Дисертації з теми "GREEN CIRCUIT"

Full wave analysis of microstrip lines at microwave frequencies is performed by using method of moments in conjunction with closed-form spatial domain Green&rsquo
s functions. The Green&rsquo
s functions are in general Sommerfeld-type integrals which are computationally expensive. To improve the efficiency of the technique, Green&rsquo
s functions are approximated by their closed-forms. Microstrip lines are excited by arbitrarily located current sources and are terminated by complex loads at both ends. Current distributions over microstrip lines are represented by rooftop basis functions. At first step, the current distribution over a single microstrip line is calculated. Next, the calculation of the current distributions over coupled microstrip lines is performed. The technique is then, applied to directional couplers. Using the current distributions obtained by the analysis, the scattering parameters of the structures are evaluated by using Prony&rsquo
s method. The results are compared with the ones gathered by using simulation software tools, CNL/2&trade
and Agilent Advanced Design System&trade
(ADS).

El aumento de la actividad minera en el Perú hace necesario el desarrollo de tecnologías rápidas y económicas de detección de contaminantes para su monitoreo y control. Implementando conocimientos de biología molecular y de la regulación génica podemos construir un circuito genético sintético que posibilite el monitoreo de sustancia toxicas que generen estrés oxidativo como son los compuestos cianurados. El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar un circuito genético sintético conformado por el promotor de la proteína del shock por fagos (psp) de Escherichia coli y las secuencia codificante del gen de la proteína verde fluorescente (GFP). La construcción de dicho circuito se logró usando estrategias de clonamiento por topoisomerasas y clonamiento clásico con enzimas de restricción, se usó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para confirmar que todos los segmentos del circuito estén presentes en el vector. Los estudios preliminares de la actividad del nuevo circuito se realizaron transformando genéticamente células competentes de E. coli. La observación de dichas bacterias muestra una expresión de GFP continua, lo que indica que el circuito sintético está siendo activado sin estar en presencia de agentes de estrés oxidativo, lo que suponía una posible interacción con otros sistemas de regulación de estrés en la célula. Due to the increase of mining activity in Peru new technologies that can detect and monitor hazardous pollutants in a faster and cheaper way must be developed. Implementing molecular biology knowledge about genetic regulation we are able to construct a synthetic genetic circuit that can allow the monitoring of toxic substances that generate oxidative stress such us cyanide compounds. The objective of this research is to develop a synthetic genetic circuit from the promoter of the phage shock protein operon from E. coli and the complementary DNA of the green fluorescent gene (GFP). The construction of the circuit was achieved using classic cloning strategies with restriction enzymes and also more advanced strategies such us topoisomerase cloning, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the presence of all the desire segments in the vector. Preliminary studies of the circuit activity were carried out by genetically transforming competent E. coli cells. The observation of the bacteria shows a continuous expression of GFP without any inducer, this indicates that the synthetic circuit is being activated through a possible interaction with other stress response pathway.

Although an extensive number of investigators, during the arise of this printed materials technology, were devoted to make very interesting discoveries concerning the most used sol-gel precursor to thermally produce ZnO, the motives for which the ZnO material is formed in a certain way from some certain initial conditions is not yet well understood. The first effort carried out was to solve the crystal structure, never reported before, arising from the mixture between the zinc salt (Zinc acetate dihydrate) and the typical stabilizer used (Ethanolamine). This crystal structure was then compared with the molecular models designed and optimized by means of simulations. Simulationes were also useful in the study of the stability of this precursor and explaining the experimental results on its degradation in presence of light and CO2. Regarding the ZnO formation from the precursor’s thermal decomposition, it could be demonstrated the reason why the final ZnO was having traces of nitrogen at high temperatures. In addition, the theory regarding the specimens arising when the precursor is being degraded was also validated. Nevertheless, the presence of nitrogen at high temperatures as well as the toxic species that were evolving from the precursor when decomposing were a serious matter to confront. The aim of the next study was to investigate the substituent effects in this nitrogen-based