Дисертації з теми "Green engine"

This thesis is a comparative study on thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste feedstocks into fuels and is divided into two streams. The first investigates the use of wet microalgae feedstocks, using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), to produce biocrude. The second stream explores the use of dry waste tyre feedstocks using Green Distillation Technology (GDT), a modified pyrolysis process, to make tyre oil. An experimental investigation of the physicochemical properties of biocrude oil and tyre oil is made. Finally, the impact of the both fuels on a diesel engine was investigated.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: "The growth of any discipline depends on the ability to communicate and develop ideas, and this in turn relies on a language which is sufficiently detailed and flexible" (Singh 1997: 59). Many metaphors relating to creativity are too misleading, confusing, and restricted in scope for a meaningful exploration of the phenomenon and its fluctuating social and cultural contexts. Given the Muse's long-term association with literature, philosophy, education, and more recently, the fine arts and other "creative" fields, an analysis of this concept may provide a unique opportunity to gain insight into the "mechanisms" underlying the creative process. Since affiliation with the Muse appears to have signalled attainment of critical cultural and/or social status by cultural practitioners in various societies, from the ancient to the present (a category which was broadened substantially), it is thus logical to assume this concept encompasses and has accumulated characteristics particular to the creative process as historically and currently valued in Western culture. Given the limited scope of the thesis, I have focused on specific concerns: 1) Provide an overview of the history, origin and development of the concept via specific examples ranging from antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern. 2) Assess the changes which have occurred in the development of the concept, and postulate likely causes: such as for example, the impact of an increased focus on the visual - and by extension, the physical - due to a more literate populace, on a concept originally conceived of as experienced through predominantly audial means. 3) Identify closely related concepts, the characteristics of which may have played a role in the formulation of the initial concept, along with those integrated into it, to form the modern version of the Muse: examples include the influence of the myth of Pygmalion on notions regarding the poet's relationship with both material and Muse; and the consequences of an amalgamation of characteristics of Aphrodite with those of the pastoral Muse. 4) Explore the extent to which the Muse-poet interaction can reveal fundamental aspects of the creative process and its main components: the differences between the public invocation and experience of the Muse in an oral context, as opposed to the privately experienced Muse of the literate poet; also, the changes imposed on the concept's perceived means of functioning due to its extension to the practice of the visual arts; and the correlation between the Jungian notion of the anima and aspects of the Muse. 5) Postulate the fundamental aspects of the creative process as revealed by analysis of the concept of the Muse for further investigation. In brief then, the main intention of this thesis is simply to examine by analysis of particular examples, the feasibility of applying the concept of the Muse as metaphor through which to identify for further exploration, issues and themes relating to the production and changes in social assessment of creative enterprises.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "The growth of any discipline depends on the ability to communicate and develop ideas, and this in turn relies on a language which is sufficiently detailed and flexible" (Singh 1997: 59). Menige metafore verbonde aan kreatiwiteit is te misleidend, verwarrend, of beperk in omvang vir 'n betekenisvolle ondersoek van díe verskynsel en die fluktueerende sosiale en kulturele kontekste daarvan. Gesien in die lig van die Muse se langtermyn assosiasie met letterkunde, filosofie, opvoedkunde en meer onlangs, the skone kunste en ander "kreatiewe" velde, mag 'n analise van die konsep moontlik 'n unieke geleentheid bied om insig te verkry in die onderliggende "meganismes" van die kreatiewe proses. Aangesien affiliasie met die Muse blyk om die bereiking van kritiese kulturele en/of sosiale status, deur kulturele praktisyne in verskeie samelewings, van die antieke tot die huidige ('n kategorie wat aansienlik uitgebou is) aan te dui, is dit dus logies om te aanvaar dat die konsep alomvattend is van eienskappe kenmerkend van die kreatiewe proses, soos geskiedkundig en huidig op prys gestel in die Westerse kultuur. Gegewe die beperkte bestek van die tesis, is gefokus op spesifieke kwessies: 1) Verskaf 'n oorsig van die geskiedenis, oorsprong, en ontwikkeling van die konsep deur spesifieke voorbeelde, in omvang vanaf die antieke, die middeleuse periode, en die moderne. 