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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Pérez-Lozano, Maria-Luisa, Laure Sudre, Sandy van Eegher, Danièle Citadelle, Audrey Pigenet, Marie-Helène Lafage-Proust, Philippe Pastoureau, Frédéric De Ceuninck, Francis Berenbaum, and Xavier Houard. "Gremlin-1 and BMP-4 Overexpressed in Osteoarthritis Drive an Osteochondral-Remodeling Program in Osteoblasts and Hypertrophic Chondrocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042084.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease characterized by an important remodeling of the osteochondral junction. It includes cartilage mineralization due to chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation and bone sclerosis. Here, we investigated whether gremlin-1 (Grem-1) and its BMP partners could be involved in the remodeling events of the osteochondral junction in OA. We found that Grem-1, BMP-2, and BMP-4 immunostaining was detected in chondrocytes from the deep layer of cartilage and in subchondral bone of knee OA patients, and was positively correlated with cartilage damage. ELISA assays showed that bone released more Grem-1 and BMP-4 than cartilage, which released more BMP-2. In vitro experiments evidenced that compression stimulated the expression and the release of Grem-1 and BMP-4 by osteoblasts. Grem-1 was also overexpressed during the prehypertrophic to hypertrophic differentiation of murine articular chondrocytes. Recombinant Grem-1 stimulated Mmp-3 and Mmp-13 expression in murine chondrocytes and osteoblasts, whereas recombinant BMP-4 stimulated the expression of genes associated with angiogenesis (Angptl4 and osteoclastogenesis (Rankl and Ccl2). In conclusion, Grem-1 and BMP-4, whose expression at the osteochondral junction increased with OA progression, may favor the pathological remodeling of the osteochondral junction by inducing a catabolic and tissue remodeling program in hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts.

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2

Khatib Shahidi, Roxana, Jenny M. Hoffmann, Shahram Hedjazifar, Laurianne Bonnet, Ritesh K. Baboota, Stephanie Heasman, Christopher Church, et al. "Adult mice are unresponsive to AAV8-Gremlin1 gene therapy targeting the liver." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247300.

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Objective Gremlin 1 (GREM1) is a secreted BMP2/4 inhibitor which regulates commitment and differentiation of human adipose precursor cells and prevents the browning effect of BMP4. GREM1 is an insulin antagonist and serum levels are high in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We here examined in vivo effects of AAV8 (Adeno-Associated Viral vectors of serotype eight) GREM 1 targeting the liver in mature mice to increase its systemic secretion and also, in a separate study, injected recombinant GREM 1 intraperitoneally. The objective was to characterize systemic effects of GREM 1 on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, body weight, adipose cell browning and other local tissue effects. Methods Adult mice were injected with AAV8 vectors expressing GREM1 in the liver or receiving regular intra-peritoneal injections of recombinant GREM1 protein. The mice were fed with a low fat or high fat diet (HFD) and followed over time. Results Liver-targeted AAV8-GREM1 did not alter body weight, whole-body glucose and insulin tolerance, or adipose tissue gene expression. Although GREM1 protein accumulated in liver cells, GREM1 serum levels were not increased suggesting that it may not have been normally processed for secretion. Hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis were also not changed. Repeated intraperitoneal rec-GREM1 injections for 5 weeks were also without effects on body weight and insulin sensitivity. UCP1 was slightly but significantly reduced in both white and brown adipose tissue but this was not of sufficient magnitude to alter body weight. We validated that recombinant GREM1 inhibited BMP4-induced pSMAD1/5/9 in murine cells in vitro, but saw no direct inhibitory effect on insulin signalling and pAkt (ser 473 and thr 308) activation. Conclusion GREM1 accumulates intracellularly when overexpressed in the liver cells of mature mice and is apparently not normally processed/secreted. However, also repeated intraperitoneal injections were without effects on body weight and insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue UCP1 levels were only marginally reduced. These results suggest that mature mice do not readily respond to GREMLIN 1 but treatment of murine cells with GREMLIN 1 protein in vitro validated its inhibitory effect on BMP4 signalling while insulin signalling was not altered.

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3

Rohlin, Anna, Frida Eiengård, Ulf Lundstam, Theofanis Zagoras, Staffan Nilsson, Anders Edsjö, Jan Pedersen, et al. "GREM 1 and POLE variants in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes." Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 55, no. 1 (October 23, 2015): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gcc.22314.

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4

Reber, I., I. Keller, D. Becker, C. Flury, M. Welle, and C. Drögemüller. "Wattles in goats are associated with the FMN 1 / GREM 1 region on chromosome 10." Animal Genetics 46, no. 3 (March 3, 2015): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12279.

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5

Tejedor-Santamaria, Lucia, Jose Luis Morgado-Pascual, Laura Marquez-Exposito, Beatriz Suarez-Alvarez, Raul R. Rodrigues-Diez, Antonio Tejera-Muñoz, Vanessa Marchant, et al. "Epigenetic Modulation of Gremlin-1/NOTCH Pathway in Experimental Crescentic Immune-Mediated Glomerulonephritis." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15020121.