ZnO precursor. To do so, up to seven aminoalcohols were used in order to study the dependence of rigidity on the stability and the decomposition process of the precursor. Experiments confirmed that the use of any of the aliphatic aminoalcohols in the precursor produce high stability comparing to those using aromatic aminoalcohols. They bolstered also the conclusion that the aminoalcohol’s rigidity plays and important role. It was additionally confirmed that the use of flexible aromatic stabilizers could be counterproductive, regarding the poor stability and the ZnO purity, while the aliphatic-based aminoalcohols provide better performances. Simulations were useful to comparatively study these different aminoalcohols in terms of stability and molecular dynamics at different temperatures. Dynamic simulations at different temperatures provided conclusive evidences on the nitrogen prevalence in the precursor even at high temperatures, suggesting that the Zn-N bond has effects on the thermal decomposition. For that reason, additives containing nitrogen are not the best solution to stabilize the metal and to produce pure ZnO (or at least with control on the contamination) at the same time. The next focused was on the desire to increase the number of Zn-O (weaker) interactions at the expense of eliminate the Zn-N bonds (stronger) using the so-popular Green Chemistry. Up to five ZnO precursors were synthesised following these principles, solving their crystal structure and studying their thermal decomposition. In order to increase the stability of the transition metal in the precursor, it was decided to resort to natural occurring carboxylic acids such as salicylic, citric, succinic and lactic acids. Thermal analysis found decomposition processes lasting ca. 150 C less than the required temperature for nitrogen-based precursors. Furthermore, these decomposition processes consisted of cleaner steps and purer ZnO with a lower temperature. Two of the five precursors were chosen, taking into account their delay in synthesizing and their solubility in common solvents (water and ethanol), to compare the behaviour of inks based on these precursors with the ones based on nitrogen compounds from the previous study. Continuous and homogeneous films of highly pure ZnO were obtained at lower temperatures adjusting the dwell time at the maximum temperature as well as the heating rate. At this point, there was only one proposal to make: the addition of new properties to those already existing in this ZnO. The addition of properties between two metals, well-known in Chemistry, is called molecular hybridization. Thus, the objective of this work was to synthesize an heteropolymetallic precursor that, through thermal decomposition, could generate the Franklinite / ZnO tandem with a variable iron content at will by controlling the atmosphere in which this precursor is decomposing.
La combinación de acetato de zinc y etanolamina conforma el precursor de sol-gel más utilizado para la producción de ZnO con fines de electrónica impresa. Aunque las propiedades de tinta basadas en precursores se han reportado ampliamente, las razones por las que el material de ZnO se forma de cierta manera a partir de condiciones iniciales específicas todavía no se conocen bien. En el presente trabajo, la estructura de la mezcla se caracteriza experimentalmente y se compara con los modelos moleculares optimizados mediante simulaciones. Además, se ha demostrado tanto los procesos que llevan a su degradación a temperatura ambiente como la descripción del proceso de descomposición indica efectos de sustituyentes importantes en este precursor basado en nitrógeno, que se analizan mejor comparando varios amino-alcoholes con diferentes sustituciones de radicales. La falta de control sobre los efectos de estos amino-alcoholes en el material final hace deseable aumentar el número de interacciones Zn-O (más débiles) a expensas de eliminar los enlaces Zn-N (más intensos). En consecuencia, se han diseñado nuevos precursores sobre la base de la Química verde recurriendo para ello a ácidos carboxílicos naturales. Se describen aquí sus estructuras cristalinas y procesos de descomposición térmica, que consisten en pasos más limpios y en la producción de un ZnO más puro a temperaturas más bajas que cuando se usan amino-alcoholes para estabilizar el metal Zn (II). Al agregar solventes comunes (agua y etanol), las tintas obtenidas muestran claras mejoras para las tecnologías de impresión basadas en precursores de ZnO. Como último estudio, se procedió a la incorporación de un segundo metal en este tipo de precursores, el hierro, con el fin de estudiar la conveniencia en la disposición de dos metales que, en función de la atmosfera en la que se descomponga el precursor, generen una proporción controlada de Franklinita (conocida por sus propiedades magnéticas) con respecto a la proporción de ZnO. Un estudio futuro más detallado sobre esta Franklinita podría, incluso, detallar las condiciones en las que encontrar la proporción de Fe(II)/Fe(III), y por tanto su capacidad magnética, deseada para cada fin.

