Статті в журналах: "Grid corrosion"

1

Zhang, Cheng, Yuxiang Liao, Xue Gao, Jing Zhao, Yuan Yuan, and Ruijin Liao. "Research Advances of Soil Corrosion of Grounding Grids." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050513.

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A grounding grid plays the role of discharging current and balancing voltage to ensure the safety of the power system. However, soil corrosion can damage the grounding grid, which then can endanger the safe operation of power system. This paper reviewed recent research advances of soil corrosion of grounding grid. The cause, mechanism, types, and influencing factors of soil corrosion of grounding grids were summarized, and the corresponding detection technology and protective measures were also introduced. The paper pointed out that soil corrosion is a serious threat to the grounding grid system. Moreover, the impact mechanism of AC stray current, new corrosion detection technology, and better protective measures still need in-depth research.

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2

Pei, Feng, Jing Fu, Fa Yuan Wu, Lei Jing Wang, Xiao Lei Liu, Zhao Hui Yin, and Zhi Ping Zhu. "Electrochemical Evaluation Method for Soil Corrosion Properties in Grid Substation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.811.

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Soil corrosion is the main reason of corrosion failure for substation grounding grids. To explore electrochemical evaluation method for soil corrosion of substation grounding grids would effectively ensure the safe operation of power grids. This paper discussed the main several kinds of soil corrosive electrochemical research methods and application. These methods played an important role on researching soil corrosion mechanism, soil corrosivity and corrosion behavior.

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3

Ren, Zhenxing, Daowu Yang, Jun Liu, Yong Ma, Zhongtang Huo, and Shaochang Zheng. "The protection of 500kV substation grounding grids with combined conductive coating and cathodic protection." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-10-2013-1311.

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Purpose – The purpose of the paper was to design an anti-corrosion system that combined conductive coatings with cathodic protection for a 500-kV substation ground grid, and provide a basis for the anti-corrosion construction of the installation. Design/methodology/approach – The study took the Shaoguan 500-kV substation grounding grid as the research object. The anti-corrosion performance of KV conductive coatings on grounding metal was researched. In parallel, the alkalinity of substation soil was evaluated according to the German DIN50929 Standard, and the combined protection system comprising conductive coatings and impressed current cathodic protection was designed. Findings – KV conductive coatings, that have resistance to acids, alkalis and salts, can effectively slow down the corrosion rate of the grounding grid. The investigation also provided the outline design, installation, construction requirements and monitoring methods for the 500-kV substation grounding grid. Originality/value – This report contains some guiding significance for anti-corrosion engineering of 500-kV substation grounding grids.

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4

Du, Jingyi, Liqian Yan, Haixia Wang, and Qiong Huang. "Research on grounding grid corrosion classification method based on convolutional neural network." MATEC Web of Conferences 160 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816001008.

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Aiming at the problem that the traditional detection methods can not accurately classify the corrosion degree of grounding grids. The corrosion image is taken as the research object, the convolution neural network is used as the algorithm firstly to classify the corrosion degree. Firstly, the corrosion simulation experiment was carried out, and the sample library was established by using the corrosion image collected in different stages. Then, according to the LeNet-5 model, the traditional CNN and improved CNN models were designed for corrosion classification of grounding grid. Simulation experiments were carried out in the preprocessed samples. Finally, the experimental results of Soft-max and SVM classifier are compared and analyzed. The results show: the classification results of the two models were better than those of the original samples, and the classification performance of SVM is better than that of Soft-max. The improved model can improve classification accuracy. This study fills the blank of detecting the corrosion degree of grounding grid by image method, and it is significant to quickly grasp the corrosion degree to avoid faults or accidents.

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5

Zhang, Yifeng, Wei Chen, Hanbing Yan, Xuefeng Wang, Hanping Zhang, and Shijing Wu. "The Effect of Atmospheric Chloride Ions on the Corrosion Fatigue of Metal Wire Clips in Power Grids." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020237.

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Corrosion fatigue is an important factor that limits the life of grid materials including wire clips. In order to study the effect of corrosion fatigue and to select suitable grid steels, this paper focuses on the corrosion fatigue properties of Q235 carbon steel, Q235 galvanized steel, and 316L stainless steel in the corrosive environments of air, 2wt% NaCl, 5wt% NaCl, and 8wt% NaCl. Through the fatigue test in the corrosive environment, and the surface morphology scanning and microstructure observation of the fracture, the following conclusions are drawn: the three materials are more susceptible to corrosion fatigue in the Cl− environment, and the higher the Cl− concentration, the greater the likelihood of fracture caused by corrosion fatigue for these three materials. By analyzing the surface roughness, dimples, and cracks in the microstructure, it is found that 316L stainless steel is highly sensitive to Cl− corrosion under cyclic stress, and Q235 galvanized steel is more resistant to Cl−. By plotting the stress fatigue life curve of Q235 galvanized steel, it is found that the corrosion fatigue life decreases as the Cl− concentration increases. For wire clips in areas with severe Cl− pollution, Q235 galvanized steel should be selected to achieve the best anti-corrosion fatigue effect; at the same time, the original parts should be repaired or replaced in a timely manner based on the predicted corrosion fatigue life.