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Crescentic glomerulonephritis is a devastating autoimmune disease that without early and properly treatment may rapidly progress to end-stage renal disease and death. Current immunosuppressive treatment provides limited efficacy and an important burden of adverse events. Epigenetic drugs are a source of novel therapeutic tools. Among them, bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitors (iBETs) block the interaction between bromodomains and acetylated proteins, including histones and transcription factors. iBETs have demonstrated protective effects on malignancy, inflammatory disorders and experimental kidney disease. Recently, Gremlin-1 was proposed as a urinary biomarker of disease progression in human anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis. We have now evaluated whether iBETs could regulate Gremlin-1 in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis induced by nephrotoxic serum (NTS) in mice, a model resembling human crescentic glomerulonephritis. In NTS-injected mice, the iBET JQ1 inhibited renal Gremlin-1 overexpression and diminished glomerular damage, restoring podocyte numbers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated BRD4 enrichment of the Grem-1 gene promoter in injured kidneys, consistent with Gremlin-1 epigenetic regulation. Moreover, JQ1 blocked BRD4 binding and inhibited Grem-1 gene transcription. The beneficial effect of iBETs was also mediated by modulation of NOTCH pathway. JQ1 inhibited the gene expression of the NOTCH effectors Hes-1 and Hey-1 in NTS-injured kidneys. Our results further support the role for epigenetic drugs, such as iBETs, in the treatment of rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis.

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6

Xiong, Kaixin, Xuan Chen, Hantao Hu, Huihui Hou, Peng Gao, and Ling Zou. "Antimicrobial Effect of a Peptide Containing Novel Oral Spray on Streptococcus mutans." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6853652.

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Objective. To investigate the antibacterial effect of a novel antimicrobial peptide containing oral spray GERM CLEAN on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro and further explore the related mechanisms at phenotypic and transcriptional levels. Methods. The disk diffusion method was used to preliminarily appraise the antimicrobial effect of GERM CLEAN. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GREM CLEAN towards S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. S. mutans virulence-related phenotypic assays including initial adhesive assay, pH drop, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and biofilm formation measurements and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were further applied to detect the inhibitory mechanisms of GREM CLEAN at 1/2MIC. Results. The diameter (10.18 ± 1.744 mm) of inhibition zones formed by GERM CLEAN preliminarily indicated its inhibitory effect on the major cariogenic bacteria S. mutans. The minimal inhibitory concentration of GERM CLEAN on S. mutans was 100% mass fraction (the stock solution). The study of the antibacterial mechanism showed that GERM CLEAN had a certain inhibitory effect on the initial adhesion, acid production, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) production, and biofilm formation of S. mutans. GERM CLEAN disturbed S. mutans biofilm physiology mainly through destruction of biofilm architecture and suppression of bacterial growth. The results of qRT-PCR further confirmed that the expression levels of EPS and lactic acid generation genes including gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, and ldh were significantly repressed by treating with GERM CLEAN, and this was consistent with our phenotypic results. Conclusion. The novel antimicrobial peptide containing oral spray GERM CLEAN has an anti-Streptococcus mutans effect and the inhibitory property may be due to suppression of the virulence factors of S. mutans including adhesive, acidogenicity, EPS, and biofilm formation.

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7

Plotkin, Steven S., and José N. Onuchic. "Understanding protein folding with energy landscape theory Part II: Quantitative aspects." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 35, no. 3 (August 2002): 205–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583502003785.

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1. Introduction 2062. Quantifying the notions behind the energy landscape 2062.1 Basic concepts of the Random Energy Model (REM) 2062.2 Replica-symmetric partition functions and densities of states 2092.3 The RHP phase diagram and avoided phase transitions 2102.4 Basic concepts of the entropy of topologically constrained polymers 2123. Beyond the Random Energy Model 2193.1 The GREM and the glass transition in a finite RHP 2224. Basics of configurational diffusion for RHPs and proteins 2274.1 Kinetics on a correlated energy landscape 2315. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding 2345.1 A protein Hamiltonian with cooperative interactions 2345.2 Variance of native contact energies 2355.3 Thermodynamics of protein folding 2365.4 Free-energy surfaces and dynamics for a Hamiltonian with pair-wise interactions 2405.5 The effects of cooperativity on folding 2425.6 Transition-state drift 2425.7 Phase diagram for a model protein 2455.8 A non-Arrhenius folding-rate curve for proteins 2466. Non-Markovian configurational diffusion and reaction coordinates in protein folding 2476.1 An illustrative example 2506.2 Non-Markovian rate theory and reaction surfaces 2516.3 Application of non-Markovian rate theory to simulation data 2577. Structural and energetic heterogeneity in the folding mechanism 2597.1 The general strategy 2617.2 An illustrative example 2637.3 Free-energy functional 2647.4 Dependence of the barrier height on mean loop length (contact order) and structural variance 2687.5 Illustrations using lattice model proteins and functional theory 2697.6 Connections of functional theory with experiments 2718. Conclusions and future prospects 2739. Acknowledgments 27410. AppendicesA. Table of common symbols 275B. GREM construction for the glass transition 276C. Effect of a Q-dependent diffusion coefficient 279D. A frequency-dependent Einstein relation 27911. References 281We have seen in Part I of this review that the energy landscape theory of protein folding is a statistical description of a protein's complex potential energy surface, where individual folding events are sampled from an ensemble of possible routes on the landscape. We found that the most likely global structure for the landscape of a protein can be described as that of a partially random heteropolymer with a rugged, yet funneled landscape towards the native structure. Here we develop some quantitative aspects of folding using tools from the statistical mechanics of disordered systems, polymers, and phase transitions in finite-sized systems. Throughout the text we will refer to concepts and equations developed in Part I of the review, and the reader is advised to at least survey its contents before proceeding here. Sections, figures or equations from Part I are often prefixed with I- [e.g. Section I-1.1, Fig. I-1, Eq. (I-1.1)].