La prédiction du couplage d’interférences électromagnétiques avec les systèmes électroniques sensibles situés dans des enceintes blindées est devenue une nécessité dans le domaine de la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) des systèmes complexes. L’étude du couplage d’un champ ÉM avec et à l’intérieur de l’enceinte d’un équipement électronique a été réalisée antérieurement en utilisant des méthodes numériques et analytiques. Le travail de recherche présenté tout au long de ce document de thèse à pour but d’apporter une contribution à une meilleure compréhension des modèles analytiques permettant d’évaluer rapidement les niveaux de couplages induits sur un équipement électronique, en représentant celui-ci sous forme d’une enceinte métallique qui contient des monopôles, des dipôles, des plans de masse représentatifs de cartes et des lignes de transmissions. Après avoir établi le modèle physique de la fonction de Green (FG) relative à une cavité rectangulaire, la première partie à été consacrée à l’étude du couplage ÉM à l’intérieur d’une enceinte métallique rectangulaire en employant les modèles ILCM (Intermediat Level Circuit Model). Dans la deuxième partie de ce document, nous avons exploité le modèle ILCM pour l’étude du couplage ÉM avec des structures filaires de petite dimension. Afin d’étudier le couplage ÉM avec une ligne de transmission (LT) située à l’intérieur de l’enceinte d’un équipement électronique, nous avons développé au cours de la dernière partie de ce manuscrit un nouveau modèle du couplage. Différentes configurations ont été analysées, les résultats obtenus par ces analyses ont été comparés et validés avec Temsi-FD et avec les mesures expérimentales
He electromagnetic interferences (EMI) coupling inside metallic cavities that constitutes the shielding of electronic cards is an important problem in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) domain. The electromagnetic (EM) coupling with transmission lines (TL) or other objects located inside an enclosure has been investigated by different authors. Previous analyses have been made using numerical and analytical methods. The goal of the research work presented in this manuscript is to make a contribution to a better understanding of the analytical models allowing to predict the EM coupling level induced on an electronic device. After the establishment the physical model for the modal representation of the Green function (GF), the first part is devoted to analyse the EM coupling within enclosure by using the ILCM (Intermediat Level Circuit Model) technique. In the second part of this manuscript, we have exploited the ILCM model for predicting the EM coupling with elementary antennas fixed within enclosure. Finally, in the last part, a simple and efficient analytical model has been developed for the prediction of the electromagnetic (EM) field coupling with a lossless transmission line (TL) located in a rectangular enclosure. The analytical results have been successfully compared over a wide frequency band with Temsi-FD and experimental results

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Microstrip antennas are widely used in modern telecommunication systems. This is particularly due to the great variety of geometries and because they are easily built and integrated to other high frequency devices and circuits. This work presents a study of the properties of the microstrip antenna with an aperture impressed in the conducting patch. Besides, the analysis is performed for isotropic and anisotropic dielectric substrates. The Multiport Network Model MNM is used in combination with the Segmentation Method and the Greens function technique in the analysis of the considered microstrip antenna geometries. The numerical analysis is performed by using the boundary value problem solution, by considering separately the impedance matrix of the structure segments. The analysis for the complete structure is implemented by choosing properly the number and location of the neighboor element ports. The numerial analysis is performed for the following antenna geometries: resonant cavity, microstrip rectangular patch antenna, and microstrip rectangular patch antenna with aperture. The analysis is firstly developed for microstrip antennas on isotropic substrates, and then extended to the case of microstrip antennas on anisotropic substrates by using a Mapping Method. The experimental work is described and related to the development of several prototypes of rectangular microstrip patch antennas wtih and without rectangular apertures. A good agreement was observed between the simulated and measured results. Thereafter, a good agreement was also observed between the results of this work and those shown in literature for microstrip antennas on isotropic substrates. Furthermore, results are proposed for rectangular microstrip patch antennas wtih rectangular apertures in the conducting patch