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6

Song, Linbo, Cheng Zhang, Jing Zhao, Rui Yang, and Yuan Yuan. "Influence of Current on Soil Corrosion of Galvanized Steel of Grounding Grids." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020190.

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Grounding grid materials are vulnerable to soil corrosion, which is detrimental to the safe operation of the grounding grids and even lead to serious accidents of power transmission. In this paper, galvanized steel was used as the typical grounding grid material which was buried in the soil and then electrified with AC and DC current for two weeks. The corroded samples under different current conditions were characterized and compared. The experimental results show that the corrosion degree of galvanized steel gradually aggravated with the increasing of the current, especially under DC current. Further, the mechanism of the influence of current on soil corrosion is explored. It is found that under the same magnitude of current, the corrosion degree of galvanized steel under DC current is greater than that under AC current.

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7

Yan, Feng Jie, Xing Geng Li, and Xue Gang Wang. "The Corrosion Behavior of Galvanized Steel in Alkaline Soil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.416.

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The grounding grid of some substation shows severely corrosion, which affects the safe running of power grid. Galvanized steel is widely used in grounding grid. However, the galvanized steel is easy to corrosion in alkaline soil. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of galvanized steel was studied through accelerated corrosion test of burying specimens in laboratory soils and the corrosion rate was measured by electrochemical test. The corrosion products and corrosion appearance were analyzed by means of SEM, and XRD. The results show that pitting corrosion and localized corrosion were observed on the surface of the galvanized steel, the corrosion products were rough and loose, indicating no protection, the corrosion products of galvanized steel were ZnO,FeO(OH),FeCl3,Zn3O(SO4)2,and ZnSO3·2.50H2O. Electrochemical test show that the corrosion rate of galvanized steel in the later corrosion stage is higher than in the initial corrosion stage.

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8

Cui, Jiang Xia, and Jing Yi Du. "Evaluation Study of Grounding Grids Based on Gray Clustering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.550.

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Grounding grid is an important device which ensures the safe operation of substation. Its corrosion is influenced by various factors and the influence of these factors is varied. It is difficult to infer the relationship between the corrosion rate and its influencing factors, so this paper apply the grey clustering method of grey system theory in the grounding grid corrosion and gives an application instance and realizes it by MATLAB. The results demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the method mentioned in this paper. This method can provide reference for high reliability for related departments in the implementation of emergency situation due to grounding grid corrosion.

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9

Dai, Fen Lei, and Wen Qiang Xie. "The Progressive Optimization Model on the Corrosion Rate of the Grounding Grid." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1090.

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Established a cross-validation of the model optimization algorithm in order to predict the corrosion rate of the grounding grid. Forward neural network input variables by principal component analysis to extract the main element, eliminating the correlation between variables; cross-validation method and change the termination of the neural network training conditions, the selection of network training model. The final simulation results show that, get a good grounding grid corrosion rate stability and generalization performance optimization prediction model can predict the corrosion rate of the grounding grid.

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10

Huang, H., Y. C. Liu, Y. Xing, J. R. Wu, X. Y. Mao, Y. Y. Wu, and M. F. Peng. "Corrosion Mechanism and Corrosion State Detection Method of the Grounding Grid." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 486 (July 10, 2019): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/486/1/012085.

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11

Liu, Liqiang, Xianjue Luo, and Tao Niu. "Creditability analysis of grounding grid corrosion diagnosis." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 33, no. 3-4 (October 8, 2010): 1591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-2010-1289.

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12

Yi, Qin, Song Xu, Xu Zhi Li, Bing Feng, and Bo Tao Hu. "Corrosion Characteristics of Grounding Grid in Resistance-Reducing Agents." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.947.

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The corrosion characteristics of grounding grid in different kinds of resistance-reducing agent were analyzed. The corrosion characteristic of carbon steel in different resistance-reducing agent was presented. Comprehensive evaluation on construction technology was made. Moreover, reference for the protection of the grounding grid and the safe operation were provided.

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13

Zhu, Zhiping, Chun Shi, Yu Zhang, and Zhifeng Liu. "The effects of Cl− and direct stray current on soil corrosion of three grounding grid materials." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 67, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2019-2136.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of Cl− and direct stray current on the soil corrosion of three grounding grid materials. Design/methodology/approach The electrochemical corrosion properties of three grounding grid materials, which include the Q235 steel, Q235 galvanized flat steel and copper, were measured by means of the weak polarization curve method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; the corrosion rate of specimens was calculated using the weight loss method; and the specimen surfaces were characterized using the scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Findings Results showed that both factors, Cl− and direct stray current, can accelerate the corrosion rate of grounding grid materials. The magnitude of DC stray current density affected the mass transfer type and response frequency of the anode and cathode reaction of grounding materials, while the Cl− contents of the soil only affect the mass transfer rate of the electrode material from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy diagrams. The electric field generated by the DC stray current caused Cl− directed migration. The larger the DC stray current density, the greater the diffusion process and the greater the weight loss rate of the grounding grid materials that would have a logarithmic relationship with the Cl− content at the same DC stray current density. The corrosion resistance of the three materials is copper > Q235 galvanized flat steel > Q235 flat steel. Originality/value The paper provides information regarding the relationship among Cl−, direct stray current and corrosion of three grounding grid materials by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Meanwhile the weight loss rate is the logarithmic relationship with the Cl− content, which is useful for understanding the corrosion mechanism of Q235 steel, Q235 galvanized flat steel and copper under the condition of Cl− and direct stray current in soil.

