing strategy of the specimens and the presence of apparent defects in material structure are considered some of the main causes for the differences observed in the outcomes of the grinding trials. The results of these investigations support the need for continuing research in the additive manufacturing field to develop methods and technologies that will ensure a high level of consistency of the grown parts.
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Singh, Aswani Kumar, and Varun Sharma. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Various Grinding Strategies for Nickel Base Superalloys." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73073.
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Abstract During the grinding of advanced materials, several problems such as the generation of high temperatures, more energy consumption, excessive utilization of cutting fluids, and emissions of various harmful gases have been encountered, resulting in negative impacts on the environment. In order to mitigate such problems, this study focuses on the sustainability of the grinding process amalgamated with the introduction of ultrasonic vibration. The effect of ultrasonic vibration has been incorporated in grinding along with optimal machining parameters. Ionic Liquid (ILs) with vegetable oil has been used as a cutting fluid, which is categorized as a green solvent. Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been proved as a favourable sustainable alternative additive in the base oil to obtain the desired cutting fluid performance. A comparative study has been conducted for various grinding strategies to assess their environmental impacts using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Initially, Conventional Grinding (CG) and Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding (UAG) have been attempted. In the subsequent attempt, ultrasonically atomized fluid has been used for the CG and UAG processes. The SimaPro LCA software has been used to quantify the environmental impacts associated with these processes. The inputs for the LCA inventory are consisted of material consumption, energy consumption, and cutting fluid consumption. In this study, the ReCiPe 2016 V 1.04 midpoint and endpoint module has been used for carrying out the impact assessment. The results of the LCA impact assessment showed that the ultrasonic-assisted grinding performed using ultrasonically atomized cutting fluid exhibited the least adverse effects on the environment as compared to other mentioned counterparts. The cutting fluid and power consumption has been found significant contributor for the environment. The results obtained from LCA analysis can be utilized as a basis for sustainability assessment framework in the grinding of advanced materials.
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Quadrini, F., D. Bellisario, G. M. Tedde, and L. Santo. "Recycling of Printed Circuit Boards by Direct Molding Technology." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2745.
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Abstract The recovery and reuse of printed circuit boards (PCBs) is becoming crucial in the management of electronic waste that is undergoing an exponential increase. In this study, a simple and eco-friendly process for recycling waste PCBs is discussed. In particular, composite panels were produced by reusing 100% of waste PCBs without the addition of any additive or virgin material. After a two-step grinding process, ground PCB was used to mold panels by direct molding which is pure compression molding without material sorting. Results were very promising in terms of process feasibility and part performances. Molded samples had density about 1.45 g/cm3, flexural modulus and flexural about 3 GPa and 16 MPa, respectively. A smooth surface with low friction coefficient was obtained for the recycled panels. The study shows that despite the presence of metal and other non-metal non-organic fractions, waste PCBs can be re-processed in profitable and environmentally conscious way without the addition of any bonding agent or additive. The recycling technology can be extended to the reuse of the non-metallic fraction only, after separation and recovery of metals.
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Fashanu, Felicia F., Denis J. Marcellin-Little, and Barbara S. Linke. "Review of Surface Finishing of Additively Manufactured Metal Implants." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8419.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, commonly referred to as 3D printing, provide a good prospect for medical applications because complex geometries and customized parts can be fabricated to meet individual patient needs. Orthopedic implants are a group of medical parts with high relevance for AM. This paper discusses relevant AM technologies, several orthopedic applications, materials and material properties, mechanical surface finishing techniques, and measurement techniques from the literature. Today, most metal 3D printed implants are manufactured through metal powder bed fusion technology which includes direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM). Common materials include titanium alloys, cobalt chromium (CoCr) and stainless steel, chosen because of their biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Surface finishing is most often required for 3D printed implants due to the relatively poor surface quality to meet the desired surface texture for the application. Typically, postprocessing is done mechanically, including manual and automated grinding, sandblasting, polishing, or chemically, including electrochemical polishing. This review also covers an overview of surface quality characterization of AM metal implants which includes surface texture and topography. The surface parameters used to characterize the surface of the implants: surface roughness (Ra), differences between the peak and valley (Rz), waviness, and micro-finish.
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Oberste-Lehn, Ulli, Andreas Karl, and Chad Beamer. "Influence of Machining on Low Temperature Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0343.
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Abstract The main goal of low temperature surface hardening of austenitic stainless steels is a significant increase of surface hardness while at the same time maintaining the superior corrosion resistance of these alloys. The treatment temperature has to be low enough to achieve a precipitation free diffusion zone, yet high enough to allow sufficient diffusion depths needed for technical applications. The results are often influenced by the machining of parts prior to the surface treatment. Best results are usually achieved on solution annealed and (electro-)polished surfaces, but customer needs for certain manufacturing routes, strength considerations and overall production costs often do not allow for such additional processes. This paper shall give a basic overview on machinability of austenitic stainless steels and how different machining operations like turning, cold forming, grinding and additive manufacturing influence the result of low temperature surface hardening. Possible machining process optimizations for the different machining operations are presented in order to increase diffusion depth, surface hardness, reproducibility and corrosion resistance without altering the hardening process parameters.