2) Evalueer die veranderinge wat voorgekom het in die ontwikkeling van die konsep, en veronderstel moontlike redes daarvoor: soos byvoorbeeld, die impak van vermeerderde fokus op die visuele - en daarby die fisiese - as gevolg van 'n meer geletterde bevolking, op 'n konsep wat aanvanklik hoofsaaklik ouditief ondervind is. 3) Identifiseer verwante konsepte, die eienskappe waarvan moontlik 'n rol kon gespeel het in die formulasie van die aanvanklike konsep, asook die wat daarby geintegreer is, om die moderne weergawe van die Muse te vorm: voorbeelde sluit in, die invloed van die mite van Pigmalion op begrippe aangaande die digter se verhouding met beide die materiaal en Muse; en die gevolge van 'n samesmelting van Aphrodite se karaktertrekke met die van die pastorale Muse. 4) Ondersoek die mate waartoe die Muse-digter verhouding fundamentele aspekte van die kreatiewe proses en sy hoof komponente kan ontbloot: soos die verskille tussen die publieke invokasie en ervaring van die Muse in 'n verbale konteks, in teenstelling met die geletterde digter wat die Muse privaat ondevind; asook die veranderinge temeegebring op die persepsies aangaande die konsep se funksionering as gevolg van die uitbreiding daarvan tot die visuele kunste; en die korrelasie tussen die Jungiaanse idee van die anima, en aspekte van die Muse. 5) Veronderstel die fundamentele aspekte van die kreatiewe proses, soos ontbloot deur analise van die konsep van die Muse vir verdere ondersoek. Kortliks dan, die hoof voorneme van hierdie tesis is om deur analise van spesifieke voorbeelde, die uitvoerbaarheid te ondersoek om die konsep van die Muse toe te pas as metafoor vir verdere navorsing waardeur kwessies en temas, aangaande die produksie en veranderinge in sosiale waardering van kreatiewe ondernemings, ge-identifiseer kan word.

This study departed from a research basis being somewhat lacking in the context of green building certification and especially the two-folded problem, regarding the characteristics of the network of business relationships and how an energy supply company should exploit opportunities in this network context and its relationships. As such, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the network context and its business relationship characteristics, as well as to present recommendations of how an energy supply company can engage green building certification and cope with the business relationships in order to exploit business opportunities. Based on previous research regarding the real estate industry, energy service industry and the construction industry, a well-founded literature base could be extended further by applying theoretical concepts related to business relationship elements and strategy-making. The nature of green building certification and to fulfil the purpose of the study, called for a qualitative research strategy performed through a multiple-case study design. This led to the investigation of four certification projects, subject to certifications in the systems of EU GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad, where the most important actors, relationships and project contents constitute the empirical data. The findings of this thesis suggest that the relationships are characterized as having a short-term focus and an avoidance to become interdependent. In this manner elements such as commitment and adaptation are shown as rather shallow, where actions of commitment are not typically short-term sacrifices for a long-term mutual benefit and adaptations mostly occur with respect to specific projects. The adaptive behaviour is also more or less explained as a standardized procedure, avoiding relationship specific investments. Trust is an important element mostly in order to reflect the competence of the counterpart, where previous successful projects indicate the skill and knowledge. Despite the characteristics of the relationships, the benefits of long-term, high involvement, cooperative relationships were highlighted as good aspects to consider in this context. These characteristics, along with outspoken market demands, acted as the basis for the development of recommendations for an energy supply company in terms of a step-wise action framework. In this sense, the first acknowledgement of the framework is that the current position related to green building certification projects of an energy supply company is rather unestablished, with only one exception found. This implies a strategic approach in terms of understanding how to develop and maintain their business relationships, with respect to the previously mentioned characteristics. Through a successful utilization of the action framework (with respect to certain barriers to overcome), this thesis emphasizes a wide range of opportunities such as to have a proactive approach, maintain interactions between projects, to develop the knowledge, to offer a holistic approach and to utilize long-term cooperative relational benefits. The analysis and framework is highly suitable when applied by an energy supply company, but the authors also argue for the findings to be of relevance also for other practitioners in the context of green building certification. In addition, the authors believe that the orientation of this thesis might be a trigger for future similar research approaches, applied in different contexts.

Chemometrics is a chemical discipline that uses mathematical and statistical methods in order to extract useful information from multivariate chemical data. Moreover, chemometrics is applied to correlate quality parameters or physical properties to analytical instrument data such as calculating pH from a measurement of hydrogen ion activity or a Fourier transform interpolation of a spectrum. Aim of this thesis project is to develop chemometrical strategies for the elaboration and the interpretation of non-selective complex data in order to solve real problems in food, industry and environmental fields.

