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Статті в журналах з теми "GRID/OFF-GRID"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Vannini, Phillip: Taggart. "Off-grid Mobilities." Transfers 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020103.

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Drawing from sensory ethnography, the present multimodal writing—accompanied by photography and digital video—documents and interprets the mobilities of off-grid living on Lasqueti Island, British Columbia, Canada. The data presentation focuses in particular on the embodied experience of off-grid inhabitation, highlighting the sensory and kinetic experiences and practices of everyday life in a community disconnected from the North American electrical grid and highway network. The mobilities of fuel and energy are presented in unison with ethnographic attention to the taskscape of everyday activities and movements in which off-grid islanders routinely engage. The analysis, based on Tim Ingold's non-representational theory on place, movement, and inhabitation, focuses on how the material and corporeal mobilities of off-grid life body forth a unique sense of place.

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2

Stickells, Lee. "Negotiating Off-Grid." Fabrications 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 104–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10331867.2015.1006755.

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3

Pollock, E., H. Kaur, R. Shinde, S. Batineih, and A. Dandapath. "Off-Grid Systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 297 (September 2, 2019): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/297/1/012021.

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4

Straight, Susan, and Douglas McCulloh. "Off the Grid." Boom 1, no. 4 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2011.1.4.1.

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This narrative essay explores the role of interpersonal connections among people from diverse backgrounds and how they fill in for much of the social services being eliminated from the state government.

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5

Matthias, James, Gayle Keller, Susan Cha, Craig Wilson, and Thomas A. Peterman. "Going Off Grid." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 45, no. 10 (October 2018): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000836.

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6

Sachs, Julian P. "Off the grid." Quaternary Science Reviews 24, no. 16-17 (September 2005): 1779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.05.008.

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7

Douglas, Tim. "Going off-grid." New Scientist 201, no. 2691 (January 2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60143-3.

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8

Roser, David. "Going off-grid." New Scientist 201, no. 2691 (January 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60151-2.

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9

Charles, Dan. "Off the grid." Science 381, no. 6662 (September 8, 2023): 1042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adk6370.

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10

Groza, E., K. Gicevskis, O. Linkevics, and S. Kiene. "Mathematical Model for Household Off-Grid Simulation (Off-Grid System Sizing)." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0029.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of the research, which was initiated in our previous publication. The main goal of the research is to develop and validate our own multi-objective simulation tool for determination of optimal mix and sizing of off-grid and grid-connected microgrid systems. The first version of the developed model was tailored specifically for simulation of household off-grid system, which consisted of solar photovoltaics (PV), micro wind turbine, electric batteries, and backup power generator. Proposed algorithms are based on simulation of mentioned resources and hourly electric loads of off-grid system with the objective to reduce unsupplied energy volumes and total system costs. Several alternatives were considered with different configurations of the off-grid system and dispatching strategies of available resources. The developed model was validated with calculations of real off-grid system and results were compared to those, which were made in the previous publication, using Homer Pro software.

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11

Ling, Yun, Huotao Gao, Guobao Ru, Haitao Chen, Boya Li, and Ting Cao. "Grid Reconfiguration Method for Off-Grid DOA Estimation." Electronics 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111209.

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Off-grid algorithms for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation have become attractive because of their advantages in resolution and efficiency over conventional ones. In this paper, we propose a grid reconfiguration direction of arrival (GRDOA) estimation method based on sparse Bayesian learning. Unlike other off-grid methods, the grid points of GRDOA are treated as dynamic parameters. The number and position of the grid points are varied iteratively via a root method and a fission process. Then, the grid gets reconfigured through some criteria. By iteratively updating the reconfigured grid, DOAs are estimated completely. Since GRDOA has fewer grid points, it has better computational efficiency than the previous methods. Moreover, GRDOA can achieve better resolution and relatively higher accuracy. Numerical simulation results validate the effectiveness of GRDOA.