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14

Fu, Zhihong, Xiujuan Wang, Qian Wang, Xiaobin Xu, Nengyi Fu, and Shanqiang Qin. "Advances and Challenges of Corrosion and Topology Detection of Grounding Grid." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (June 3, 2019): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112290.

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The grounding device plays performs the role of releasing a lightning current and a fault current in the power system, and the corrosion of the conductor will cause damage to the grounding body, which threatens the safe operation of the power system. The grounding grid corrosion detection technology and equipment guarantee the safe operation of the power system. This paper discusses the research status of grounding corrosion and topological detection in detail and introduces the basic principles, research difficulties and existing problems of the methods such as the electric network method, electromagnetic field method, electrochemical method, ultrasonic detection method and electromagnetic imaging method. The methods of electromagnetic imaging and time difference positioning proposed in recent years have been also discussed in detail. The paper points out that the application of grounding grid corrosion detection distance engineering still faces great challenges and that multi-disciplinary, multi-information fusion, new sensing technology, big data platforms and intelligent computing will be the trends to follow in research on grounding grid fault, corrosion detection and life prediction.

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15

Liu, Dongtao, Yuliang Lu, Haichun Lin, Chunshang Qiao, Jiming Song, Shengqian Chen, Zhenhe Yao, Kezheng Du, and Yajun Yu. "Study on the Discharge Process and Mechanism of Anti-Corrosion Pill Particles in the Oil and Gas Field Wellbore Casing Annulus Based on the Discrete Element Method." Processes 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091737.

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This research studies the discharge process and its mechanism using the discrete element method (DEM) with self-developed annular corrosion pill particles and the discharge device as an example in order to optimize the oil and gas field wellbore casing annular corrosion process. The object of study was chosen from four different grid numbers and four different grid widths, and EDEM software was utilized to simulate and assess the pill particle discharge process based on preliminary experimental research. Under five different pill wheel rotation speeds, the effects of the grid number and grid width on the filling amount, filling density, discharge variation coefficient, and compressive force of pill particles were investigated from macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints. The findings reveal that the grid number, grid width, and rotation speed all have a significant impact on pill filling and discharge performance. As a result, the discharge wheel’s structure and operating characteristics were optimized. The discharge wheel performs best when the grid number is 8, the grid width is 75 mm, and the rotation speed is 15 rpm; the pill filling density is 692.26 kg/m3, the discharge variation coefficient is 0.022, and the maximum compressive force is 188 N. This study establishes the groundwork for enhancing wellbore integrity management in oil and gas fields by providing a reference for the optimal design of wellbore casing annular corrosion prevention devices in oil and gas fields.

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16

Guo, An Xiang, Wei Juan Hu, Ai Jun Yan, Zhi Qiang Yang, and La Jun Feng. "Situation and Development on Soil Corrosion of Metallic Materials of HVDC Power Transmission Project." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.218.

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UHVDC transmission could deliver high-power electricity over long distances effectively, while the DC stray current led to corrosion of grounding device and the surrounding buried metal during the operation inevitably. This paper reviewed the research progress of HVDC corrosion at home and abroad in recent years. It elaborated corrosion research direction of HVDC system from three aspects, which were pole, grounding grid and the neighboring tower grounding body buried pipeline respectively. Describing the anti-corrosion measures on grounding devices and buried pipeline, and explaining the advantages and defects of various anti-corrosion technology. At last, we proposed that it was necessary to expand the research in UHVDC field, grasp the erosion rule of DC stray current in soil comprehensively to enhance the security of UHVDC transmission system of national grid.

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17

Wang, Zhigao, Mei Wang, Jie Jiang, Xinsheng Lan, Fangqiang Wang, Zhi Geng, and Qianqian Tian. "Atmospheric Corrosion Analysis and Rust Evolution Research of Q235 Carbon Steel at Different Exposure Stages in Chengdu Atmospheric Environment of China." Scanning 2020 (February 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9591516.

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In order to effectively reduce and retard corrosion of the power transmission and transformation equipment in Chengdu power grid and to improve power supply reliability, Q235 carbon steel material which is the most widely used metal material in power grid was selected as the targeted research object in this article. Exposure experiments were performed in urban atmospheric environment of Chengdu city in the southwest region of China. The corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel material was investigated at different seasons. The macro- and micromorphologies after corrosion were observed using a digital camera and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Element distribution of the rust layer and the corrosion products was characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); the corrosion mechanism was also briefly analyzed.