As the planet rapidly urbanizes and demand for locally-produced ecosystem services grows, the effective management of urban green infrastructure is increasingly important. A number of digital tools have recently been developed and released that share information and incite citizen participation in the governance, management and planning of urban green infrastructure. In this paper, I analyse six different e-tools within the context of New York City with a focus on the types of knowledge they share and the forms of participation they incite in relation to urban green infrastructure. I explore how e-tool knowledge exchange and participation relate to civic stewardship of urban green spaces, as stewards play a significant role in the local production of urban ecosystem services. The findings indicate that most e-tools are designed to share a large amount of data describing social-ecological systems. In many cases, the tool developers hope that through gaining knowledge about the system, users will develop an ethical consideration for the environmental resource and even take action as environmental stewards. Additionally, while many of the e-tools present complex, exploratory digital learning environments, many also combine virtual experiences with in-person trainings, workshops and coaching. These hybrid approaches harness the power of digital platforms to organize diverse social networks and share large amounts of data while employing more traditional on-the-ground organizing techniques and offer a way forward in an age of increasing dominance of digital data. Further research on these types of hybrid digital approaches is warranted. Future research on e-tool usership and connections to stewardship outcomes could enrich the understanding of how e-tools operate as well as their social-ecological potential and impact.

O engano, enquanto reflexo da realidade, está representado em diversos gêneros literários e na literatura de várias épocas. Este trabalho analisa, primariamente, os antecedentes míticos, o léxico e a estrutura dramática dos enganos mencionados ou encenados em todas as tragédias conhecidas de Eurípides, completas ou fragmentárias. Precede a análise um breve estudo da teoria comportamental do engano e de sua presença na literatura antiga, notadamente a da Grécia (dos poemas homéricos até o fim do século -V), e um excurso sobre o engano na poesia pré-euripidiana e sua influência na tragédia grega. A última parte do estudo compreende uma sistematização da estrutura do engano euripidiano e de seu léxico.
Deception, as a reflex of our reality, can be found in many literary genres and literary compositions of all times. This work deals primarily with the mythical antecedents and with lexical and dramatical structure of deceits briefly described or staged in all known Euripides complete or fragmentary tragedies. A study on behavioral deception theory and its presence in ancient literature, specially in Greece from homeric poems until the fifth century B.C., with an excursus on deception in pre-euripidean poetry and its influence in Greek tragedy precedes the analysis. A systemization of lexical and structural characteristics of euripidean deception completes the study.

Les vingt dernières années ont vu l’émergence de systèmes sans fil dans la vie de tous les jours. Ils ont rendu possible la création de technologies telles que les téléphones portables, le WiFi ou l’internet mobile qui sont maintenant tenus pour acquis dans la société actuelle. L’impact environnemental des technologies de l’information et des communications connaît une croissance exponentielle et a atteint l’impact de l’industrie du transport aérien. L’initiative d’informatique verte a été lancée en réponse à cette observation pour réduire de 15 à 30% les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2020 comparé aux prédictions faites en 2002 afin de garder le réchauffement climatique inférieur à 2°C. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié des techniques d’économie d’énergie dans les réseaux sans fil et comment elles interagissent entre elles afin de donner une vue holistique des réseaux verts. Nous prenons également en compte l’usage du spectre radio fréquence qui est le moyen le plus utilisé pour les communications entre systèmes sans fil et qui devient une ressource rare à cause du besoin grandissant de notre société pour de la bande passante en mobilité. Cette thèse suit les couches réseaux avant de remonter les piles matérielleset logicielles. Des contributions ont été apportées à la plupart des couches afin de proposer un réseau sans fil autonome où les noeuds peuvent collaborer pour améliorer les performances du réseau, réduire de façon globale l’utilisation du spectre radio tout en limitant la consommation énergétique du réseau
The last twenty years saw the emergence of wireless systems in everyday’s life. They made possible technologies such as mobile phones, WiFi or mobile Internet which are now taken for granted in today’s society. The environmental impact of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has been raising exponentially to equate the impact of the airline industry. The green computing initiative has been created in response to this observation in order to meet the 15%-30% reduction in green-house gases by 2020 compared to estimations made in 2002 to keep the global temperature increasebelow 2°C. In this thesis, we studied power-saving techniques in wireless networks and how they interact with each others to provide a holistic view of green networking. We also take into account the radio frequency resource which is the most commonly usedcommunication medium for wireless systems and is becoming a scarce resource due to our society’s ever-increasing need for mobile bandwidth. This thesis goes down the network stacks before going up the hardware and software stack. Contributions have been madeat most layers in order to propose an autonomic wireless network where nodes can work collaboratively to improve the network’s performance, globally reduce the radio frequency spectrum usage while also increasing their battery life

The following paper will explore the future of sustainable building practices as it relates to building design rating systems and whether building design rating systems are effective in conserving energy and resources in the construction of new buildings. This paper will begin by highlighting some of the general principles behind sustainable design practices, and the challenges of determining if building design rating systems are utilized effectively towards the goal of sustainability. In addition, the paper will highlight issues specific to ongoing litigation in Gifford v. U.S. Green Building Council and allegations made within the lawsuit that question the methodology and efficacy of building design rating systems. How political and ideological influences have propelled sustainability practices into the mainstream, and to what extent government is and should be involved in regulating building design rating systems will also be explored. Lastly, how will new energy performance and sustainable design methodologies, which are now being required in the law, affect the professional liability of building design professionals in the future?
