Дисертації з теми "Grem 1"
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1
Krumay, Barbara, and Roman Brandtweiner. "GRES-IT Workshop Proceedings." Department für Informationsverarbeitung und Prozessmanagement, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5578/1/GRESIT_FINAL_FOR_PRINT.pdf.
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2
Chung, Ming-kar Karl, and 鍾銘家. "Molecular characterization of chicken glutamate receptor, metabotropic1 (GRM 1)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617941.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. Ionotropic glutamate receptors used to be the only type of glutamate receptors, bringing about essential functions including synaptic transmissions. Since 1991, eight metabotropic glutamate receptors have been discovered. Belonging to the subfamily C of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, these receptors have unique structural features. They couple to their own specific G proteins and transduce signals via pathways not recognized in other subfamilies. To date, little information on these receptors have been revealed in mammals, and even less is known about them in non-mammalian species including chicken.
In the present study, various cDNAs of the chicken glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 (GRM1) as well as its splice variants were cloned from adult brain tissue. At least 11 exons were identified in the chicken (c-) GRM1 gene, in which the alternative usage of exons and splice acceptor sites results in at least three variants, namely cGRM1a, cGRM1b and cGRM1f. The predicted coding regions of cGRM1a, cGRM1b and cGRM1f are 3459 base pairs (bp), 2736 bp and 2697 bp in length, which were deduced to encode receptor peptides of 1152 amino acids (aa), 911 aa and 898 aa, respectively. The predicted cGRM1a peptide shows high amino acid sequence identities (87.5% to 88%) to its counterparts in humans, rats, mice, chimpanzees and cattle. cGRM1b transcript differs from cGRM1a transcript by inclusion of two additional exons (7b and 7c), which contains a premature stop codon and results in its shorter C-terminal tail. cGRM1f is a novel splice variant that lacks exon 7b and is 13 aa shorter than cGRM1b. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays showed that the transcripts of cGRM1a, cGRM1b and cGRM1f were preferentially expressed in adult chicken brains, in which cGRM1f mRNA was additionally identified in pituitary, lungs and gonads. Functional assay demonstrated that cGRM1a and cGRM1b receptors, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, were induced by glutamate in dose-dependent manners via the Fura-2 dye calcium assays. In addition, dual luciferase reporter assays suggested that cGRM1a and cGRM1b receptors have no significant effects on the activation of cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways upon glutamate treatment.
Taken together, the present study has provided the first step in understanding the possible roles of GRM1 in chickens.published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy
3
Zawawi, Khalid Hashim. "Moesin mediated intracellular signalling in LPS-stimulated differentiated THP-1 cells." Thesis, Boston University, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (D.Sc.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2004 (Oral Biology).Includes bibliography (leaves 107-151).
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a glycolipid found in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria, induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin (IL )-1, by monocytes/macrophages. Excessive and uncontrolled secretion of these compounds leads to multiple pathological conditions, such as septic shock. LPS receptors have been shown to be CD14, TLR4 and MD-2. LPS interaction with these receptors mediates many monocyte/macrophage functions. Even though only CD14 was demonstrated to bind to LPS, and TLR4/MD-2 were capable of transducing signals, data only show that LPS and CD 14 were in close proximity to TLR4 and no direct binding was reported. Quite recently, moesin, a member of the ERM family of proteins, has been also found to function as a receptor for LPS. We have shown that anti-moesin antibody inhibited the release of TNFa by LPS stimulated monocytes. Moesin was also found to be necessary for the detection of LPS, where homozygous knockout mice exhibited 3-fold reduction in neutrophil infiltrates in LPS injected sites when compared to their wild type controls. When moesin gene expression was completely suppressed with antisense oligonucleotides, there was a significant reduction of LPS-induced TNF-a secretion. LPS stimulation of mononuclear phagocytes activates several intracellular signaling pathways including the phosphorylation of IKBa, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways: extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 / 2 (P44/42), p38. These signaling pathways in tum activate a variety of transcription factors including NF-KB, which coordinates the induction of several genes encoding inflammatory mediators. [TRUNCATED]
4
Santos, Cátia Raquel Talhas. "Screening of class 1 integrons in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8919.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mestrado em Microbiologia MolecularActualmente, é cada vez mais frequente a associação de bactérias oportunistas e comensais resistentes a antibióticos com infecções nosocomiais. Este problema clínico tornou-se preocupante e deve-se ao uso indiscriminado de antibióticos. Perante esta pressão selectiva, as bactérias desenvolvem diferentes mecanismos de resistência a estes compostos. A presença de estruturas capazes de transportar genes de resistência, designadas por integrões, que contribuem para a disseminação destes genes bem como a sua associação com o perfil de resistência de bactérias constitui o objectivo do presente trabalho. Assim, foram recolhidas amostras de superfícies das instalações sanitárias, do serviço de Medicina II, do Hospital Infante D. Pedro, Aveiro. Após o isolamento das bactérias em meio selectivo para Gramnegativas (MacKonkey), todos os isolados foram sujeitos a tipagem molecular por BOX-PCR. O perfil de bandas obtido após electroforese foi analisado com o programa GelCompar II software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium), permitindo distinguir diferentes grupos clonais. De cada grupo clonal foi seleccionado um isolado para os estudos posteriores, resultando num total de 45 isolados distintos. A pesquisa de integrões classe 1 iniciou-se por um “screening” para o gene da integrase. Nos 25 isolados positivos para este gene, foi amplificada e caracterizada a respectiva região variável. A sequência nucleotídica dos amplicões foi comparada com outras depositadas na base de dados. Os resultados mostraram a presença de integrões em diferentes espécies (Pseudomonas putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas mendocina, Proteus mirabillis e Morganella morganii). As regiões variáveis apresentavam diferentes tamanhos e diferentes arranjos de genes. Em geral, predominam gene cassettes que conferem resistência aos aminoglicosídeos, trimetoprime e metalo-β- lactamases. A localização destas estruturas no genoma bacteriano foi efectuada por “southern blot”; o DNA genómico foi digerido com a enzima S1, e sujeito a hibridação com sondas para os genes 16S e da integrase revelando que a maioria dos integrões estão localizados em plasmídeos. Como conclusão geral, verifica-se a prevalência de isolados contendo determinantes genéticos de resistência em superfícies inanimadas do ambiente hospitalar (53.33%), os quais podem constituir um potencial risco para os pacientes, uma vez que se trata de bactérias oportunistas. O facto de estes genes de resistência estarem associados a elementos genéticos móveis, nomeadamente transposões e muitas vezes plasmídeos, facilita a sua disseminação no ambiente hospitalar, principalmente por transferência horizontal de genes.
Currently, it is becoming frequent the association of antibiotic resistant opportunistic and commensal bacteria with nosocomial infections. This is a clinical problem of concern and is based on the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Given the selective pressure within the hospital environment, bacteria develop different resistance mechanisms to these compounds. The presence of structures, referred as integrons, that carry and disseminate these resistance genes among bacteria and their association with the bacteria resistance profile constitutes the aim of the present study. To this end we collected samples from surfaces of sanitary facilities, of the Medicine II service of the Hospital Infante D. Pedro, Aveiro. After bacteria isolation on a selective medium (MacKonkey) for Gram negatives, all the isolates were molecular typed by BOX-PCR. After electrophoresis, the banding pattern was analysed with the GelCompar II software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium), which allowed for the selection of different clonal groups. One isolate was selected from each group for further studies. Forty five isolates were selected for the screening of class 1 integrons. In the twenty-five positive isolates respective variable region was amplified and characterized. Amplicons nucleotide sequences were compared with others deposited in databases. The results revealed the presence of integrons in different species (Pseudomonas putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas mendocina, Proteus mirabillis e Morganella morganii). Different lenghts of variable regions and different genes arrays were found. Generally gene cassettes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides trimethoprim and metallo-β-lactamases were predominante. Southern hybridization of S1 digested genomic DNA with 16 rDNA and integrase genes labeled probes revealed that the majority of the integrons are located in plasmids. To conclude, is important to refer that there is a prevalence of opportunistic bacteria possessing integrons in inanimate surfaces within the hospital environment, which can constitute risk to the debilitated patients. Moreover, these structures are associated with mobile genetic elements, mainly transposons and many times plasmids, which facilitates the dissemination of these antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital environment, mainly by horizontal gene transfer.
5
Walker, Andrew Meredith. "Laser surface alloying of metallic substrates with carbon and silicon." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38178.
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Drummelsmith, Jolyne. "The genetics, biosynthesis and translocation of group 1 capsules in gram-negative bacteria." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/NQ55623.pdf.
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Dogniez, Cécile. "Le deuteronome grec ( chapitres 1 a 11 ) : traduction et commentaire des chapitres 1 a 11 du deuteronome de la septante." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traduction accompagnee de notes portant sur les chapitres 1 a 11 du deuteronome grec ( c'est-a-dire sur l'introduction au code legislatif des chapitres 12 a 26 du deuteronome ). Plusieurs problemes sont abordes: le titre du livre et de son sens, la place du deuteronome dans le canon, les liens que le deuteronome entretient avec les autres livres du pentateuque et le sens et l'unite du livre situe dans une perspective liturgique. L'etat textuel du deuteronome grec est examine, tant du point de vue des grands manuscrits que des papyrus recemment decouverts. Le texte grec est confronte au texte hebreu afin de deceler les points de comparaison ou au contraire les divergences; les targums sont egalement consideres. Une etude de la langue, syntaxique et lexicale, essaie de degager les particularites du texte des septante; elle signale le cas echeant les neologismes "purs" ou seulement semantique, ou situe la langue des traducteurs alexandrins dans la langue de l'epoque, c'est-adire la koine. L'expression en grec de quelques themes propres au deuteronome a retenu l'attention ( la promesse divine, le don de la terre, la possession de la terre, la guerre, l'assistance divine, l'election, la loi); certaines lectures anciennes, juives ou chretiennes du deuteronome grec, sont signaleesTraduction with notes concerning chapters 1 to 11 of the greek deutero nomy (i. E. On the the introduction to the legal code of the chapters 12 to 26). Several problems are teated: the book title and its meaning, the deuteronomy place in the canon, the deuteronomy links with the other books of the pentateuch, the meaning and the unity of the book in a liturgical approach. The text of the greek deuteronomy is considered, the great manuscripts and the papyrus recently discovered. Greek text is compared with the hebrew text in order to note the common or different features; targums are also taken in account. A philological study, synteactical and lexical, try to define the peculiarities of the greek text: we mention the "pure" neologisms or the semantical neologisms and replace the alexandrian translators language in the contemporary language, i. E. The koine. Some themes, proper to the deuteronomy, are examined (divine promise, the land gift, the appropriation of the land, the war, divine help, election, law); we mention at least the ancient lectures, jewish and christian, for the greek deuteronomy
8
Conlin, Roger Michael. "The application of fracture mechanics to grey cast iron pipework." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8279.
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Bonnet, Martine. "Diodore de sicile, bibliotheque historique, livre xiv, chapitre 1 - 53, texte grec et traduction." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Histoire de la grece, de l'asie et de la sicile entre 404 et 396 av. J. C. Principaux evenements : en grece : - la tyrannie des trente a athenes, leur chute et le retablissement de la democratie. - l'hegemonie de sparte : le role de lysandre et l'etablissement des decarchies ; la mort d'alcibiade ; la tyrannie de clearque a byzance, l'intervention spartiate et la defaite de clearque ; la guerre menee par sparte contre les eleens et les messeniens. En asie : - la revolte de cyrus contre son frere, le roi artaxerxes ; recit de l'expedition des dix mille mercenaires grecs au service de cyrus et de leur retour en grece apres la bataille de cunaxa et la mort de cyrus. - la guerre menee par sparte contre les perses. En sicile : - les travaux de fortification entrepris par le tyran denys de syracuse. - seconde revolte des syracusains et son echec. - conquete par denys des villes de naxos, catane et leontini. - preparatifs de guerre contre les carthaginois : fabrication d'armes variees, construction de navires et de machines de guerre, recherche d'alliances et double mariage de denys. - declaration de guerre a carthage ; siege et prise de motyeHistory of greece, asia and sicily between 404 and 396 b. C. The main occurrences : in greece : - the tyranny of the thirty men in athens, their overthrow and the recovery of the democracy. - the hegemony of sparta ; the part of lysander and the establishment of oligarchies ; the death of alcibiades ; the tyranny of clearchus in byzantium, the intervening of sparta and the defeat of clearchus ; the war of sparta against the eleians and the messenians. In asia : - the rebellion of cyrus against his brother, the king artaxerxes ; the expedition of the ten thousand mercenaries and their return after the death of cyrus. - the war of sparta against the persians
10
Tran, An Xuong. "Periplasmic Modification of the 1-Phosphate Group of Lipid A in Gram-Negative Bacteria." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modification of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is important for the pathogenesis and virulence of various Gram-negative bacteria. The major lipid A species of Helicobacter pylori is significantly different from that of Escherichia coli. H. pylori lipid A contains fewer acyl chains and phosphate groups with only one Kdo sugar attached to the disaccharide backbone. However, H. pylori produces a minor lipid A species that resembles E. coli lipid A, suggesting that the major lipid A species results from the action of specific modifying enzymes. This work describes two enzymes, a lipid A phosphatase and a phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) transferase, involved in modifying the 1-position of H. pylori lipid A. H. pylori lipid A contains a pEtN unit directly linked to the 1-position of the disaccharide backbone. This is in contrast to the pEtN units found in other pathogens, which are attached to the lipid A phosphate group to form a pyrophosphate linkage. Using in-vitro assay systems, we demonstrate that the modification of the 1-position of H. pylori lipid A is a two-step process involving the removal of the 1-phosphate group by LpxEHP followed by the addition of a pEtN residue catalyzed by EptAHP. As compared to wild-type H. pylori, lpxEHP mutants are extremely sensitive to the cationic peptide polymyxin, thus, demonstrating the importance of modifying the 1-position of lipid A. Furthermore, this work describes another enzyme, YeiU (renamed LpxT), which specifically utilizes the carrier lipid undecaprenyl pyrophsphate (C55-PP) to modify the 1-position of E. coli lipid A. Typically, E. coli lipid A is a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine in which monophosphate groups are attached at positions 1 and 4'; however, a small fraction contains a diphosphate moiety at the 1-position (lipid A 1-diphosphate). 32P-labeled lipid A obtained from lpxT deficient mutants produces only lipid A, and complementation with a plasmid expressing LpxT restores lipid A 1-diphosphate formation. Inhibition of lipid A 1-diphosphate synthesis was demonstrated by sequestering C55-PP with the cyclic polypeptide antibiotic bacitracin. In conclusion, this work describes two novel pathways for lipid A modification at the 1-position in Gram-negative bacteria.
11
Lair, Marie-Isabelle. "Distribution du gène de la carbapénèmase NmcA de "Enterobacter cloacae" NOR-1 parmi 490 souches hospitalières de bacilles à gram négatif." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P178.