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18

Giess, H. "The influence of calcium, tin and grid thickness on corrosion-induced grid growth." Journal of Power Sources 53, no. 1 (January 1995): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(94)01974-z.

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19

Han, Juan, and Jingyi Du. "A method for grounding grid corrosion rate prediction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 69 (June 2017): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/69/1/012089.

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20

Hu, Haize, Yunyi Li, Mengge Fang, Feiyu Hu, and Zhanpeng Rong. "Research on grounding grid corrosion detection based on hybrid artificial intelligence algorithm." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 68, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-210112.

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As an important part of substation, grounding grid is the main approach to release short-circuit current. Grounding grid is in the complex electromagnetic compund,and with increasely being operated, it is easily corroded for various reasons, resulting in short-circuit current not being discharged normally. It is difficult to detect the grounding grid without excavation, because it is generally buried underground. Therefore, it is very important to accurately detect the grounding grid without excavation. In this paper, a grounding grid detection method based on artificial intelligence hybrid algorithm is proposed. In order to verify the accuracy of the detection method, the grounding grid model is established by using electromagnetic transient simulation software ATP-EMTP. According to the ATP-EMTP simulation model, the node potential of each point of the grounding grid is detected as the reference object for verification. In order to remove the randomness of the simulation results, the average value of 20 tests was used as the corrosion diagnosis result. The results show that the missed diagnosis rate of the proposed in paper was 2.1%, which was reduced by 12.1%, 7.1% and 7.5% respectively compared with the other three algorithms. At the same time, the misdiagnosis is 2.1%, which is reduced by 10%, 6.2% and 12.9% respectively for the other three algorithms. In sum, the corrosion leakage diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate of the proposed artificial intelligence algorithm are lower than those of the other three optimization algorithms, and have higher accuracy and stability in corrosion diagnosis.

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21

Du, Jing Yi, Juan Han, Yue Jiao Zhao, and Wen Hui Liu. "A Model of Predicting Corrosion Rate for Substation Grounding Grid Based on the Similarity and Support Vector Regression." Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (July 2014): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.271.

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In this paper, we proposed a training model to predict the corrosion rate for substation grounding grid based on the Similarity and Support Vector Regression (SSVR). In the proposed model, the effect of grounding grid corrosion rate was acted as a feature vector and processed by a dimensionless treatment. Then, the similarity between the feature vector of training terminal and index vector of actual site would be calculated. In the prediction of corrosion rate, the traditional Linear Average Method (LAM) to describe the nonlinear contribution has some fault defects. Therefore, we proposed the training model named SSVR. From the experimental results, the proposed SSVR can obtain better predicting performance than the traditional LAM.

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22

Lu, Yuxin. "Study on Galvanic Corrosion Characteristics of the Ground Grid with Different Metal Conductors in the Converter Station." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2213, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2213/1/012021.

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Abstract The galvanic corrosion of grounding net in converter station seriously affects its dispersion performance. However, the corrosion potential difference between different metal conductors will aggravate the corrosion speed of the converter station grounding network. In this paper, the variation of corrosion potential difference and corrosion current of dissimilar metals in water medium and soil medium is analyzed by experiments. In the two media, when the circuit resistance is high, the galvanic corrosion is mainly affected by ohmic polarization. Then, CDEGS simulation was used to obtain the change rule of corrosion current under different circuit resistance, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results. The results show that with the increase of circuit resistance, the corrosion potential difference is basically unchanged, while the corrosion current decreases gradually, and when the circuit resistance increases to a certain margin, the corrosion current decreases gently. When the current density is less than 0.47A/m2, ohmic polarization can be used to approximate analyze the galvanic corrosion of dissimilar metal connections.

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23

Wu, Gao Lin, Yao Zhong, Xiao Ren, Jian Hao, Qian Wang, and Xu Peng Wang. "Atmospheric Corrosion State Evaluation Based on Surface Corrosion Morphology for Electrical Metal Frame Equipment in Chongqing Power Grid." Key Engineering Materials 815 (August 2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.815.89.

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This paper studies the atmospheric corrosion characteristics of grid metal frame equipment in Chongqing. Through the standard field test method of atmospheric corrosion -"exposure" method, this study carried out the substation site hanging test of the Q235 steel of the power transmission and transformation engineering structural material in the atmospheric environment, and mastered the corrosion data of Q235 steel in different corrosion stages. It was found that the morphology, quantity and characteristics of corrosion products on the metal surface varied greatly with the progress of corrosion. According to the metal corrosion morphology of different corrosion time, combined with image processing technology and wavelet transform algorithm, the parameters such as gray mean M, corrosion standard deviation σm, corrosion energy E, and energy percentage of wavelet image coefficient were selected as corrosion characteristic variable. At the same time, the BP neural network algorithm was used to qualitatively evaluate the corrosion state of the electrical equipment metal. By testing the on-site samples of the two substations, the corrosion state values of the samples were 0.946 and 0.8071, respectively, which is consistent with the actual corrosion degree, and the system had a good evaluation result.