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8

Akiror, S., A. Acharjee, L. Jeffery, U. N. Shivaji, D. Zardo, G. Gkoutos, S. Ghosh, and M. Iacucci. "P044 Transcriptome analysis identifies dysregulated pathways and targets for therapy in patients undergoing surgical resection for Crohn’s disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.173.

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Abstract Background In Crohn’s disease, intestinal strictures develop in 40% of patients often requiring repeated surgeries. Current treatments have limited efficacy. Therefore, better understanding of dysregulated molecular pathways is needed to identify targets for therapy. The aim of this study was to identify novel pathways involved in stricture pathogenesis. Methods Patients undergoing resection for CD-related strictures were recruited (IRAS ID-248494). RNA was extracted from proximal, strictured and distal segments of resected ileal/ileo.cecal segments. cDNA libraries were prepared for 9 patients using QIAseq UPX 3’ Transcriptome reagents and sequenced. Normalised expressions were obtained through the CLC-Genomics Workbench (Qiagen). Differentially expressed genes (adj.P.Val<0.05) were determined using the Limma package and PCA and PLS-DA modelling performed. Pathway-related genes were enriched using EnrichR. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis was done by the Random Forest method and qPCR used for gene validation. Results Strictured, proximal and distal tissues had unique transcriptomes; stricture segment clustered separately from proximal and distal segments, which were very similar by comparison. 64 genes were commonly up-regulated and 17 down-regulated in stricture compared to either control segments. Pathway enrichment on these 81 genes identified 30 targets. 3 of 5 down-regulated genes, associated with the epithelial barrier (KLF5, KRKT20, DSK) whilst most up-regulated genes related to extracellular matrix and tissue remodelling (COL1A1, CTSK, HYAL2, GREM-1, SERPINE1), inflammation (PECAM1, CCL2, EDNRB, LY96, CTSK), adipogenesis (IGF-1, NDN, HADHA) and cellular stress. Based on statistical significance and biological relevance LY96, AKAP11, SRM, GREM1, EHD2, SERPINE1, HDAC1 and FGF2 were further studied for association with stricture. A combined AUC score of 0.979 (95%CI 0.902–1) confirmed strong association and was supported by qPCR validation with additional patients. (AUC=0.81, (0.56–0.95)). Conclusion Loss of epithelial integrity, increased inflammation, tissue remodelling and adiposity characterise the stricture and may be modulated by existing anti-fibrotic drugs not tested in Crohn’s disease as well as new drug development.

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9

Arnoni Costa, Emanuel, Veraldo Liesenberg, André Felipe Hess, César Augusto Guimarães Finger, Paulo Renato Schneider, Régis Villanova Longhi, Cristine Tagliapietra Schons, and Geedre Adriano Borsoi. "Simulating Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze Timber Stocks With Liocourt’s Law in a Natural Forest in Southern Brazil." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030339.

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This paper presents a simulation of the regulation of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze timber stocks using Liocourt’s law. Although this species is currently protected by law, recent government initiatives are being considered to propose sustainable forest management practices by selecting small rural properties in Southern Brazil. Here, we simulate the applicability of Liocourt’s law in a typical rural property, the size of which is approximately 85 ha. Forest inventory measurements were conducted by estimating the diameter at the breast height (d), total height (h), and annual diameter increments of 308 trees that fit the criteria of d ≥ 10 cm, distributed on 35 permanent plots of 400 m2 each. As a result, a reverse J-shaped d distribution was found. On average, 303 trees can be found per hectare (ha). Local allometric equations showed their basal area (G) to be 21.9 m2∙ha−1, and their commercial volume (V) to be 172 m3∙ha−1, whereas Liocourt’s quotient (q) was 1.31. Based on these attributes, nine different forest management scenarios were proposed by simulating a remaining basal area (Grem) of 10.0, 14.0, and 18.0 m2∙ha−1, and Liocourt’s quotient was changed to 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5. All scenarios consider a d of 62.5 cm. In the less intensive scenario (i.e., q value = 1.5 and larger basal area of 18.0 m2·ha−1) there is greater optimization of space, and higher economic return is ensured to rural producers due to the definition of shorter cutting cycles. This also allows a faster growth rate in both d and h for smaller trees, due to the higher incidence of light onto the lower canopy layer, increasing the natural regeneration implementation of other native species. Forest management should thus be considered a goal in addition to consumer market characteristics for defining the ideal timber stock scenario.

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10

Nilsson, Eric E., Ginger Larsen, and Michael K. Skinner. "Roles of Gremlin 1 and Gremlin 2 in regulating ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 6 (June 2014): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0005.