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12

Kouřím, P., M. Libra, and V. Poulek. "Off-grid photovoltaic system for illumination ." Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, No. 3 (June 2, 2016): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/25/2014-rae.

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The off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system with batteries and with the LED light source was constructed and tested in in laboratory conditions. The PV system is used for emergency illumination and it is independent of the electric grid. The PV system is suitable for example in agriculture in store, in horse barn or in outdoors place. Description of the construction and testing is presented in this paper as well as results of the tests. The PV system was self-sufficient during the summer and autumn period till the November 3, 2011. Since November the illumination mode was modified. The illumination intensity was lowered, the discharging speed was decreased.

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13

Loschi, H. J., L. A. S. Ferreira, D. A. Nascimento, P. E. R. Cardoso, S. R. M. Carvalho, and F. D. Conte. "EMC Evaluation of Off-Grid and Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems for the Brazilian Scenario." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 6, no. 2 (March 2018): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2018.6.2.447.

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14

Halpin, Mark. "Off the Grid [Standards]." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 20, no. 4 (July 2014): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2014.2315034.

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15

Adee, Sally. "Empire off the grid." IEEE Spectrum 46, no. 8 (August 2009): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2009.5186553.

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16

Morgan, Speer. "Foreword: Off the Grid." Missouri Review 31, no. 1 (2008): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2008.0044.

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17

Houck, Gabriel. "Al, Off The Grid." Sewanee Review 125, no. 3 (2017): 538–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2017.0045.

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18

Pozniak, H. "The Off-Grid Lifestyle." Engineering & Technology 17, no. 8 (September 1, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2022.0808.

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19

Kent, Robin. "Going Off-the-Grid." Plastics Engineering 74, no. 10 (November 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/peng.20044.

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20

Anishkumar, A. R., and P. Sreejaya. "Switching Logic for Converting Off-grid PV Customers to On-grid by Utilizing Off-grid Inverter and Battery." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 97, no. 4 (May 25, 2016): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40031-016-0240-x.

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21

Sheble, Gerard. "Off the Grid! Off the Grid!: Last One Off Pays Stranded Costs! [In My View]." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 11, no. 1 (January 2013): 88–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2012.2222296.

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22

Ranjan, Rajiv, Abhishek Kumar, Rahul Ranjan, and Samir Shrivastava. "Off-Grid and On-Grid Connected Power Generation: A Review." International Journal of Computer Applications 164, no. 9 (April 17, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017913716.

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23

Kusmantoro, Adhi, Ardyono Priyadi, Vita Lystianingrum Budiharto Putri, and Mauridhi Hery Purnomo. "Kinerja Micro Grid Menggunakan Photovoltaic-Baterai dengan Sistem Off-Grid." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 9, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v9i2.155.

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Анотація:

Pada makalah ini dirancang sistem DC micro grid yang terdiri atas beberapa PV dan baterai yang saling terhubung melalui jaringan. PV grid A dan C menyalurkan daya 1.904 watt dalam sistem micro grid, sedangkan kontribusi daya baterai sebesar 784 watt. Sistem mempunyai beban 730 watt. Tujuan makalah ini adalah peningkatan kinerja micro grid dengan sistem off-grid, dengan kontrol terpusat berbasis controller Outseal. Kinerja sistem yang dirancang cukup baik karena sumber daya dari sistem PV grid A dan grid C cukup untuk memenuhi permintaan beban dan untuk mengisi baterai. Pada saat radiasi matahari rendah, baterai memenuhi permintaan beban. Sistem yang diusulkan mempertahankan tegangan pada 12 V dengan perubahan hanya ± 10%.

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24

Cao, Kaicheng, Yongqiang Cheng, Kang Liu, Hongqiang Wang, Jianqiu Wang, and Hongyan Liu. "Off-Grid Microwave Coincidence Imaging Based on Directional Grid Fission." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 19, no. 12 (December 2020): 2497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2020.3037100.