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Li, Wenbo, Yingfei Yang, Dongdong Song, Jiran Zhu, and Yi Xie. "Study on Compatibility of Waterborne Surface Treatment Coatings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2194, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2194/1/012026.

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Abstract the severe corrosion of power grid equipment has always been an important factor affecting the service life of equipment. Rust transfer technology is used to treat the corroded equipment to improve the corrosion resistance of transmission grid cabinet equipment in high temperature and high humidity environment. Taking acid modified acrylic acid as the main component, the composite conversion solution was obtained by adding phosphoric acid and phytic acid. Through the surface morphology, electrochemical test and adhesion test after rust conversion, the universality and corrosion resistance of the rust conversion solution were analyzed; Combined with zinc phosphate primer and zinc rich primer, the effects of rust conversion solution on the adhesion and salt spray corrosion resistance of the two commercial primers were studied. The compound conversion solution has good rust conversion effect on atmospheric corrosion rust layer, salt spray corrosion rust layer and damp heat corrosion rust layer; The corrosion resistance and adhesion of atmospheric corrosion rust layer are obviously improved after being treated with rust conversion solution. The adhesion of zinc phosphate primer and zinc rich primer on rust conversion solution is 2.1 times and 0.8 times higher than that of atmospheric corrosion rust layer without rust conversion, respectively. The compound rust conversion solution has strong universality and can convert atmospheric corrosion, salt spray corrosion and damp heat corrosion rust layers. At the same time, it has good corrosion resistance, which can significantly improve the corrosion potential of the corroded surface and reduce the corrosion current density. In addition, the composite rust conversion solution can significantly improve the adhesion and corrosion resistance of the primer coating.

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Lu, Dong Liang, Dang Jun Zhang, Chun Yan Duan, and Tao Lin. "The Effect of Boric Acid Addition on the Performance of a Gelled Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.321.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of boric acid as an additive for gelled electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and an equivalent circuit analysis were employed to study the electrochemical performance of the gelled electrolyte with the addition of varying amounts of boric acid. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the grid corrosion in corrosion test. For moderate contents of boric acid, the electrode capacity improved, as well as the oxygen evolution profermance. However, the adverse effects of boric acid were found to include increased electrical resistance, decreased hydrogen evolution overpotential and promote the corrosion of the grid. The experimental results indicates that the optimum content was 0.4wt.%.

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Kuang, Xian Ren, Fang Ting Hu, and Yu Jie Fan. "Analysis on the Corrosion of the Inner Cavity of the Christmas Tree Hydraulic Valve in a Well in Western China." Materials Science Forum 1078 (December 22, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-06b52w.

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In this paper, with the observing corrosion morphology of the inner cavity of the Christmas tree hydraulic valve and detecting the physical and chemical properties of the material (chemical composition, mechanical properties and metallographic structure),It is found that the main reason for the corrosion of the inner cavity of Yidong fan is that in the production process, due to improper heat treatment process, Cr element is accumulated in the metallographic structure of the hydraulic valve matrix, forming a grid like high Cr region, and the grid becomes a low Cr region, under the action of formation water containing CO2, the low Cr area is corroded, and large and deep corrosion pits are formed in the internal cavity of the hydraulic valve.

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Mukaitani, Ichiroh, Koji Hayashi, Ichiro Shimoura, Arihiko Takemasa, Isamu Takahashi, and Harushige Tsubakino. "Positive grid corrosion elongation analysis using CAE with corrosion deformation transformed into thermal phenomenon." Journal of Power Sources 144, no. 2 (June 2005): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.11.047.

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28

Yan, Feng Jie, Xin Geng Li, Zeng Wu Yue, Xue Gang Wang, and Kai Guo. "An Environmental-Friendly Al-Cu Alloy Material for Electric Power Grounding Grid." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 3017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.3017.

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Galvanized steel, a general grounding material, has a short service life due to high corrosion rate in alkaline soil environment. An Al-4.5Cu-Re alloy was developed to overcome the shortcoming of galvanized steel. The properties of Al-4.5Cu-Re alloy were studied by accelerated corrosion test, grounding resistance test, electrochemical test and comprehensive electrical performance test in alkaline soil. The results show that the Al-Cu alloy with shot blasting and pre-oxidation exhibited low grounding resistance, high corrosion resistance, good comprehensive electrical performance and environment friendly feature. Al-Cu alloy with shot blasting and pre-oxidation can be used as grounding material.

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Tan, Xiaomeng, Jingshu Xing, Hao Chen, and Tao Zhang. "Corrosion and Protection of Galvanized Steel in Power Grid." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 508 (July 1, 2020): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/508/1/012059.

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30

Osório, Wislei R. R., Claudia S. C. Aoki, and Amauri Garcia. "Effects of Microstructural Arrangement on Hot Corrosion Resistance of a Pb-Sb Alloy for Battery Grids." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.851.