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A network of extracellular signaling factors has previously been shown to act in concert to control the ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition. The current study was designed to investigate the roles of the endogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors Gremlin 1 (GREM1) and GREM2 in primordial follicle transition in the rat ovary. GREM1 and GREM2 treatments were found to reverse the effects of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) to inhibit follicle transition in a whole-ovary culture system. GREM1 reversed the effect of BMP4 to stimulate primordial follicle transition. Immunohistochemical studies showed that GREM2, but not GREM1, was present in primordial follicles suggesting that GREM2 may regulate primordial follicle transition in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that GREM2 directly binds to AMH, as well as to BMP4. Transcriptome analyses of ovaries treated with GREM2 or GREM1 yielded negligible numbers of differentially expressed genes, suggesting that the immediate effects of GREM2 or GREM1 appear to be at the level of protein–protein interactions, rather than direct actions on the cells. A number of other ovarian growth factors were found to influence the expression of Grem2. Observations suggest that Grem2 is a part of the signaling network of growth factors that regulate the primordial to primary follicle transition. Insights into the regulatory networks affecting the pool of primordial follicles are important to understand the molecular basis for reproductive diseases such as primary ovarian insufficiency.

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Dochuk, Darren. "The business turn in American religious history. Edited by Amanda Porterfield, Darren E. Grem and John Corrigan. Pp. xxii + 239 incl. 1 table. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. £22.99 (paper). 978 0 19 028020 8." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 70, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204691900160x.

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12

Gunasekara, Samanmalee. "#58 Establishment of an antibiogram in paediatric Oncology unit in National Cancer Institute - Sri Lanka Samanmalee Gunasekara 1, Upeka Rathnayaka 1, Deepika Vidanage 1 1 Department of Microbiology, National Cancer Institute, Sri Lanka." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 11, Supplement_1 (June 14, 2022): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piac041.050.

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Abstract Background Bacterial infection is a dreaded complication in cancer patients worldwide. In low resources setting where supportive care facilities are less than ideal this takes on even more greater significance. In recent years, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a significant problem worldwide and cancer patients are among those most affected. Treatment of infections due to MDR (Multi Drug Resistant) bacteria represents a clinical challenge since the therapeutic options are limited. It is important to monitor emerging trends of antibiotic resistance in an institution to support clinical decision making and infection control interventions. Method Microbiology Laboratory received 4302 aerobic blood cultures from paediatric Oncology unit between 1st January and 31st December 2020. Aerobic bacterial blood cultures were performed in BD BACTEC automated blood culture system. All positive blood cultures were sub cultured onto blood agar and MacConkey agar. Bacterial isolates were identified and antibiotic susceptibility was tested using VITEK 2 automated system. Patient’s data, bacterial identification and sensitivity results were entered and analyzed using WHONET software. An antibiogram was developed for Gram- negative and Gram- positive organisms using analysed data. Results Seventy two blood cultures grew Gram- negative organisms including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant isolate, 47 %( n= 34) and only 21.2% of them were sensitive to meropenem. Twenty three blood cultures grew Gram- positive organisms including, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative staphylococci, and Streptococcus pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate, 78 %( n=18) and 55% of them were MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Conclusion Use of antibiogram could help in the selection of empirical choice of treatment in patients with sepsis due to neutropenia. Also the antibiogram shows high degree of antibiotic resistance among both Gram- negative and Gram- positive organisms. Therefore implementation of antibiotic stewardship program and infection control measures is the cornerstone for controlling the development and spread of these MDR pathogens in the paediatric unit. Limitations: This antibiogram was developed using only the bacterial isolates grew in the blood cultures due to financial constraints (high cost of the VITEK identification and sensitivity cards).

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13

Tyasi, Thobela Louis, Ning Qin, Dehui Liu, Xiaotian Niu, Hongyan Zhu, and Rifu Xu. "The Association Between Novel Polymorphisms of Gremlin Genes and Egg-Laying Performance Traits in Chinese Village Dagu Hens." Annals of Animal Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0046.

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Abstract Gremlin (GREM1, GREM2) genes are the known bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) inhibitors, but their genetic diversity in animal species remains unknown. The current study was conducted to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chicken GREM1 and GREM2 genes, and their association with egg production traits using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing. The results discovered novel SNPs and, among these variations, C/T transition at position 436 in exon 1 of the GREM1 gene leads to synonymous substitution of amino acids, and T/C transition at position 690 in the coding region of the GREM2 gene leads to a non-synonymous substitution of amino acids (valine acid 114-to-alanine acid). Association analysis established that at the age of 43, 57 and 66 wks, hen-house egg production (HHEP) was more highly significantly associated (P<0.05) with the AA genotype in the GREM1 gene. In the GREM2 gene, the TC genotype was remarkably linked with higher HHEP at the age of 30, 57 and 66 wks. Our results provide evidence that the GREM1 and GREM2 genes have potential effects on HHEP in chickens. SNPs determined in this work may be utilised as favourable potential DNA markers for improving of egg-laying performance traits.

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Gupta, Akanksha, Arti Easwar, Yanice Maldonado, Pam Hamilton, Lori Baumgartner, and Jaber Aslanzadeh. "Assessment of Anaerobic Culture Incubation Time: A Tertiary Care Center Experience." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (September 11, 2019): S132—S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz125.011.