B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
95
The creation of a new product comes from the conceptual design stage. A new idea usually depends on designers’ experiences and creativity. However, it is hard to predict what designers are thinking and to control the process. Sometimes designers may be limited by their past experiences. “TRIZ” is a Russian synonym of “TIPS”, which is a method of solving inventive problems. The TRIZ innovative method is a tool that rapidly improves the design. It is also a thought process that transfers the original product and innovative concept into a systematic idea. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a methodology that helps designers to solve problems while confronting and practicing the innovative design of green products. This method is based on three topics, including TRIZ newest 48 engineering parameters, 7 eco-efficiency elements and 8 green product life cycle stages. Furthermore, this thesis provides a “Single Parameter Inventive Principle” to support designers in finding the right concept quickly and effectively. This principle, based on 48X48 Contradiction Matrix, enables designers to implement the method easily. The advantages of this principle not only increase design efficiency but also meet the need of environmental protection requirements. The above innovative development process has been analyzed and affirmed by case studies on optical engine mechanism design. This process helps designers to evaluate the impact of their products on ecological benefits, exclude systematic contradiction effectively, shorten development time, and lower cost.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
數位科技設計學系(含玩具與遊戲設計碩士班)
97
Many countries are now devoted to expanding the applicability of green energy. After the invention of the compressed-air engine, there have already been compressed-air car engines on the market that are both environmentally friendly and economically efficient. In order to facilitate the understanding of the emerging green energy and its applications, and in view of the lack of teaching aids for compressed-air engines, it is the purpose of this study to design and manufacture a teaching aid for compressed-air engines, thus helping students to learn the processing steps and methods of the various components of such engine, and to comprehend its working principle. The teaching aid provided in this study can be readily made in a short time, with easily available and inexpensive material. In addition, the transparent cylinder is perfect for observing engine operation. This study makes the following findings: (1) A heavier flywheel of the engine leads to a lower starting pressure, a higher pressure tolerance value of the engine, and given a fixed volume of the pressure storage tank and a constant initial pressure, a longer operating time. (2) The engine A designed in this study is capable of stable operation. The research process and results of this study not only provide directions for science projects in colleges and universities, but also serve as supplementary teaching material for physics and mechanics courses in senior high school and vocational high school. This study has potential for commercialization and can be implemented as a teaching aid and teaching material for science experiments in high school and elementary school, thereby promoting the education of green energy through compressed-air engines.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
93
In conformity with the question of the energy crisis and greenhouse gas problem, this studies include the review of green cars (Hybrid car、Fuel cell car ) technologies, and the development of carbon emission control of internal combustion engine. The method of 3E and 6- Risks is used to evaluate the using of biodiesel and fuel cell car. It may offer the analysis of risks in technology, economy and ecology in order to reduce environmental load. LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvements. This study is to develop the deposits-cleaning machine and proceed the experimental work on cleaning the unburned carbon deposition. The experiments include utilizing the inlet manifold washing machine to make the real car test, and the feasibility about the gasoline additive prescription to remove accumulated carbon deposits. The results show that the removal efficiency of the carbon monoxide can be up to 86% after washing, and the removal efficiency of the organic gas can be up to 70% ~ 93%. The results of adding gasoline additive also show that the removal efficiency of carbon deposits may reach the optimization when the 0.01% of nanometer additives are used.