As antenas de microfita s?o estruturas muito utilizadas nos sistemas de telecomunica??es atuais. Isto decorre, principalmente, da diversidade de configura??es e da facilidade de constru??o e integra??o dessas antenas com outros dispositivos e circuitos de altas freq??ncias. Neste trabalho, o m?todo de an?lise empregado ? o Modelo de Circuito de M?lti-Porta (Multiport Network Model MNM), que combinado com o M?todo da Segmenta??o e a t?cnica da Fun??o de Green, mostra-se adequado ao estudo da antena de microfita com abertura no patch condutor. A partir do equacionamento do problema do valor de contorno, ? ent?o realizada uma an?lise num?rica que consiste em avaliar a estrutura da antena considerada a partir da integra??o dos elementos em que ela foi dividida. Nessa an?lise, os elementos s?o representados por matrizes de imped?ncia e a integra??o ? implementada atrav?s de portas de circuitos adequadamente escolhidas em n?mero e posicionamento. Na an?lise num?rica, foram consideradas as seguintes estruturas: a cavidade ressonante, a microfita com patch retangular convencional (sem abertura) e a microfita com patch retangular com abertura. A an?lise foi efetuada para substratos isotr?picos e estendida para o caso de antenas com substratos anisotr?picos uniaxiais atrav?s do M?todo do Mapeamento. S?o apresentados resultados para a freq??ncia de resson?ncia e para a imped?ncia de entrada de antenas de microfita. A parte experimental do trabalho consistiu no projeto, constru??o e medi??o de v?rios prot?tipos de antenas de microfita com patches retangulares com e sem abertura. Observou-se que os resultados obtidos, atrav?s da simula??o num?rica, apresentaram uma boa concord?ncia com os das medi??es efetuadas. Os resultados deste trabalho, tamb?m, concordaram com os resultados de outros autores, dispon?veis na literatura

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire, a été dans un premier temps de formuler une nouvelle méthode itérative basée sur le concept d'onde (la FWCIP) pour modéliser tout type de dispositifs micro-ondes planaires sans aucune contrainte géométrique, puis à l'améliorer au fur et à mesure que les difficultés sont survenues. L'objectif de cette méthode est de déterminer une relation simple et efficace permettant de mettre en relation les ondes incidentes et réfléchies dans les différents milieux environnant la discontinuité en exprimant la réflexion dans le domaine modal et la diffraction, définie à partir des conditions aux limites et de continuité, dans le domaine spatial. Le processus itératif s'appuie sur la transformée de Fourier rapide en modes (FFTM) pour passer rapidement d'un domaine à l'autre et pour s'affranchir des fonctions d'essai. En sus, la FFTM permet de diminuer considérablement le temps de calcul. L'algorithme de la moyenne mobile a été appliqué à la méthode afin d'accroître les performances de celle-ci, en permettant l'accélération de la convergence de l'impédance vue par la source. Ce simulateur, après quelques comparaisons avec la littérature, se prête aussi bien à l'étude de structures en guide d'ondes classique (iris), des structures microrubans (antennes, coupleurs), qu'à des dispositifs coplanaires (filtres) en simple ou multicouches. Ensuite, la formulation de la méthode a été révisée pour permettre l'analyse de structures imprimées sur des matériaux artificiels réalisés soit à partir de plots métalliques (via-holes) disposés périodiquement dans le substrat diélectrique d'un circuit microruban ou à partir de gravures périodiques dans le plan de masse d'une ligne microruban. La FWCIP combinée avec la méthode des éléments de frontière a permis de définir les principales caractéristiques des filtres à gap photonique. Pour terminer, une étude comparative a été faite entre la simulation et les mesures.

L’intégration 3D est la solution technologique la plus prometteuse pour suivre le niveau d’intégration dictée par la loi de Moore (cf. more than Moore, versus more Moore). Elle entraine des travaux de recherche importants depuis une douzaine d’années. Elle permet de superposer différents circuits et composants dans un seul boitier. Son principal avantage est de permettre une association de technologies hétérogènes et très spécialisées pour la constitution d’un système complet, tout en préservant un très haut niveau de performance grâce à des connexions très courtes entre ces différents circuits. L’objectif de ce travail est de fournir des modélisations cohérentes de via traversant, ou/et de contacts dans le substrat, avec plusieurs degrés de finesse/précision, pour permettre au concepteur de haut niveau de gérer et surtout d’optimiser le partitionnement entre les différentes strates. Cette modélisation passe par le développement de plusieurs vues à différents niveaux d’abstraction: du modèle physique au modèle « haut niveau ». Elle devait permettre de répondre à différentes questions rencontrées dans le processus de conception :- le modèle physique de via basé sur une simulation électromagnétique 2D ou 3D (solveur « éléments finis ») est utilisé pour optimiser l’architecture du via (matériaux, dimensions etc.) Il permet de déterminer les performances électriques des via, notamment en haute fréquence. Les simulations électromagnétiques permettent également de quantifier le couplage entre via adjacents. - le modèle compact analytique de via et de leur couplage, basé sur une description de type ligne de transmission ou noyaux de Green, est utilisé pour les simulations au niveau bloc, ainsi que des simulations de type Spice. Les modèles analytiques sont souvent validés par rapport à des mesures et/ou des modèles physiques
