Дисертації: "Greenhouse gas mitigation Victoria"

1

Gibson, Amber I. "Mitigation options for greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8592.

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2

Olesniewicz, Timothy J. "Unanticipated Consequences of Regional Greenhouse Gas Policies: Criteria Emissions and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiave." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/OlesniewiczTJ2008.pdf.

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3

Wang, Xiaodong Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation policies on agricultural land." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42412.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-162). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are widely acknowledged to be responsible for much of the global warming in the past century. A number of approaches have been proposed to mitigate GHG emissions. Since the burning of fossil-based fuels is an important source of GHGs, the policies on GHG-mitigation encourage the replacement of fossil-based energy with biomass energy. However, a large-scale development of biomass energy may lead to changes in agricultural land use, which are important sources of GHG emissions, and therefore undermine the effectiveness of GHG-mitigation policies. In this research, I analyze the impacts of GHG-mitigation policies on five types of agricultural land (cropland, managed forestry land, pasture land, un-managed forestry land, and un-managed grassland) as well as carbon stored in such land during the 21st century. The scholars in the MIT Joint Program of Science and Policy on Global Change use the Integrated Global Systems Model (IGSM) to simulate changes in climate in response to GHG-mitigation policies, while the researchers at the U. S. Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) apply the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to simulate land productivities. Based on the predictions of land characteristics affecting land-use decisions, I develop an econometric model to predict the land use affected by climate, GHGs, and tropospheric ozone at the grid-cell scale of 0.5 * 0.5 longitude by latitude. I use the Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to capture the regional land use driven by economic forces. Then, I develop the downscaling methods to link these two land-use effects. I conduct this research in two scenarios: in the baseline, I assume that there are no policies to mitigate GHG emissions during the 21st century; in the policy scenario, I assume that there are specific policies to limit GHG emissions during the 21st century. (cont.) I confirm the hypothesis that biomass-energy production would lead to the conversion of the five types of agricultural land, and the carbon stored in such land would decrease; the GHG-mitigation policies, leading to more production of biomass energy and conversion of agricultural land, would cause an even more severe loss of the carbon stored in agricultural land. Although the GHG-mitigation policies would generally reduce the atmospheric GHG emissions by using more energy from biomass, such endeavors would be partly counteracted by the land-use conversion as a result of large-scale production of biomass energy. by Xiaodong Wang. Ph.D.

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4

Ledesma, Cecilia. "China: Potential Mitigation Strategies for Reducing Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/236.

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This paper seeks to understand the role that the agriculture sector can play in romoting China's climate change mitigation efforts. In order to understand the history of agricultural and climate change policies in China, the beginning sections are devoted to these topics. In the following chapter,the impact of climate change on agricultural production is explored. Using research data that determine the primary sources of emissions within agriculture, and mitigation practices that have proved effective, potential GHG mitigation measures are proposed in the fourth chapter.Based on recommendations made by economists, the final chapter delineates agricultural policies that would incentive farmers to implement the GHG mitigation strategies outlined in the preceding chapter.

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5

Jones, Anna Kaye. "The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in sheep farming systems." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-mitigation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-sheep-farming-systems(2929c6fa-edf3-4dc0-aa8d-c31e3a1a99be).html.

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6

Sonneborn, C. L. "Industry capacity building with respect to market-based approaches to greenhouse gas reduction : U.S. and Australian perspectives /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060615.132356.

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7

Hill, Heather. "Local government and greenhouse action in South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh646.pdf.

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8

Al-Batty, Sirhan Ibrahim. "Utilization of CO2 to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Effect." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1271443724.

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9

Adeyemo, Oyenike Olubukanla. "Energy substitution and options for carbon dioxide mitigation in Nigeria an economic approach /." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07232008-165224/.

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10

Freibauer, Annette. "Biogenic greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in Europe quantification and mitigation /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10316340.

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11

Ricci, Patricia. "Greenhouse gas emissions from contrasting beef production systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9370.

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Agriculture has been reported to contribute a significant amount of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere among other anthropogenic activities. With still more than 870 million people in the world suffering from under-nutrition and a growing global food demand, it is relevant to study ways for mitigating the environmental impact of food production. The objective of this work was to identify gaps in the knowledge regarding the main factors affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from beef farming systems, to reduce the uncertainty on carbon footprint predictions, and to study the relative importance of mitigation options at the system level. A lack of information in the literature was identified regarding the quantification of the relevant animal characteristics of extensive beef systems that can impact on methane (CH4) outputs. In a meta-analysis study, it was observed that the combination of physiological stage and type of diet improved the accuracy of CH4 emission rate predictions. Furthermore, when applied to a system analysis, improved equations to predict CH4 from ruminants under different physiological stages and diet types reduced the uncertainty of whole-farm enteric CH4 predictions by up to 7% over a year. In a modelling study, it was demonstrated that variations in grazing behaviour and grazing choice have a potentially large impact upon CH4 emissions, which are not normally mentioned within carbon budget calculations at either local or national scale. Methane estimations were highly sensitive to changes in quality of the diet, highlighting the importance of considering animal selectivity on carbon budgets of heterogeneous grasslands. Part of the difficulties on collecting reliable information from grazing cattle is due to some limitations of available techniques to perform CH4 emission measurements. Thus, the potential use of a Laser Methane Detector (LMD) for remote sensing of CH4 emissions from ruminants was evaluated. A data analysis method was developed for the LMD outputs. The use of a novel technique to assess CH4 production from ruminants showed very good correlations with independent measurements in respiration chambers. Moreover, the use of this highly sensitive technique demonstrates that there is more variability associated with the pattern of CH4 emissions which cannot be explained by the feed nutritional value. Lastly, previous findings were included in a deterministic model to simulate alternative management options applied to upland beef farming systems. The success of the suggested management technologies to mitigate GHG emissions depends on the characteristics of the farms and management previously adopted. Systems with high proportion of their land unsuitable for cropping but with an efficient use of land had low and more certain GHG emissions, high human-edible returns, and small opportunities to further reduce their carbon footprint per unit of product without affecting food production, potential biodiversity conservation and the livelihood of the region. Altogether, this work helps to reduce the uncertainty of GHG predictions from beef farming systems and highlights the essential role of studies with a holistic approach to issues related to climate change that encompass the analysis of a large range of situations and management alternatives.

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12

Wang, Haifeng. "The reduction cost of GHG from ships and its impact on transportation cost and international trade." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 242 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1997524141&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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13

Gupta, Manish. "Restricting greenhouse gas emissions : economic implications for India /." New Delhi : Serials Publ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/522298486.pdf.