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Abstract Background Currently, there is no consensus on the ideal incubation time for anaerobic cultures. A recent survey of CliniMicroNet reported anaerobic culture incubation times from 2 to 7 days. The goal of this study is to determine the ideal anaerobic culture incubation time and to retrospectively determine if longer incubation time affected management. Methods In this prospective study at Hartford Hospital, an 869-bed level I trauma center, 838 consecutive anaerobic cultures were Gram stained and planted on anaerobic blood, colistin and nalidixic acid (CNA), and kanamycin and vancomycin (KV) agar plates (BD Diagnostic Sparks). Plates were incubated in jars at 35°C and Anoxomat system (Advanced Instruments) was used to create anaerobic conditions. Plates were checked for growth on days 2, 3, 5, and 7. Although not all patient records (EPIC) were available, the type and duration of antibiotics were recorded for more than 100 records. Results Out of 74 cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage (1), bone (2), fluid (21), tissue (14), and wound (36), 53 grew 1 isolate, 15 grew 2 isolates, 5 grew 3 isolates, and 1 grew 4 isolates, for a total of 102 isolates. Sixty percent of isolates were Gram negative and 40% were Gram positive. Of these, 43% were detected on day 2, 21% on day 3, 20% on day 5, and 17% on day 7. In a majority of cases, broad-spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin/cefepime) were administered until culture results were obtained. Conclusion Overall, 73% Gram-negative isolates and 50% Gram-positive isolates were detected on day 2 or 3. Days 5 and 7 yielded 20% and 17% of all isolates, respectively. We conclude and corroborate with CLSI recommendations that anaerobic cultures should be incubated for at least 5 to 7 days.

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15

Sheen, M. S. "Grouting pressure and damaged adjacent buildings. Part 1: Behaviour analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 5, no. 4 (January 2001): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2001.5.4.155.

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16

LI, Bo, and Yong WEI. "Optimized Grey Derivative of GM (1, 1)." Systems Engineering - Theory & Practice 29, no. 2 (February 2009): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1874-8651(10)60040-3.

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17

Tien, Tzu-Li. "A new grey prediction model FGM(1, 1)." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 49, no. 7-8 (April 2009): 1416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2008.11.015.

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18

Rolt, A., V. Sethi, F. Jacob, J. Sebastiampillai, C. Xisto, T. Grönstedt, and L. Raffaelli. "Scale effects on conventional and intercooled turbofan engine performance-CORRIGENDUM." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1242 (July 18, 2017): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.69.

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In the article by Rolt(1), there was an error in Equation (2). The correct equation is republished here. 2$$\begin{equation} {W_c} = \ \frac{{{W_{\it cref}}\left( {{T_{\it grel}} - {T_{\it cref}}} \right){{({W_4}/{W_{\it 4ref}})}^{0.65}}}}{{\left( {{T_{\it gref}} - {T_c}} \right)}}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \end{equation}$$

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19

Tsaur, Ruey-Chyn. "Fuzzy grey GM(1, 1) model under fuzzy system." International Journal of Computer Mathematics 82, no. 2 (February 2005): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020716042000301770.

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20

Johnson, J. Kristie, Zegbeh Kpadeh-Rogers, Gwen Paszkiewicz, and Kimberly C. Claeys. "2174. Comparison of the Verigene® and the ePlex® Blood Culture Identification Panels for Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1854.

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Abstract Background Rapid diagnostic testing for the management of bloodstream infections has become paramount to improving patient outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to assess the differences between 2 FDA approved instruments. Methods Retrospective study from August 2018 to April 2019 at the University of Maryland Medical Center. One positive blood culture from each patient was tested using the Verigene® blood culture Gram-positive (BC-GP) or Gram-negative (BC-GN) panels based on the Gram stain and then analyzed using the ePlex® Blood Culture Identification (BCID) Gram-positive (BCID-GP) or Gram-negative (BCID-GN) research-use-only panels and compared with culture results. Results The study consisted of 140 positive blood culture bottles. 14 bottles were excluded for a total of 55 GN and 71 GP bottles. Of the 55 GN bottles, 3 had 2 GN rods for a total of 58 GNRs. BCID-GN missed 1 P. aeruginosa, 2 S. maltophilia, and 1 E. coli for a 93% (53/57) positive agreement. The BCID-GN does not detect A. junii and therefore it was excluded. BC-GN did not identify 1 K. pneumoniae with a 98% (47/48) positive agreement. BC-GN does not include the detection of S. maltophilia (4), Serratia (4), Morganella (1), and B. fragilis (1)and these were excluded in the BC-GN analysis. CTX-M was the only resistant marker detected and both panels identified it correctly. 5 samples using the BCID-GN also detected Pan Gram-Positive; 3 grew GP organisms, the other 2 only grew E. coli. Of the 71 GP bottles, 3 had two GP bacteria totaling 74 GPs. BCID-GP missed 1 S. aureus, 1 invalid, and called an E. faecalis that was not identified by the reference method for a 99% (72/73) positive agreement. BC-GP does not detect Micrococcus (6) or E. gallinarum (1) and missed 1 S. mitis/oralis for a 99% (66/67) positive agreement. 18 samples were positive for mecA detected by both panels. 4 samples were vanA/B positive; 1 by BCID-GP was sensitive to vancomycin and not detected by BC-GP. BCID-GP detected 1 sample as Pan Gram-negative although a GNR was not detected. Conclusion BothVerigene® and ePlex® GP and GN panels have a high percent positive agreement. Laboratories should take into consideration the epidemiology of their bloodstream infections when deciding on panels for the rapid detection of bloodstream infections. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Shimaoka, Takeshi, Noriaki Kume, Manabu Minami, Kazutaka Hayashida, Tatsuya Sawamura, Toru Kita, and Shin Yonehara. "LOX-1 Supports Adhesion of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Journal of Immunology 166, no. 8 (April 15, 2001): 5108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5108.