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Feinerer, Ingo, Christian Buchta, Wilhelm Geiger, Johannes Rauch, Patrick Mair, and Kurt Hornik. "The textcat Package for n-Gram Based Text Categorization in R." American Statistical Association, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3985/1/textcat.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Identifying the language used will typically be the first step in most natural language
processing tasks. Among the wide variety of language identification methods discussed
in the literature, the ones employing the Cavnar and Trenkle (1994) approach to text
categorization based on character n-gram frequencies have been particularly successful.
This paper presents the R extension package textcat for n-gram based text categorization
which implements both the Cavnar and Trenkle approach as well as a reduced n-gram
approach designed to remove redundancies of the original approach. A multi-lingual
corpus obtained from the Wikipedia pages available on a selection of topics is used to
illustrate the functionality of the package and the performance of the provided language
identification methods. (authors' abstract)
13
Browne, Eleanor. "Tertiary lymphoid organ neogenesis in grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/30813.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chronic meningeal inflammation is suggested to contribute to the progression of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) in part by driving cortical grey matter pathology. The presence of tertiary lymphoid organ-like (TLO) structures in a large proportion of SPMS cases is associated with faster clinical progression and more severe cortical pathology, suggesting that TLO neogenesis and chronic meningeal inflammation contribute to progression. Gene expression of the cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTα), implicated in TLO formation and cytotoxicity, and the lymphoid chemokines CXCL13 and CCL21, was determined in post-mortem SPMS meninges by qPCR. LTα was increased in SPMS, while substantially increased CXCL13 expression was associated with the presence of TLOs in SPMS. As LTα induces CXCL13 during inflammation, we investigated the hypothesis that LTα drives TLO formation and exacerbates cortical pathology in SPMS, using an animal model of cortical demyelination driven by meningeal inflammation. Subclinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in female dark agouti rats by immunisation with 5-10μg of recombinant mouse myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rmMOG) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Injection of LTα and the cytokine interferon-γ into the subarachnoid space 21 days post-immunisation induced substantial meningeal infiltration with B cell-rich areas, T cells, macrophages and channel formation reminiscent of early TLOs, accompanied by microglial activation, extensive demyelination, and remyelination within 21 days. To study chronic meningeal cytokine expression we injected a VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vector (LV) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or human LTα (LVLTα) into the subarachnoid space. Meningeal GFP expression was induced up to 90 days post-injection. Human LTα expression was detected in rat brain and CSF, with widespread microglial activation and meningeal infiltrates of macrophages, B and T cells resembling TLOs, in naïve and rmMOG-immunised rats at 90 days post-LVLTα, while extensive demyelination was present only in rmMOG-immunised rats. This suggests that chronic meningeal LTα expression is sufficient for widespread microglial activation, but demyelination requires an anti-myelin response in this model. These findings support the hypothesis that chronic meningeal inflammation drives cortical pathology, and LTα/TLO neogenesis may represent a novel therapeutic target for SPMS.
14
Raieli, Salvatore. "TLR2 / 1 Orchestrent la réponse de les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes humaines à les bactéries Gram +." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS495/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les maladies infectieuses dues aux bactéries Gram + sont causes de mortalité importante à travers le monde, et de récentes études ont mis en évidence le rôle pathologique de l’interféron de type I (I IFN) dans ces maladies. Les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) produisent des quantités importantes d’IFN de type I suite à la détection de virus. Des données récentes suggèrent que les pDC humaines pourraient également détecter des bactéries, mais les récepteurs impliqués restent inconnus. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai caractérisé l’expression des récepteurs TLR2 / 1 par les pDC. Ces deux récepteurs permettent aux pDC de détecter les lipoprotéines bactériennes. Je montre que les pDC répondent aux bactéries Gram + (M. tuberculosis, S. aureus et L. monocytogenes) par la voie TLR2 / 1. Mon travail a montré que les pDC primaires humaines expriment TLR1 et TLR2 à la fois au niveau de l'ARNm et au niveau protéique. En réponse aux lipoprotéines bactériennes, la régulation des molécules costimulatrices par les pDCs est TLR1-dépendante tandis que la sécrétion d’I-IFN est TLR2-dépendante. De plus, TLR2 et TLR1 jouent des rôles distincts au cours du priming des cellules T CD4+ naïves par les pDCs, induisant une prolifération et différentiation en sous-populations Th1 / Th2 / Treg. Je démontre en outre que ces différences reposent sur les voies de signalisation distinctes de ces deux TLR. Ce travail de thèse pose ainsi les bases pour l’exploration du rôle des pDC dans les infections bactériennes humainesInfections by Gram+ bacteria are worldwide life-threatening diseases where new studies are highlighting the pathological role of Type I interferon (I IFN). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the main source of Type I IFN following viral sensing. Recent evidence suggests that human pDCs might sense bacteria. The receptors mediating bacterial sensing in pDCs are not known. During my thesis, I focused on the characterization of pDCs TLR2/1 receptors expression. These two receptors allow pDCs to sense Gram+ bacterial lipoproteins. My work showed that human primary pDCs express TLR1 and TLR2 at the mRNA and protein level. I show that pDCs respond to the Gram+ bacteria M. tuberculosis, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes through TLR2/1 pathway. In human primary pDC, I found that in response to bacterial lipoproteins up-regulation of costimulatory molecules is TLR1-dependent while IFN-I secretion is TLR2-dependent. TLR2 and TLR1 signalling play a different role in the pDCs priming of naïve CD4+ T-cells, inducing proliferation and differentiation to TH1/TH2/Treg subsets. I further demonstrate that these differences rely on the diverse signaling pathway activated by the two TLRs. This work provides the rationale to explore pDCs activity in human bacterial infection
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Lopes, Ana Elisa Ricci. "Prevalência de microorganismos gram-negativos em indivíduos com HIV/aids internados num hospital escola do interior paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-09012014-101430/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introdução: a infecção hospitalar tem se tornado um problema de saúde pública, no Brasil e na maioria dos países do mundo, sobretudo devido ao aumento gradativo da resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos. Nos pacientes que apresentam deficiências no sistema imunológigo como os indivíduos que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) ou com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids) o quadro clínico dessas infecções pode se tornar extremamente grave, aumentando a morbimortalidade. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de microorganismos gram-negativos em indivíduos com HIV/aids internados num hospital escola do interior paulista. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. No período de 01 agosto de 2011 a 28 de fevereiro de 2013, foram abordados 365 indivíduos internados em duas unidades especializadas de um hospital escola público do interior paulista, sendo a população do presente estudo composta por 220 sujeitos. Os dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e hábitos de saúde foram obtidos por meio de entrevista individual e consulta aos prontuários. Coletou-se também amostras de saliva e swab nasal nas primeiras 24 horas de internação, as quais foram processadas pelo Laboratório de Microbiologia do referido hospital. Os dados foram inicialmente digitados em planilha do Microsoft Office Excel for Windows 2011, realizada dupla digitação e validação dos dados, a fim de identificar possíveis erros de digitação. Posteriormente, a planilha definitva foi transportada para o programa Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 17.0 for Windows, onde foi estruturado o banco de dados e realizada análise estatística. Resultados: a prevalência de microorganismos gram negativos nos indivíduos com HIV/aids foi de 15,4% independente do sítio onde foi isolado. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi o micoorganismo mais frequentemente isolado tanto na saliva (50%), quanto no swab nasal (37,5%), seguida por Klebsiella pneumoniae (30,7%) isolada somente na saliva. Em relação aos aspectos clínicos 29,4% dos indivíduos com amostras positivas para microorganismos gram negativos tinham carga viral acima de 1000.000 cópias,ml, CD4 menor que 200 céluas/mm3 (50%), tiveram internações prévias (52,9%), estavam em uso de antimicrobiano (64,7%), não usavam antirretrovirais (52,9%) e tinham algum procedimento invasivo no momento da coleta (67,6%). Nenhum microorganismo apresentou resistência aos antimicrobianos. Conclusão: a prevalência de microorganismos gram-negativos foi maior na saliva (11,8%) que no swab nasal (3,6%), indicando que coletar amostras de mais de um sítio pode favorecer a identificação de indivíduos colonizados e ou infectadosIntroduction: the hospital infection has become a public health problem in Brazil and in most countries of the world, mainly due to the gradual increase of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. In patients who have deficiencies in the immune system such as individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the clinical picture of these infections can become very serious, increasing morbidity and mortality. Objective: to determine the prevalence of gram-negative microorganisms in individuals with HIV/AIDS hospitalized at a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo state. Material and Method: this is a cross-sectional study, approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. In the period from August 01, 2011 to February 28, 2013, 365 individuals hospitalized in two specialized units of a public teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo state were approached, and the study population was comprised of 220 subjects. The sociodemographic and clinical data and health habits were obtained through individual interviews and medical records. Saliva samples and nasal swabs were collected in the first 24 hours of admission, which were processed by the Microbiology Laboratory of the hospital. The instrument variables were coded and cataloged in a dictionary (codebook). The data were initially recorded in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet for Windows 2011, performed a double entry and data validation in order to identify possible typing errors. Subsequently, the final worksheet was transported to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 17.0 for Windows, in which database was structured and statistical analysis was performed. Results: the prevalence of gram-negative microorganisms in individuals with HIV/AIDS was 15.4% regardless of where it was isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently isolated microorganisms both in saliva (50%) and in nasal swabs (37.5%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.7%) isolated only in saliva. In regard to clinical aspects, 29.4% of individuals with positive samples for gram-negative microorganisms had viral load above 1000,000 copies/ml, CD4 less than 200 cells/mm3 (50%), had previous hospitalizations (52.9%), were using antimicrobials (64.7%), did not use antiretroviral drugs (52.9%) and had some invasive procedure at the time of collection (67.6%). No microorganism was resistant to antimicrobials. Conclusion: the prevalence of gram-negative microorganisms was higher in saliva (11.8%) than in nasal swabs (3.6%), indicating that collecting samples from more than one location may facilitate the identification of individuals colonized and/or infected
16
Bardet, Lucie. "Développement de nouveaux outils de détection des bacilles à Gram négatif résistants à la colistine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La découverte récente du premier gène de résistance plasmidique à la colistine mcr-1 a mis en évidence le besoin urgent d'améliorer la détection des isolats résistant à la colistine dans les laboratoires de microbiologie clinique afin de pouvoir rapidement isoler les patients porteurs. L’objectif de ma thèse a ainsi été de répondre à cette problématique par le développement et l’évaluation d’outils spécifiques. Une revue a été rédigée visant à résumer les nouveaux outils développés pour détecter la résistance aux polymyxines, y compris la présentation des méthodes actuelles phénotypiques, antibiogrammes et génotypiques. Le milieu de culture LBJMR a été développé pour détecter toutes les bactéries à Gram négatif résistantes à la colistine et également les souches d’entérocoques résistants à la vancomycine qui représentent un autre problème majeur de santé publique. LBJMR est polyvalent et a permis de dépister 3 bactéries d'intérêt clinique à partir d’un même échantillon: E. coli et K. pneumoniae résistantes à la colistine, et E. faecium résistant à la vancomycine. Un brevet a été déposé. Le kit UMIC Colistine est un dispositif commercial de détermination de la CMI basé sur la méthode de référence. Évalué conformément à la norme ISO 20776, sa sensibilité était excellente pour la détection des souches porteuses du gène mcr-1. Le kit UMIC Colistine constitue ainsi une méthode rapide et fiable pour évaluer la CMI des isolats cliniques dans les laboratoires de microbiologie clinique. Enfin, mes travaux de thèse ont compris l’analyse d’une souche de K. pneumoniae hétérorésistante à la colistine et la description d’une nouvelle espèce bactérienne : Pseudomonas massiliensisThe recent discovery of mcr-1, the first plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, highlighted the urgent need to implement the detection of colistin-resistant isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories, in order to isolate carrier patients. My thesis aimed to address this issue by developing and evaluating specific tools. A review was redacted to summarize the new tools developed to detect polymyxin resistance including the current phenotyping, susceptibility testing and genotyping methods. The LBJMR culture medium has been developed to detect all colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and also the vancomycin-resistant enterococci which represent another major problem of public health. The LBJMR medium allowed the detection of different bacteria of interest from the same clinical sample: colistin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae and also a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. This project led to a patent filing. The UMIC Colistine kit is a ready-to-use device based on the reference method to determine the polymyxin MIC. Evaluated in accordance with ISO 20776 standard, its sensitivity was excellent for the detection of colistin-resistant strains harboring the mcr-1 gene. The UMIC Colistin system is a rapid and reliable method to determine colistin MIC of clinical isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories. My thesis project also included the analysis of a colistin-heteroresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, and the description of a new bacteril species, Pseudomonas massiliensis. These studies highlight the need to improve the detection of colistin-resistant strains by using reliable methods, suitable for diagnosis in clinical microbiology laboratories
17
Signorile, Anna Lisa. "Genetic determinants of the expansion of eastern grey squirrel populations across Europe." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29846.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Invasive alien species have long been recognized as a major global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. A key question related to biological invasions is whether some species or populations within species are more invasive than others and if so, what are the biological and ecological factors responsible for such differences. In this project, I focus on a highly invasive mammalian species, the American eastern grey squirrel, introduced to Europe multiple times, a competitor to the native red squirrel and a forest pest. I investigate whether factors such as genetic variation, inbreeding, genetic drift, and founder effects can interfere with the grey squirrel dispersal processes. I used 12 highly polymorphic microsatellites as a tool to address my questions and examined 60 populations from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Italy and the USA, with a total of 1434 individuals. The results indicate that there is a trend whereby larger founder sizes had greater genetic diversity, less local genetic differentiation, and faster rate of range expansion. Genetic diversity is positively correlated to rates of spread. The results also provide evidence that human-mediated translocations have played a major role in the spread of this species across the UK, and that there remains localized genetic structure reflecting the historical genetic differentiation of original propagules and subsequent genetic drift. Given the existing genetic structure across Europe, I explored the potential application of DNA forensics to identify the sources of new translocations, examining how the approach might be adapted from conservation applications. These findings have important implications for the managing of grey squirrels and other invasive species: good practice should focus on preventing future translocations and the subsequent merging of currently genetically distinct populations.
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McRobie, Helen R. "The genetic and molecular basis of melanism in the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis)." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/576178/1/The%20Genetic%20and%20Molecular%20Basis%20of%20Melanism%20in%20the%20Grey%20Squirrel%20Helen%20McRobie.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has wildtype and melanic (dark) colour morphs.
Melanism is associated with variations in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene in a
number of species. The MC1R protein is a G-protein coupled receptor, predominantly
expressed in melanocytes, where it is a key regulator of pigment production. To investigate
the genetic and molecular basis of melanism, the MC1R genes of the wildtype and melanic
grey squirrel were sequenced. The wildtype (MC1R-wt) and melanic (MC1RΔ24) variants of
the MC1R were then functionally characterised in a cell-based assay.