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Анотація:

It is well known that the solution characteristics, such as pH and temperature may affect the corrosion mechanism and the corrosion behavior. Lead acid batteries manufacturers have provided modifications into the grid project in order to decrease battery grid weight as well as to reduce the production costs, and to increase the battery life-time cycle and the corrosion-resistance. The performance of lead-acid batteries in automotive applications can significantly be affected by temperature variation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the microstructural morphology of a Pb-6.6wt%Sb alloy under conditions of hot corrosion. A water-cooled unidirectional solidification system was used to obtain coarse and fine dendritic microstructures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) diagrams, potentiodynamic polarization curves and an equivalent circuit analysis were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of fine and coarse dendritic samples in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution in three different working temperatures. It was found that independently of the working temperature, samples with finer dendritic microstructures provide better corrosion resistance than coarser ones, which is an indication that the former microstructural pattern may provide a higher battery life-time in severe temperatures than a coarser one.

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31

Kim, Kyung-Min, and Ju-Hyun Cheon. "Flexural Behavior of One-Way Slab Reinforced with Grid-Type Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics of Various Geometric and Physical Properties." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 12491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312491.

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Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) has many advantages, including corrosion resistance, but TRC is a novel composite material and there is limited experimental research on the flexural behavior of TRC members. This paper aims to experimentally evaluate the flexural behavior of TRC slabs reinforced with nine types of grid-type carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) (hereafter referred to as carbon grid) with varying cross-sectional areas, spacings, tensile strengths, and elastic moduli of longitudinal strands. The experimental results show that the maximum load tends to be higher in specimens reinforced with carbon grids with small cross-sectional areas and spacings of strands but high tensile strength. Cross-sectional area and spacing were also revealed to influence the crack-formation stage behavior. On the other hand, stiffness decreased to approximately 8% or lower than the initial stiffness, with cracking in all carbon grid-reinforced specimens; post-peak behavior also exhibited dependency on tensile stress acting on the carbon grids under the maximum load, based on 80% of the tensile strength.

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32

Dai, Ke Shun, Wen Kai Xiao, and Tan Yu. "Research on the Performance of Shielded Wire Passivated by 823 Preservatives in Neutral Salt Spray Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3.

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The corrosion cracking of Shielded wire could result in protection equipments and automatic devices failing to work, which seriously affects the normal operation of the grid [1]. Therefore, researching the corrosion of Shielded wire has an important meaning. This article, through measurements of the polarization curve of the shield, researched the corrosion rate of different spray time and treatments, and came to a conclusion that the corrosion resistance after passivated by 823 preservatives is higher than before it.

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33

Song, Chun Feng, Yuan Bin Hou, and Jing Yi Du. "The Prediction of Grounding Grid Corrosion Rate Using Optimized RBF Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (July 2014): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.245.

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Because the grounding grid corrosion rate has the property of nonlinearity and uncertainty, it is very difficult for us to predict precisely. The approach is proposed that ant colony clustering algorithm is combined with RBF neural network to predict the grounding grid corrosion rate, using ant colony clustering algorithm to get the center of hidden layer neurons. To find the best clustering result, local search is applied in ant colony algorithm. This model has good performance of strong local generalization abilities and satisfying accuracy. At last, it is proved with lots of experiments that the application is fairly effective.

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34

Li, Ling Jian, Min Fang Peng, and Ke Xin Zhao. "Fault Diagnosis for Grounding Grids Based on Genetic Algorithm and Support Vector Machine." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.909.

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This paper presents a genetic algorithm to optimize support vector machine parameters for grounding grid fault diagnosis method. Grounding grid is equivalent to a pure resistance model, extract characteristics of different kinds of corrision states, Using genetic algorithm optimize support vector machine kernel function parameters, achieve the identification of the type of failure mode, Grounding grid of 6 × 6 test can quickly detect the grounding grid corrosion, simulation results show that the method has higher accuracy than support vector machine.

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35

Xu, Lei, Mi Yan, Xinying Wang, Wei Li, and Jinhui Peng. "The influences of silver and zinc addition on the electrochemical performances of the Pb–Ca–Sn Grids for lead acid batteries." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018002.

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The silver and zinc addition on the electrochemical performances of the Pb–Ca–Sn Grids were investigated. The corrosion film structure, phase composition and electrochemical performances of Pb − 0.08 wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn alloy, Pb − 0.08 wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn − 0.03 wt.% Ag alloy and Pb − 0.08wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn − 0.06 wt.% Zn alloy in a 1.28 g/mL of H2SO4 solution were studied by SEM observation, metallographic study, XRD, CV test and Constant DC discharge. It was found that the corrosion film of the alloy Pb – 0.08 wt.% Ca – 1.2 wt.% Sn appears as flaky crystal structure, while with the addition of 0.03% Ag and 0.06% Zn into Pb – 0.08 wt.% Ca – 1.2 wt.% Sn, the corrosion film being transformed into the crystalline columnar, compact structure. XRD analysis shows that the relative diffraction density of PbO2 increases with the addition of Ag and Zn. The capacity loss of the battery with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Zn grids is significant less than that with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Ag and Pb–Ca–Sn grids, and the life of battery with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Zn grids is longer than that with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Ag and Pb–Ca–Sn grids. The addition of Zn into Pb–Ca–Sn alloy can obviously improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy and form a new positive grid material for the lead-acid battery.