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Swain, Kelley. "Grey." Lancet Psychiatry 4, no. 5 (May 2017): e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30145-1.

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Kelly, R. "Book reviewThe Deep Mixing Method KitazumeMasuki and TerashiMasaaki CRC Press 2013 ISBN 978-1-13-800005-6 £89·00 410 pp." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 167, no. 2 (May 2014): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.13.00024.

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Blok, Dana C., Alex F. de Vos, Sandrine Florquin, and Tom van der Poll. "Role of Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1 (ST2) in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Sepsis in Mice." Shock 40, no. 4 (October 2013): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/shk.0b013e3182a35f02.

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25

Karastanev, D. "Book reviewCarbonate Sediments and Rocks: A Manual for Earth Scientists and Engineers BraithwaiteC. J. R. (ed.). Whittles Publishing, 2005. 164 pp. 1-870325-39-7. £40;." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 10, no. 4 (October 2006): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2006.10.4.177.

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26

Rezgui, Raja, Zouhaier Ben Ali Gam, Said Ben Hamed, Marie-Laure Fardeau, Jean-Luc Cayol, Abderrazak Maaroufi, and Marc Labat. "Sporosalibacterium faouarense gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from oil-contaminated soil." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.017715-0.

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A novel strictly anaerobic, moderately halophilic and mesophilic bacterium, designated strain SOL3f37T, was isolated from a hydrocarbon-polluted soil surrounding a deep petroleum environment located in south Tunisia. Cells of strain SOL3f37T stained Gram-positive and were motile, straight and spore-forming. Strain SOL3f37T had a typical Gram-positive-type cell-wall structure, unlike the thick, multilayered cell wall of its closest relative Clostridiisalibacter paucivorans. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (41 %), iso-C14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C15 : 0 dimethyl acetal (21.6 %), iso-C13 : 0 (4.4 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (3.9 %) and iso-C15 : 1 (2.8 %). Strain SOL3f37T grew between 20 and 48 °C (optimum 40 °C) and at pH 6.2–8.1 (optimum pH 6.9). Strain SOL3f37T required at least 0.5 g NaCl l−1 and grew in the presence of NaCl concentrations up to 150 g l−1 (optimum 40 g l−1). Yeast extract (2 g l−1) was required for degradation of pyruvate, fumarate, fructose, glucose and mannitol. Also, strain SOL3f37T grew heterotrophically on yeast extract, peptone and bio-Trypticase, but was unable to grow on Casamino acids. Sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfite, elemental sulfur, fumarate, nitrate and nitrite were not reduced. The DNA G+C content was 30.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SOL3f37T was a member of the family Clostridiaceae in the order Clostridiales; strain SOL3f37T was related to members of various genera of the family Clostridiaceae. It exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (93.4 %) with Clostridiisalibacter paucivorans 37HS60T, 91.8 % with Thermohalobacter berrensis CTT3T and 91.7 % with Caloranaerobacter azorensis MV1087T. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic data, it is suggested that strain SOL3f37T represents a novel species in a new genus. The name Sporosalibacterium faouarense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with SOL3f37T (=DSM 21485T =JCM 15487T) as the type strain of Sporosalibacterium faouarense.

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27

Oliphant, Catherine M., and Kathryn Eroschenko. "Antibiotic Resistance, Part 1: Gram-positive Pathogens." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 11, no. 1 (January 2015): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.09.018.

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28

TP, Krishna Kumar, Ramachandran M, Sathiyaraj Chinnasamy, and Malarvizhi Mani. "Matrix Organization Analysis Using Grey Relational Analysis." REST Journal on Banking, Accounting and Business 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jbab/1/1/10.

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Abstract. Conflict procedures used by task managers at Matrix via mission group engineers Described. Project that managers used a combination of procedures to make certain cooperation and war In companies, conflicts could have an effective impact and management can be effectively Determined. Conflicts have been seen as reactionary and the project supervisor mixed a combination of competitiveness and avoidance of warfare processes Management changed into observed to be useless whilst reliant. These effects are the area for war management concept provided information aid, which become tested and delicate with the aid of sizable laboratory research. Microscopic environments of organic cells Macromolecular meeting in vivo and the resulting exclusion quantity is dominated with the aid of effects. This function is diluted in vitro mobile way of life no. Here, the synthesis of the NM scale radius at the physiological stages of partial career Macromolecular meeting in vitro using macromolecular globules we have been provoked. We calculated the effect of the brought on crowd Immunocyto chemistry, thru nuclear microscopy (AFM) and AFM-enabled nano-indentation Extracellular and intracellular protein structure of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Extra-cellular Macromolecular meeting in tradition is directly brought on by using supramolecular meeting and cells the deposited extracellular matrix mediates the alignment of proteins, ensuing in Increases the alignment of intracellular act in cytoskeleton. The ensuing cell matrix Metallization similarly affected the adhesion, multiplication, and migration behavior of MSCs. In vivo and in vitro In vitro for MSCs and different cells, by increasing the reliability among products synthesized by cells. Very physiologically relevant in studies and gadgets Macromolecular meeting enables layout. Quote: Zeiger AS, Loe FC, Li R, Raghunath M, Van Vliet KJ (2012) Macromolecular Crowding