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14

Winning, Nicola Jane. "Greenhouse gas emissions from Scottish arable agriculture and the potential for biochar to be used as an agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation option." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10052.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG) which has a global warming potential 296 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2). Agriculture is a major source of N2O and in the UK approximately 71 % of N2O emissions are produced by agricultural soils, mainly as a result of the application of nitrogenous fertilisers. Despite previous research into agricultural N2O emissions which has demonstrated that N2O emissions have high spatial and temporal variability, there is still a lack of knowledge surrounding the factors that influence the magnitude of emissions from agricultural soils. Agricultural N2O emissions for the UK’s annual GHG inventory are currently estimated using a 1.25 % emission factor (EF) (to be decreased to 1 % in 2015) which assumes that 1.25 % of applied nitrogen (N) fertiliser is emitted as N2O. The EF does not take into account influencing factors such as location or fertiliser type. Mitigation of N2O emissions is vital if future climate change is to be prevented, yet this must also be combined with the need to intensify agricultural production to feed the increasing global population. Biochar which is a carbon rich material produced during the pyrolysis of biomass has been identified as a potentially useful soil amendment with the ability to mitigate N2O emissions. However, most previous research has focused on laboratory scale experiments and there is a need to investigate the use of biochar in a field environment. Other N2O mitigation options such as nitrification inhibitors, or altering fertiliser management practices, require testing under different conditions to assess their suitability for use. This thesis aims to investigate a). The factors affecting N2O emissions from synthetically and organically fertilised arable soils, and b). To explore the potential of various N2O mitigation options for arable systems, including biochar. This thesis firstly investigates N2O emissions from synthetically fertilised arable soil. Varying application rates of ammonium nitrate fertiliser were applied to a Scottish arable soil during a year long field experiment and the effects of mitigation options such as a nitrification inhibitor (DCD) were assessed. N2O emissions were shown to be significantly affected by soil water filled pore space and the 1.25 % EF was demonstrated to be generally greater than those calculated in this experiment. The use of DCD significantly decreased N2O emissions and crop yields. A second year long field experiment was carried out to investigate N2O and NH3 emissions from an organically fertilised arable soil and to explore the effect of the timing, form and method of organic fertiliser application on emissions and EFs. Slurry, poultry litter, layer manure and farmyard manure were applied in the autumn and the spring. Cumulative N2O emissions were generally greater from the autumn applications and NH3 emissions were greater from the spring applications, due to wetter soil conditions and incorporation of fertiliser during the autumn. The type of fertiliser applied affected the magnitude of emissions with the greatest cumulative N2O and NH3 emissions from the layer manure. The method of fertiliser application had no effect on emissions. The following experiment investigated the ability of different biochars to retain N from a solution and the effect of biochar particle size on retention. A batch sorption experiment was used to test the affinity and capacity of six biochars for ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) from different concentrations of NH4NO3 solution. All of the biochars studied demonstrated the ability to retain NH4+ and NO3- from solution although greater NH4+ retention was observed. Differences in biochar affinity for N could be explained by pyrolysis temperature, but there was no effect of particle size or pH. Oil seed rape straw biochar was demonstrated to have the greatest NH4+ and NO3- retention capacity and as such was chosen for use in the next experiment. This work investigated the potential for oil seed rape straw biochar to decrease emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from stored slurry and whether any GHG mitigation effects would continue following application of the slurry to arable soil. The effect on emissions of amending the biochar and slurry mixture with DCD after application to the soil was also explored. There was no significant effect of the biochar on GHG emissions from the stored slurry although the slurry initially acted as a sink for N2O and CO2. There were no significant differences between emissions from any treatments following application to the soil. The overall results of these studies indicate that N2O emissions are highly dependent on weather conditions, and hence location, in addition to fertiliser type and application timing. It was concluded that the use of a standard 1.25 % EF for synthetic and organic N fertiliser applications for the whole of the UK is inappropriate. Mitigation options such as the use of DCD, altering fertiliser application season or fertiliser type have been shown to possess the potential to mitigate N2O emissions but tradeoffs between N2O and NH3 emissions, and impacts on crop yields must be considered. Biochar was demonstrated to retain NH4+ and NO3- ions and this property may account for biochar’s N2O mitigation capabilities as observed by previous researchers. However, if N retention is taking place, the N appears to still be available for production of N2O and crop uptake.

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15

Rickwood, Peter. "The impact of physical planning policy on household energy use and greenhouse emissions." Electronic version, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1085.

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This thesis investigates the impact of physical planning policy on combined transport and dwelling-related energy use by households. Separate analyses and reviews are conducted into dwelling-related and transport-related energy use by households, before a model is developed to investigate the city-wide implications of different land-use scenarios in Sydney, Australia. The analysis of household energy use in Chapter 3 suggests that medium density housing (i.e. lose-rise apartments, townhouses, and terraces) is likely to result in the lowest per-capita energy use, while also allowing for sufficient densities to make frequent public transport service viable. The analysis of transport energy in Chapter 4 confirms that increasing urban density is associated with decreased car ownership and use, independent of other factors. However, land use changes alone are likely to result in modest changes to travel behaviour. The results of the scenario modelling in Chapters 7-9 support the view that changes to land use alone can reduce household energy consumption, but the changes, even over a long time period (25 years) are small (~0-10%) for all but the most extreme land-use policies. Instead, a coordinated (land-use/transport and other policy levers) approach is much more effective. The results confirm that it is transport energy that is most sensitive to planning policy, but that a combined consideration of dwelling-related and transport-related energy use is still useful. The micro-simulation model developed to assess the impact of different land-use planning scenarios allows the establishment of a lower-bound estimate of the effect that housing policy has on household energy use, assuming ‘business as usual’ transport policy, household behaviour, and technology.

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16

Niven, Robert A. J. "Physiochemical investigation of CO₂ accelerated concrete curing as a greenhouse gas mitigation technology." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99193.

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There is an emerging demand for natural and engineered CO2 sinks to combat the effects of global warming. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes are expected to play a predominant role within a broad portfolio of technical innovations to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A range of CCS methods will be required to provide GHG control technologies for the broad scope of industrial sectors. Within this class of technologies carbon dioxide accelerated concrete curing has the global potential to permanently and safely sequester up to 550 Mt CO2/yr while producing non-reinforced concrete products with improved physical properties and in less time than traditionally cured products. Previous research has exhibited shallow CO 2 penetration depth and modest CO2 uptake in grout and concrete samples despite using severe process conditions such as high pressures, temperatures and long experimental durations. Chemical and microstructural changes during carbonation were investigated to clarify the previously unexplained limitations in CO2 uptake and provide solutions to enhance CO2 storage. Loss of exposed particle surface area was identified as the most significant factor limiting complete carbonation of cement grout samples. The findings were applied to design a bench scale, flow-through carbonation curing reactor that sequestered CO2 at an average of 8.3 wt % of the cured cement with complete depth of penetration. The sequestration results were achieved with ambient temperature (20°C), 40% relative humidity, atmospheric pressure (1 atm), as-captured flue gas CO2 partial pressure (0.20) and low flow (1 Lpm) in less than 60 minutes.

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17

Begum, Khadiza. "Modelling soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in Bangladesh agriculture." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237655.

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important not only for improving soil quality but also for contributing to climate change mitigation in agriculture. However, net greenhouse gas (GHG) balances, including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), need to be considered, as practices that increase SOC might increase GHG emissions. Sustainable use of soil resources needs to be assessed over long time periods and across spatial scales; biogeochemical models are useful tools to estimate GHG emissions and corresponding mitigation potentials. A process-based, ecosystem model DayCent that simulates soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics from diverse agroecosystems, has been applied to observe SOC sequestration, GHG emissions and yield in a contrasting climatic region UK and Bangladesh agriculture. The study mainly focus on determination of GHG mitigation potentials under improved management practices in rice based cropland Bangladesh. We hypothesized that alternative management would increase SOC and reduce net GHG emissions. As crop yield is the most important variable for Bangladesh, it was includes in the simulations. Since site test simulations under different management using the DayCent model were satisfactory, the model was used to simulate GHG covering 64 districts of Bangladesh, considering climate, soil and SOC content for the period 1996-2015. An integrated management scenario consisting of irrigation, tillage with residue management, reduced mineral nitrogen fertilizer and manure application increased annual SOC stocks, and offset net GHG emissions while maintaining yield. The model outcome suggests that the “4 per mille” target is feasible for Bangladesh. It is also possible to contribute to the GHG reduction target by 2030 set by policy makers.

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18

Ellermann, Christian. "Climate change politics with Chinese characteristics : from discourse to institutionalised greenhouse gas mitigation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:accc3067-0525-46e5-bc43-bf7931f35529.

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China has seen tremendous economic growth in the past three decades, and in the order of eight to ten per cent since 2000. This development has come with ever increasing energy consumption, and thus emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). This trend has been an important topic in the international climate negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; China is under constant pressure from other large economies to contribute to reversing the GHG emissions trend in order to avoid dangerous climate change. At the same time, the Chinese government has pursued an environmental and energy security agenda focussed at increasing the energy efficiency of its economy and the supply of energy from renewable sources. Alongside, a domestic climate change discourse has developed, and changed over time. This thesis examines elements of the country-specific political ecology in the area of greenhouse gas mitigation in China, looking closely at what climate change means in China, and discussing how this influences the development and institutionalisation of mitigation mechanisms. I take a political ecology approach to scrutinize the nature and evolution of a climate change discourse in China, and the influences and implications of existing governance structures and institutions that affect greenhouse gas mitigation in the country. Adopting mixed empirical methods comprising semi-structured interviewing, media and numerical data analyses, and participant observation in research processes close to the government, data was collected between 2008 and 2011. In five academic papers with distinctive angles, I show the importance of engaging deeply with the formative, distinctly Chinese political, economic and ecological environment when discussing mitigation in China. The Chinese climate change discourse has changed significantly in recent years, for example resulting in different discursively acceptable ways for the country to engage in mitigation. These meanings of climate change in China have developed through specific interactions of the political and academic spheres, based on Chinese understandings of nature and history (and China’s place in it), as well as with limited involvement of the media compared to western developed country cases. The notion of historical responsibility is a major component of what climate change means in China; in this thesis I therefore illuminate the numerical and conceptual ramifications of this part of the discourse, noting that the re-active nature of this frame, with China positioned against the developed countries, has not lend itself to support new mitigation action. Low carbon economy is another newer and now very important element of the discourse, a frame that locates China in an active, entrepreneurial subject position. My study on two cases – mitigation in the Beijing transportation sector and the introduction of seven local emission trading systems through a approach of governance through pilots – shows how this part of the discourse allows for the development of new mitigation approaches when they follow established institutions and governance mechanisms in a path-dependent manner. This thesis contributes to the research of global environmental change by advancing theoretical and practical ways of engaging with climate change in general, and mitigation in particular in China. It stresses the importance of considering the country-specific political ecology when formulating global climate change policy.