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36

Niu, Xiangnan, Haiping Hou, Kai Che, Ning Yu, Yike Wei, and Yu Tan. "Distribution of atmospheric corrosion grades in Southern Hebei Province." E3S Web of Conferences 300 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130002002.

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China has the largest and most complex power grid in the world. But at the same time, the power grid is also facing severe challenges from the natural environment, so its security and reliability are particularly important. In this paper, Q235 carbon steel was used for exposure test. 81 experimental sites were set up in five cities of Southern Hebei Province. And the data of two years were collected and sorted out, and the map of atmospheric corrosion grade in Southern Hebei Province was drawn.

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37

Du, Jingyi. "A Nonparametric Cluster Method for Predicting Grounding Grid Corrosion Rate." Journal of Information and Computational Science 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12733/jics20102736.

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38

Maja, M., and P. Spinelli. "Some aspects of grid corrosion in the lead-acid batteries." Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 36, no. 12 (December 1985): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19850361203.

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39

Wu, Xin An, Li Xue Li, Yi Hui Zheng, Xin Wang, De Min Cui, and Jing Sun. "Research on Corrosion Diagnostic Model of Grounding Grid Based on Tellegen's Theorem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.783.

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Grounding grid was considered as a pure-resistor network and its inner information was obtained through limited grounding leads. A set of diagnostic equations was established based on Tellegen’s theorem. Iteration method and Nonnegative Least Squares method (NNLS) were used to solve it. To verify this method, corrosion diagnosis of single-branch and two-branch was simulated. An optimal plan was proposed in the simulating calculation, which diagnosed step by step and added measurement nodes according to the result of each step. This method is able to determine the corrosion position and degree reliably and the optimal plan has higher efficiency and less workload.

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40

Palumbo, G., and U. Erb. "Enhancing the Operating Life and Performance of Lead-Acid Batteries via Grain-Boundary Engineering." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 11 (November 1999): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053422.

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Although conventional lead-acid batteries are considered a rather mature technology, significant research and development efforts are currently under way to enhance their performance and operating life. These efforts are being driven by the demands of both the automotive and stationary (or standby) market sectors. Both major markets have need of lead-acid batteries with higher energy density or reduced size and weight; however, the automotive sector is also driven to mitigate the cycle-life reduction of its “starter, lighting, and ignition” (SLI) batteries that results from rising “under the hood” temperatures in modern automobiles.The operating and cycle lives of leadacid batteries are limited by the resistance of the positive Pb-alloy electrodes to intergranular-degradation processes (i.e., corrosion, cracking, and creep). Figure 1 shows an example of near-through-wall cracking and some inter-granular corrosion (grain-dropping at surface) observed in a Pb-lwt%Sb positive battery grid following approximately four years of service. In addition to the breaching of grid electrical continuity by corrosion and cracking processes (as indicated in Figure 1), the relatively high homologous temperature of operation for lead-acid batteries (i.e., >0.6 Tm, where Tm is the melting temperature) promotes intergranular-creep processes that result in dimensional changes in the electrodes over time (i.e., grid “growth”); this causes adjacent plates to short, leading to reduced battery capacity.

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41

Huang, Zhi, Chao Feng, Jun Liu, Jie Gong, Jiarui Hu, Yi Xie, Wun Wang, Yi Long, and Weike Liu. "Typical failure forms and improvement measures of power grid fasteners." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 06020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016506020.

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By investigating the fastening defects of power grid components, it was concluded that unreasonable design, insufficient corrosion protection, improper assembly and insufficient fastening were the four typical forms of bolt failure. In response to the above problems, improvement measures such as design review, material sampling inspection, construction supervision, and operation and maintenance inspection were proposed.

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42

DING, XIA, JINGJIE LI, MUSEN LI, SHENGSONG GE, XIUCHUN WANG, KAIHONG DING, SHENGLI CUI, and YONGCONG SUN. "CORROSION PROTECTION OF ND–FE–B MAGNETS VIA PHOPHATIZATION, SILANIZATION AND ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING WITH ORGANIC RESIN COMPOSITE COATINGS." Surface Review and Letters 21, no. 06 (December 2014): 1450077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x14500772.