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29

Zou, Ruibiao, Zouxin Mou, and Wei Yi. "The Non-Equidistant Grey GRM (1, 1) Model and Its Application." International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application 01, no. 02 (2012): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2012.12007.

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30

Zeng, Bo, Sifeng Liu, and Naiming Xie. "Prediction model of interval grey number based on DGM (1, 1)." Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 21, no. 4 (August 2010): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4132.2010.04.011.

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31

Allison, Brett D., та Neelakandha S. Mani. "Gram-Scale Synthesis of a β-Secretase 1 (BACE 1) Inhibitor". ACS Omega 2, № 2 (3 лютого 2017): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00362.

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32

Jefferson, Ian. "Book review: Hot Deserts: Engineering, Geology and GeomorphologyHot Deserts: Engineering, Geology and Geomorphology WalkerM. J. (ed.). The Geological Society, London, UK, 2012, ISBN 978-1-86239-342-4, £100·00, 440 pp." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 167, no. 3 (August 2014): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.14.00004.

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33

Doktor, Katherine L., Kelsey Heffernan, Danielle Drames, and Dana D. Byrne. "1419. A Rare Case of Clostridium beijerinckii Traumatic Osteomyelitis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1283.

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Abstract Background We present a case of Clostridium beijerinckii osteomyelitis in the presence of retained foreign bodies not seen on MRI. Methods A 45-year-old female with type 2 diabetes sustained multiple open right leg injuries, grossly contaminated with gravel, after a motor vehicle collision. She underwent external fixation (ex-fix) and 5 irrigations and debridements (I&D) initially. Polymicrobial intraoperative cultures (Cx) were treated with vancomycin and ertapenem for 6 weeks. One month post-antibiotic completion, pain, and swelling developed in ankle; contrast MRI revealed avascular necrosis and osteomyelitis (OM) of talus. Cx from repeat I&D grew same organisms; meropenem was recommended for 6 weeks. During meropenem week 6, pain was minimal and wound was closed. During attempt to implant hardware, pus was seen around peroneal tendon. Cx grew Clostridium species and Bacteroides from tibia, calcaneus, talus, and peroneal tendon sheath; meropenem was continued. Pain worsened 3 weeks later; I&D revealed pus in lateral ankle. To better access the medial ankle, a longitudinal incision was made along posterior tibial tendon, perpendicular to prior surgical incision. Immediate purulence, grass blades, and rocks were seen. Brucella agar had a rare gray colony at 48 hours and was subbed to blood and Brucella agar; it grew on Brucella agar with aero tolerance test. Gram stain showed Gram-positive rods with subterminal spores. Rapid ANA panel identified isolate as Clostridium beijerinckii (Cb) with > 99.9% probability and bioscore 1/24. Results Cb is a strict anaerobic gram-positive rod with oval subterminal spores. Found in soil and water, its main use is industrial solvent production. Infection by Cb is rare; only 2 cases of OM, 1 traumatic endophthalmitis, and 1 mitral valve endocarditis have been reported. While uncommon, Clostridial osteomyelitis is associated with contaminated open traumatic injuries. It can be difficult to eradicate, despite aggressive surgical intervention and appropriate antibiotics. Conclusion This is the third case of Cb OM described. Anaerobic cultures should be collected during I&D of open traumatic wounds. If infection persists, careful intraoperative evaluation of wound for residual foreign bodies, even if not seen radiologically, should be performed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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34

* Anandhi, Lavanya S., and Vanniarajan C. Vanniarajan. C. "Biochemical Characterisation of Elite Green Gram (Vigna Radiata (L.)Wilczek) Genotypes." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/march2014/1.

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Gould, F. K. "Gram-positive endocarditis." Journal of Infection 39, no. 1 (July 1999): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(99)90098-1.

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Joosten, Jan. "Osée 1, 2 : Texte hébreu et texte grec." Revue des Sciences Religieuses 73, no. 2 (1999): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rscir.1999.3486.

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Matsumoto, Tetsuya. "1) Infection with Gram-positive Coccus Including MRSA." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 101, Suppl (2012): 120a. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.101.120a.

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Matsumoto, Tetsuya. "1) Infection with Gram-positive Coccus Including MRSA." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 101, no. 9 (2012): 2586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.101.2586.

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39

Compain, Philippe, Fabien Stauffert, Mathieu Lepage, Maëva Pichon, Damien Hazelard, and Anne Bodlenner. "A Convenient, Gram-Scale Synthesis of 1-Deoxymannojirimycin." Synthesis 48, no. 08 (January 20, 2016): 1177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1561323.