The MC1R gene of the grey squirrel was found to have a 24 base pair (bp) deletion associated
with melanism. The MC1R is typically activated by its agonist, the alpha-melanocyte
stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which stimulates dark pigment production by raising
intracellular cAMP levels. Conversely, the MC1R is inactivated by its inverse agonist, the
agouti signalling protein (ASIP), which stops dark pigment production by lowering
intracellular cAMP levels. To investigate the effects that the 24 bp deletion have on receptor
function, MC1R-wt and MC1RΔ24 genes were transfected into HEK293 cells. Cells
expressing either MC1R-wt or MC1RΔ24 were stimulated with α-MSH or ASIP and
intracellular cAMP levels were measured. Unstimulated MC1RΔ24 cells showed higher basal
activity than the MC1R-wt cells. Both MC1R-wt and MC1RΔ24 cells responded to α-MSH
with a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP. However, while the MC1Rwt
cells responded to ASIP with a concentration-dependent decrease in intracellular cAMP,
MC1RΔ24 cells responded with an increase in cAMP.
Melanism in the grey squirrel is associated with a 24 bp deletion in the MC1R. Cells
expressing MC1RΔ24 have higher basal levels of cAMP than MC1R-wt cells. ASIP acts as
an inverse agonist to the MC1R-wt but as an agonist to the MC1RΔ24. As MC1RΔ24 cells
have higher levels of cAMP, and higher levels of cAMP lead to dark pigment production, the
24 bp deletion is the likely molecular cause of melanism in the grey squirrel.
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McRobie, Helen R. "The genetic and molecular basis of melanism in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/576178/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has wildtype and melanic (dark) colour morphs. Melanism is associated with variations in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene in a number of species. The MC1R protein is a G-protein coupled receptor, predominantly expressed in melanocytes, where it is a key regulator of pigment production. To investigate the genetic and molecular basis of melanism, the MC1R genes of the wildtype and melanic grey squirrel were sequenced. The wildtype (MC1R-wt) and melanic (MC1RΔ24) variants of the MC1R were then functionally characterised in a cell-based assay. The MC1R gene of the grey squirrel was found to have a 24 base pair (bp) deletion associated with melanism. The MC1R is typically activated by its agonist, the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which stimulates dark pigment production by raising intracellular cAMP levels. Conversely, the MC1R is inactivated by its inverse agonist, the agouti signalling protein (ASIP), which stops dark pigment production by lowering intracellular cAMP levels. To investigate the effects that the 24 bp deletion have on receptor function, MC1R-wt and MC1RΔ24 genes were transfected into HEK293 cells. Cells expressing either MC1R-wt or MC1RΔ24 were stimulated with α-MSH or ASIP and intracellular cAMP levels were measured. Unstimulated MC1RΔ24 cells showed higher basal activity than the MC1R-wt cells. Both MC1R-wt and MC1RΔ24 cells responded to α-MSH with a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP. However, while the MC1Rwt cells responded to ASIP with a concentration-dependent decrease in intracellular cAMP, MC1RΔ24 cells responded with an increase in cAMP. Melanism in the grey squirrel is associated with a 24 bp deletion in the MC1R. Cells expressing MC1RΔ24 have higher basal levels of cAMP than MC1R-wt cells. ASIP acts as an inverse agonist to the MC1R-wt but as an agonist to the MC1RΔ24. As MC1RΔ24 cells have higher levels of cAMP, and higher levels of cAMP lead to dark pigment production, the 24 bp deletion is the likely molecular cause of melanism in the grey squirrel.
20
Nardis, B?rbara Olinda. "Din?mica de zinco em solo cultivado com gram?neas forrageiras." UFVJM, 2015. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)
Coordenadoria de Aperfei?oamento do Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
O zinco ? um micronutriente importante para o crescimento das plantas, mas pode ser um problema quando presente em grandes quantidades, sendo a extra??o sequencial uma ferramenta promissora para se entender melhor o comportamento do Zn no solo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho observar o crescimento, a absor??o e o ac?mulo de Zn em cinco gram?neas forrageiras e entender o comportamento do Zn no solo ap?s o cultivo. Realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegeta??o em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distr?fico. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x4 com tr?s repeti??es, sendo os fatores: gram?neas forrageiras (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu) e doses (0, 100, 300 e 900 mg kg-1 de Zn). O material vegetal coletado foi analisado separadamente, obtendo-se o peso de massa seca da parte a?rea, do coleto e das ra?zes e analisado o teor e ac?mulo de Zn em cada parte. Avaliou-se a disponibilidade de Zn atrav?s dos extratores Mehlich-1, DTPA a pH 7,3, USEPA 3051 e 3052 e o comportamento do Zn no solo foi avaliado atrav?s da extra??o sequencial do Zn analisando as fra??es troc?vel, ligada a carbonato, ligada a mat?ria org?nica, ligada a ?xidos, residual e total. As doses de Zn no solo provocaram redu??o de crescimento em todas as forrageiras avaliadas. Para a produ??o de massa seca a cv. Aruana foi a que mais produziu massa seca. Os maiores teores de Zn foram encontrados nas ra?zes da Tanz?nia e Marandu e na parte a?rea de Aruana, Xara?s e Basilisk. A ordem de acumula??o das forrageiras foram Aruana > Basilisk > Tanz?nia > Xara?s > Marandu. No geral a cv. Aruana se mostrou melhor para extrair Zn do solo. A ordem de extra??o foi DTPA a pH 7,3 < Mehlich-1 < USEPA 3051 < USEPA 3052, sendo que a metodologia USEPA 3051 mostrou resultados semelhante ao Mehlich-1, portanto eficiente em demonstrar a disponibilidade do Zn no solo. A distribui??o de Zn entre as fra??es no solo foi residual > carbonato > troc?vel > mat?ria org?nica > ?xidos.
Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015.
Zinc is an important micronutrient to plant growth, but it can be problem when present in large amountsbeing the sequential extraction a promising tool to better understand the behavior of Zn in the soil. The objective of this study was to observe the growth, Zn absorption and accumulation in five forage grasses and to understand the behavior of Zn in soil after cultivation. We conducted an experiment in a greenhouse in Red-Yellow Dystrophic Latosol. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 5x4 with three replicates, being the factors: forage grasses (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu) and doses (0, 100, 300 e 900 mg kg-1 of Zn). The collected plant material was analyzed separately to obtain the dry matter weight of the shoot, the collar and roots and analyzed the content and Zn accumulation in each part. We evaluated the Zn availability using the extractors Mehlich-1, DTPA with pH 7,3, USEPA 3051 and 3052 and Zn behavior in the soil was evaluated by Zn sequential extraction analyzing the exchangeable fractions, linked to carbonate,to the organic matter and to oxides, residual and total. The doses of Zn in soil caused growth reduction in all forages. For dry matter production Aruana cv. was the one that most produced dry matter. The higher levels of Zn were found in the roots of Tanzania and Marandu and also in the shoots of Aruana, Xara?s and Basilisk. The order of accumulation of forage was Aruana > Basilisk > Tanz?nia > Xara?s > Marandu. Overall Aruana cv. proved to be the best to extract Zn from the soil. The order of extraction was DTPA with pH 7,3 < Mehlich-1 < USEPA 3051 < USEPA 3052, whereas the 3051 USEPA methodology showed results similar to Mehlich-1, therefore efficient in demonstrating the availability of Zn in soil. The distribution of Zn between fractions in the soil was residual> carbonate> exchangeable> organic matter> oxides.
21
Gurung, Ishwori. "Deciphering type IV pilus biology in the Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/55879.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Type IV pili (Tfp) are the paradigm of a large group of diverse and functionally versatile nanomachines, intensively studied in Gram-negative bacteria. However, details regarding the molecular mechanisms of Tfp biogenesis and/or mediated functions are still unclear. Thus, owing to the inherent lack of outer cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria, my PhD has focused on molecular characterisation of Tfp in a simpler such bacterium Streptococcus sanguinis. My work has shown that the naturally competent S. sanguinis produces bona fide retractable Tfp enabling twitching motility, but dispensable for competence. Unlike Gram-negative Tfp, we show that S. sanguinis Tfp are unusual since they are composed of two pilin proteins, a feature likely to be shared by other Gram-positive Tfp-expressing species. All the genes involved in Tfp biology in S. sanguinis are found within a pil locus encoding 21 proteins. A systematic genetic study highlighted that 10 proteins only are required for Tfp biogenesis, whilst another four modulate twitching motility. To enhance genetic manipulation of S. sanguinis, a markerless mutagenesis strategy was devised enabling us to make various mutations in situ, which helped us characterise some of these proteins further. Via this methodology, the last six genes of the pil locus were found to be completely dispensable for Tfp biology. To get an overall structural picture of Tfp in S. sanguinis, the structure of one of the major pilins (PilE1) was determined by NMR. Moreover, three pilin-like proteins within the pil locus were found to be minor Tfp components. Collectively, my work has established S. sanguinis as a robust Gram-positive model organism for studying Tfp, which paves way for interesting future studies.
22
Maraschin, Mariane de Mello. "IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE BACILOS GRAM POSITIVOS AERÓBICOS ISOLADOS DE ESPÉCIMES CLÍNICOS EM UM HOSPITAL ESCOLA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5950.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the gram positive rods have been reported with an increasing frequency as nosocomial pathogens. The recognition those microorganisms as etiological agents
of serious infections, such as bacterial sepsis, endocarditis, and catheter infections, have increased, especially in imunocompromised patients. Treatment of these infections
has been problematic because the increase in resistance to antibiotics. Graves and sometimes fatal clinical outcomes due to combination of clinical and microbiologic difficulties, including an inappropriate therapy, the difficulty in identifying these organism and failure to recognize their significance, have been reported. Identification of gram positive rods often causes problems. The aim of this study was to propose the serial biochemical probes to identify in comparison with the trade system API Coryne and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram positive rods isolated from different
clinical specimens of patients from the University of Santa Maria Hospital. Between January and December 2005, 50 Gram positive rods strains were isolated. The organisms were identified by conventional biochemical tests and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk-diffusion. Blood-culture 72% (n=36) was the most frequent source. The more prevalent microorganisms were coryneforms 48% (n=24) and Bacillus species, 44% (n=22). Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed good sensibility to vancomycin, linezolid, ciprofloxacin, imipenem and meropenem. However,
6% (n=3) of microorganisms isolated were multi-drug-resistant, included vancomycin, confirmed by the E-test. In our study we demonstrated the efficiency of the suggest
battery, with similar efficacy as trade system, as a tool to identification of aerobic gram positive rod isolated from clinical sources.Os bacilos Gram positivos, nos últimos anos, têm sido relatados com crescente freqüência como patógenos nosocomiais. O seu reconhecimento como agentes etiológicos de infecções sérias, tais como, sepsis bacteriana, endocardite e infecções em cateteres têm aumentado principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. O tratamento destas infecções tornou-se problemático devido à elevação de sua resistência frente aos antibióticos comercialmente disponíveis. Graves e às vezes fatais conseqüências ocorrem devido à combinação de dificuldades clínicas e microbiológicas, incluindo falha na identificação, reconhecimento de sua importância e terapia inapropriada. A identificação dos bacilos Gram positivos freqüentemente causa problemas. No período de janeiro a dezembro de 2005 foram isoladas 50 cepas de bacilos Gram positivos de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria. Estes microrganismos foram identificados através de uma bateria proposta de provas bioquímicas convencionais em comparação com o sistema comercial API Coryne. Para a determinação da sensibilidade a antimicrobianos foi utilizada a metodologia de discodifusão. O maior número de isolamentos foi proveniente de hemoculturas 72% (n=36). Destacaram-se os corineformes 48% (n=24), entre eles o gênero Corynebacterium, e as espécies de Bacillus 44% (n=22). As bactérias pertencentes a este estudo demostraram boa sensibilidade frente à vancomicina, linezolida, ciprofloxacina, imipenem e meropenem. Entretanto 6% (n=3) destas cepas apresentaram multirresistência aos antimicrobianos testados, inclusive à vancomicina, confirmada pelo E-test. A bateria de provas bioquímicas sugerida para a identificação dos BGPs isolados de espécimes clínicos mostrou-se eficiente, com desempenho similar ao comercial disponível, porém mais barata.
23
Schalks, Renée. "Chronic meningeal inflammation as a cause of cortical grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subpial demyelination in cerebral cortical grey matter is associated with clinical progression in multiple sclerosis and is suggested to result from diffusion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from areas of meningeal inflammation into the cortex. In order to test this hypothesis we have developed an animal model of subpial demyelination driven by meningeal inflammation, involving delivery of cytokines into the subarachnoid space (SAS). Dark Agouti rats were immunised with a subclinical dose (10μg) of recombinant mouse myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein followed 21-24 days later by injection of TNF (1.25-5μg) and IFN-γ (75-300ng) into the SAS of the sagittal sulcus. The presence of the cytokines in the SAS resulted in acute demyelination and inflammation followed by resolution of pathology. This supports the hypothesis that cytotoxic/pro-inflammatory molecules diffuse from areas of meningeal inflammation into the underlying cortex resulting in microglial activation and subpial demyelination. Increasing the doses of TNF and IFN-γ resulted in increased extent, but not duration, of pathology due to the acute presence of the cytokines. We conclude that a chronic inflammatory milieu in the CSF/meningeal compartment is required to achieve chronic microglial activation and subpial demyelination and neuronal loss. In order to achieve the chronic presence of the cytokines in the SAS a high titre VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vector carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene under control of the CMV promoter was tested. It induced extensive and long-term, up to 12 weeks, eGFP expression in the sagittal sulcus in the absence of long-term microglial activation in naïve animals. Expression was localised to astrocytes, leptomeningeal cells and a small number of pyramidal neurons. The vector did not induce non-specific demyelination and inflammation in animals immunised with a subclinical dose of rmMOG. In order to achieve more localised expression, the vector was injected with collagen hydrogel. The hydrogel delayed eGFP expression but increased its spread along the anteroposterior axis. The distribution and duration of expression appeared optimal for achieving the chronic presence of TNF and IFN-γ in the CSF/meningeal compartment required to develop this novel model, if expression at the injection site could be increased using the hydrogel, which requires optimisation. We propose that the chronic presence of the cytokines will result in chronic meningeal inflammation and cortical grey matter pathology, allowing evaluation of the role of cytotoxic/pro-inflammatory molecules. The identity of several of the cytotoxic/pro-inflammatory molecules suggested to diffuse from areas of meningeal inflammation were also identified in post-mortem MS meninges using PCR arrays. Expression of CXCL13, IL5RA, IFNG and CXCL9 were increased, and that of CXCL1 decreased, in MS patients, consistent with an inflammatory milieu in the CSF/meningeal compartment and suggesting that these molecules may represent novel therapeutic targets for modulating meningeal inflammation and cortical pathology.