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19

Cardoso, Abmael da Silva. "Greenhouse gas emissons and N2O mitigation in beef cattle production on tropical pasture /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/135851.

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Orientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri Banca: Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri Banca: Patrícia Perondi Anchão de Oliveira Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis Banca: Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz Resumo: Metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O) são dois dos mais importantes gases de efeito estufa emitidos pela pecuária. Eles são produzidos pelas excretas dos animais e fertilizantes. No Brasil, a quantidade emitida destes gases e opções para mitigação foram pouco exploradas. Uma sequência de 4 experimentos foram realizados em campo (em duas estações chuvosas e duas secas, 106 dias de duração cada) com o objetivo de quantificar as emissões de N2O e CH4, volatilização de NH3 e o fator de emissão (FE) quando aplicadas fezes, urina, fezes + urina e fertilizante ureia em Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com capim-marandu. Investigou-se o efeito da umidade do solo e compactação, composição da urina, volume urinário, e adição de fezes sobre as emissões de N2O em um Latossolo recebendo urina manipulada em condições controladas, bem como nas emissões de CH4. Como opção para mitigar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) foram estudadas as variáveis como as alturas de pastejo que afetam a magnitude das emissões de GEE; a influência estacional na produção e consumo dos GEE; quais são as variáveis chaves associadas com as emissões de GEE em pastagens de capim-marandu. Adicionalmente, investigou se o efeito dietético dos níveis do sal mineral na concentração de N na urina, o volume urinário, a proporção dos compostos nitrogenados na urina e a concentração de N nas fezes em condições de campo. Os FEs de N2O quantificados diferiram de acordo com a excreta e estação do ano. O FEs foram 2,34%, 4.26% e 3,95% na estação chuvosa e 3.00%, 1.35% e 1.59% na estação seca, respectivamente, para fezes, urina e fezes + urina. O FE do fertilizante ureia foi 0,37%. As emissões médias do CH4 acumuladas foram 99,72, 7,82 e 28,64 (mg C-CH4 m2) para fezes, urina e fezes + urina nesta sequência. Quando manipuladas as condições do solo como umidade, compactação e adição de... Abstract: CH4 and N2O are two of the most important greenhouse gas emitted by livestock. They are produced from animal excretes and the fertilizer. In Brazil the amount and options to mitigate these gases are little explored. We carried out a sequence of 4 field-trials (two rainy and two dry season, 106 days each) aimed to quantify the N2O and CH4 emissions, NH3 volatilization and emission factor (EF) after application of dung, urine, dung + urine and urea fertilizer on a Ferralsol of a marandu palisade-grass pastureland of Brazil. We aimed to investigate the effects of soil moisture, soil compaction, urine composition, urine volume, and dung addition on N2O emission from a urine-treated tropical Ferralsol under controlled conditions as well on CH4 emission. As option to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions we studied how grazing heights affect the magnitude of GHG emissions; how season influence GHG production and consumption; what are the key driving variables associated with GHG emissions. Additionally, we investigated the effect of dietary mineral salt levels on urine-N concentration, urine volume, the proportion of N compounds in the urine and faeces-N concentration under field conditions. The emissions factor (EF) calculated differed according excretes and season. The EFs were 2.34%, 4.26% and 3.95% in the rainy season and 3.00%, 1.35% and 1.59% in the dry season, respectively, for the dung patches, urine patches and dung + urine. The N2O EF from urea was 0.37%. The averages of CH4 accumulated emissions were 99.72, 7.82 and 28.64 (mg CH4-C m2) for dung, urine and dung + urine in this sequence. The manipulated soil conditions moisture content, compaction, and dung addition affected N2O emissions when varying quantities of urine-N were applied (in equal urine volumes) being higher when added dung and did not affect when varying urine volumes were applied (containing equal quantities of urine-N) ... Doutor

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20

Burbi, S. "Improving farm practices and evaluating livestock farmers' attitudes to greenhouse gas emission mitigation." Thesis, Coventry University, 2014. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/6a15b53d-3eb5-4f67-bd57-c1147ba04bb9/1.

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In recent years the farming sector has been under growing pressure. Markets influence demand and prices, challenging farmers to improve production, business competitiveness and reduce environmental impact. Agriculture accounts for 9% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United Kingdom. Quantitative scientific literature provides useful strategies to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock farms. Their adoption may depend on their effectiveness and the influence of farmers’ perceptions of climate change on their decision-making. Adopting concepts of translational research and participatory action research, the study builds social capital among 14 livestock farmers in the South West and West Midlands, and evaluates the potential for adoption of emission mitigation strategies. The Rapid Farm Practices Appraisal (RFPA) tool was created to assess farm practices based on their mitigation potential. Practices were assessed twice over 6-9 months. Semi-structured interviews were used to assess barriers and opportunities to farmer engagement and on-farm innovation. Farmers were invited to a focus group meeting to network with other farmers and engage with researchers. All farmers participated in the 2 farm assessments. Only half the farmers adopted changes in farm management. The main difficulties related to the storage and treatment of manures due to the financial investments necessary. All farmers appreciated the RFPA tool, the clearness of the information provided and the focus of the tool on practices directly. All farmers accepted to be interviewed during the second farm visit; however, 2 farmers were unable to participate in the focus group meeting. Farmers’ main obstacles to innovation were limited financial capital, lack of trust in government action and confusion over the effectiveness of farm advice on mitigation. The lack of long-term flexibility of agricultural policies greatly influenced farmers’ decision-making. Farmers preferred practical solutions obtained through consistent, clear and transparent advisory services. The source of information greatly influenced their acceptance of advice. Farmers preferred peer-to-peer knowledge sharing and participatory activities in order to access knowledge on mitigation directly from scientists. Results provide positive grounds for the expansion of the RFPA tool to include economic assessment of farm practices and the engagement of a larger pool of farmers. Further research is needed in order to better understand how the source of information influences farmers’ acceptance of climate change science. Further studies should include a comparison between different farming systems i.e. organic v conventional, small-scale v large-scale.

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21

Parihar, Arun K. "Greenhouse gas emissions and strategies for mitigation : opportunities in agriculture and energy sector." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2066.

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22

Bell, Mbea. "Three essays in the economics of greenhouse gas emissions' mitigation in the electricity sector." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28367.

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Анотація:

Face à la menace du changement climatique, il est nécessaire que chaque juridiction politique prenne des mesures rapides et efficaces pour réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Dans cette problématique, le secteur de la production d'électricité a un rôle central à jouer. D'une part, ce secteur fait partie des principaux responsables des émissions de GES, et d'autre part, ce secteur offre plusieurs solutions alternatives pour produire de l'électricité sans émissions, telles que des sources renouvelables ou des sources fossiles combinées à la capture et à la séquestration du carbone. Cette thèse examine des solutions économiquement rentables pour réduire les émissions de GES et promouvoir des technologies respectueuses du climat dans le secteur de la production d'électricité. Précisément, elle compare deux instruments dissuasifs : les instruments financiers visant à mettre un prix sur le carbone (taxe sur le carbone ou marché du carbone) et les normes minimales d'utilisation de sources d'énergies propres. Cette thèse explore également l'enjeu de la promotion des technologies respectueuses du climat par une règle effciente d'allocation des subventions publiques à ces technologies. Cette thèse se développe en trois essais. Le premier essai compare une taxe sur les émissions et une norme d'énergie propre en utilisant un modèle d'équilibre général de la production d'électricité. La structure de la production d'électricité comprend deux usines : une qui génère sa production à partir de sources renouvelables et l'autre à partir de sources fossiles émettant du CO2. Le modèle est calibré pour correspondre aux agrégats macroéconomiques sélectionnés de l'économie de la ColombieBritannique. Le modèle est ensuite utilisé pour mener des expériences conceptuelles qui mesurent le coût économique d'atteindre une cible de réduction des émissions optimale avec un instrument de politique donné contre le coût contrefactuel d'atteindre la même cible avec un autre instrument de politique. L'expérience conduit à la conclusion qu'une taxe sur les émissions est plus efficace sur le plan environnemental et moins coûteuse qu'une norme d'énergie propre. Le deuxième essai enrichit la comparaison entre une norme d'électricité propre et une taxe sur le carbone en ajoutant l'innovation et le pouvoir de marché. Cet essai propose une concurrence oligopolistique dans la production d'électricité basée sur un jeu non coopératif à 2 étapes entre une usine propre et sa rivale polluante. L'usine polluante peut innover pour réduire ses émissions, et l'usine propre peut innover pour réduire le désavantage préexistant de ses coûts de production. L'innovation et le pouvoir de marché se combinent pour générer de nouvelles idées, d'abord sur la capacité d'une politique climatique fiscalement neutre de générer un effet de recyclage des revenus et, d'autre part, sur les mécanismes par lesquels elle augmente le ratio d'énergies propres généré par l'électricité. Le modèle est calibré à des agrégats macroéconomiques sélectionnés des États-Unis. Les simulations numériques révèlent de nouvelles sources d'hétérogénéité dans le classement des instruments de politique alternative, qui ont échappé aux lentilles de modèles de compétition parfaite. En particulier, le résultat montre que la norme tend à être un meilleur instrument lorsque (i) le niveau d'ambition de la politique climatique est faible, ou (ii) le niveau de désavantage préexistant des coûts de production de l'usine propre est suffisamment petit, ou (iii) le coût relatif de l'innovation dans les technologies renouvelables est faible. En revanche, la taxe sur le carbone tend à être un meilleur instrument dans les cas inverses. Le troisième essai examine la problématique de la promotion des technologies respectueuses du climat. Précisément, cet essai détermine une règle efficiente d'allocation des subventions publiques aux investissements entre les technologies renouvelables améliorant la productivité et les solutions visant à rendre propre les sources fossiles. Le modèle d'équilibre général sous-jacent comporte un secteur de production d'électricité duopolistique, parallèlement à un secteur de la production d'un bien final. Les résultats de l'analyse quantitative utilisant la version calibrée du modèle indiquent que, lorsqu'une taxe sur le carbone est utilisée pour encourager la réduction des émissions, la règle de répartition des subventions rentable est celle qui n'impose pas de punitions multiples sur l'utilisation des ressources fossiles. Par conséquent, lorsque les différences de coûts d'innovation entre les deux sources technologies respectueuses du climat ne sont pas trop importantes, il est plus rentable d'allouer une plus grande part des subventions aux solutions visant à rendre propre les sources fossiles. En outre, pour atteindre un objectif plus ambitieux de réduction des émissions, il est plus rentable d'augmenter à la fois la taxe carbone et la part des subventions allouées aux technologies visant à rendre propre les sources fossiles. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that the world is facing. In order to limit global warming, each political jurisdiction must implement a drastic climate policy to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this challenge, the electricity generation sector has a central role to play. On the one hand, it is a major contributor to the total GHG emissions, and on the other hand, this sector offers several alternatives for generating electricity without emissions, such as renewable sources or fossil fuel generators equipped with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) capacity. In three essays, this thesis examines cost-efficient solutions to reducing GHG emissions and promoting climate-friendly technologies in the electricity sector. The first essay compares an emissions tax and a clean energy standard using a calibrated general equilibrium model of electricity generation. The structure of electricity production features two plants: one that generates its output based on renewable sources and the other based on fossil source emitting CO2. The model is calibrated to match selected macroeconomic aggregates of the economy of British Columbia. The calibrated model is then used to conduct conceptual experiments that pit the overall cost of achieving the optimal emissions reduction target with a given policy instrument against the counterfactual cost of achieving the same target with an alternative policy instrument. The experiments lead to the conclusion that an emissions tax is more environmentally effective as well as more cost-effective than a clean energy standard. The second essay extends the comparison between a clean electricity standard and a carbon tax on cost-effectiveness grounds by adding innovation and market power. In our model, a two-stage competition in the electricity sector between a clean plant and its "dirty" rival anchors a two-sector general equilibrium model of climate change intervention. The dirty plant can innovate to reduce its emissions, and the clean plant can innovate to reduce its pre-existing cost-disadvantage. The model is calibrated to selected US macroeconomics aggregates. Results in this essay overturn those obtained in the first, where perfect competition was the feature of the electricity industry. The second essay thus shows cost-effective choice of climate policy instruments depends on the industrial organization of the electricity sector, as well as on the mechanisms plants use to respond to climate policy. Whereas the first two essays are only concerned with abatement incentives the third, by contrast, considers a climate policy action aimed, not only at incentivizing abatement, but also at promoting clean electricity solutions to climate change. These solutions have two competing sources. On the one hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of technological innovations that mitigate the intermittency and variability problems associated with renewable sources of electricity. Such solutions, when adequate, reduce the cost-disadvantage of renewable sources at reaching large-scale deployment. On the other hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of carbon abatement technologies that mitigate the trade-off between abatement effort and electricity output among fossil fuel generators. CCS technologies are an essential component of these fossil fuel-based climate change solutions. The main contribution of this essay is to show that, in countries with an abundant supply of fossil fuels, subsidizing fossil fuel-based climate change solutions can be an integral part of a cost-effective climate policy action aimed at achieving ambitious emissions reductions.

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23

Engelbrecht, Deborah. "Integrated spatial technology framework for greenhouse gas mitigation in grain production in Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2246.

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The research focused on integrating life cycle assessment, remote sensing and geographical information systems to develop an integrated spatial technology framework. The framework was developed specifically to identify mitigation strategies based on cleaner production methods for the grain industry in south-western Australia, with varying agro-ecological zones, climatic conditions and farm management practices. During validation of the integrated spatial technology framework the use of fertilisers was generally identified as the source of most of the hotspots.

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24

Pumilio, John F. "Carbon neutrality by 2020 The Evergreen State College's comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Pumilio_J%20MESThesis%202007%20.pdf.

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25

Tariq, Azeem. "Development and adaptation of water management systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from intensive rice production." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0021.