碩士
南華大學
環境管理研究所
98
The purpose of this project is to analyze the consumer behavior of purchasing diesel engine vehicles. It conducts a survey through questionnaire also an analysis for those who live in northern part of Taiwan and are capable of buying new cars now or in future from Structural Equation Modeling of green durable goods'' product knowledge, product image, perceived quality on consumers'' purchasing intention ,and taking perceived value, price acceptability as mediator. 　 　　The result shows that the green durable goods'' product image and perceived quality had significantly indirect effect on the consumer''s purchase intention. Because of present information circulation and people''s environmental protection consciousness promotion, the consumer has product knowledge of the green durable goods hadn''t indirect effect on purchase intention. In addition, both price acceptability and perceived value had significantly positive effect on the purchase intention, among other things, the effect of the price acceptability on the purchase intention was more than that of the perceived value on the purchase intention. It shows that pricing is the majority concern when people purchase the green durable goods. 　 　　The suggestion marketing can use the following two kinds of efforts to promote the consumer to purchase the green durable goods: 1. Enhancement product image of the green durable goods, to increase the consumer by using the green durable goods created by the cultural and symbolic values, finally promote consumer''s purchase intention. 2. Reduces price of the green durable goods, conforms to price of anticipation the consumer.

博士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
103
As the increasing depletion of petroleum, biodiesel is a low pollution and toxicity renewable energy that could be transesterified from the excess vegetable oil or waste cooking oil. It not only can cost down the price of raw materials but also solve the problem of energy shortage. Without reforming the structure of engines, biodiesels could be mixed with petroleum diesels as the fuel to reduce the pollutant emission and so that it becomes a popular renewable energy. The study was carried out by two parts, the first part was to use the waste cooking oil and soybean oil as raw material oil and investigate the influences of catalyst concentration, reaction time, temperature, ratio of alcohol-to-oil and the kind of catalyst on the yields of biodiesels. The microwave system was used to shorten the reaction time for transesterification and to provide a quick way to produce biodiesel and achieve better energy saving efficiency. The best yields of soybean oil and waste cooking oil to biodiesel were 99.4% and 98.1% at the conditions of IL1NaOH0.75 (1 wt% [MorMeA][Br] + 0.75 wt% NaOH), alcohol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, reaction time of 6 min and temperature of 70℃. In addition, the ionic liquids are recyclable and stable, as it were reused 7 times and its yields were still close to 98%. The second part of this study was to test the diesel engine fueled with the mixture of butanol (iso-butanol), waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel as alternative fuel and analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumptions. The butanol (iso-butanol) could be produced from wastes to achieve the benefits of energy saving and cost down. The carbon atoms of butanol are twice and the carbon chain is longer than the ethanol so it’s suitable for mixing with biodiesel and diesel. The commercially available super diesel (D100, 100% diesel) is the basic testing oil of the study. The proportion of butanol (iso-butanol) was fixed at 10% (B10，10% butanol; IB10，10% iso-butanol) and the added proportion of biodiesel is 10%-40%(W10-W40，waste-cooking-oil biodiesel). The running test of the diesel generator was aimed to investigate the emission characteristics of traditional pollutants (CO, NOx), particulates （PM10、PM2.5） and carbonyl compounds under the stable state. The results indicated that 10% butanol fixed with 10%-40% waste cooking oil biodiesel had a significant reduction effect on both PM and NOx for the diesel engine. The B10W40 and IB10W40 had the best reduction effect on the pollutants (51.7% and 53.1% for PM, 31.9% and 40.5% for NOx) emitted from biodiesel engine. In the test of brake specific (BSFC) fuel consumption, the results showed that the BSFC was increasing with the proportion of mixed fuel increased and positively correlated with the proportion of blending which meant it consumed more fuels. In the perspective of the emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds with butanol (iso-butanol) blends, the formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein are the highest contribution of the total emissions (73.4%-89.5%) with different proportions of blends. As the 10% fixed butanol (iso-butanol) mixed with different proportions 10%-40% waste cooking oil biodiesel, it effectively inhibited and reduced the emissions 20.1%, 72.7% and 55.5% for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein with the B10W40 blends and 24.3%, 72.9% and 69.8% with the IB10W40 ones. According to the results of this study, the utilization of butanol (iso-butanol), waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel as blending fuels not only could be the alternative fuels to petroleum diesels but also effectively reduce the pollution of NOx, PM and carbonyl compounds.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
車輛工程系
106