24
Matthews, Gillian Anne Caroline. "Electrophysiological study of dopamine neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus & ventrolateral periaqueductal grey." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The midbrain dopamine system plays a fundamental conserved role in regulating behaviour, and its dysfunction is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders including addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s Disease. Midbrain dopamine neurons display considerable heterogeneity in their neurochemical, electrophysiological, and functional properties, and project to many cortical and subcortical structures. The majority of these neurons reside within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), but a less well-known, and understudied, dopamine population are housed within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG). These neurons provide the majority of the dopaminergic input to the central extended amygdala and have been implicated in the sleep-wake cycle and mediating the effects of opiates. However, their electrophysiological properties have not been examined. I have studied these neurons in mice using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology in an acute brain slice preparation ex vivo. I found that they display similar properties to some VTA dopamine neurons, and noted co-expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide in a subset of this population. A characteristic feature of VTA dopamine neurons is the potentiation observed at glutamatergic synapses following a single dose of addictive drug or an acute stress experience. I investigated whether DRN/vlPAG dopamine neurons would show cocaine-induced plasticity and found that glutamatergic synapses were potentiated not only by a single dose of cocaine, but also by acute social isolation. This potentiation was associated with a change in AMPAR transmission, which is similar to that observed following cocaine in the VTA. I also investigated the hypothesis that this plasticity is a result of acute anxiety using behavioural analysis and administration of anxiolytic compounds. These findings suggest another form of salient stimulus which can induce plasticity in dopamine neurons, and have relevance to several neuropsychiatric diseases including those modelled by social isolation.
25
Jobim, Micheli Lamberti. "O POTENCIAL FARMACOLÓGICO E ANTIMICROBIANO DO FRUTO TUCUMÃ (Astrocaryum aculeatum)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorSeveral compound present in fruits as polyphenols are able to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. These proprieties are relevant mainly in tropical areas, as Amazonian region where infectious are highly prevalent. Therefore, this study investigated the tucumã Amazonian fruit antimicrobial activity against 37 microorganisms. The potential role of oxidative metabolism imbalance was also studied as causal mechanism of antimicrobial activity. The results showed antibacterial effect of pulp and peel tucumã hydro-alcoholic extracts on three gram-positive bacteria (Enteroccocus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes) and antifungical effect against Candida albicans. The antimicrobial contribution of main chemical compounds (quercetin, rutin, β-carotene and gallic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids) found in tucumã extracts was also investigated showing an inhibitory effect depending of the organism mainly by quercetin in bacteria and rutin in C.albicans. Analysis of kinetic of DNA releasing in extracellular medium by fluorescence using DNA Pico Green assay® and reactive oxygen species production (ROS) showed potential oxidative imbalance contribution on tucumã inhibitory effect. In B.cereus and C.albicans this effect was clear since after 24 hours the ROS levels were higher when compared to negative control group. In conclusion, tucumã extracts present antimicrobial activity to four microorganisms that have large problems of drug resistance, and the possible mechanism of action of this Amazon fruit is related to REDOX imbalance.
Aguns compostos, como por exemplo, os polifenóis presentes em várias frutas, são capazes de matar ou inibir o crescimento de microrganismos. Estas propriedades estão presentes principalmente em frutos de áreas tropicais, como a região amazônica. Portanto, este estudo investigou a atividade antimicrobiana contra 37 microrganismos de um fruto amazônico conhecido como tucumã. O potencial papel de desequilíbrio do metabolismo oxidativo também foi estudado como mecanismo causal da atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados mostraram efeito antibacteriano para os extratos hidroalcóolicos da polpa e da casca do tucumã em três bactérias gram- positivas (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes) e efeito antifúngico contra Candida albicans. A contribuição antimicrobiana dos principais compostos químicos (quercetina, rutina, β- caroteno, ácidos clorogênicos, cafeico e gálico) encontrados em extratos do tucumã também foi investigada, apresentando um efeito inibidor dependendo principalmente do microrganismo, em bactérias pela quercetina e no fungo pela rutina. Análise da cinética da liberação de DNA no meio extracelular por fluorescência utilizando o ensaio de DNA Pico Green® e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) mostrou efeito inibitorio do tucumã no potencial desequilíbrio oxidativo. Em B. cereus e C. albicans este efeito foi claro após as 24 horas onde os níveis de ROS foram maiores quando comparados ao grupo controle negativo. Em conclusão, os extratos de tucumã apresentam atividade inibitória de quatro microrganismos que possuem grandes problemas de resistência aos fármacos, e o possível mecanismo de ação deste fruto amazônico está relacionada com o desequilíbrio REDOX.
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Fialho, Felipe Ton. "Qualidade da silagem de capim-momba?a com inclus?o de res?duo da pr?-limpeza da soja e inoculante bacteriano." UFVJM, 2014. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/838.
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Foi realizado estudo na Fazenda Experimental Risoleta Neves, utilizada pelo conv?nio UFSJ/EPAMIG, para avaliar as caracter?sticas bromatol?gicas de silagens de capim-momba?a acrescidos em n?veis crescentes de res?duo de soja (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de res?duo), com a utiliza??o ou n?o de inoculante, e a cin?tica de degrada??o e tr?nsito de part?culas de quatro n?veis de inclus?o do res?duo (0, 10, 15 e 20%). As silagens produzidas foram analisadas quanto ? mat?ria-seca, prote?na bruta pH, fibra insol?vel em detergente neutro e fibra insol?vel em detergente ?cido Para o estudo de cin?tica de tr?nsito e degrada??o foram utilizados quatro animais fistulados no r?men, com peso m?dio de 470 kg, em um quadrado latino (4x4). No estudo da cin?tica de tr?nsito, a fibra em detergente neutro das silagens foi marcada com dicromato de pot?ssio, incubada no r?men, e depois realizou-se amostragens de fezes coletadas direto no reto dos animais, com tempos pr?-determinados. Para o estudo da degrada??o das silagens, as mesmas foram mo?das em peneiras de 5mm, incubadas no r?men nos tempos 0, 6, 18, 48 e 96 horas, em saquinhos de n?ilon. O efeito do res?duo de soja sobre as qualidades nutricionais das silagens foi positivo, mas o efeito do inoculante foi nulo quando n?o houve a inclus?o do res?duo. N?o ? recomendada a adi??o do res?duo de soja em n?veis acima de 10%, pois a partir desta quantidade os padr?es de digest?o e passagem da fibra no r?men-ret?culo s?o prejudicados, e podem ocorrer altera??es no ambiente ruminal que poder?o afetar o aproveitamento da silagem.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014.
ABSTRACT A study was conducted at the Experimental Farm Risoleta Neves ( FERN ) used by the agreement UFSJ/EPAMIG to assess the qualitative characteristics of silage of Mombasa increased with increasing levels of soybean residue ( 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 % of waste ) , with or without the use of inoculants and the kinetics of degradation and passage of particles of four levels of inclusion of the residue ( 0, 10 , 15 and 20 %). The silages were analyzed for dry - matter ( DM), crude protein (CP ), pH, neutral detergent fiber ( NDF) and acid detergent fiber ( ADF) . To study the kinetics and degradation transit four animals were cannulated in the rumen, with an average weight of 470 kg in a Latin square ( 4x4 ) . In the study of the kinetics of transit fiber silages was labeled with potassium dichromate, incubated in the fistula, and then by performing direct sampling collected stool in the rectum of animals with predetermined times. To study the degradation of silages, they were ground in 5 mm sieve, incubated in the rumen at 0, 6, 18, 48 and 96 hours in nylon bags. The effect of soybean residue on the nutritional quality of the silage was good, but the effect of inoculant is null when no inclusion of residue. It is recommended the addition of soybean residue at levels above 10 %, because this quantity from the patterns of digestion and passage of fiber in the rumen - reticulum are harmed, and changes in the rumen environment that will affect the use of silage can occur.
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Seo, Ho Seong. "Investigation of lipoteichoic acid structure and function to establish its role in gram-poisitive bacterial infections." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008r/seo.pdf.
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Rivera, Milagros Liseth Castillo. "Inibição do sistema quorum sensing AI-1 por Capsicum frutescens e Capsicum annuum em bactérias Gram-negativas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-25042018-142334/.
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A inibição do quorum sensing (QS) altera a comunicação bacteriana, reduzindo a expressão de fatores de virulência e a formação de biofilmes, o que pode conferir menor pressão seletiva em comparação aos antibióticos tradicionais. As frutas e hortaliças constituem uma fonte rica em compostos com propriedades potenciais de inibição do QS. Entretanto, há pouca referência sobre o potencial de pimentas do gênero Capsicum e de seus compostos isolados como inibidores do QS. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de extratos orgânicos obtidos das variedades de pimenta-malagueta e pimentão vermelho sobre o sistema QS dependente do sinalizador AI-1 (acil homoserina lactona - AHL) em bactérias Gram-negativas. Os extratos foram obtidos por extração em fase sólida e separados em uma fração metanólica e outra amônica; sendo os compostos característicos identificados e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi avaliada pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) e pela curva de crescimento de Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Serratia liquefaciens MG1 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. O efeito anti-QS dos extratos foi avaliado pelos testes de difusão em ágar e quantificação da produção de violaceína em meio líquido por C. violaceum e sobre a formação de biofilme, avaliado pelo ensaio de cristal violeta e microscopia confocal, em S. liquefaciens e P. aeruginosa nas temperaturas 30 ºC e 37 ºC. Os resultados obtidos pela CLAE indicaram que o extrato metanólico de pimenta-malagueta (EMPM) continha capsaicinoides como a capsaicina e dihidrocapsaicina, luteolina e outros compostos não identificados; já o extrato amônico desta não continha os compostos capsaicinoides. Ambos os extratos de pimentão vermelho continham luteolina e compostos não identificados, mas não apresentaram capsaicinoides. Como o EMPM era representativo dos demais extratos, por conter tanto capsaicinóides quanto luteolina, o foco deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do EMPM sobre fenótipos microbianos nas concentrações 5; 2,5; 1,25 e 0,625 mg/ml, além de utilizar a capsaicina como controle comparativo em concentrações equivalentes às do extrato (25, 50 e 100 µg/ml). Os resultados da atividade antimicrobiana mostraram inibição parcial do crescimento das bactérias nas concentrações sub-MIC (MIC >5 mg/ml) de 5 e 2,5 mg/ml de EMPM. A capsaicina também inibiu parcialmente o crescimento das bactérias a 100 µg/ml, com exceção de S. liquefaciens a 37 ºC, cujo crescimento foi induzido em 50 e 25 µg/ml. A produção de violaceína foi reduzida pelo EMPM a 1,25 e 0,625 mg/ml, sem afetar o crescimento de C. violaceum. Ensaios com C. violaceum CV026, estirpe biosensora capaz de produzir o pigmento na presença de AI-1 exógeno, sugerem que o possível mecanismo de atuação do extrato sobre o sistema QS em C. violaceum 12472 é sobre a síntese do sinalizador, já que não foi observada inibição da produção de violaceína em CV026 pelo extrato. Contrariamente, a capsaicina incrementou a produção do pigmento na estirpe 12472, mas ensaios com a estirpe CV026 indicaram que a capsaicina não atua como sinalizador do QS, uma vez que esta não induziu a produção de violaceína nesta estirpe. Já a formação de biofilme foi incrementada na presença do EMPM, sendo consideravelmente maior em P. aeruginosa a 30 ºC. Igualmente, observou-se indução da formação de biofilme por capsaicina em S. liquefaciens (37 ºC) e P. aeruginosa (30 ºC). Porém, a capsaicina não teve efeito sobre a formação de biofilme de S. liquefaciens quando cultivada a 30 ºC, nem P. aeruginosa a 37 ºC. Os resultados revelam que a produção de violaceína em C. violaceum ATCC 12472 é inibida pelo EMPM, mas não pela capsaicina. Já, o EMPM e a capsaicina, de forma geral, não inibem a formação de biofilme de S. liquefaciens MG1 nem P. aeruginosa PAO1. Outros estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais o EMPM e a capsaicina agem sobre os fenótipos avaliados neste trabalho.Quorum sensing inhibition alters bacterial communication by reducing virulence factors expression and biofilm formation, exerting less selective pressure compared to antibiotics. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of compounds with potential QS-inhibition properties. However, there are few references about the potential of peppers belonging to the genus Capsicum and its isolated compounds as QS inhibitors. This study aimed to assess the effect of organic extracts obtained from Capsicum varieties, pimenta-malagueta (red chili) and pimentão vermelho (red bell pepper), on the AI-1 dependent QS system. The extracts were obtained by solid phase extraction and split into a methanolic and an ammonic fraction. Characteristic compounds were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the growth curve of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Serratia liquefaciens MG1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The anti-QS effect of the extracts was evaluated by the agar diffusion assay and the quantification of violacein production was assessed in liquid medium by C. violaceum, as well as in the biofilm formation test determined by the crystal violet assay and confocal microscopy with S. liquefaciens and P. aeruginosa at 30 ºC and 37 ºC. HPLC results showed that the methanolic extract of pimenta-malagueta (EMPM) contained capsaicinoids such as capsaicin and dihidrocapsaicin, luteolin and other unidentified compounds in lower concentrations; while its ammonic extract did not have capsaicinoids. Both pimentão vermelho extracts contained luteolin and other unidentified compounds in low concentrations, but they did not contain capsaicinoids. As EMPM was representative among the extracts because it contained capsaicinoids and luteolin, the focus of this work was to assess the effect of EMPM over microbial phenotypes at concentrations of 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 mg/ml, using capsaicin as a comparative control at equivalent concentrations to those in EMPM (25, 50 and 100 µg/ml). Antimicrobial activity assays showed a partial inhibition growth of bacteria at sub-MIC concentrations (MIC >5 mg/ml) of EMPM at 5 and 2.5 mg/ml. Similarly, capsaicin partially inhibited bacterial growth at 100 µg/ml, except for S. liquefaciens at 37 ºC in which growth was induced at 50 and 25 µg/ml. Violacein production was reduced by EMPM at 1,25 and 0,625 mg/ml without affecting C. violaceum growth. Assays with C. violaceum CV026, a biosensor strain that produces violacein in the presence of exogenous AI-1, suggest that EMPM reduced violacein production in C. violaceum 12472 by interfering with the AI-1 synthesis. In contrast, capsaicin incremented violacein synthesis in strain 12472, but experiments with strain CV026 revealed that capsaicin does not function as an analog of AI-1. Biofilm formation was increased in EMPM presence, being remarkably superior in P. aeruginosa cultivated at 30 ºC, as opposed to cultivation at 37 ºC. Similarly, capsaicin induced biofilm formation in S. liquefaciens (37 ºC) and P. aeruginosa (30 ºC). However, capsaicin did not affect biofilm formation on S. liquefaciens cultured at 30 ºC, neither on P. aeruginosa at 37 ºC. These results show that violacein production in C. violaceum ATCC 12472 is inhibited by EMPM, but not by capsaicin. In general, EMPM and capsaicin did not inhibit biofilm formation in S. liquefaciens MG1 neither in P. aeruginosa PAO1. More studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which EMPM and capsaicin affect the studied phenotypes in this work.
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Gardner, Christopher James. "Grey matter demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis : a new animal model for studying disease mechanisms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9228.