The 3D integration is the most promising technological solution to track the level of integration dictated by Moore's Law (see more than Moore, Moore versus more). It leads to important research for a dozen years. It can superimpose different circuits and components in one box. Its main advantage is to allow a combination of heterogeneous and highly specialized technologies for the establishment of a complete system, while maintaining a high level of performance with very short connections between the different circuits. The objective of this work is to provide consistent modeling via crossing, and / or contacts in the substrate, with various degrees of finesse / precision to allow the high-level designer to manage and especially to optimize the partitioning between the different strata. This modelization involves the development of multiple views at different levels of abstraction: the physical model to "high level" model. This would allow to address various issues faced in the design process: - The physical model using an electromagnetic simulation based on 2D or 3D ( finite element solver ) is used to optimize the via (materials, dimensions etc..) It determines the electrical performance of the via, including high frequency. Electromagnetic simulations also quantify the coupling between adjacent via. - The analytical compact of via their coupling model, based on a description of transmission line or Green cores is used for the simulations at the block level and Spice type simulations. Analytical models are often validated against measurements and / or physical models

CAPES
O processo de digestão anaeróbia é muito importante no tratamento dos esgotos sanitários, por ser eficiente, simples e de baixo custo de implantação, operação e manutenção. Embora o Brasil tenha à disposição processos anaeróbios consolidados, o saneamento básico ainda é deficiente no país, e a otimização de reatores anaeróbios tem o intuito de melhorar a viabilidade, efetividade e ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o desempenho através do comportamento dinâmico e hidrodinâmico de reator anaeróbio híbrido (UAHB), com variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 a 12 h e da DQO (amostras brutas) de 250 a 1250 mgO2L-1. O reator, com volume útil de 22,1 L, foi operado com meio suporte de anéis corrugados de Policloreto de Polivinila (PVC) e mantido a temperatura ambiente, sendo o afluente de alimentação, sintético simulando o esgoto sanitário. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura do líquido e do ar, pH, alcalinidade total (AT), alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB), ácidos voláteis (AV), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO520), Turbidez, Sólidos Totais (ST), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), nitrogênio total kjeldahl (N-NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (Namon), nitrito(N-NO2-), nitrato (N-NO3-) e fósforo total (P). Foi avaliado o comportamento hidrodinâmico e verificada a existência de anomalias hidráulicas, pela técnica de estímulo-resposta tipo pulso com injeção do traçador eosina Y. Ao final dos experimentos, foi realizada a análise estatística para encontrar a condição operacional ótima, bem como os modelos estatísticos para validação dos experimentos. Em todas as condições operacionais foi possível observar que o reator UAHB entrou em equilíbrio dinâmico aparente (EEDA) com produção de alcalinidade para neutralizar os ácidos voláteis produzidos no processo de acidogênese e acetogênese da digestão anaeróbia. O aumento da carga orgânica volumétrica acarretou no aumento das eficiências de remoção em DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520 e Turbidez, mas reduziu as remoções de Sólidos Totais e Sólidos Suspensos Totais. A diminuição do TDH reduziu as eficiências de remoção dos parâmetros DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520, Sólidos Totais, Sólidos Suspensos Totais e Turbidez. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, em todas as condições operacionais foi observado o efeito de cauda longa, o regime de escoamento no interior do reator UAHB foi classificado como de tanques de mistura completa em série (NCSTR). Foi verificada a presença de zonas mortas no reator, a eficiência hidráulica foi em média 65% para as três condições e não foi possível observar a presença de curtos-circuitos para os três TDH testados. Pela análise estatística do delineamento composto central rotativo (DCCR), a condição ótima de operação para o reator foi para o TDH 12 h e DQO (amostras brutas) 553 mgO2.L-1.