In the recent decades, energy shortage and greenhouse effect have become two of the most critical issues around the world, which forces every countries to regulate more severe emission standards for vehicles. Especially, the Europe Union has stipulated that the average CO2 emissions of new cars must be reduced to 95 grams per kilometer in 2020. Before electric cars are popularized, internal combustion engines remain as the mainstream power units for vehicles. Therefore, automotive manufacturers around the world are making every effort to develop energy-saving technologies, including Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI), Atkinson Cycle, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), etc. In Taiwan, the development of internal combustion engine technologies started relatively later. In order to assess the domestic engine’s competitiveness in the global market, establishing performance and fuel consumption benchmarks were done by paper and data survey initially in this study. Subsequently, a 1.5-liter gasoline direct injection turbocharged prototype engine was adopted for a testing experiment. Finally, the target engine would be analyzed according to the comparison between experimental and benchmark data. According to the testing results, the target engine’s performance value locates within a standard deviation of benchmark value. However, the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) is notably above the benchmark average. In addition, its brake thermal efficiency is also below the benchmark average, which indicates that there is still room for improvement with regards to the target engines energy-saving feature. In addition, the target engine has been planned to deploy on gasoline vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles after mass production. Therefore, in this study, fuel economy data of Vehicles with GDI engines have also been surveyed as the reference basis for vehicle’s mass production task in the future. Moreover, this study also focuses on discussing key technologies of energy saving and considering cost-effective issues through literature review, and proposed the ideal methodology of improving target engine’s thermal efficiency by modifying to long expansion stroke engine design according to its position.

博士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
102
The interest in developing clean and sustainable energy sources has grown considerably due to the finite supply of fossil fuels and the environmental and health concerns related to pollutant emissions. In this study, the emission of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diesel engine were investigated, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorined diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In addition, the waste cooking oil (WCO)-base biodiesel and water-containing alcohol (butanol and acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE)), which simulate the products of biomass fermentation without dehydration and no addition of surfactants, were tested as alternative fuels to enhance the energy efficiency and lower pollutant emissions from diesel engines. Results indicated that the emission of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCDEs, PBDD/Fs, PBB, and PBDEs from diesel engine fueled with commercial diesel (B2) were 0.596-0.617 g BaPeq g/Nm3, 4.48-9.72 pg I-TEQ pg/Nm3, 0.0775-1.15 pg WHO-TEQ /Nm3, ND, 0.566-2.40 pg TEQ /Nm3, 9.66 pg/Nm3, and 39.4-41.3 ng/Nm3, demonstrating that the diesel engines are responsible source of the environment POPs. The addition of WCO-based biodiesel not only reduced the precursors of the aforesaid pollutants, but promoted more complete combustion in the diesel engine. Although the chlorine content of the WCO-based biodiesel was about five times higher than that of the commercial diesel, using B10 and B20 as fuels can decrease these emission factors of POP, and the reduction increased along with the percentage of biodiesel added to the blends. For the water-containing butanol, it was found that can also reduce the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diesel engines, after using blends of B2 with 10% and 20% water-containing butanol, the POP emission factors were decreased by amounts in the range of 22.6%-42.3% and 38.0%-65.5% on a mass basis, as well as 18.7%-78.1% and 51.0%-84.9% on a toxicity basis. This POP reductions of water-containing butanol were similar to that of WCO-based biodiesel. However, the small amount of water content may lower the in-cylinder temperature (cooling effect), thus, solves the problem of greater nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from biodiesel fueled diesel engine. For the other water-containing ABE, the diesel blend with 20 vol% water-containing ABE enhanced the break thermal efficiencies (BTE) by 3.26-8.56%., and reduce the emissions of particulate matter (PM) and NOx by 5.82-61.6%, 3.69-16.4%, respectively, when compared to regular diesel. In order to produce more preferable properties for diesel engine, addition of biodiesel in water-containing ABE diesel blends are consider. Although biodiesel had greater NOx emissions, the blends that contained 25% of the water-containing ABE had significantly lower NOx (4.30-30.7%), PM (10.9-63.1%), and PAH emissions (26.7-67.6 %) than the biodiesel-diesel blends and regular diesel, respectively. In addition, the energy efficiency of this new blend was 0.372-7.88% higher with respect to both the biodiesel-diesel blends and regular diesel. These benefits resulted from higher oxygen content of ABE which promote more complete combustion, and the cooling effect that is caused by the high vaporization heat of water-containing ABE. Consensually, the bio-fuels content in the ABE-biodiesel-diesel blend is up to 75% (50% biodiesel and 25% water-containing ABE solution) and can be used in unmodified diesel engines without higher NOx emissions, one that also has the advantages of greater energy efficiency, trade off, and lower PM and POP emissions. In addition, blend with the water-containing alcohol and WCO-based biodiesel not only solves the problem of waste oil disposal, but also improve the fuel properties. On the other hand, the acceptance of a small amount of water in the fuel blends can simplify the fuel production process by eliminating the need for dehydration and surfactant addition. In summary, this research identified an innovating and simple way to utilize the bio-produced water-containing alcohol and biodiesel as a cleaner fuel.