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Multiple sclerosis is the commonest neurological disease affecting young adults. Whilst the initial relapsing-remitting disease phase is associated with inflammatory demyelination and is treatable with immunomodulatory drugs, the secondary progressive phase (SP-MS) is associated with ongoing axonal loss and cortical atrophy and is currently untreatable. Studies of SP-MS have revealed the presence of extensive subpial demyelinated lesions within the cerebral cortex. This pathology is associated with a high level of meningeal inflammation, a gradient of cell loss from the cortical surface and high levels of microglia activation. To test the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory cytokines diffusing from the cerebral meninges could be responsible, we have established an animal model mimicking cortical grey matter pathology. Female DA rats were immunised with 5μg recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rmMOG) in incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA). This dose was insufficient to initiate encephalomyelitis, but did initiate an anti-MOG humoral immune response in the periphery. Twenty days post-immunisation animals received an injection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) into the subarachnoid space at the sagittal sulcus. Immunohistochemistry revealed areas of subpial demyelination extending through cortical layers I–III. Lesions were maximal after 7 days and had resolved by remyelination at 14 days. A gradient of microglia/macrophage activation was present from the cortical surface. The extent of demyelination correlated with activation of microglia in the cortex and macrophages within the meninges. Activated microglia were observed contacting myelin, oligodendrocytes and neurons. In the demyelinated cortex, expression of the TNF receptors TNFR1A and TNFR1B was upregulated on oligodendrocytes and perivascular macrophages respectively. CD8+ T cells were observed in the meninges, corpus callosum and scattered throughout the grey matter, whereas CD4+ T cells and CD79a+ B cells were restricted to the meninges. Oligodendrocyte numbers were reduced in the upper cortical layers prior to demyelination (days 1 and 3 post-injection), but were still present in demyelinated lesions at day 7. Numbers of neurons and astrocytes were not changed. Control animals immunised with IFA and injected with cytokines had increased presence of inflammatory cells within the meninges but no demyelination. Animals immunised with rmMOG and injected with PBS had no demyelination or immune response within the meninges or cortex. Thus, acute subpial demyelination was dependent on a pre-existing immune response against myelin protein, coupled with generalised pro-inflammatory signalling within the meninges. These findings support our hypothesis of a role for meningeal inflammation in the cortical pathology of MS and describe for the first time an animal model that can be used to study the molecular mechanisms involved. Future research will aim to maintain meningeal inflammation and produce a model of chronic demyelination.
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Souza, Francisco Vagner Pereira de. "Crescimento, teores, ac?mulo e disponibilidade de n?quel em gram?neas forrageiras." UFVJM, 2014. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/305.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, teores, ac?mulo e disponibilidade de n?quel em cinco gram?neas forrageiras. Os experimentos foram instalados em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o do Departamento de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ci?ncias Agr?rias da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brasil. Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu foram crescidas em solu??o nutritiva e em solo e adicionadas de 0, 20, 40, e 100 mg L-1 e 0, 20, 40 e 120 mg kg-1 de cloreto de n?quel, constituindo ensaios independentes em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados com quatro repeti??es. O per?odo experimental foi de 90 dias. Determinou-se a massa seca e os teores de Ni na parte a?rea, coleto e ra?zes das gram?neas forrageiras. Os conte?dos de Ni foram calculados com base nos teores e nas produ??es de massa seca em cada parte da planta. O teor de n?quel no solo foi determinado pelos extratores Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7,3, teor semitotal - USEPA 3051 e teor total - USEPA 3052. O crescimento das gram?neas forrageiras reduziu linearmente em solu??o nutritiva com a adi??o de n?quel, mas no solo aumentou at? a dose de 40 mg kg-1. Apesar da fitotoxidade do Ni, as plantas responderam positivamente quando o metal foi aplicado em baixas doses no solo. A suscetibilidade ao Ni foi diferenciada para os experimentos, devido ?s variadas intera??es que ocorrem no sistema solo-planta. O teor de Ni nas gram?neas forrageiras aumentou em fun??o das doses crescentes de Ni nos diferentes experimentos. Os m?todos de extra??o analisados na aferi??o do Ni no solo apresentaram boa correla??o com os teores de Ni encontrados nas plantas, sendo o DTPA mais eficiente. As gram?neas forrageiras avaliadas nestes experimentos n?o podem ser consideradas acumuladoras de Ni.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, concentrations, accumulation and availability of nickel in five forage grasses. The experiments were conducted under conditions of a greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina Minas Gerais, Brazil. Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu were grown in nutrient solution and in soil and added 0, 20, 40, and 100 mg L-1 and 0, 20, 40 and 120 mg kg-1 of nickel chloride, constituting separate trials in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications. The experimental period was 90 days. Dry weight and the concentrations of Ni in shoots, stems base and roots of forage grasses were determined. The contents of Ni were calculated based on the amounts and in the production of dry matter in each plant. The nickel concentration in the soil was determined by Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7.3, semitotal content - USEPA 3051 and total content - USEPA 3052. The growth in forage grasses in nutrient solution linearly decreased with the addition of nickel, but in the soil increased up to 40 mg kg-1. The susceptibility to Ni was different for the experiments, due to the variety of interactions that occur in the soil-plant system. The Ni concentration in forage grasses increased as a function of increasing levels of Ni in the different experiments. The extraction methods analyzed in the measurement of Ni in soil correlated well with the Ni concentration found in plants, with the most efficient DTPA. The forage grasses evaluated in these experiments cannot be considered accumulative Ni.
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Fonseca, Felipe Galuppo. "Toler?ncia de gram?neas forrageiras ao c?dmio e biodisponibilidade no solo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFVJM, 2012. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/534.
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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de avaliar a toler?ncia de gram?neas forrageiras e a absor??o, ac?mulo e disponibilidade no solo de c?dmio (Cd). Os experimentos foram instalados em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o do Departamento de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ci?ncias Agr?rias da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina (MG). As forrageiras estudadas foram: Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu e as doses de Cd foram 0, 5, 10 e 20 mg L-1 de solu??o nutritiva e 0, 2, 4 e 12 mg kg-1 de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeti??es, sendo o per?odo experimental de 90 dias, em ambos os experimentos. Determinou-se a massa seca e os teores de Cd na parte a?rea, colmo e ra?zes das forrageiras. Os conte?dos de Cd foram calculados com base nos teores e nas produ??es de massa seca em cada parte da planta. No caso do experimento em solo, para avalia??o do teor de Cd foram utilizados os extratores Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7,3, teor semitotal - USEPA 3051 e teor total - USEPA 3052. O crescimento relativo das forrageiras foi reduzido pelas doses de Cd, tanto na solu??o nutritiva quanto no solo, configurando a fitotoxidade do Cd nessas plantas. Por?m a sequ?ncia de suscetibilidade foi diferenciada para os experimentos, sendo a ordem decrescente de suscetibilidade na solu??o nutritiva a seguinte: Aruana > Tanz?nia > Xara?s > Basilisk > Marandu, enquanto no solo a sequ?ncia foi: Marandu > Xara?s > Aruana > Tanz?nia > Basilisk. Essa diferen?a de suscetibilidade ? atribu?da ?s diferentes intera??es das forrageiras com o solo. Em ambos os experimentos o teor de Cd nas forrageiras aumentou em fun??o das doses Cd. Por?m a presen?a de Cd na solu??o nutritiva fez com que o ac?mulo e ?ndice de transloca??o apresentassem resposta diferenciada para as forrageiras. Os extratores Mehlich-1 e DTPA foram eficientes para expressar o crescimento da planta. De toda forma, as forrageiras foram incapazes de limitar a absor??o e transloca??o de Cd, acarretando em toxicidade e redu??o de crescimento e altos teores de Cd em todas as partes da planta, n?o proporcionando barreira ? entrada do Cd na cadeia alimentar.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012.
ABSTRACT This work was carried out in order to evaluate the forage grasses tolerance and the absorption, accumulation and bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) on soil. The experiments were settled under conditions of greenhouse on the Department of Agronomy of the College of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina (MG), Brazil. The forages grasses evaluated were: Panicum maximum cv. Aruana and cv. Tanz?nia and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s and cv. Marandu and the four doses of Cd were: 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg l-1 and the nutrients in solution 0, 2, 4 and 12 mg kg-1 for soil, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, and the trial period of 90 days, in both experiments. The dry weight and concentration of Cd in shoots, stems and roots of forages were determined. The Cd content had been calculated based on the dry matter yield and content in each part of the plant. In the soil experiment, to measure the levels of Cd, there had been used the extractors Mehlich-1, DTPA pH 7.3, semi total content - USEPA 3051 and total content - USEPA 3052. The relative growth of the forage grasses was reduced with doses of Cd applied, both in the nutrient solution and on the soil, setting the phytotoxicity of Cd in these plants. However the sequence of susceptibility was different t tohe experiments, the decreasing order of susceptibility in the nutrient solution was: Aruana> Tanzania> Xara?s> Basilisk > Marandu, while in soil the sequence was: Marandu> Xara?s> Aruana> Tanzania> Basilisk. This difference in susceptibility is attributed to the different interactions of forage with soil. In both experiments (soil and nutrient solution) the Cd content in the forage increased due of increasing doses of Cd. Nevertheless the presence of Cd in the nutritive solution has made the accumulation and translocation index differently for the forages. Mehlich-1 and DTPA showed high positive correlation with relative growth of forages. The forages were unable to limit the absorption and translocation of Cd, resulting in toxicity and declining growth and high levels of Cd in all parts of the plant, providing no barrier to entry of Cd into the food chain.
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Nascimento, Sandra Silva do. "Toler?ncia de gram?neas forrageiras ao chumbo e sua disponibilidade no solo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFVJM, 2013. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/584.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
A fitorremedia??o, que ? um processo de extra??o de elementos potencialmente t?xicos atrav?s da utiliza??o de plantas, tem se mostrado um m?todo promissor. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar em gram?neas forrageiras a absor??o, o ac?mulo e a toler?ncia ao chumbo (Pb), cultivadas em solo Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distr?fico e solu??o nutritiva, e avaliar a disponibilidade de Pb pelos m?todos de extra??o Mehlich 1, DTPA pH 7,3, USEPA 3051 e 3052 nas amostras de solos. Instalaram-se os experimentos em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o do Departamento de Agronomia da Faculdade de Ci?ncias Agr?rias da UFVJM, Diamantina (MG). Foram avaliadas as forrageiras: Panicum maximum cv. Aruana e cv. Tanz?nia; Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk; Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s e cv. Marandu, e doses de Pb em solu??o nutritiva de 0, 40, 120, e 360 mg L-1 e em solo de 0, 45, 90 e 270 mg kg-1. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeti??es e per?odo experimental de 90 dias, em ambos os experimentos. Determinaram-se a massa seca e os teores de Pb na parte a?rea, coleto e ra?zes das forrageiras. Os conte?dos de Pb foram calculados com base nos teores e nas produ??es de massa seca em cada parte da planta. Para aferi??o do teor de Pb no solo foram utilizados os extratores Mehlich 1, DTPA pH 7,3 para teor dispon?vel, teor semitotal - USEPA 3051 e teor total - USEPA 3052. As forrageiras estudadas reduziram o crescimento com aumento das doses de Pb aplicadas, tanto na solu??o nutritiva quanto no solo, configurando a fitotoxidade do Pb nessas plantas. Por?m, a suscetibilidade foi diferenciada entre os experimentos, sendo que, na solu??o nutritiva, as cultivares Marandu e Basilisk foram mais promissoras para a fitorremedia??o, devido a menor influ?ncia do Pb em seus crescimentos relativos, enquanto no solo a cv. Basilisk apresentou maior toler?ncia ao elemento t?xico em rela??o ?s demais forrageiras. Em ambos os experimentos, o teor de Pb nas forrageiras aumentou com as doses crescentes de Pb. Entretanto, a presen?a de Pb nas duas condi??es de cultivo fez com que o ac?mulo e ?ndice de transloca??o nas diferentes partes da planta apresentassem respostas diferenciadas para as forrageiras. N?o houve correla??o entre o crescimento das forrageiras com a avalia??o do Pb no solo pelos m?todos de extra??o Mehlich e DTPA pH 7,3, indicando a inefici?ncia destes quanto a fitodisponibiliza??o do Pb.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT Phytoremediation, which is a process of extracting potentially toxic elements through the use of plants, has shown to be a promising method. The objective of this project was to evaluate in forage grasses the absorption, accumulation and tolerance to lead (Pb) in dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol soil and nutrient solution, and to evaluate the availability of Pb through extraction methods Mehlich 1, DTPA pH 7.3, USEPA 3051 and 3052 in samples soil. The experiments were settled under conditions of a greenhouse in the Department of Agronomy of the College of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, (UFVJM), Diamantina (MG). The forages Panicum maximum cv. Aruana and cv. Tanz?nia and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xara?s and cv. Marandu and four rates of Pb in nutrient solution of 0, 40, 120, and 360 mg L-1 and in soil of 0, 45, 90 e 270 mg kg-1, have been evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, and a trial period of 90 days in both experiments. The dry weight and concentration of Pb in the shoot, in the stem base and roots of forages were assessed. The contents of Pb were calculated based on the amounts and on the production of dry mass in each part of the plant. In the case of the soil experiment, to measure the levels of Pb were used Mehlich 1, DTPA pH 7,3 for available content; semi total content - USEPA 3051 and total content - USEPA 3052. The forages studied reduced growth when increasing rates of Pb were applied, both in the nutrient solution and on the soil, setting the phytotoxicity of Pb in these plants. However the susceptibility was different for the experiments, because in the nutrient solution, the Marandu and Basilisk forages proved to be promising for phytoremediation because of the lowering influence of Pb for the last one mentioned and the higher accumulation of metal for the first one, while on the soil the forage Basilisk did better than the other, proving to be more tolerant to the toxic element. In both experiments (soil and nutrient solution) the Pb content in the forage increased due to increasing rates of Pb. However, the presence of Pb in the cultivation conditions has made the accumulation and translocation index in different parts of the plants to respond differently to the forages. There was not correlation between the forage growth with the admeasurement of Pb in soil by extraction methods DTPA pH 7,3 e Mehlich 1, proving the inefficiency of the same for the phytoavailability of Pb.