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25

Tzen, Eftihia. "Small wind turbines for on grid and off grid applications." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 410 (January 24, 2020): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/410/1/012047.

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26

Park, Minseuk, Sufyan Ali Memon, Geunhwan Kim, and Youngmin Choo. "3D Off-Grid Localization for Adjacent Cavitation Noise Sources Using Bayesian Inference." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 2628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052628.

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The propeller tip vortex cavitation (TVC) localization problem involves the separation of noise sources in proximity. This work describes a sparse localization method for off-grid cavitations to estimates their precise locations while keeping reasonable computational efficiency. It adopts two different grid (pairwise off-grid) sets with a moderate grid interval and provides redundant representations for adjacent noise sources. To estimate the position of the off-grid cavitations, a block-sparse Bayesian learning-based method is adopted for the pairwise off-grid scheme (pairwise off-grid BSBL), which iteratively updates the grid points using Bayesian inference. Subsequently, simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the separation of adjacent off-grid cavitations with reduced computational cost, while the other scheme suffers from a heavy computational burden; for the separation of adjacent off-grid cavitations, the pairwise off-grid BSBL took significantly less time (29 s) compared with the time taken by the conventional off-grid BSBL (2923 s).

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27

Pena Almora, Jose Alberto. "Cuba: TEFL off the Grid." English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies 4, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v4n1p12.

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The objective of this paper is to share the author’s points of view concerning the teaching and learning process of English as a foreign language in Cuba. The author does not claim to speak on behalf of the Cuban EFL teaching community, and the views expressed in this paper are the result of his personal practice only, and not necessarily those of the Cuban educational institutions. The writer wishes to thank all those who have contributed to his professional formation- whose list would be too long. The author remarks that all shortcomings, errors, and inaccuracies found in this paper are his fault only.

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28

Karthikeyan, M. "Off-Grid Solar Power Bank." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.1142.

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29

Tang, Gongguo, Badri Narayan Bhaskar, Parikshit Shah, and Benjamin Recht. "Compressed Sensing Off the Grid." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 59, no. 11 (November 2013): 7465–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2013.2277451.

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30

Sward, Johan, Hongbin Li, and Andreas Jakobsson. "Off-Grid Fundamental Frequency Estimation." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 26, no. 2 (February 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2017.2775800.

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31

Wen, Xian Kui, Yong Xiao, Shi Jun Chen, and Jun Liu. "Research on Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Switching Distributed Photovoltaic Power System." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.24.

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Photovoltaic power system (PV system) includes grid-connected and off-grid (islanding) types. With the improvement of power supply reliability, it is necessary to provide distributed PV power system with functions of grid-connection and off-grid operation, which as well as being easily switched. This research comparative analyzes on model of AC bus and model of DC bus of grid-connected and off-grid PVsystem and presents the control strategy. In order to safely operate and seamlessly switch grid-connected and off-grid, PV system is furnised constant-power control and constant-voltage frequency control with switching operation. Additionally, the switch junction for off-grid and the public supply system must be connected to the synchronization device for controling system of PV system therefore the PV system can be safely operated and switch from off-grid to grid-connected can be smoothly and rapidly.

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32

Bruning, Jhosefe, Adroaldo D. Robaina, Marcia X. Peiter, Miguel Chaiben Neto, Silvana A. Rodrigues, Laura D. Ferreira, Tonismar dos S. Pereira, and Luiz P. Kayser. "Economic performance of off-grid photovoltaic systems for irrigation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (January 2023): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n1p57-63.