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Nd – Fe – B permanent magnets possess excellent properties. However, they are highly sensitive to the attack of corrosive environment. The aim of this work is to improve the corrosion resistance of the magnets by phosphatization, silanization, and electrostatic spraying with organic resin composite coatings. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) tests showed that uniform phosphate conversion coatings and spray layers were formed on the surface of the Nd – Fe – B magnets. Neutral salt spray tests exhibited that, after treated by either phosphating, silanization or electrostatic spraying, the protectiveness of Nd – Fe – B alloys was apparently increased. And corrosion performance of magnets treated with silane only was slightly inferior to those of phosphatized ones. However, significant improvement in corrosion protection was achieved after two-step treatments, i.e. by top-coating spray layer with phosphate or silane films underneath. Grid test indicated that the phosphate and silane coating were strongly attached to the substrate while silane film was slightly weaker than the phosphate-treated ones. Magnetic property analysis revealed phosphatization, silanization, and electrostatic spraying caused decrease in magnetism, but silanization had the relatively smaller effect.

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43

Karla, Hornbostel, Tobias Danner, and Mette Rica Geiker. "Non-destructive Test Methods for Corrosion Detection in Reinforced Concrete Structures." Nordic Concrete Research 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0005.

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AbstractSeveral inspection methods can be used to assess the corrosion state of steel reinforcement in concrete. Especially for periodical field surveys and monitoring, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are to be preferred as they do not cause any or very limited damage to the existing concrete. In this paper, the corrosion state of three reinforced concrete beams exposed to marine environment for 25 years was evaluated by measuring three parameters; electrochemical potential, concrete resistivity and corrosion rate. The measurements were performed with commercial devices. It was found that all devices are applicable for field inspections. Among the methods selected for the study, the electrochemical potential measured in a fine grid and analysed statistically offered the best possibility of evaluating the corrosion state; preferably in combination with selected excavations for determination of the level of corrosion.

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44

Zhang, Yong, Yuyang Liu, Xigang Yang, Guoqing Chen, and Baosheng Jin. "Numerical investigation on optimization of wall jet to reduce high temperature corrosion in 660 MW opposed wall fired boiler." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 20, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2021-0180.

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Abstract For an air staged combustion boiler, the rational organization of jets to form closing-to-wall film using as little air as possible plays a key role in resolving the high temperature corrosion problems. In this work, a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model including hydrodynamics and coal combustion is established for a 660 MW opposed wall fired boiler. Based on the grid independence and model validation, the flow field, temperature profile, and species concentration are predicted, and the influences of the structure of nozzles and the operation parameter of jets are further evaluated. The results show that the corrosion area of the side wall is dependent on the jet projection velocity and nozzle structures. The increase of the jet velocity does not always have an active influence on the reduction of corrosive area. Only increasing the nozzle diameter does not always have a positive impact on the improvement of the corrosion. The increase of the jet inclination angle can extend the jet trajectory, contributing to increase the oxygen coverage area. Reasonably adjusting the jet inclination angle of each layer can obtain the lower corrosion area. The increase of jet row number leads to a decrease in the spacing between rows, which enables the downstream jet to penetrate deeper into the cross stream. By increasing the number of jet layers and reducing the jet velocity of each layer, the lowest corrosion area can be obtained.

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45

Misra, Sudhan S. "Electrochemical Principles as Applied to Grid Corrosion in Lead-Acid Batteries." ECS Transactions 41, no. 13 (December 16, 2019): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3691914.

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46

Lawson, V. R. "Problems and detection of line anchor and substation ground grid corrosion." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 24, no. 1 (1988): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.87245.

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47

Prengaman, R. David. "Challenges from corrosion-resistant grid alloys in lead acid battery manufacturing." Journal of Power Sources 95, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00620-0.

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48

Huang, H., Y. C. Liu, Y. Xing, J. R. Wu, X. Y. Mao, X. H. Ma, and H. B. Sun. "Method and development trend of corrosion state prediction of grounding grid." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 342 (October 29, 2019): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/342/1/012025.

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49

Fang, Wenxuan, Hao Chen, and Xiaokai Liu. "Research on Corrosion Causes of Common Metal Material in Power Grid." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 512 (June 18, 2020): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/512/1/012107.

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50

Zhang, Peng Cheng, Yuan Xun, and Zhao Bo. "Impulse Grounding Resistance of Graphite Flexible Grounding Material under Spark Effect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.272.

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Graphite flexible grounding material is an environmentally friendly material with corrosion resistant, non-magnetic and flexible characteristic, which is gradually applied to grounding of transmission lines in recent years. In order to provide a reference for grounding grid design and impulse resistance measurement, an iterative calculation method based on electric-network theory is proposed. The equivalent method of the equivalent time-varying radius and influence of different iteration methodsonthe calculation resultsare discussed. Furthermore the accuracy of this method is compared with that of traditional ones in regulations. In the end the impulse grounding resistance of three kinds of grounding grids are calculated with this method and the empirical formulas of impulse coefficient are built. The results show that it can be considered that there is reference value in the calculation results obtained by the method in this paper, and the calculation accuracy improved as well. It obtains three typical grid structures under the impulse coefficient experience formula, and the grounding grid design and impulse resistance measurements of flexible graphite grounding electrode can provide reference. Flexible graphite grounding material has a broad application prospect in the power system grounding technology.

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