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40

Li, Guo-Dong, Shiro Masuda, Daisuke Yamaguchi, Masatake Nagai, and Chen-Hong Wang. "An improved grey dynamic GM(2, 1) model." International Journal of Computer Mathematics 87, no. 7 (June 2010): 1617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207160802409857.

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41

Sousa, Céu, Sofia Saraiva, Helena Macedo, and Paulo Coelho. "Grey colouring thermally reversible photochromic 1-vinylidene-naphthofurans." Dyes and Pigments 141 (June 2017): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.02.027.

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42

Mahboob Ali, Muhammad. "Grim situation of the world due to COVID19: economic perspective." Geopolitics under Globalization 3, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/gg.03(1).2020.03.

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Besides human death economic catastrophe, which has already been started around the world due to COVID19, a question arises how to tackle the devastating nature of this pandemic. The study is basically done based on secondary sources. Time period of the study was up to April 6, 2020. The study tried to get a conceptual view for time demanding collaborative effort among the global arena so that this pandemic cannot make long-lasting devastating impact on global economy. The study also did a small opinion poll survey by email/cell phone, land phone, and personally asking by maintaining social distance among 108 respondents considering three segments of the income strata of the people in Bangladesh. Based on the respondents replies, Figure 2 was drawn, which is shown in Appendix.

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43

Mao, Mingzhi, and E. C. Chirwa. "Application of grey model GM(1, 1) to vehicle fatality risk estimation." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 73, no. 5 (June 2006): 588–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2004.08.004.

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Xiao, Xin-ping, Huan Guo, and Shu-hua Mao. "The modeling mechanism, extension and optimization of grey GM (1, 1) model." Applied Mathematical Modelling 38, no. 5-6 (March 2014): 1896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.10.004.

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Bullock, Taylor. "Urinary tract infection of rare pathogen Raoultella planticola." Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies 1, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/021.

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Raoultella planticola is a gram-negative bacillus that is rarely associated with clinical infections. We present a patient with recurrent urinary tract infections and glioblastoma multiforme that grew Raoultella planticola with urine culture. Of the 32 documented cases to date (only 8 of them in the United States), this is one of the few cases where the Raoultella planticola infection was a UTI in a patient with recurrent cystitis [1, 2]. The patient was successfully treated with cephalexin and nitrofurantoin.

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46

Renneboog, Luc, and Christophe Spaenjers. "The Dutch Grey Market." De Economist 159, no. 1 (December 24, 2010): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10645-010-9154-1.

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Nizet, Victor. "Accentuate the (Gram) positive." Journal of Molecular Medicine 88, no. 2 (February 2010): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-010-0598-1.

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Karaaslan, Abdulkerim, and Kürşat Özgür Özden. "Forecasting Turkey’s Credit Ratings with Multivariate Grey Model and Grey Relational Analysis." Journal of Quantitative Economics 15, no. 3 (November 22, 2016): 583–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40953-016-0064-1.

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Sinaga, Edelina, Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja, Andriani Andriani, and Amrozi Amrozi. "Nanokitosan Efektif Menekan Jumlah Bakteri Gram Negatif dan Gram Positif Penyebab Endometritis pada Sapi Friesian Holstein secara In Vitro." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.2.198.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri penyebab endometritis pada sapi Frisian Holstein (FH) serta menganalisis efektivitas nanokitosan secara in vitro terhadap bakteri penyebab endometritis. Sampel dikoleksi dari enam ekor sapi FH yang mengalami endometritis subklinis setelah dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan ultrasonografi/USG, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan jumlah koloni, isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri. Nanokitosan diukur kadar proteinnya dan dibuat menjadi pH netral dengan konsentrasi 0,5%, 1% dan 2% untuk digunakan pada tahap uji tantang dengan bakteri endometritis yang ditemukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total plate count (TPC) pada cairan endometrium sapi FH paling tinggi terdapat pada sapi perah FH nomor 626 sebanyak 4,7 ± 0,6 Log sel/ mL dan terendah terdapat pada nomor 532 sebanyak 3,3 ± 0,8 Log sel/mL. Beberapa bakteri Gram negatif yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini yaitu Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Klebsiella sp. Bakteri Gram positif yang ditemukan adalah Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp. dan S. pyogenes. Ujitantang nanokitosan pada bakteri E. coli dengan konsentrasi 1% dan 2% menunjukkan hasil yang tidak siginifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (P>0,05). Nanokitosan dengan semua konsentrasi mampu menurunkan jumlah bakteri Klebsiella sp. dan P. aeruginosa serta pada bakteri Bacillus sp. secara signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (P<0,05). Uji tantang nanokitosan 0,5% dan 2% mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni S. aureus tetapi tidak dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni S. pyogenes. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian nanokitosan sebagai antibakteri mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri Gram negatif (E. coli, Klebsiella sp. dan P. aeruginosa) dan Gram positif (Bacillus sp dan S. aureus).

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Balistreri, William F. "Raising couch potatoes (little spuds and how they grew—and grew)." Journal of Pediatrics 128, no. 5 (May 1996): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(96)80118-1.

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