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Strugeon, Emilie. "Etude de la régulation de l’intégrase des intégrons de classe 1 dans un modèle de biofilm bactérien." Limoges, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIMO4037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les intégrons de classe 1 sont des systèmes de capture et d’expression de gènes sous forme de cassettes qui codent, la plupart du temps, des résistances aux antibiotiques. Ils jouent un rôle majeur dans la dissémination de la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les bactéries à Gram négatif. Des expériences en culture planctonique ont montré que l’expression de l’intégrase, élément-clé de ce système, était sous le contrôle de la réponse SOS bactérienne. Le mode de vie privilégié des bactéries dans les environnements naturels est le biofilm, mode de vie dans lequel les bactéries adhèrent aux surfaces et entre elles, formant des structures complexes et hétérogènes. Les biofilms sont caractérisés par une résistance accrue des bactéries aux antimicrobiens, une augmentation de l’expression des gènes de réponse au stress et sont des environnements favorables aux transferts de gènes. Ces propriétés du biofilm suggèrent qu’il pourrait constituer un environnement propice à l’expression de l’intégrase. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons comparé les niveaux d’expression d’un gène du régulon SOS, le gène sfiA et du gène intI1 codant l’intégrase de classe 1, IntI1R32_H39, en culture biofilm et planctonique. Nos résultats montrent que dans des conditions non-induites, les niveaux d’expression de sfiA et de intI1 sont augmentés en biofilm par rapport à la culture planctonique, mais qu’ils restaient inductibles via la réponse SOS. En corrélation avec le niveau d’expression, une plus forte activité d’excision d’IntI1R32_H39 est observée en biofilm. Outre sa régulation LexA-dépendante, le gène intI1 semble aussi être soumis à une autre régulation positive, spécifique au mode de vie biofilm, et qui impliquerait RelA, un acteur majeur de la réponse stringente. Le biofilm étant le mode de vie privilégié des bactéries dans les conditions naturelles (environnement, tractus gastro-intestinal), nos résultats indiquent que le biofilm serait un milieu propice à l'échange de cassettes de résistance via les intégronsClass 1 integrons are systems of capture and expression of gene cassettes that mostly encode antibiotic resistance. They play a major role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Planktonic culture experiments showed that the expression of the integrase, the key element of integrons, is regulated by the bacterial SOS response. In natural settings bacteria mostly live as biofilm, a lifestyle where they exhibit strongly enhanced antibiotic resistance and increased expression of stress-related genes. The biofilms also favors gene transfer. All this suggests that the biofilm could be a favorable environment for integrase expression. To verify this hypothesis, we compared both the expression and excision activity levels of the class 1 integron integrase, IntI1R32_H39, in planktonic and biofilm cultures, as well as the expression of an SOS regulon gene, sfiA. Our results showed that under non-induced conditions, both sfiA and intI1 expression levels were increased in biofilm compared to planktonic cultures, but that they could be still further induced by the SOS response. In agreement with the expression level, the cassette excision activity of IntI1R32_H39 was enhanced in biofilm. Besides to be regulated by LexA, intI1 seems also to be induced by a new biofilm-specific regulation that involves RelA, a major actor of the stringent response. Biofilm being the preferred lifestyle of bacteria in natural settings (environment, gastrointestinal tract), our results indicate that the biofilm may be a highly favorable environment for the exchange/acquisition of antibiotic resistance cassettes via integrons
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Campos, Juliana Coutinho. "Estudo genotípico e fenotípico de bacilos Gram-negativos produtores de carbapenemase do tipo New Delhi metalo-β-lactamase." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-18102017-152216/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Os carbapenêmicos são os antimicrobianos mais amplamente utilizados no tratamento empírico de infecções graves por bacilos Gram-negativos. A pressão seletiva gerada pelo uso desses antimicrobianos ao longo das últimas três décadas contribuiu para a disseminação de enterobactérias e Gram-negativos não fermentadores produtores de carbapenemases, particularmente as do tipo KPC e NDM. Os genes que codificam essas enzimas usualmente estão localizados em plasmídeos e/ou transpósons. A hipótese atualmente mais aceita é que o gene blaNDM-1 seja uma quimera criada em Acinetobacter baumannii. A NDM-1 foi descrita em paciente proveniente da Índia e subsequentemente evidenciou-se sua ampla disseminação nesse país. A epidemiologia que tem sido observada nos casos detectados na Europa e Estados Unidos tem sido viagem à Índia, ou seja, sem casos autóctones. No Brasil, os primeiros casos foram identificados no Rio Grande do Sul, e a seguir no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo. Diferentemente dos casos da Europa e América do Norte, os casos do Brasil não tem relação epidemiológica com a Índia. O sequenciamento integral dos plasmídeos e cromossomos albergando o gene blaNDM permitirá entender como ocorre a disseminação desse mecanismo de resistência no Brasil. Para isso, foi avaliado o perfil de susceptibilidade dos isolados, bem como a capacidade conjugativa e clonalidade. Das vinte e oito amostras utilizadas neste trabalho, treze delas pertencem à espécie Enterobacter hormaechei, uma à espécie Citrobacter freundii, sete à espécie Escherichia coli, quatro à Klebsiella pneumoniae e três ao gênero Acinetobacter spp. Os primeiros isolados incluídos neste estudo (Escherichia coli e Enterobacter hormaechei produzindo NDM-1) foram isolados em agosto de 2013, de uma mesma amostra de swab retal de um paciente do Rio de Janeiro que nunca viajou para o exterior. O sequenciamento completo do DNA plasmidial utilizando a plataforma Illumina e a anotação de ambos os plasmídeos albergando o gene blaNDM-1 revelou que estes pertencem a grupos de incompatibilidade diferentes, IncFIIK (E. hormaechei) e IncX3 (E. coli), e abrigam um novo transpóson composto designado Tn3000. A comparação da sequência nucleotídica do Tn3000 com aquelas disponíveis no GenBank evidencia que a mesma estrutura está presente em plasmídeos de isolados da cidade de Porto Alegre e também em diferentes continentes. As espécies de Acinetobacter (A. radioresistens, A. ursingii e A. guillouiae) isoladas em São Paulo e Porto Alegre, possuem o gene blaNDM-1 albergados em um mesmo plasmídeo não tipável de 41.087 pb. A avaliação da clonalidade dos isolados de Enterobacter hormaechei \"subsp. oharae\" mostrou dois perfis diferentes através da técnica de PFGE, sendo que todos os microrganismos foram isolados de um surto no mesmo hospital no Rio de Janeiro. Isolados de Klebsiella pneumoniae de uma mesma paciente internada em hospital em Salvador, de sítios distintos - swab retal, hemocultura e urina, em ordem cronológica - obtiveram o mesmo perfil clonal pela técnica de PFGE. O mesmo ocorreu com três isolados de Escherichia coli, de um mesmo paciente do Rio de Janeiro, em amostras de swab retal. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam que no Brasil, Nepal, Marrocos e Índia há uma disseminação do gene blaNDM-1 mediada por um novo elemento móvel designado Tn3000 em enterobactérias. A detecção de um mesmo plasmídeo em diferentes espécies de Acinetobacter evidencia que neste gênero bacteriano, no Brasil, a disseminação do gene blaNDM-1 ocorre por conjugação.Carbapenems are the antimicrobials most widely used in the empirical treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli. The selective pressure generated by the use of these antibiotics over the last three decades has contributed to the spread of enterobacteria and Gram-negative non-fermenting producing carbapenemases, mainly KPC and NDM. Genes encoding these enzymes are usually located in plasmids and/or transposons. Currently the most accepted hypothesis is that the blaNDM-1 gene is a chimera created in Acinetobacter baumannii. The NDM-1 was described in a patient from India and subsequently was reported to be broadly disseminate in this country. The epidemiology that has been observed in cases detected in Europe and United States is traveling to India, but no autochthonous cases. In Brazil, the first cases were identified in Rio Grande do Sul, and then in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Differently from the cases described in Europe and North America, the cases from Brazil have no epidemiological link with India. The complete sequencing of plasmids and chromosomes harboring blaNDM gene will understanding how the dissemination of this resistance mechanism in Brazil occurs. In this work we will be evaluate the susceptibility profile of the isolates, and their conjugal capacity and clonality. Of the twenty-eight samples used in this study, thirteen of them belong to the species Enterobacter hormaechei, one to Citrobacter freundii, seven to Escherichia coli, four to Klebsiella pneumoniae and three to the genus Acinetobacter sp. The first two isolates included in this study (Escherichia coli and Enterobacter hormaechei) were isolated in August 2013, from the same rectal swab sample from a patient from Rio de Janeiro that never traveled abroad. Complete sequencing of plasmid DNA using Illumina platform and annotation of both plasmids harboring the blaNDM-1 gene revealed that they belong to different incompatibility groups, IncFIIK (E. hormaechei) and IncX3 (E. coli), and are harbor to a new transposon designated Tn3000. The comparison of the Tn3000 nucleotide sequence with those available at GenBank shows that the same structure is present in plasmids from other Porto Alegre and also in different continents. The Acinetobacter species (A. radioresistens, A. ursingii and A. guillouiae) isolated in São Paulo and Porto Alegre, have the blaNDM-1 gene harbored in a single non-typing plasmid of 41,087 bp. The evaluation of clonal relationship of Enterobacter hormaechei \"subsp. oharae\" showed two different profiles by PFGE technique; of note all microorganisms were isolated from an outbreak in the same hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from a single patient hospitalized in Salvador, from different anatomical sites - rectal swab, blood culture and urine, in chronological order - obtained the same clonal profile by the PFGE technique. The same occurred with three Escherichia coli isolates, from the same patient from Rio de Janeiro, in swab rectal strains. Our findings suggest that in Brazil, Nepal, Morocco and India there is a spread of blaNDM-1 gene mediated by Tn3000 in enterobacteria. The detection of a same plasmid in different species of Acinetobacter shows that in this bacterial genus, in Brazil, the dissemination of the blaNDM-1 gene occurs by conjugation.
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Bertoncheli, Claudia de Mello. "Identificação de metalo-β-lactamases em bacilos gram-negativos não fermentadores isolados no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5877.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoIn recent years, the isolation of bacteria producing β-lactamases has caused concern around the world, due to the fact these enzymes hydrolysis the ring β-lactam antimicrobials used in the main clinic. This aim of this study was asses the prevalence metallo-β-lactamases (MbL) in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii obtained from patients admitted at the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM). The profile of susceptibility for all isolates was evaluated by the disk diffusion method standardized by CLSI. The antimicrobial disks were distributed in a way that allows the identification of strains producers of AmpC and ESBL. For the identification of the producers of MbL the test of disk approximation with EDTA 0.1 M, EDTA 0,5M and acid 2-mercaptopropionic were performed. Isolates that did not have any of the mechanisms of resistance search were classified as multiresistant (MDR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ceftazidima, imipenem and polymyxin B was assessed by broth method microdilution for all isolated, according to CLSI. From January to June 2006, were obtained 32 isolates the P.aeruginosa and 41 the A. baumannii, the those 17 (23.29%) were β-lactamase AmpC-type producers, 11 (15.07%) were MbL producers, and 45 (61,64%) were classified as MDR. All strains producing MbL were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sensitivity of the isolates according to the CIM for antimicrobial evaluated were: 90,28% for polymyxin B, 36,11% for imipenem and 18% for ceftazidima. There was a high prevalence of MDR isolates and producers of β-lactamase-type AmpC and MbL in HUSM, this is extremely worrying once there is limiting therapy available. This situation becomes even more worrying with the find of isolates resistant the polymyxin B, witch is one of the last options of treatment for MDR isolates and producers of MbL. The detection of microorganisms is extremely important for the committees of infection hospital with the goal of preventing outbreaks, as well as guide the medical team on the conduct therapy, since there are few effective antimicrobial clinically for these pathogens and no prospects for development the new antimicrobial in the near future.
Nos últimos anos, o isolamento de bactérias produtoras de β-lactamases tem causado preocupação em todo o mundo, devido ao fato dessas enzimas hidrolisarem o anel β- lactâmico dos principais antimicrobianos utilizados na clínica. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de metalo-β-lactamases (MbL) em isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter baumannii obtidos de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). O perfil de sensibilidade para todos os isolados foi avaliado pelo método de disco difusão padronizado pelo CLSI. Os discos de antimicrobianos utilizados foram distribuídos de forma que permitisse a identificação dos isolados produtores de AmpC e ESBL. Para a identificação dos produtores de MbL utilizou-se o teste de disco aproximação com os seguintes agentes quelantes: EDTA 0,1M, EDTA 0,5 M e ácido 2-mercaptopropiônico. Os isolados que não possuíam nenhum dos mecanismos de resistência pesquisados foram classificados como multirresistentes (MDR). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para ceftazidima, imipenem e polimixina B foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo para todos os isolados, de acordo com o CLSI. Durante o período de janeiro a junho de 2006 foram obtidos 32 isolados de P.aeruginosa e 41 de A. baumannii, destes 17 (23,29%) foram produtores de β-lactamase do tipo AmpC, 11 (15,07%) foram produtores de MbL e 45 (61,64%) foram classificados como MDR. Todas as cepas produtoras de MbL foram de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A sensibilidade dos isolados de acordo com a CIM para os antimicrobianos avaliados foram as seguintes: 90,28% para polimixina B, 36,11% imipenem e 18% ceftazidima. Observou-se uma alta prevalência de isolados MDR no HUSM, além de isolados produtores de β-lactamase do tipo AmpC e MbL, o que é extremamente preocupante devido limitar a terapia a poucos antimicrobianos. Esta situação torna-se ainda mais preocupante com a detecção de isolados resistentes a polimixina B, a qual é uma das últimas opções de tratamento para infecções causadas por isolados de P. aeruginosa e Acinetobacter baumannii MDR e produtores de MbL. A detecção desses microrganismos é de grande importância para as comissões de controle de infecção hospitalar com o objetivo de prevenir surtos, bem como orientar a equipe médica sobre a conduta terapêutica, uma vez que há poucos antimicrobianos efetivos clinicamente para esses patógenos e as perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de novos antimicrobianos em um futuro próximo são mínimas.
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Aubert, Daniel. "Mobilité et expression du gène blaVEB-1 codant pour une β-lactamase de spectre étendu de bacilles à Gram négatif". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077004.
Повний текст джерела
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Gressler, Luciane Tourem. "ANESTESIA DE JUNDIÁS CINZAS E ALBINOS EM BANHO DE IMERSÃO COM METANOSULFONATO DE TRICAÍNA OU PROPOFOL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe efficacy of immersion anaesthesia with tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol on silver catfish Rhamdia quelen was assessed through induction and recovery times and observation of mortality. Two types of comparisons were conducted: one contrasting grey silver catfish of three size ranges and another comparing two strains of the species, albino and grey. For tricaine methanesulfonate, there was no uniform relationship between the induction and recovery times and the size of the grey silver catfish. The grey animals were more sensitive to the anaesthetic than the albinos were, and recovery was also faster in the grey fish group. Induction of propofol anaesthesia had a direct relationship with size, with the small animals reaching anaesthesia stage earlier. No uniform pattern was observed for recovery among the three different sizes. Propofol promoted faster anaesthesia in the grey animals than in the albinos, but no direct relationship was observed for recovery between the strains. No mortality was detected throughout the experiment. This study reports a novel, efficient and practical use of propofol as an immersion anaesthetic for fish and notes the first time that silver catfish have been anesthetised with such an agent. The best outcomes with propofol were registered in the size range comparison, indicating that 12 mg.L-1 is the most efficient concentration to anesthetise the small fish and that 10 mg.L-1 is a more appropriate concentration for anaesthesia of the medium and large animals. With regard to tricaine methanesulfonate, 300 mg.L-1 promoted satisfactory results for anaesthesia of the large fish in the size range comparison and the albino in the strain comparison. The grey fish responded better to 100 mg.L-1 of the anaesthetic in the latter evaluation. These findings show that it is essential to consider size and strain when anesthetising silver catfish with tricaine methanesulfonate or propofol bath solution.