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Pour répondre à la demande de la population croissante, la production de riz doit être augmentée de 40% d’ici 2030. Cependant cette production émet des gaz à effet serre (GES), tel que le méthane (CH4), qui contribue au réchauffement climatique. Les stratégies de gestion, telles que le drainage des sols et la gestion durable des résidus, sont essentielles pour diminuer les émissions de GES des rizières, mais cela entrent souvent en conflit avec les pratiques de gestion des riziculteurs. L'objectif de ce projet était d'étudier le potentiel d'atténuation des GES par des pratiques de drainage et de gestion des résidus et par l’identification des opportunités et les contraintes auxquelles sont confrontés les petits exploitants dans la mise en œuvre des pratiques. Le projet a été élaboré en utilisant une approche interdisciplinaire incluant mésocosme en chambre climatique, des campagnes sur le terrain et une enquête après des agriculteurs au Vietnam. La première étude sur le mésocosme a été menée pour identifier l'impact du drainage en début et mi-saison sur les émissions de CH4 et de N2O par des sols amendés avec des résidus frais et compostés à différents niveaux de sol C (article I). La deuxième étude sur le mésocosme incluait des résidus de riz enrichis en 13C pour comprendre l'effet de la pré-plantation, d’un drainage précoce et à mi-saison sur la contribution des résidus C aux émissions de CH4 (article III). Des expériences de terrain ont été menées pendant deux saisons (printemps et été) pour documenter l'effet de la pré-plantation, du drainage en début et à mi-saison sur les émissions de CH4 et de N2O par des sols modifiés par l’apport de résidus dans deux systèmes de gestion d’eau: un système efficace de gestion de l'eau et un système de contrôle d'eau conventionnel (article II). Trente-cinq petits producteurs de riz ont été interviewés pour évaluer la diversité des pratiques de gestion des terres dans la région et comprendre leurs pratiques de culture, leurs défis et leurs contraintes à l'échelle de la rizière. Quatre ateliers ont été menés avec des agriculteurs, des conseillers agricoles locaux et régionaux pour concevoir et évaluer les pratiques de production de riz adaptées au climat, basées sur la gestion de l'eau et des résidus (article IV). Les études de laboratoire et de terrain ont montré que les pratiques de drainage (pré-plantation et drainage précoce) pouvaient atténuer les émissions de GES sans compromettre le rendement du riz. Au laboratoire, le drainage avant plantation a considérablement réduit les émissions de CH4 de 70 à 80%, alors que sur le terrain, le drainage se montre moins efficace dans la réduction des émissions de CH4 en raison des activités opérées par les agriculteurs avant transplantion. Dans l’étude de terrain, le drainage précoce et en mi-saison a diminué les émissions de CH4 de 67% et 43% dans les systèmes comprenant une gestion de l’eau efficaces et inefficaces. Au laboratoire, l’addition d’un drainage en début et mi-saison a réduit les émissions de CH4 de 75 à 90%. Sur le terrain, le système efficace de contrôle de l'eau associé avec une bonne aération des sols a considérablement augmenté le potentiel de diminution du CH4 des sols drainés et modifiés par les résidus. L'étude isotopique a indiqué que l'aération des sols au stade précoce (pré-plantation ou début de saison) réduit les émissions de CH4 dérivés des résidus de 57 à 87%. Cependant, les résultats ont mis en évidence que l’amélioration des pratiques de drainage impactaient très peu les émissions de N2O. Les résultats de l'étude participative ont souligné l'importance d'impliquer les agriculteurs et les acteurs locaux dans la conception des systèmes d'atténuation des GES. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence les contraintes et les opportunités possibles pour la mise en œuvre réussie des stratégies d'atténuation des GES dans les rizières des petits exploitants Rice production needs to increase by 40% to meet the demand of the world’s growing population by 2030, yet rice production contribute to global warming with elevated GHG emissions, particularly of methane (CH4). Management strategies, such as drainage of paddy soils & sustainable residue management are essential in order to mitigate GHG emission from rice systems, but they often conflict with the practical management preferences of rice farmers. The objective of this project was to investigate the GHG mitigation potential of drainage practices and residue management techniques, and to identify the constraints and opportunities faced by smallholders in the implementation of mitigation practices under local conditions. The project was formulated using an interdisciplinary approach that included two mesocosm studies in growth chamber, two field campaigns and a field survey of farmers in Vietnam. First mesocosm study was conducted to verify the impact of early season drainage and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from fresh and composted residue-amended soils at different soil C levels (Paper I). Then second mesocosm study was conducted using 13C-enriched rice residue to understand the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on the residue carbon contribution to CH4 emissions (Paper III). Field experiments based on farmers’ field conditions were conducted for two seasons (spring and summer) to document the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from residue-amended soils under two field water management systems: an efficient field water control system and a conventional, inefficient field water control system (Paper II). Thirty-five smallholder rice farmers were interviewed to capture the diversity of different land management practices in the area and understand their cropping practices, challenges and constraints faced at field scale. Four workshops were conducted with farmers, local agricultural advisors and regional stakeholders to design and assess the climate-smart rice production practices, based on water and residue management (Paper IV). The lab and field studies showed that drainage practices (pre-planting and early season drainage) had the potential to mitigate GHG emissions without compromising rice yield. Pre-planting drainage greatly reduced CH4 emissions in the lab experiment by 70-80%, while in field condition pre-planting drainage had less effect on CH4 emission reduction due to constraints with farmers’ field operations before transplanting. Early season drainage reduced CH4 emissions in both lab and field experiments. In field study, early plus midseason drainage lowered the CH4 emissions by 67% and 43% in the efficient and inefficient field water management systems respectively. In lab, early plus midseason drainage lowered CH4 emissions by 75-90 %. The efficient field water control system and good soil aeration significantly increased the CH4 mitigation potential of the drainage regimes from residue-amended soils. The isotopic study in lab indicated that soil aeration in the early stage (pre-planting or early season) reduced the residue-derived CH4 emissions by 57-87%. The results highlighted that the effects of improved drainage practices on N2O emissions were very low when considering the total GHG effects of CH4 and N2O. The results of the participatory study highlighted the importance of involving farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing the mitigating systems. The active involvement of farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing, testing and assessing the water management systems highlighted the constraints and feasible options for successful implementation of GHG mitigation strategies in smallholders’ rice fields

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26

Popa, Tiberiu. "Metal oxide catalysts for green applications." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1955861591&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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27

Brooker, Bryan Daniel. "INVESTIGATION OF MICROALGAE GROWTH KINETICS USING COAL-FIRED FLUE GAS AS A CARBON SOURCE." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/527.

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ABSTRACT Investigation of Microalgae Growth Kinetics using Coal-Fired Flue Gas as a Carbon Source Bryan Daniel Brooker Energy related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions make up the majority of the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions must be alleviated to reduce the effects of global climate change. Microalgae cultivation sequesters CO2 while producing biomass. Algal biomass can provide a renewable feedstock for biofuel and electricity production, and ingredients for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, pigments and cosmetics. Utilizing microalgae to mitigate CO2 emissions encourages energy independence by providing a feedstock for biofuels and offers other potentially profitable avenues for the uses of biomass. This study focused on investigating the algal growth kinetics of microalgae cultivated with artificial coal-fired flue gas. Two algal strains, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetraselmis sp. were cultivated in lab scale photobioreactors to assess the feasibility of using flue gas as a carbon source for microalgae growth. The microalgae growth kinetics were compared between flue gas and pure CO2 treatments for each algal strain. Both microalgae species were able to grow under flue gas dosing. The differences in growth characteristics for Chlorella were statistically insignificant between the two gas dosing treatments. Tetraselmis yielded identical maximum specific growth rates among the two gas treatments, while the biomass production was greater using CO2. At a 95% confidence interval, the difference in biomass production between the gas treatments ranged from 45 to 225 mg/L. The decrease in biomass production for Tetraselmis was the only sign of growth inhibition from flue gas. Overall, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetraselmis sp. are capable of fixating CO2 from coal-fired flue gas.

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28

Chu, Thi Thu Ha. "Mitigation of climate change: which technologies for Vietnam?" Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99232.

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Vietnam is one of the countries suffering from the most serious adverse effects due to climate change and sea level rise. The main cause of climate change is the increased activities generating greenhouse gases. Organic waste is the main source of carbon dioxide emission, which has the largest concentration among different kinds of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. The conversion of organic waste and biomass into energy contributes not only to supply cleaner energy but also to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Vietnam has a large potential of biomass and agricultural by-products. The technologies to turn biomass into different kinds of bio-energies were developed and applied all over the world. Biogas was called as "brown revolution" in the field of new energy. Biogas production technology now has been studied and applied widely in the world, particularly in developing countries with warm climate that is suitable for anaerobic fermentation of organic waste. The biogas digester can be built with any capacity, needs small investment and the input materials are widely available. The biogas energy is used for many purposes such as cooking, lighting, running engines, etc. It is a production technology quite consistent with the economy of developing countries and really brings to life more civilized and convenient to rural areas Việt Nam là một trong những quốc gia bị tác động nghiêm trọng nhất do biến đổi khí hậu và nước biển dâng cao. Nguyên nhân chính của biến đổi khí hậu là các hoạt động gia tăng tạo ra các khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính. Chất thải hữu cơ là nguồn chính phát thải khí carbon dioxide có nồng độ lớn nhất trong số các loại khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính khác nhau trong bầu khí quyển của trái đất. Việc chuyển đổi chất thải hữu cơ và sinh khối thành năng lượng góp phần không chỉ cung cấp năng lượng sạch hơn mà còn giảm phát thải khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính. Việt Nam có một tiềm năng lớn về sinh khối và phụ phẩm nông nghiệp. Các công nghệ biến sinh khối thành các loại năng lượng sinh học khác nhau đã được phát triển và áp dụng rộng rãi trên thế giới. Khí sinh học được gọi là "cuộc cách mạng màu nâu" trong lĩnh vực năng lượng mới. Công nghệ sản xuất khí sinh học đã được nghiên cứu và áp dụng rộng rãi trên thế giới, đặc biệt là ở các nước đang phát triển với nhiệt độ khí hậu nhiệt đới phù hợp cho quá trình lên men kỵ khí các chất thải hữu cơ để sản xuất khí sinh học. Bình phản ứng tạo khí sinh học có thể được xây dựng với công suất bất kỳ, nhu cầu đầu tư nhỏ, các nguyên liệu đầu vào sẵn có. Năng lượng khí sinh học đã được sử dụng cho nhiều mục đích như thắp sáng, nấu ăn, chạy động cơ, v.v... Đây là hoạt động sản xuất khá phù hợp với nền kinh tế của các nước đang phát triển và thực sự đem lại cuộc sống văn minh hơn và tiện lợi đến các khu vực nông thôn

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29

Posen, I. Daniel. "Fuel, Feedstock, or Neither? – Evaluating Tradeoffs in the use of Biomass for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/712.