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ABSTRACT Renewable energies are alternatives to replace fossil fuels and are crucial for the sustainability of the agricultural sector, besides being an important alternative for pumping water in irrigation. Thus, understanding revenues and expenses is fundamental in economic feasibility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the behavior of economic indicators in off-grid solar energy system for irrigation based on different scenarios. Photovoltaic projects were developed for different irrigation powers ranging from 0.736 to 22.1 kW, and the costs for implementation and operation, as well as the occurrence of economy of scale were evaluated, and the levelized cost of energy for each power analyzed was determined. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed, considering the variation in product price and investment cost, to demonstrate the responses in relation to economic indicators. Photovoltaic energy projects showed increasing costs with the increase in power, and the normalized cost per kW followed an economy of scale, while the levelized cost of energy showed feasibility, except for the power of 22.1 kW. The sensitivity analyses showed profitability for the analyzed configurations.

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33

Sapto Prayogo. "Pengembangan sistem manajemen baterai pada PLTS menggunakan on-off grid tie inverter." Jurnal Teknik Energi 9, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/energi.v9i1.1646.

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Permasalahan pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) yang menggunakan inverter jenis on/off grid tie inverter adalah tidak dilengkapi dengan mekanisme kontrol penyimpanan daya ke baterai. Dimana pada saat bekerja sebagai on grid inverter maka baterai seharusnya terlepas dari inverter hal ini ditujukan untuk menghindari baterai terjadi over discharge karena daya keluaran pada inverter saat on grid akan bekerja maksimum dengan adanya MPPT. Sementara pada saat off grid, baterai harus terhubung dengan inverter untuk menstabilkan daya keluaran inverter karena adanya fluktuasi radiasi matahari dan beban AC. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan sistem manajemen baterai untuk mengatur mekanisme pengisian dan pembebanan baterai pada inverter jenis on/off grid. Sistem manajemen baterai akan mengatur mekanisme pengisian baterai pada saat bekerja sebagai on grid inverter dan mengatur interkoneksi ke inverter pada saat bekerja sebagai off grid inverter, khususnya untuk mengantisipasi kondisi over charge dan over discharge. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan efesiensi BCU sebesar 95,1% dan efesiensi inverter sebesar 94,8%. Waktu transisi yang diperlukan untuk berpindah dari kondisi off grid ke kondisi on grid selama 41,4 detik. Perpindahan interkoneksi baterai dengan rangkaian inverter ke rangkaian pengisian baterai tidak mengganggu kinerja rangkaian PLTS on/off grid. Keywords: on grid, off grid, inverter, MPPT, baterai

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34

Watashi, Yuto, Masato Sano, Tsutomu Suzuki, and Yoshiaki Ohsawa. "Examining Off-Grid in Terms of Maintenance Cost of Power Grid." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 55, no. 3 (October 25, 2020): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.55.393.

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35

Sharma, Virendra, Piyush Kumar Choubey, Amit Kumar, and Lata Gidwani. "Optimal generation capacity mix in microgrid to meet demand." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i3.pp271-282.

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<p>This paper presents an approach for optimal generation capacity mix to fulfill future power demand using a micro-grid model which is operated in both the on-grid and off-grid modes. This is achieved using the solar photovoltaic (PV) system, fuel-cell, and battery energy storage system (BESS) with and without the grid-connected mode. Different control approaches and optimal size of the generators are presented. Proposed micro grid with solar PV system, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and back scattered electron detector (BESD) is tested for different operational scenarios of loads. Comparative index of performance (CIP) is introduced to indicate effectiveness of the micro-grid operations in the off-grid mode. This is based on difference in the total harmonic distortions (THD) in both the on-grid and off-grid modes. This is established that CIP indicates that the micro-grid works efficiently in the both the on-grid and off- grid modes during the simulated events of the switching ON/OFF the loads at different test conditions. The optimal generation mix successfully met the load demand with and without grid having conventional generatio.</p>

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36

Sutawan, Pande K. B., I. Nyoman Satya Kumara, and W. G. Ariastina. "SIMULASI SISTEM KONTROL OPERASI ON GRID SERTA ISLANDING PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA DI JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2015.v14i02p11.