A eficácia da anestesia em banho de imersão com metanosulfonato de tricaína ou propofol em jundiá Rhamdia quelen foi avaliada através de tempos de indução e recuperação anestésica e observação de mortalidade. Foram realizados dois tipos de comparações: um contrastando jundiás cinzas de três tamanhos e outro comparando duas variedades da espécie, albina e cinza. Para metanosulfonato de tricaína, não houve relação uniforme entre tempos de indução e recuperação e tamanho dos jundiás. Os peixes cinzas foram mais sensíveis ao anestésico do que os albinos e a recuperação também ocorreu mais rapidamente nos animais cinzas. Indução anestésica com propofol apresentou relação direta com o tamanho dos peixes, sendo os pequenos os primeiros a atingirem o estágio de anestesia. Não foi observado padrão uniforme entre os diferentes tamanhos de peixe na recuperação. Propofol induziu anestesia mais rapidamente nos peixes cinzas do que nos albinos, mas não foi observada relação direta entre as duas variedades na recuperação. Não houve mortalidade ao longo do experimento. Este estudo descreve um uso novo, eficiente e prático de propofol como anestésico para banho de imersão em peixes, bem como o primeiro relato de anestesia de jundiá com este agente. Os melhores resultados com propofol foram registrados na comparação entre jundiás cinzas de diferentes tamanhos, indicando 12 mg.L-1 como a concentração mais eficaz para anestesia dos peixes pequenos e 10 mg.L-1 como a mais eficiente para os peixes médios e grandes. Com relação ao metanosulfonato de tricaína, 300 mg.L-1 promoveu resultados satisfatórios para anestesia dos peixes grandes na comparação entre tamanhos e para anestesia dos albinos na comparação entre variedades. Nesta última, os jundiás cinzas responderam melhor a concentração de 100 mg.L-1. Estes resultados demonstram ser essencial considerar tamanho e variação genética quando opta-se por anestesiar jundiás em banho de imersão com metanosulfonato de tricaína ou propofol.
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Milivojevic, Milica. "Dissecting the signaling pathways controlling inflammation during Gram-negative bacterial infections : the role of ALPK1, TIFA and TRAF6 during Shigella flexneri infection." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB061/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les cellules épithéliales constituent la première ligne de défense face à l’infection et jouent un rôle actif dans l'immunité innée. Par la sécrétion locale de cytokines, ces cellules sont capables d'orchestrer la réponse immunitaire contre les pathogènes invasifs. L'activation des récepteurs de reconnaissance de pathogènes, qu’ils soient intracellulaires ou extracellulaires, conduit à une cascade de signalisation complexe. Cette dernière entraîne l'activation du facteur de transcription NF-kB ainsi que la production ultérieure de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires qui gouvernent ce processus n'ont pas été entièrement élucidés. La bactérie à Gram négatif Shigella flexneri est un pathogène humain majeur à l’origine de la dysenterie bacillaire. Cette maladie se caractérise par une inflammation aiguë du colon qui peut entraîner la destruction du tissu intestinal et même dans les cas les plus graves, la mort. En effet, S. flexneri peut envahir les cellules épithéliales du colon et se répliquer dans leur cytoplasme. Après la détection de bactéries intracellulaires, les cellules infectées et non infectées déclenchent des voies de signalisation inflammatoire, ce qui entraîne une production massive d'interleukine-8. En utilisant S. flexneri comme modèle d'infection, nous avons identifié une nouvelle voie de signalisation qui joue un rôle central dans l'activation de NF-kB et la production d'IL-8 qui en résulte lors des infections bactériennes à Gram négatif. Après la détection cytosolique des bactéries, les protéines TIFA forment des oligomères à travers un processus dépendant de leur thréonine en position 9, ainsi que de leur domaine « Forkhead-associated ». D’une part, ces oligomères interagissent avec TRAF6, ce qui conduit à l’oligomérisation de cette dernière et à l'activation subséquente de NF-kB. D'autre part, nous montrons que l'oligomérisation de TIFA dépend de la kinase ALPK1 et que cette voie est activée en réponse au métabolite bactérien heptose-1, 7-bisphosphate. Ces observations pourraient être étendues au pathogène entéro-invasif Salmonella typhimurium ainsi qu'à la bactérie extracellulaire Neisseria meningitidis. Nos résultats démontrent donc le rôle central de la voie de signalisation ALPK1-TIFA-TRAF6 en réponse aux pathogènes bactériens à Gram négatif intracellulaires et extracellulaires. Ainsi, ces travaux contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régissant la réponse immunitaire des cellules épithéliales aux bactéries pathogènesEpithelial cells represent the first line of defense against pathogens and play an active role in innate immunity. Via local secretion of cytokines, they are able to orchestrate the immune response against invading pathogens. The activation of both intracellular and extracellular pathogen recognition receptors leads to a complex signaling cascade, resulting in the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kB(NF-kB)and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process have not been fully elucidated. The Gram-negative bacterium Shigella flexneriis an important human pathogen and the causative agent of bacillary dysentery. This disease is characterized by acute inflammation of the colon resulting in the destruction of the intestinal tissue and, in severe cases, death. S. flexneri can invade and replicate within colonic epithelial cells. Following detection of the bacteria, both infected and uninfected bystander cells initiate inflammatory signaling pathways, which result in massive interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by the latter. Using S. flexneri as a model of infection, we have identified a novel signaling pathway, which is central to the activation of NF-kB and the subsequent production of IL-8 during Gram-negative bacterial infections. Following the cytosolic detection of bacteria, the protein TRAF-interacting factor with forkhead-associated domain (TIFA) forms oligomers, a process dependent on its threonine at position 9 and theforkhead-associated domain. These oligomers interact withTNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)6, leading to its oligomerization and the subsequent activation of NF-kB. In addition, we show that oligomerization of TIFA is dependent on the kinase alpha-kinase(ALPK)1 and that this pathway is activated in response to the detection of the bacterial metabolite heptose-1, 7-bisphosphate (HBP). These observations could be extended to the enteroinvasive pathogen Salmonella typhimurium as well as the extracellular bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. Our results therefore demonstrate the central role of the ALPK1-TIFA-TRAF6 signaling pathway in response to HBP of both intracellular and extracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and offer a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the epithelial cell immune response to pathogenic bacteria
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Soares, Layane Campos. "Concep??es de gram?tica na forma??o inicial de professores de l?ngua portuguesa na UFVJM." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1617.
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Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)
O presente estudo tem o intuito de investigar as concep??es de gram?tica subjacentes ao processo de forma??o inicial de professores de L?ngua Portuguesa nos cursos de Letras Portugu?s/Ingl?s e Portugu?s/Espanhol da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Propomos investigar essa quest?o em raz?o de o ensino da gram?tica na Educa??o B?sica, enquanto conte?do curricular, ainda ser baseado, segundo Perini (2014), na perspectiva normativa, sendo reduzido ? aprendizagem da L?ngua Padr?o de modo a desconsiderar os fatos da l?ngua. De modo a compreender o porqu? de o ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa ainda ser baseado na concep??o normativa, propomos a observa??o desse problema durante o processo de forma??o docente, uma vez que a pr?tica de ensino pode ser reflexo desse processo. Dessa forma, apoiamo-nos na defini??o do termo gram?tica como um ?conjunto de regras? que discriminam o funcionamento da l?ngua (POSSENTI, 1996, ANTUNES, 2003), que est? associado a tr?s concep??es diferentes de gram?tica: normativa, descritiva e internalizada (POSSENTI, 1996; TRAVAGLIA, 2009). Esta pesquisa ? caracterizada como um estudo de caso de base m?ltipla (YIN, 2005) de car?ter qualitativo, que contou com a aplica??o de question?rios verticalizados e mistos aos seguintes sujeitos: cinco professores linguistas dos cursos de Letras da UFVJM e a cinco professores formados nesta Universidade que ingressaram nos cursos de Letras no ano de 2012. Al?m disso, realizamos tamb?m uma an?lise dos Projetos Pedag?gicos dos Cursos de Letras da UFVJM com o intuito de compreender os pressupostos existentes para o ensino de gram?tica. Para a an?lise dos dados coletados adotamos a t?cnica da an?lise de conte?do de Bardin (2011). Como principal resultado do processo de an?lise e interpreta??o dos dados, podemos inferir que a concep??o de gram?tica subjacente ao processo de forma??o nos cursos de Letras da UFVJM ? predominantemente normativa. Por essa raz?o, esperamos que os dados apresentados nesta pesquisa consigam contribuir para uma reflex?o sobre a import?ncia do conhecimento das concep??es de gram?tica no processo de forma??o inicial de professores de L?ngua Portuguesa, para que as pr?ticas de ensino do professor formado n?o se reduzam somente ao aprendizado de uma ?nica variante da l?ngua.
Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The present study aims to investigate the grammar conceptions subjacent the process of initial formation of Portuguese Language Teachers in the Portuguese/English and the Portuguese/Spanish courses of the Federal University of the Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. We propose to investigate this question because the teaching of grammar in Basic Education, as a curricular content, is still based on Perini (2014), from the normative perspective, being reduced the learning of the standard language in order to disregard the facts of the language. In order to understand why the teaching of Portuguese language is still based on normative conception, we propose the observation of this problem during the teacher formation process, since the practice may be a reflection of this process. Therefore, we support the definition of the term grammar as a "set of rules" that discriminate the functioning of the language (POSSENTI, 1996, ANTUNES, 2003), which is associated with three different conceptions of grammar: normative, descriptive and internalized (POSSENTI, 1996; TRAVAGLIA, 2009). This research is characterized as a qualitative multiple base case study (YIN, 2005), with the application of vertical and mixed questionnaires to the following subjects: five linguistic teachers from the UFVJM Portuguese courses and five teachers trained in this University that entered the courses of Portuguese in the year of 2012. In addition, we also perform an analysis of the Pedagogical Projects of the UFVJM Portuguese courses to understand the existing assumptions of grammar teaching. For the analysis of the collected data we adopted the technique of the content analysis of Bardin (2011). As the main result of the process of analysis and interpretation of data, we can infer that the conception of grammar underlying the process of formation in the courses of Portuguese of UFVJM is predominantly normative. For this reason, we hope that data presented in this research can contribute to a reflection on the importance of knowledge of grammar conceptions in the initial formation process of Portuguese Language Teachers, so that the teaching practices of the teacher formed are not limited to the Learning of a single variant of the language.
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Anderluh, Alexandra, Pamela Nolz, Vera Hemmelmayr, and Teodor Gabriel Crainic. "Multi-objective optimization of a two-echelon vehicle routing problem with vehicle synchronization and "grey Zone" customers arising in urban logistics." Elsevier, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7095/1/main.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a multi-objective two-echelon vehicle routing problem with vehicle synchronization and "grey zone" customers arising in the context of urban freight deliveries. Inner-city center deliveries are performed by small vehicles due to access restrictions, while deliveries outside this area are carried out by conventional vehicles for economic reasons. Goods are transferred from the first to the second echelon by synchronized meetings between vehicles of the respective echelons. We investigate the assignment of customers to vehicles, i.e., to the first or second echelon, within a so-called "grey Zone" on the border of the inner city and the area around it. While doing this, the economic objective as well as negative external effects of transport, such as emissions and disturbance (negative impact on citizens due to noise and congestion), are taken into account to include objectives of companies as well as of citizens and municipal authorities. Our metaheuristic - a large neighborhood search embedded in a heuristic rectangle/cuboid splitting - addresses this problem efficiently. We investigate the impact of the free assignment of part of the customers ("grey Zone") to echelons and of three different city layouts on the solution. Computational results show that the impact of a "grey Zone" and thus the assignment of these customers to echelons depend significantly on the layout of a city. Potentially pareto-optimal solutions for two and three objectives are illustrated to efficiently support decision makers in sustainable city logistics planning processes.
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Pozzebon, Pedro Henrique Bürger. "VIABILIDADE TÉCNICA, ECONÔMICA E SOCIAL DO APROVEITAMENTO DAS ÁGUAS DE CHUVA E CINZAS PARA CONSUMO NÃO POTÁVEL NA CIDADE DE SANTA MARIA/RS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this work was to study a technical, social and economical
viability of the optimization for grey and rain waters for non drinkable consumption in
the city of Santa Maria, RS. The volume of the rain water tank was dimensioned in 15
m³, and so, guaranteeing the water supply in 33,55%. The rain water tank mixed with
grey waters was dimensioned in 2.12m³, providing 100% of demand. Rain water
optimization system provides an economy of R$ 937,19/a year, and the value of its
investment was estimated in R$ 8.078,34, with maintenance and operation cost of R$
150,00/a year. Its present net value ranged from R$ 5.629,61 to R$ 7.665,49; the
payback was from ten years and three months to eleven years and four months; the
internal rate of return was between 7,41% and 5,97%, and the relation cost/benefit
was from 1,49 to 1,66. The mixture system of rain and grey waters saves R$
2.793,42/a year, and the investment value was estimated in R$ 25.384,33, with
operation and maintenance cost of R$ 301,74/a year. Its present net value ranged
from R$ 18.679,38 to R$ 24.449,23. Payback was from ten years and two months to
ten years and eleven months; the internal rate of return (IRR) was between 7,51 and
6,22; and the relation cost/benefit was between 1,58 and 1,78. In relation to social
viability, a survey with people from 200 homes was accomplished to verify knowledge
and acceptance of those systems population. Both, rain and grey waters optimization
studies have demonstrated to be technically, economically, and socially viable.Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade técnica, econômica e social do aproveitamento das águas de chuva e cinzas para consumo não potável na cidade de Santa Maria/RS. O volume do reservatório de água da chuva ficou dimensionado em 15 m³, garantindo o abastecimento de 33,55%. O reservatório de água da chuva misturado às águas cinzas foi dimensionado em 2,12 m³, atendendo a 100% da demanda. O sistema de aproveitamento de água da chuva proporciona uma economia de R$ 937,19/ano e seu valor de investimento foi estimado em R$ 8.078,34, com custo de operação e manutenção em R$ 150,00/ano. Seu valor presente líquido variou entre R$ 7.665,49 e R$ 5.629,61, o payback ou tempo de retorno de capital entre 10 anos e 3 meses e 11 anos e 4 meses, a taxa interna de retorno entre 7,41% e 5,97% e a relação benefício/custo entre 1,69 e 1,49. O sistema de mistura da água da chuva com as águas cinzas economiza R$ 2.793,42/ano e seu valor de investimento foi estimado em R$ 25.384,33, com custo de operação e manutenção em R$ 301,74/ano. Seu valor presente líquido variou entre R$ 24.449,23 e R$ 18.679,38, o payback ou tempo de retorno de capital entre 10 anos e 2 meses e 10 anos e 11 meses, a taxa interna de retorno entre 7,51% e 6,22% e a relação benefício/custo entre 1,78 e 1,58. Quanto à viabilidade social, foi realizada uma pesquisa com pessoas de 200 domicílios para verificar o conhecimento e aceitabilidade por parte da população dos sistemas. Tanto o estudo do aproveitamento das águas de chuva e cinzas demonstraram ser viáveis técnica, econômica e socialmente.