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Biomass is the world’s largest renewable energy source, accounting for approximately 10% of global primary energy supply, and 5% of energy consumed in the United States. Prominent national programs like the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard incentivize increased use of biomass, primarily as a transportation fuel. There has been comparatively little government support for using biomass as a renewable feedstock for the chemical sector. Such asymmetry in incentives can lead to sub-optimal outcomes in the allocation of biomass toward different uses. Greenhouse gas reduction is among the most cited benefits of bioenergy and bio-based products, however, there is increasing controversy about whether increased use of biomass can actually contribute to greenhouse gas emission targets. If biomass is to play a role in current and future greenhouse gas mitigation efforts its use should be guided by efficient use of natural and economic resources. This thesis addresses these questions through a series of case studies, designed to highlight important tradeoffs in the use of biomass for greenhouse gas mitigation. Should biomass be used as a fuel, a chemical feedstock, or neither? The first case study in this thesis focuses on the ‘fuel vs feedstock’ question, examining the greenhouse gas implications of expanding the scope of the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard to include credits for bioethylene, an important organic chemical readily produced from bioethanol. Results suggest that an expanded policy that includes bioethylene as an approved use for ethanol would provide added flexibility without compromising greenhouse gas targets – a clear win scenario. Having established that bioethylene based plastics can achieve similar greenhouse gas reductions to bioethanol used as fuel, this thesis expands the analysis by considering how the greenhouse gas emissions from a wider range of bio-based plastics compare to each of the main commodity thermoplastics produced in the U.S. The analysis demonstrates that there are large uncertainties involved in the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from bio-based plastics, and that only a subset of pathways are likely to be preferable to conventional plastics. The following chapter then builds on the existing model to compare the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of bio-based plastics to the potential for reducing emissions by adopting low carbon energy for plastics production. That chapter concludes that switching to renewable energy across the supply chain for conventional plastics energy cuts greenhouse gas emissions by 50-75%, achieving a greater reduction, with less uncertainty and lower cost, than switching to corn-based biopolymers – the most likely near-term biopolymer option. In the long run, producing bio-based plastics from advanced feedstocks (e.g. switchgrass) and/or with renewable energy likely offers greater emission reductions. Finally, this thesis returns to the dominant form of policy surrounding biomass use: biofuel mandates. That study takes a consequential approach to the ‘fuel or neither’ question. Specifically, this work examines how petroleum refineries are likely to adjust their production in response to biofuel policies, and what this implies for the success of these policies. The research demonstrates that biofuel policies induce a shift toward greater diesel production at the expense of both gasoline and non-combustion petroleum products. This has the potential to result in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, even before accounting for the emissions from producing the biofuels themselves.

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30

Germeraad, Michael. "Quantifying the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Hazards: Incorporating Disaster Mitigation Strategies in Climate Action Plans." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1173.

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Reconstruction after natural disasters can represent large peaks in a community’s greenhouse gas emission inventory. Components of the built environment destroyed by natural hazards have their useful life shortened, requiring replacement before functionally necessary. Though the hazard itself does not release greenhouse gasses, the demolition and rebuilding process does, and these are the emissions we can quantify to better understand the climate impacts of disasters. The proposed methodology draws data from existing emission and hazard resource literature and combines the information in a community scale life cycle assessment. Case studies of past disasters are used to refine the methodology and quantify the emissions of single events. The methodology is then annualized projecting the emissions of future hazards. The annualization of greenhouse gasses caused by hazard events provides a baseline from which reduction strategies can be measured against. Hazard mitigation strategies can then be quantified as greenhouse gas reduction strategies for use in Climate Action Plans. The methodology combines the fields of climate action, hazard mitigation, and climate adaptation. Each field attempts to create sustainable and resilient communities, but most plans silo each discipline, missing opportunities that are mutually beneficial. Quantifying the greenhouse gasses associated with recovery following a disaster blends these fields to allow development of comprehensive resilience and sustainability strategies that lower greenhouse gases and decrease risk from existing or projected hazards. An online supplement to this thesis is available online at disasterghg.wordpress.com

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31

Anderson, Linse N. "A greenhouse gas emissions inventory and emissions offset strategies for the University of Wyoming." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116701&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 4, 2009). Interdisciplinary thesis in International Studies and Environment and Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-63).

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32

Koslowski, Frank Johannes. "Assessing marginal abatement cost for greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production in China and Europe : accounting for uncertainties." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25435.

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Climate change is probably the most challenging threat to mankind. International agreements have acknowledged the fact that anthropogenic GHG emissions must be reduced significantly to adhere to a maximum global warming of 2°C. The livestock sector plays a key role in achieving this target as it is a significant source of GHG emissions. While the livestock sector offers significant GHG reduction potential, it is currently neglected in international and national mitigation efforts. Therefore, scientific research must guide mitigation policy decisions with evidence of cost-efficient abatement potential that can be achieved through various mitigation technologies. Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) are an analytical tool for informing policy makers about the cost-effectiveness (CE) of mitigation. MACCs provide a relatively clear representation of a complicated issue based on their graphical design that prioritises various mitigation options in terms of their CE of abatement and enables assessment of total GHG reduction under a budget constraint. However, developing a MACC involves considerable data collection, depends on various interdisciplinary information sources and the methodology is subject to several limitations. These factors can result in uncertainties in marginal abatement cost (MAC) results, the assessment of which is often neglected in MACC literature. This research shows the main GHG emission sources in livestock production and possible mitigation options to reduce GHG emissions from these sources. After elaborating the MACC methodology, advantages, disadvantages and limitation of the engineering MACC are shown. This allows understanding the relevance of assessing and reporting uncertainty of MACCs. Two engineering MACCs are developed that show the CE abatement potentials available in the Chinese livestock sector and European Union 15 (EU-15) dairy sector in 2020, with emphasis on dietary mitigation options. The requirement of assessing CE of abatement for individual mitigation options is highlighted by separate derivation of technical and economic abatement potential for the EU-15 dairy sector. For the Chinese MACC, a scenario analysis (SA) and for the European MACC, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation are utilised to show the relevance of assessing uncertainty in MACCs. To provide further evidence, the overall range of CE estimates for eight mitigation options found in relevant MACC literature is presented. This allows the generation of probability distribution functions of CE for each mitigation option with kernel density estimation (KDE). The results from this study show the significance of livestock and dairy production related GHG emissions in China and Europe, respectively. In China, baseline GHG emissions of livestock production are projected to increase significantly, while these of the EU-15 dairy production are predicted to decrease by 2020. It was found that enteric fermentation is the largest GHG emission source from dairy production and should be focus of mitigation policies. Both case studies showed mitigation options that offer abatement potential at high CE. Priorities should be given to biomass gasification, breeding techniques and feed supplements as tea saponins and probiotics for the Chinese livestock sector, and to animal selection, reduced tillage and dietary probiotics for the EU-15 dairy sector. The scenario analysis reveals that mid-term projections for the Chinese livestock sector are varying strongly, and utilising key variables from different projections has a significant impact on MAC results which changes the ranking of the mitigation options. The MC simulation shows the contribution of some model inputs to the uncertainty of abatement at negative cost and a high model output uncertainty regarding measure’s CE for most mitigation options. However, the ranking of the mitigation options remains stable. The range of MAC estimates for 8 mitigation options in the agricultural sector is high and variables like ‘study quality’ or ‘study location’ do not change this. The KDE was further used to rank the mitigations options based on their probability of being reported as cost-negative and shows that measures affecting soil N2O and carbon sequestration are reported to be more cost-efficient as compared to measures focusing on manure management. Based on these finding, the impact of study designs on MAC estimates and lack of communication uncertainty in MACC literature are discussed. Uncertainties that are underpinning MACC results can have significant impacts on CE and abatement potentials. To increase utilisation of MACCs by knowledge users, MACC research must prioritise assessment, quantification and report of uncertainties, compare results within the scientific literature and publish data and assumption of the MACC transparently.

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Mazurek, Jan. "The politics of counting carbon lessons from the California Climate Action Registry /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1610480141&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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34

Momen, Mustafa. "Long-term supply mix planning of power systems accounting for greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115996.

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Recent scientific findings have generated considerable concern about the adverse effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the world's climate in general and global warming in particular. In Canada and many other countries, this concern has led to the adoption of legal and political steps with the aim of curbing GHG emissions. The first part of this thesis describes the steps taken by Canada in this regard. Such steps provide a strong incentive to Canadian power systems to incorporate reduction of GHG emissions in their planning process. Thus, in the second part of the thesis, a long-term supply mix planning model is developed. Since significant decrease in GHG emissions is unlikely to occur without removal of highly polluting power plants, this model allows for decommissioning these power plants. Finally, the supply mix planning model is applied to evaluate the strategy of joint planning (as opposed to separate planning) of the power systems of Quebec and Ontario. Results obtained from the model leads to the conclusion that joint planning is preferable from the point of view of overall social and financial cost.

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Chen, Yujuan. "The Influence of Urban Soil Rehabilitation on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Greenhouse Gas Emission, and Stormwater Mitigation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51240.