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Анотація:

An on-grid solar power plant will distribute electric power to the grid in normal conditions. But when the supply of grid outages (islanding), on-grid solar power plant also can’t operate because the loss of the reference signal that is used as a reference for the inverter in the synchronization process. So there is potential loss of power when solar power plant can be used as a substitute source of electrical energy while PLN can’t serve consumers. In this research developed a simulation model that refers to the off grid solar power plant 500 Wp in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Udayana and can operate on-grid and off grid when islanding in matlab simulink. In this model made operation scenario where solar power plant operates on grid at the beginning of the simulation and after that operate off-grid (not connected to the grid and supply the local load). The simulation results show the model off grid solar power plant has been able to generate a voltage of 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz in accordance with the solar power plant at the research site. The simulation results also show model of on grid solar power plant has been able to synchronize to the low voltage grid of PLN not loaded and loaded. On/off grid solar power plant model can operate on-grid or off-grid that corresponds to the operation scenario and produce the same output. Thus solar power plant can supply.

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37

Jamal, Noor. "Options for the supply of electricity to rural homes in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 3 (September 23, 2015): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i3a2129.

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Анотація:

The residential sector in South Africa is being electrified by the South African government on a priority basis. For this purpose, both grid and off-grid electrification options are being used. As off-grid option, 50 Watt Solar Home Systems (SHS) is being provided to consumers in remote rural areas where grid connection is inaccessible. But the SHS of the mentioned size can hardly produce 0.3 to 0.4 kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity per day, even under the best solar conditions. This electric energy is substantially lesser than the Basic Electric Energy (BEE = 50 kWh per month), being utilized in the country free of cost by grid connected low income households. In this research work, efforts have been made to determine the most economical options in South Africa’s rural areas with off-grid capacity equivalent to BEE. For analysis, off-grid/micro grid options have been compared not only with one another but also with grid connection. To incorporate renewable resources spatial variations, the work has been carried out at provincial level with the period 2014 to 2050. From analysis, it has been found that currently grid-connection is marginally better than off-grid options. But due to increasing grid connection cost and development in the off-grid technologies, the later with generation equivalent to BEE will be a more attractive option to electrify South African rural areas.

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38

Barrow, Deborah F. "Off Grid: Meaning, Technologies, and Applications." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 5, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v5i1.169241.

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“Off grid” or “off the grid” refers to a building or buildings that are not connected to any publicutility systems. Energy, water, and waste disposal are dealt with on site without any ties to a municipalsystem. This overview and analysis addresses the apparent lack of knowledge and expertise in this areanot only at the most basic levels but also the void that exists within the intelligentsia as to what it takesto go off grid and what that means. Off grid is its own entity and not just part of sustainability, conversely,off grid most often does incorporate sustainability. Many resources exist on the individual componentsof an off grid system but there is little information available that addresses how to combine thesecomponents into a building for it to become off grid and thus the prevalent ignorance among laypersonsand scholars alike. This paper houses them together and shows how they relate to the overall builtenvironment.

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39

Apribowo, Chico Hermanu Brillianto, Muhammad Nizam, Agus Ramelan, Hari Maghfiroh, and Aulia Vici Yunitasari. "Design of Microhydro Power Plants Based on Load Flow and Short Circuit Study Using ETAP: A Case Study in East Java, Indonesia." Journal of Electrical, Electronic, Information, and Communication Technology 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jeeict.4.2.67505.

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<p>This study was conducted to determine the feasibility level of the microhydro power plant development plan in Ngentep Village for the Off Grid On Grid system system and Sarangan Lake, Magetan Regency, East Java. The methodology used includes field survey activities, hydrological analysis, power and energy calculations, mechanical and electrical equipment planning, and technical analysis. In this system there are 4 study cases, including the Off Grid system in Ngntep, the Off Grid system with Hybrid in Ngentep, the On Grid system in Sarangan Lake and the on grid system with hybrid in Sarangan Lake. The results showed that the water discharge was able to generate minimal power in Sarangan Lake and Ngentep, 1.59kW and 1.18kW respectively. Power value for the On Grid system with a value of 1,598 kW. While the power value for Off Grid is 0.072 kW. And has a power factor of up to 99.7% but this is very helpful for the community, especially those in remote rural areas and suppliers in tourist areas. As for the current value in the On Grid system is 2.126 kA and for the Off Grid system it is 1.0209 kA. </p>