The anaerobic digestion process is very important in the treatment of sewage, as it is an efficient, simple process and low cost of implementation, operation and maintenance. Although Brazil has provided consolidated anaerobic processes, sanitation is still poor in the country, and the optimization of anaerobic reactors aims to improve the viability, effectiveness and expansion of treatment systems for sewage. The aim of this research project is to evaluate the reactor's performance through dynamic and hydrodynamic behavior of hybrid anaerobic reactor (UAHB) with a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 to 12 hours and COD (gross samples) 250 - 1250 mgO2L -1. The reactor, with a volume of 22.1 L was operated with support means corrugated rings of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and kept at room temperature, the influent feed, simulating the synthetic wastewater. the physicochemical parameters were analyzed: temperature of the liquid and air, pH, total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), volatile acids (VA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), Turbidity, Total Solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen Total Kjeldahl (NTK-N), ammonia nitrogen (amon-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and Total phosphorus (P). It evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior and the determination of hydraulic anomalies, the stimulus-response pulse technique with injection of the tracer eosin Y. At the end of the experiments, statistical analysis was performed to find the optimal operating condition as well as the statistical models for validation experiments. In all operating conditions it was observed that the UAHB Reactor became apparent dynamic equilibrium (ADE) with alkalinity production to neutralize the volatile acids produced in acetogenesis process of anaerobic digestion. The increased of organic loading rate resulted in increased efficiencies in the removal of COD (gross and filtered samples), BOD and Turbidity, but reduced removals of Total Solids and Total Suspended Solids. The decrease in HRT reduced the removal efficiencies of COD parameters (grosss and filtered samples), BOD, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity. Regarding the hydrodynamic in all operating conditions was observed long tail effect, the flow regime inside the reactor UAHB was rated as complete mixing tanks in series (N-CSTR). The presence of dead zones in the reactor was checked, the hydraulic efficiency was averaged 65% for the three conditions and it was not possible to observe the presence of short circuits for the three HRT tested. For the statistical analysis of the central rotary compound design (CRCD), the optimum operating condition for the reactor was to HRT 12 h and COD (gross samples) 553 mgCOD.L-1.

CAPES
O processo de digestão anaeróbia é muito importante no tratamento dos esgotos sanitários, por ser eficiente, simples e de baixo custo de implantação, operação e manutenção. Embora o Brasil tenha à disposição processos anaeróbios consolidados, o saneamento básico ainda é deficiente no país, e a otimização de reatores anaeróbios tem o intuito de melhorar a viabilidade, efetividade e ampliação dos sistemas de tratamento dos esgotos sanitários. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o desempenho através do comportamento dinâmico e hidrodinâmico de reator anaeróbio híbrido (UAHB), com variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 a 12 h e da DQO (amostras brutas) de 250 a 1250 mgO2L-1. O reator, com volume útil de 22,1 L, foi operado com meio suporte de anéis corrugados de Policloreto de Polivinila (PVC) e mantido a temperatura ambiente, sendo o afluente de alimentação, sintético simulando o esgoto sanitário. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura do líquido e do ar, pH, alcalinidade total (AT), alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB), ácidos voláteis (AV), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO520), Turbidez, Sólidos Totais (ST), Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST), nitrogênio total kjeldahl (N-NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (Namon), nitrito(N-NO2-), nitrato (N-NO3-) e fósforo total (P). Foi avaliado o comportamento hidrodinâmico e verificada a existência de anomalias hidráulicas, pela técnica de estímulo-resposta tipo pulso com injeção do traçador eosina Y. Ao final dos experimentos, foi realizada a análise estatística para encontrar a condição operacional ótima, bem como os modelos estatísticos para validação dos experimentos. Em todas as condições operacionais foi possível observar que o reator UAHB entrou em equilíbrio dinâmico aparente (EEDA) com produção de alcalinidade para neutralizar os ácidos voláteis produzidos no processo de acidogênese e acetogênese da digestão anaeróbia. O aumento da carga orgânica volumétrica acarretou no aumento das eficiências de remoção em DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520 e Turbidez, mas reduziu as remoções de Sólidos Totais e Sólidos Suspensos Totais. A diminuição do TDH reduziu as eficiências de remoção dos parâmetros DQO (amostras brutas e filtradas), DBO520, Sólidos Totais, Sólidos Suspensos Totais e Turbidez. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, em todas as condições operacionais foi observado o efeito de cauda longa, o regime de escoamento no interior do reator UAHB foi classificado como de tanques de mistura completa em série (NCSTR). Foi verificada a presença de zonas mortas no reator, a eficiência hidráulica foi em média 65% para as três condições e não foi possível observar a presença de curtos-circuitos para os três TDH testados. Pela análise estatística do delineamento composto central rotativo (DCCR), a condição ótima de operação para o reator foi para o TDH 12 h e DQO (amostras brutas) 553 mgO2.L-1.