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Global urbanization has resulted in rapidly increased urban land. Soils are the foundation that supports plant growth and human activities in urban areas. Furthermore, urban soils have potential to provide a carbon sink to mitigate greenhouse gas emission and climate change. However, typical urban land development practices including vegetation clearing, topsoil removal, stockpiling, compaction, grading and building result in degraded soils. In this work, we evaluated an urban soil rehabilitation technique that includes compost incorporation to a 60-cm depth via deep tillage followed by more typical topsoil replacement. Our objectives were to assess the change in soil physical characteristics, soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, and stormwater mitigation after both typical urban land development practices and post-development rehabilitation. We found typical urban land development practices altered soil properties dramatically including increasing bulk density, decreasing aggregation and decreasing soil permeability. In the surface soils, construction activities broke macroaggregates into smaller fractions leading to carbon loss, even in the most stable mineral-bound carbon pool. We evaluated the effects of the soil rehabilitation technique under study, profile rebuilding, on soils exposed to these typical land development practices. Profile rebuilding incorporates compost amendment and deep tillage to address subsoil compaction. In the subsurface soils, profile rebuilding increased carbon storage in available and aggregate-protected carbon pools and microbial biomass which could partially offset soil carbon loss resulting from land development. Yet, urban soil rehabilitation increased greenhouse gas emissions while typical land development resulted in similar greenhouse gas emissions compared to undisturbed soils. Additionally, rehabilitated soils had higher saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in subsurface soils compared to other practices which could help mitigate stormwater runoff in urban areas. In our study, we found urban soil management practices can have a significant impact on urban ecosystem service provision. However, broader study integrating urban soil management practices with other ecosystem elements, such as vegetation, will help further develop effective strategies for sustainable cities. Ph. D.

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Lebelo, Ramoshweu Solomon. "Analysis of greenhouse gas emission from reactive materials and its thermodynamics." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1302.

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Thesis (DTech(Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 The environment is polluted by many gases of which carbon dioxide is one of them and unfortunately during the emission of carbon dioxide, oxygen, which is very important for keeping all species alive, is depleted. Increased industrial activities led to more emission of carbon dioxide and ultimately global warming arose as a result of the greenhouse effect. Global warming has resulted with high temperatures and carbon dioxide production in the atmosphere and it was necessary to come up with mathematical modelling to investigate processes that may try to reduce temperature rise, carbon dioxide emission and oxygen depletion in a stockpile of combustible material. The work done in this thesis considered three differential equations, first for temperature behaviour, second for oxygen depletion and third for carbon dioxide emission. The three equations were solved simultaneously for a reactive slab of combustible material. An exothermic reaction in a stockpile of combustible material results due to the reaction of oxygen with reactive hydrocarbon material and the products are usually heat and carbon dioxide. A detailed discussion on this part is given in chapter 1, and also some definitions of terms applied in this work, together with literature review, statement of problem, aim of the study, objectives of the study and methodology are part of the chapter. In chapter 2, the nonlinear partial differential equations governing the process are derived.

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Slocum, Amanda K. "Policy options to enhance technology diffusion : modeling the greenhouse gas reduction potential of solid-state lighting /." Link to online version, 2004. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1125.

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38

au, 19770984@student murdoch edu, and Carrie Sonneborn. "Industry capacity building with respect to market-based approaches to greenhouse gas reduction : U.S. and Australian perspectives." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060615.132356.

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Fossil fuelintensive companies are coming under increasing pressure to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). The political environment surrounding climate change and the evolution of the carbon market are complex and in a fluid state of play. Uncertainty exists with respect to government policy, greenhouse (GH) accounting standards, interaction with stakeholders and the capacity to commoditise carbon emissions, making it difficult for companies to determine exactly how to build their internal capacity to deal with a shifting external situation. In Australia and the United States in particular, companies are receiving mixed messages from government about the necessity of reducing GHGs and the role of emissions trading. While market-based approaches to GHG reduction are being promoted, the governments of both countries have refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol and failed to establish domestic emissions trading schemes. Finally, few companies have substantial experience in managing GHGs or in market-based approaches to GHG abatement, such as emissions trading. This research aims to provide guidance for industry capacity building with respect to market-based approaches to GHG reduction, recognising that generally this would require significant organisational learning and change to corporate systems. The proposed Framework facilitates organisational learning that goes beyond the detection and correction of errors to questioning and modifying existing norms and procedures and, further, to reflecting on past experience and creating new strategies. The research included participants as integral to the study, giving their emic (insider) viewpoints centrality while allowing etic (outsider / researcher) interpretation. Within the organisational learning literature, the approach that best describes this research is that of Action Research and Appreciative Inquiry. The principles of environmental management, cleaner production, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development inform the research. Surveys, focus groups and a literature review are employed as the data collection methods, which are compared and contrasted. The data suggest that a one size fits all approach to industry capacity building with respect to market-based approaches to GHG reduction is not optimal or possible. This is due to the differing strategic objectives, varying assessment of risk and disparate circumstances and starting points of the companies involved. Thus, rather than a prescriptive model, this research has identified and prioritised the key themes and issues that currently influence corporate capacity building. Precursors to action have been specified and a menu of choices provided. Lastly, a step-by-step Framework has been proposed to build companies capacity to participate in GHG emissions trading. It was also observed that the majority of the key themes and issues that influence companies and the preparatory actions they need to take are the same, whether a market-based system or a command-and-control system of GHG reduction is introduced. The thesis includes some suggestions for further research in the application and evaluation of this approach with companies in the field.

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Hoesly, Rachel. "Implications of Mobility, Population Shifts, and Growth for Metropolitan Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Planning." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/413.

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As the public and policy makers continue to become more concerned with climate change, researchers continue to seek to understand and explain energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends and their drivers. Living and existing in different areas is associated with different impacts, so growth in different areas, as well as the movement of people to and from those areas will affect energy use and emissions over US, individual states, and counties. First the emissions implications of state to state mobility on household energy and GHG emissions are explored. 3 million households move across state lines annually, and generally move from the North East to the South and West. Migrating households often move to states with different climates, and thus heating and cooling and needs, different fuel mixes, and different regional electricity grids which leads them to experience changes in household emissions as a result of their move. Under current migration trends, the emissions increases of households moving from the Northeast to the South and Southwest are balanced by the emissions decreases of households moving to California and the Pacific Northwest. The net sum of emissions changes for migrating households is slightly positive but near zero; however, that net zero sum represents the balance of many emission changes. Summing emissions changes over individual states and regions show the regional differences in household emissions. Next, a similar analysis is conducted for the 120,000 households that annually move between counties in Pennsylvania. From 2006–2010, the emissions changes experienced by those households balanced to near zero values, similar to the state analysis. The emissions increases from households moving to metropolitan fringe and suburban counties were countered by the emissions decreases from households moving to low emission urban centers, even though urban centers experienced net negative migration. While emission changes experienced by households were dominated by differences in emissions from residential energy use, emission changes for household moving within Pennsylvania were dominated by differences from transportation emissions. Finally, this thesis explores the long term effects of growth and decline at the metropolitan level by estimating fossil based CO2 emissions from1900−2000 for Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. From 1970 to 2000, Allegheny County experienced a 30% decrease in total emissions and energy use from peak values, primarily because of a decline in industrial activity! (40% decrease in value added) and the loss of a quarter of its population. Allegheny County’s history suggests that the scale of change needed to achieve local emissions reductions may be significant; given years of major technological, economic, and demographic changes, per capita emissions in 1940 were nearly the same in 2000. Most local governments are planning emissions reductions rates that exceed 1% per year, which deviate significantly from historical trends. These results suggest additional resources and improved planning paradigms are likely necessary to achieve significant emissions reductions, especially for areas where emissions are still increasing. This work shows that overtime, growth and decline within a! region drives its evolving GHG footprint. Population decline within region may lead to emission reductions, as seen in the Allegheny County, but those reductions are more accurately described as displaced emissions due to population redistribution. From 2005-2010, the mobility of the US population between states, regions and counties was responsible for many household emissions changes that balance annually over the entire US. The near zero sum represents the v precarious emissions balance of two kinds of household moves. First, moves resulting in moderate emissions increases either as a result of households moving to higher carbon regions, like the South or South West, or as a result of households moving higher carbon suburban counties within states. Second, moves resulting in significant emissions decreases! As a result of households moving to low carbon regions or low carbon urban centers. Planning for continued low carbon growth in low carbon regions or cities experiencing high growth rates driven by migration, like California or Philadelphia, is essential in order to offset the moderate emissions increases experienced by households moving to high carbon regions or suburban areas.

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40

Kelly, Geoffrey. "National policy choices for an international problem case studies in greenhouse policy /." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/86.

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41

Arar, Joseph I. "A model to evaluate CO₂ emission reduction strategies in the US." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1186020342.