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Singh, Rajeshwar, Kusum Tharani, Yash Sharma, Raghav Kumar, and Pradeep Kumar. "Simulation of Hybrid On-grid and Off-grid System Using Homer Pro." Journal of Control and Instrumentation Engineering 8, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jcie.2022.v08i02.002.

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Electricity is the most adaptable and easily controlled form of energy and can be easily obtained from renewable sources (inexhaustible). The demand for electricity in the world, including India is rising at an alarming rate because it assumes a very essential role in the economic growth of a nation. There are a large number of remote or rural areas in India where the reach of conventional sources of energy is either not practical or very difficult. This paper proposes a PV-biogas-Battery system to meet the energy needs of rural areas of Uttar Pradesh (U.P), where the grid is not accessible. The comparison of the On-grid PV-Biogas system, Off-grid PV-Biogas-battery system and On-grid PV system is done. Techno-economic analysis of the above systems is also done. It is found that in the present scenario the Off-grid PV-Biogas-Battery system gives the best results. Considering the future possibility that the villages get to the grid, On-grid PV system is also designed which gives the best result in this scenario. The modelling and simulation are done with HOMER Pro Software. Besides providing electricity to the village from a hybrid PV-Biogas-battery system, it is also prescribed to use the gases (like methane) produced in the bio gas plant to provide as cooking gas to households Biogas can also be upgraded into biomethane, which is known as renewable natural gas or RNG, and infuse into natural gas pipelines or used as a fuel in vehicle and to utilize the output waste produce in bio gas plant for manuring purpose. This manure can replace fertilizers eventually increasing yield without compromising the nutrient and composition of soil.

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Nayek, Rima. "Analysis and Cost Optimization of On-Grid and Off-Grid Solar System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 2060–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.6338.

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42

Lo Calzo, Giovanni, Alessandro Lidozzi, Luca Solero, and Fabio Crescimbini. "LC filter design for on-grid and off-grid distributed generating units." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, no. 2 (March 2015): 1639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2014.2345952.

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Urpelainen, Johannes. "Grid and off-grid electrification: An integrated model with applications to India." Energy for Sustainable Development 19 (April 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.12.008.

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Asemota, Godwin Norense Osarumwense. "Rwanda’s Off-Grid Solar Performance Targets." Joule 5, no. 1 (January 2021): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.016.

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Soboyejo, Wole, and Roger Taylor. "Off-Grid Solar for Rural Development." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.74.

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The World Bank estimates that over two billion people on the planet live their daily lives without access to basic, reliable electric services. Rural populations in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and island nations need clean water, health services, communications, and light at night. Small, simple, solar electric systems are part of the solution—increasing the quality of life, often at a cost that is less than what is presently being spent for kerosene, dry-cell batteries, and the recharging of automotive batteries that must be lugged to the nearest town on a weekly basis (see Figure 1).

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Doig, A. "Off-grid electricity for developing countries." IEE Review 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19990104.

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Garrison, Kevin. "Moving technical communication off the grid." Technical Communication Quarterly 27, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2018.1483676.

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Moore, Samuel K. "Water goes off the grid [update]." IEEE Spectrum 45, no. 11 (November 2008): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2008.4659377.

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Lu, Zhenqi, Rendong Ying, Sumxin Jiang, Peilin Liu, and Wenxian Yu. "Distributed Compressed Sensing off the Grid." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 22, no. 1 (January 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2014.2349904.

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Boeing, Geoff. "Off the Grid…and Back Again?" Journal of the American Planning Association 87, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1819382.

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