The anaerobic digestion process is very important in the treatment of sewage, as it is an efficient, simple process and low cost of implementation, operation and maintenance. Although Brazil has provided consolidated anaerobic processes, sanitation is still poor in the country, and the optimization of anaerobic reactors aims to improve the viability, effectiveness and expansion of treatment systems for sewage. The aim of this research project is to evaluate the reactor's performance through dynamic and hydrodynamic behavior of hybrid anaerobic reactor (UAHB) with a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 to 12 hours and COD (gross samples) 250 - 1250 mgO2L -1. The reactor, with a volume of 22.1 L was operated with support means corrugated rings of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and kept at room temperature, the influent feed, simulating the synthetic wastewater. the physicochemical parameters were analyzed: temperature of the liquid and air, pH, total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), volatile acids (VA), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), Turbidity, Total Solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen Total Kjeldahl (NTK-N), ammonia nitrogen (amon-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and Total phosphorus (P). It evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior and the determination of hydraulic anomalies, the stimulus-response pulse technique with injection of the tracer eosin Y. At the end of the experiments, statistical analysis was performed to find the optimal operating condition as well as the statistical models for validation experiments. In all operating conditions it was observed that the UAHB Reactor became apparent dynamic equilibrium (ADE) with alkalinity production to neutralize the volatile acids produced in acetogenesis process of anaerobic digestion. The increased of organic loading rate resulted in increased efficiencies in the removal of COD (gross and filtered samples), BOD and Turbidity, but reduced removals of Total Solids and Total Suspended Solids. The decrease in HRT reduced the removal efficiencies of COD parameters (grosss and filtered samples), BOD, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity. Regarding the hydrodynamic in all operating conditions was observed long tail effect, the flow regime inside the reactor UAHB was rated as complete mixing tanks in series (N-CSTR). The presence of dead zones in the reactor was checked, the hydraulic efficiency was averaged 65% for the three conditions and it was not possible to observe the presence of short circuits for the three HRT tested. For the statistical analysis of the central rotary compound design (CRCD), the optimum operating condition for the reactor was to HRT 12 h and COD (gross samples) 553 mgCOD.L-1.

Um modelo circuital equivalente para o cálculo da função diádica de Green espectral transversal de estruturas multicamadas esféricas e planas é proposto neste trabalho. São estudadas estruturas multicamadas planas constituídas não só por meios isotrópicos, mas também por meios uniaxiais, biaxiais e quirais. Uma antena Yagi-Uda impressa é analisada via MoM para ilustrar a potencialidade do modelo circuital equivalente quando associado às ferramentas de cálculo simbólico e numérico do software Mathematica. Também são analisadas algumas topologias canônicas de antenas de microfita esféricas através do método da corrente elétrica superficial e do modelo da cavidade ressonante. Expressões para o cálculo da impedância de entrada, do campo elétrico distante irradiado, da diretividade, do fator de qualidade de meia potência e da eficiência de irradiação destas antenas são derivadas de forma analítica. Um programa que analisa e sintetiza estes irradiadores esféricos, que utiliza o modelo teórico desenvolvido, é implementado em Mathematica. Emprega-se a técnica do sistema de coordenadas global para avaliar o diagrama de irradiação de redes de antenas de microfita esféricas. Os resultados obtidos a partir do modelo de análise proposto são comparados com os dados de saída das simulações dos irradiadores no software de análise de onda completa HFSS. Por fim, são confeccionados e qualificados dois protótipos com o objetivo de validar a teoria apresentada ao longo do trabalho.