The present dissertation deals with the function of memory and forgetfulness within the story of Electra and Orestes, as presented by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The introductory chapter represents a brief account of the philological and theoretical tools of our research. Chapter One proves that words of active memory as well as expressions of forgetfulness are recurrent in the texts. Chapters Two and Three show how different public roles influence the apparatus of memory for various agents. Memory and forgetfulness operate at three levels: private recollection, public function, and divine agent. We analyze the relationship between the heroic ethos and the collective memory in times of crisis. The three authors treat differently the Electra’s memory and her relationship with the logos of her city, especially because of her liminal tendencies. In Euripideas, we further emphasize a particular aspect of memory: a genos-related aspect of Mnēmosynē that affects both the male and the female functions. Chapter Four further analyzes the feminine liminal potential and the ability to access a transcendental form of memory, ability which at times proves morbid and dangerous. The solution to this burden is either divine intervention, or return to private memory through acts of initiatory forgetfulness. Chapter Five deals with the presence of divine memory and the fissures between the Olympians and the chthonian divinities at the level of mnemonic discourse. The three authors have different ways in recording it. However, there is a general tendency to move from grudging memory to healing amnesty. This effort is sustained by the Olympian divinities in the detriment of the Furies and their pre-cultural form of memory in Aeschylus. The picture is further complicated in Euripides by Helen and her physical presence as a memorial of the war, as well as her ultimate disappearance into thin air. In Sophocles, we witness a similar movement from the "logocentric" memory to the visual and symbolic aspect of social Mnēmosynē. Electra depicts the ambiguities and the failure of monumental memory and the ritualistic return to private memory. Chapter Six analyzes the mnemonic filter in theatrical experience. The dramatic performance is a way to share the social burden of memory: with each show, Orestes' murder is re-tried and collectively re-solved. Beside the memory of the author, the theatrical experience involves the perspective of the public and its function as a “social framework” for the memory of the myths.
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碩士
國立高雄餐旅大學
台灣飲食文化產業研究所
104
When people enjoy improved living standard benefited from technological breakthroughs, the convenient lifestyle indirectly causes dramatic impacts on earth’s ecology. Therefore, people concern how to improve these negative consequences, which eventually popularizes the concept of environmental protection. A large number of relevant environmental researches have suggested that green conception might best start from education. Given departments of hospitality and tourism are popular in recent years and their professionals act major force on the frontline, green food education should be listed as one of important issues. This paper aims to explore the fundamental understandings and attitudes from students at National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to explore possible factors influencing students’ behavioral intentions to engage in green food and beverage. A total of 650 questionnaires were issued, and 590 were collected, namely the valid response rate of 91%. Questionnaires in the pre-test were developed by tools like item analysis, factor analysis, reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Besides, the collected ones were further analyzed by multiple analyses (i.e. descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, regression analysis, path analysis and structural equation modeling), in order to judge the influences of students’ personal factors (attitude toward green restaurant, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control of green food and beverage, and personal attribute data) on their behavioral intentions of green food and beverage. The paper found compatibility and social relative benefit show significantly positive effects on attitude. Organization normative belief and social normative belief positively influence subjective norm. Behavioral intention is also influenced by attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control of green food and beverage. Based on these conclusions, the suggestion of increasing impact factors is proposed as references for government, educational institution or organization.