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Miranda, Vanessa Soares. "Reabilita??o de ?rea degradada pela deposi??o de res?duos s?lidos urbanos usando gram?neas forrageiras." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFVJM, 2010. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/553.
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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Avaliaram-se a produtividade de mat?ria seca e a composi??o bromatol?gica de gram?neas forrageiras colhidas em ?rea degradada pela deposi??o de res?duos s?lidos urbanos, num experimento em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco gram?neas nas parcelas e tr?s cortes nas subparcelas no tempo, com quatro repeti??es. O teor e a absor??o de minerais e a concentra??o de metais pesados foram avaliados no 2? corte, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco gram?neas e quatro repeti??es. As gram?neas utilizadas foram Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e cv. Xara?s e Panicum maximum cv. Tanz?nia, colhidas com 42 dias de rebrota??o. A produtividade de mat?ria seca por corte foi de at? 1.480 kg/ha, o teor m?nimo de prote?na bruta (PB) foi 9,5% e o teor m?dio de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) foi 62,3%. As gram?neas forrageiras apresentam resultados satisfat?rios em produtividade de mat?ria seca e composi??o bromatol?gica, constituindo em alternativa para a reabilita??o de ?rea degradada por res?duos s?lidos urbanos, assim como adequada composi??o mineral, ? exce??o de f?sforo, cujo teor foi muito baixo. As concentra??es de todos os metais pesados encontram-se abaixo do n?vel de toxicidade para as plantas.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2010.
ABSTRACT We evaluated the dry matter yield and chemical composition of grasses harvested in an area degraded by deposition of solid waste. The experiment was conducted in a split plot randomized block design with five grass plots and subplots in the three cuts time, with four replications. The content and the absorption of minerals and heavy metals were evaluated in the second cut, in a randomized block design with four replications and five grasses. The grasses used were Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and cv. Xara?s, and Panicum maximum cv. Tanz?nia, taken at 42 days regrowth. The yield of dry matter per cutting reached up to 1480 kg / ha, the minimum content of crude protein (CP) was 9.5% and the average content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was 62.3%. The grasses have good results in dry matter yield and chemical composition, providing an alternative for the rehabilitation of degraded area by municipal solid waste, and adequate mineral composition, except for phosphorus content was very low. The concentrations of all heavy metals are below the level of toxicity to plants.
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Plésiat, Patrick. "La 3-cetosteroide delta-1-deshydrogenase de pseudomonas testosteroni : clonage moleculaire et expression du gene : applications a l'etude de la permeabilite membranaire des bacilles a gram negatif aux molecules hydrophobes." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA3618.
Повний текст джерела
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Oliferova, Zhanna V. "Structural and functional studies of Drosophila Gram-negative binding protein 1 and the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4/Myeloid differentiation-2 complex." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612525.
Повний текст джерела
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Tonn, Nina [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Greb. "SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE3 (SMXL3), SMXL4 and SMXL5 establish post-embryonic phloem development in Arabidopsis thaliana / Nina Tonn ; Betreuer: Thomas Greb." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236345355/34.
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BOFF, RENATA FACIN. "GREY WATER FOOTPRINT (GWF) BY AGROCHEMICALS: A CASE STUDY OF SOYBEAN FARMING IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27910@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O crescimento da população mundial junto de mudanças no estilo de vida
resulta em uma crescente demanda por culturas de alimentos e energia. O Brasil
tem aumentado cada vez mais a produção e o fornecimento destas culturas para
outras partes do mundo. O Cerrado tornou-se o centro da indústria de soja do Brasil.
A savana natural foi substituída pelo cultivo de monoculturas que estão associadas
ao uso intensivo de fertilizantes e pesticidas sintéticos. Este estudo determina em
que medida a aplicação de agroquímicos no cultivo de soja contribui para a poluição
dos corpos hídricos no Cerrado. Como medida para quantificar este impacto, a
pegada hídrica cinza (GWF) do cultivo da soja em uma fazenda típica no município
de Correntina-BA foi calculada para 5 anos de cultivo. O poluente mais
significativo para todos os anos foi o pesticida 2,4-D. O GWF do cultivo da soja
para o estudo de caso no período variou de 7.661 a 13.587 m3 por hectare e 2.441 a
7.651 m3 por tonelada de soja. O valor médio do nível de poluição da água (WPL)
associado com a produção desta cultura na bacia hidrográfica foi de 48,6 por cento com
valores que variaram de 36 por cento a 83 por cento. Os valores de GWF e WPL calculados
mostram uma grande variação entre os diferentes períodos. O GWF em 2013/2014
teve valores discrepantes sendo 43,6 por cento maior do que os valores em 2010/2011. A
diferença é devida principalmente a uma maior aplicação do pesticida, de 0,80
kg/ha para 1,42 kg/ha. O WPL em 2013/2014 chegou a 83 por cento. Os resultados indicam
que com a tendência de crescimento da agricultura de grande escala na região a
poluição por agrotóxicos dissolvidos dos corpos hídricos se intensificará a tal ponto
que é provável que viole em breve o padrão de qualidade de água local.The growing world population, coupled with changes in lifestyle, result in an increasing demand for food, feed and energy crops. Brazil is increasingly producing and supplying these crops for other parts of the world. The Cerrado has become the centre of Brazil s soybean industry. The natural savannah has been replaced by crop monocultures which are associated with intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This study determines to which extent the application of agrochemicals in the cultivation of soybean contributes to the pollution of local river basins in the Cerrado. As a measure to quantify this impact, the grey water footprint (GWF) of soybean cultivation in a typical farm in the municipality of Correntina-BA is calculated for 5 cropping years. The most significant pollutant for all years was the pesticide 2,4-D. The GWF of soybean cultivation for the case study in the period ranged from 7,661 to 13,587 m3 per hectare and 2,441 to 7,651 m3 per tonne of soybean. The average water pollution level (WPL) associated with the production of this crop at river basin level was 48.6 percent. The average water pollution level (WPL) associated with the production of this crop at river basin level was 48.6 percent with values ranging from 36 percent to 83 percent. The calculated GWFs and WPLs show a large variation among different cropping seasons. The GWF in 2013/2014 had discrepant values, being 43.6 percent higher than the value in 2010/2011. This difference is mainly due to a higher application of the pesticide, from 0.80 kg/ha to 1.42 kg/ha. The WPL in 2013/2014 reached 83 percent . The results indicate that following the local trend of further intensification of large scale agriculture, the pollution of local water bodies with dissolved agrochemicals will increase to the point that it is likely to soon violate the local water quality standards.
47
Baracho, Ivana Pires de Sousa. "Influ?ncia da compacta??o do solo e aduba??o nitrogenada na qualidade de gram?neas forrageiras e nos atributos f?sicos do solo." UFVJM, 2014. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1164.
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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da compacta??o do solo e diferentes doses de nitrog?nio no desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade de esp?cies forrageiras e nos atributos f?sicos do solo. Foram montados tr?s experimentos independentes em casa de vegeta??o com um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em um esquema fatorial duplo. Os experimentos foram com as tr?s esp?cies forrageiras - Bachiaria ruzizienses, Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 Vit?ria e Panicum maximum cv. momba?a; os tratamentos: quatro Graus de Compacta??o (GC) ? 65%; 75%; 85% e 95% e quatro dose de adubo nitrogenado ? 0; 200; 250 e 300 Kg de N ha-1), com quatro repeti??es. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos em casa de vegeta??o localizada na UFVJM campus JK, em Diamantina-MG. No local de coleta do solo utilizado no experimento, foram coletadas amostras de aproximadamente 5 kg para a realiza??o do ensaio de Proctor normal, determinando-se a Densidade do solo e a Umidade para cada corpo de prova. Uma vez estipulado o GC, conhecendo a Densidade m?xima do solo e o volume do vaso, foi poss?vel calcular a massa de solo a ser colocada dentro dos vasos referente a cada GC. As amostras foram coletadas 90 dias ap?s semeadura, para realiza??o das avalia??es em laborat?rio. As vari?veis analisadas nas plantas foram: produ??o de massa verde (MV) e massa seca (MS) da parte a?rea, altura, volume da raiz, prote?na bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ?cido (FDA) e lignina. Para a realiza??o do ensaio de Resist?ncia do solo ? penetra??o (RP), as amostras indeformadas foram trabalhadas e saturadas por um per?odo de 48 h, em seguida deu-se in?cio ?s leituras de RP. Realizou-se tamb?m a avalia??o de RP em vasos contendo solo compactado com GC de 95%, antes da semeadura; a modelagem foi feita ajustando um modelo exponencial de RP x umidade e foram comparados estatisticamente por um teste de identidade de modelos. Concluiu-se que a MV, MS da parte a?rea, a altura de plantas e o teor de prote?na bruta aumentaram linearmente com a aplica??o de nitrog?nio em todas as forrageiras estudadas. ? medida que se aumentam as doses de nitrog?nio, os teores de FDN e FDA em todas as forrageiras estudadas diminu?ram. Para o volume da raiz, a Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 Vit?ria respondeu linearmente e positivamente ?s crescentes doses de nitrog?nio no solo compactado. Na avalia??o dos atributos f?sicos do solo, o solo cultivado com Brachiaria ruziziensis foi o que apresentou uma maior RP na umidade na capacidade de campo no grau de compacta??o de 95%. As tr?s esp?cies forrageiras t?m capacidade de al?vio da estrutura do solo compactado; por?m, a Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 Vit?ria demonstrou ser a mais eficiente.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil compaction and different doses of nitrogen, in the development, productivity and quality of forage species and in soil physical properties. Three independent experiments were performed in a greenhouse with a randomized block design, in a double factorial. The experiments were with three forage species Bachiaria ruzizienses, Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 Vit?ria and Panicum maximum cv. momba?a: the treatments: Four Degrees of Compaction (GC) ? 65%; 75%; 85% and 95% and four doses of nitrogen fertilizer? 0; 200; 250 e 300 Kg de N ha-1), with four replications. The experiment was conducted in pots in a greenhouse located at UFVJM JK campus, Diamantina-MG. At the site of the soil sampling used in the experiment, samples of 5kg approximately were collected to perform the normal Proctor test, determining soil density and humidity for each specimen. Once stipulated the GC, knowing the maximum density of the soil and the pot volume, it was possible to calculate the mass of soil to be placed in the pots for each GC. The samples were collected 90 days after sowing, to carry out evaluations in the laboratory. The variables analyzed in plants were: green mass production (MV) and dry matter (MS) of the shoot, height, root volume, crude protein (PB), neutral detergent fiber (FDN), acid detergent fiber (FDA) and lignin. To carry out the soil penetration resistance test (RP), the undisturbed soil samples were worked and saturated for a period of 48 h, next we started the RP readings. It was also performed the evaluation of RP in pots containing compacted soil with a 95% GC, before sowing and the modeling was performed by adjusting an exponential model of RP x humidity and they were compared statistically by an identity test of models. It was concluded that the MV, MS of the shoot, height of plants and crude protein content increased linearly with the application of nitrogen in all the studied forages. As it increases the nitrogen levels, the levels of FDN and FDA in all studied forages decreased. For the root volume, the Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 Vit?ria responded linearly and positively to increasing doses of nitrogen in compacted soil. In the evaluation of soil physical properties, the soil cultivated with Brachiaria ruziziensis was the one that presented a higher RP in humidity at field capacity in the degree of compaction of 95%. The three forage species have relief capacity of the compacted soil structure, however, the Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 Vit?ria proved to be the most efficient one.
48
Papoulidis, Kiriakos. "Problèmes de traduction et d'interprétation du Nouveau Testament en grec moderne : le cas de Maxime de Gallipoli, 1638." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040101.
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L'intérêt principal de notre étude consiste à montrer que la norme linguistique utilisée lors de la traduction du Nouveau Testament en grec vernaculaire par Maxime de Gallipoli en 1638, constitue la base de la norme contemporaine grecque (grec démotique), malgré l'interdiction portée par les prélats de l'église orthodoxe de lire les traductions du nouveau testament en langue vernaculaire. Dans ce cadre, notre travail se divise en deux grandes parties : la première, extra-textuelle, présente l'activité polyvalente des instigateurs principaux de cette entreprise, afin de révéler le but de la réalisation de cette traduction. Ensuite, la seconde partie, strictement limitée au plan textuel (philologique), présente les techniques ainsi que les méthodes utilisées par notre traducteur à travers l'examen de certains aspects du discours néotestamentaire, tels que les différents genres littéraires (miracles, paraboles), les catégories techniques de mots (mots-clés, termes techniques et théologiques) ainsi que les divers répertoires lexicaux (emprunts lexicaux étrangers, répertoires des mots grecs relevant du Nouveau Testament).
49
Inchauspé, François-Xavier. "Reconstruire la légitimité démocratique : l'articulation entre public, communauté et "demos" dans la pensée de John Dewey." Thèse, Paris 1, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5474/1/D2456.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La pensée de John Dewey ouvre de nombreuses voies pour repenser la légitimité politique en présentant la démocratie comme une expérimentation, une suite d'enquêtes : bref, sans solution générale préétablie. L'idéal démocratique que Dewey développe ne s'articule pas autour d'un centre commun et unique : un demos unifié qui serait la marque d'une identité collective nationale. Au contraire, le foyer de la légitimité démocratique est décentré, délocalisé et dénominalisé, car ce sont les « publics » qui s'assimilent chez Dewey à des pouvoirs constituants. Cependant, Dewey est incapable de rester fidèle à la conception décentrée de la démocratie qu'il introduit pourtant. Son appel à la reconstruction d'un demos (au singulier) homogène semble l'emporter sur le nécessaire développement de demoï (au pluriel) hétérogènes. En fait, sa conception démocratique sous-tend l'uniformisation des particularités des problèmes qui font naître les publics. Les différentes problématiques sociales sont toutes ramenées sous un problème englobant, premier, général et peut-être même final : la condition des travailleurs. Le peu d'attention qu'il accorde à certaines problématiques, comme celles impliquées par le racisme ou le sexisme, illustre bien cette forme d'avalement de la diversité des publics dans l'unité d'un public commun et central, seul apte à permettre le changement social. Sur la base de cette réinterprétation, il importe de réévaluer l'apport de Dewey aux réflexions entourant la question de la légitimité politique dans le contexte actuel marqué, d'une part, par l'éclatement des formes de participation citoyenne en dehors des canaux traditionnels, et d'autre part, par la multiplication et l'enchevêtrement d'institutions ayant autorité.
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MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Légitimité, public, décentrement démocratique, participation citoyenne, inclusion, pluralisme, diversité sociale, John Dewey, G.W.F. Hegel, James Bohman, Iris Marion Young, Pierre Rosanvallon.
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Panina, Ekaterina Mikhailovna. "Identification and characterization of type III secretion effector proteins in gram-negative bacteria." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1481675641&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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