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Heng, Yen. "Accounting for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Toxic Air Pollutants in Trucking Efficiency and Productivity." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29553.

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Air pollution is a threat to the environment and human health. Freight trucking in particular is the main source of freight transportation emissions. Heavy-duty trucks emit large amounts of toxic air pollutants that cause serious diseases and harm public health. In addition, heavy-duty trucks emit great amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG), which is the leading cause of global warming. Despite increased environmental restrictions on air pollution and rising trucking greenhouse gas emissions in the past decades, no economic study has examined the potential GHG and air pollution reductions in the trucking sector and the associated private abatement costs to the industry. This study accounts for GHG emissions and toxic air pollutants in measuring and evaluating efficiency and productivity for the trucking industry in the 48 contiguous states. Moreover, the private costs of abatement to the industry were also estimated. When only GHG was incorporated in the production model, the results showed that each state could expand desirable output and reduce GHG by an average of 11 percent per year between 2000 and 2007. The Malmquist-Luenberger productivity indexes showed that omitting or ignoring GHG in trucking service production yielded biased estimates. On the other hand, due to increased environmental regulations, most of the toxic air pollutants decreased dramatically between 2002 and 2005. The analytical results showed that inefficiency decreased during this period. The private costs of abatement averaged $73 million per state in 2005. When GHG and six toxic air pollutants were incorporated in the production model, the estimated private abatement cost was $76 million per state, which was equivalent to 0.7 percent of the industry output in 2005.

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43

Schröter, Bastian [Verfasser], and Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Reller. "Examination of interdependencies between water and greenhouse gas mitigation pathways on country level / Bastian Schröter. Betreuer: Armin Reller." Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1077701705/34.

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Zech, Konstantin M. [Verfasser], Wilhelm [Gutachter] Althammer, and Uwe [Gutachter] Schneider. "Greenhouse gas mitigation through healthy diets : Technical and political potentials / Konstantin M. Zech ; Gutachter: Wilhelm Althammer, Uwe Schneider." Dresden : Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/115374449X/34.

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45

Zech, Konstantin M. Verfasser], Wilhelm [Gutachter] Althammer, and Uwe [Gutachter] [Schneider. "Greenhouse gas mitigation through healthy diets : Technical and political potentials / Konstantin M. Zech ; Gutachter: Wilhelm Althammer, Uwe Schneider." Dresden : Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/115374449X/34.

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46

Zech, Konstantin M. Verfasser], Wilhelm [Gutachter] [Althammer, and Uwe [Gutachter] Schneider. "Greenhouse gas mitigation through healthy diets : Technical and political potentials / Konstantin M. Zech ; Gutachter: Wilhelm Althammer, Uwe Schneider." Dresden : Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/115374449X/34.

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47

Qu, Jingwen. "Timing effects of carbon mitigation and solar radiation management policies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43720.

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We study timing effects of carbon mitigation and solar radiation management (SRM) policies for correlated pollutants, CO₂ and SO₂. We show that national levels of carbon and sulfur emissions quotas and SRM implementation are positively correlated with each other. First-mover advantages exist when deciding both carbon quotas and SRM levels. Moreover, we use an example to illustrate that if international equity is considered, governments would be willing to choose SRM levels before carbon quotas since it yields higher payoffs and less acid rain and droughts damages. This timing was neglected by all previous theoretical economic models on geoengineering.

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Tapiwa, Chikwanda Allen. "Effects of grazing and housing management systems on greenhouse gas emissions, blood profiles and meat quality of Nguni goats." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2314.

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The broad objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grazing and housing management systems on greenhouse gas emissions, blood profiles and meat quality of Nguni goats. A total of 64 castrated Nguni goats were used and a housing structure was designed to accommodate the goats as well as evaluate effects of type of floor on greenhouse gases, meat quality, blood metabolites and fatty acid profiles. In the first experiment: Forty-eight castrated Nguni goats, at 6-7 months old were used for herding (H) or tethering (T) management systems and randomly allocated to pens with earth (E) or slatted (S) floors. Gas sampling was done using static chambers and analysed using a SRI 8610C gas chromatography machine. The highest CH4 fluxes were from the manure of herded goats on earth floors (HE). The highest CO2 fluxes were from manure of herded goats that were housed on slatted floors (HS): The highest N2O fluxes were from the manure of tethered goats that were sheltered on slatted floors (TS). It was concluded from the first experiment that goat manure is an important source of GHG that is influenced by grazing and floor type management systems. The second experiment was done to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from disused (DP) vs occupied goat pens (OP) with earth (EF) or slatted (SF) floors. Eight previously occupied pens were used in this study. Sixteen goats were randomly put in the pens labelled occupied pens with earth floors (OPEF) and occupied pens with slatted floors (OPSF) resulting in four goats per OP. There were month by pen use; month by floor type; and use by floor type interaction effects (P < 0.05) on CH4 production. Floor type, use (DP vs OP) and month affected (P < 0.05) CH4 production. Manure on earth floors of occupied pens (OPEF) emitted the highest (P < 0.05) methane followed by earth floors of disused pens (DPEF). The least CH4 was emitted from DPSF. There was pen use (DP vs OP) by floor type interaction effect (P < 0.05) on CO2 emission. Floor type and pen use affected (P < 0.05) CO2 production. Manure in occupied pens with slatted floors (OPSF) produced the highest CO2 and the least CO2 was from disused pens with slatted floors (DPSF). Floor type and month influenced (P < 0.05) N2O production. It was concluded that continued use of goat pens increased GHG emissions. However, disused goat pens with manure remain an important source of GHG as they continued to emit quantifiable levels of CH4, CO2 and N2O. The third experiment was done to determine the effects of grazing and housing management systems on the concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and carcass characteristics using 48 castrated Nguni goats. Tethered goats had higher (P<0.05): urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin concentrations and more activity of CK than herded goats. On the other hand, herded goats had higher (P<0.05) plasma glucose (H: 3.39±0.020 vs T: 3.23±0.020 mmol/L), serum albumin (H: 15.30±0.147 vs T: 14.82±0.144 g/L) concentration. It was concluded that serum concentrations of all the metabolites and the activity of CK were sensitive to grazing system. Herding of goats promoted more glucose concentration and preservation of muscle protein and hence superior body weights and BCS than tethered goats. The fourth experiment was done to determine the effects of grazing and housing management systems on the activity of creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol concentration, and chevon quality. Further, the effect of muscle type [Muscularis longissimus thoracis et. Lumborum (LTL) and triceps brachii (TB)] on chevon quality was also investigated. Forty eight castrated Nguni goats aged 6- 7 months were randomly allocated to tethering (n=24) and herding (n=24) treatments. Floor type affected meat (P<0.05) pH24. Tethered goats had higher (P < 0.05) L* and CL percent than herded goats. Muscle type had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on a*, WBSF and pH. It was observed and concluded that T resulted in higher L* and more CL percent whilst SF lowered the pH24 of chevon; at the same time meat from the TB muscle was more tender, despite having a higher pH24 and more CL percent relative to LTH cuts. The fifth experiment was done to determine the effect of grazing and floor type on fatty acid composition of chevon from tethered and herded Nguni goats. Floor type had no effect on fatty acid composition. Oleic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic were the major fatty acids. Chevon from tethered goats had higher (P < 0.05) proportions of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and more total SFA, total PUFA, total Omega- 6 and total omega 3 fatty acids than herded goats. On the other hand, chevon from herded goats had more (P < 0.05) C18:1c9, C18:2t9, 12 (n-6), C20:3c11, 14, 17 (n-3) and total MUFA than tethered goats. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the PUFA: SFA and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios between the herded and tethered goats. It was concluded that tethering promoted higher proportions of beneficial PUFAs which were more in TB than LTH muscle. The overall conclusions from the whole study were that goat manure is an important source of GHG with high CH4 being emitted from earth floors of herded goats. High CO2 and N2O are emitted from SF of herded and tethered goats, respectively. There were no major differences in meat quality between herded and tethered goats. However, herding promoted more live weight gain than tethering. On the other hand, tethering promoted more beneficial fatty acids. Therefore depending on the objective of the enterprise, smallholder farmers can safely tether or herd their goats. Further, there is need to develop technologies to harness CH4 from goat manure.

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49

Enzinger, Sharn Emma 1973. "The economic impact of greenhouse policy upon the Australian electricity industry : an applied general equilibrium analysis." Monash University, Centre of Policy Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8383.

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Gacengo, Catherine N. Wood C. W. Shaw Joey N. "Agroecosystem management effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling across a coastal plain catena." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Agronomy_and_Soils/Dissertation/Gacengo_Catherine_2.pdf.

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