Les Transducteurs Ultrasonores Capacitifs Micro-usinés (CMUT en anglais) sont étudiés par plusieurs laboratoires internationaux depuis les années 90. Se présentant comme une alternative aux transducteurs traditionnels piézoélectriques, cette technologie inspirée des MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) a aujourd'hui atteint la maturité suffisante pour voir émerger sa commercialisation. Dans son application historique, l'imagerie médicale, de nombreux acteurs industriels proposent des sondes CMUTs, comme Hitachi, Kolo Medicals ou Butterfly Network pour n'en citer que quelques uns. La recherche autour de ces dispositifs continue néanmoins à travers des études sur la conception, la modélisation, la fabrication ou pour de nouvelles applications. À travers le projet collaboratif TUMAHI (Transducteurs capacitifs Ultrasonores Multi-Application Hautement Intégrés) entre le laboratoire GREMAN et la société VERMON S.A, deux axes d'optimisation ont été étudiés. Le premier objectif consistait à créer et valider expérimentalement une stratégie de conception d'éléments CMUTs pour optimiser la réponse électroacoustique sur la bande passante ou la sensibilité. La principale contrainte était de définir des degrés de liberté et des paramètres fixes pour fabriquer des barrettes CMUTs pour diverses applications et fréquences de travail sur un même wafer. Par l'intermédiaire d'un dispositif centré à 10 MHz pour de l'imagerie médicale, nous avons fait varier les tailles de membranes pour posséder une configuration Large Bande et une configuration Sensible. Une campagne de mesures de pression a été effectuée avec les sondes complètes et prêtes à l'emploi pour valider les critères de conception établis. L'analyse poussée a néanmoins souligné que la démarche de conception pour une sonde CMUT la plus efficace était d'optimiser la fréquence de résonance du premier mode de rayonnement pour qu'elle coïncide avec la fréquence de travail désirée. La seconde étude était focalisée sur la couche de passivation, couche de protection pour les éléments CMUTs traditionnellement conçue en polymère silicone, et visait à implémenter son impact dans les outils de modélisation avec un nouveau modèle de couplage CMUT / matériau viscoélastique. Une fonction de Green en trois dimensions a été utilisée en définissant des équivalences entre propriétés élastiques et viscoélastiques et validée théoriquement avec des problèmes de Lamb 2D et 3D complémentaires. Une confrontation avec des résultats expérimentaux a été engagée en créant une série d'huiles avec des viscosités variables et en excitant des colonnes CMUTs découplées électriquement pour viser un mode de rayonnement plus sensible aux propriétés de cisaillement du milieu. L'influence de la viscosité a été identifiée à travers la variation de la fréquence centrale et du facteur de qualité sur l'impédance électrique mesurée et simulée, posant la base d'une étude de viabilité de la technologie CMUT pour un capteur sensible viscoélastique. La considération de la couche de passivation a permis de retrouver un comportement équivalent à la réalité mais nécessite une base de données complète sur les propriétés viscoélastiques des matériaux dans le domaine ultrasonore pour être présente dans les étapes de conception d'un transducteur CMUT
Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT) have been studied by several international laboratories since the 1990s. Presenting itself as an alternative to traditional piezoelectric transducers, this MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) inspired technology has now reached the maturity needed for commercialization. In its historic application, medical imaging, many industrial actors propose CMUT probes, such as Hotachi, Kolo Medicals or Butterfly Network to name a few. However, research on these devices continues through studies on design, modeling, manufacturing or for new applications. Through the collaborative project TUMAHI (Highly Integrated Multi-Application capacitive Ultrasonic Transducers) between the GREMAN laboratory and VERMON S.A, two areas of optimization were carried out. The first objective was to create and experimentally validate a CMUT element design strategy to optimize electroacoustic response over bandwidth or sensitivity. The main constraint was to define degrees of freedom and fixed parameters to manufacture CMUTs for various applications and working frequency on a single wafer. Through a 10 MHz centered device for medical imaging, we have varied the size of membranes to have a Broadband and Sensitive configuration. A pressure measurement campaign was carried out with complete and ready-to-use probes to validate the established design criteria. However, the in-depth analysis emphasized that the design approach for the most effective CMUT probe was to optimize the resonance frequency of the first radiation mode to coincide with the desired working frequency. The second study focused on the passivation layer, a protective layer for CMUT elements traditionally designed in silicone polymer, and aimed to implement its impact in modeling tools with a new CMUT / viscoelastic material coupling model. A three-dimensional Green function was used by defining equivalences between elastic and viscoelastic properties and theoretically validated with complementary 2D and 3D Lamb problems. A confrontation with experimental results was initiated by creating a series of oils with variable viscosities and by exciting electrically decoupled CMUT columns to target a more sensitive radiation mode to the shear properties of the medium. The influence of viscosity was identified through the variation of the central frequency and quality factor on the measured and simulated electrical impedance, providing the basis for a viability study of CMUT technology for a viscoelastic sensitive sensor. The consideration of the passivation layer has enabled the retrieval of equivalent behavior to reality but requires a complete database on the viscoelastic properties of materials in the ultrasonic domain to be present in the design steps of a CMUT transducer

碩士
輔仁大學
管理學研究所
97
At the end of the Twentieth century, the hole in the ozone layer stimulated people to reduce their use of environmentally harmful materials like halogen. Environmental protection by encouraging industries to reduce their use of waste material and conserve resources more carefully is becoming important. This process is known as the “Green Trend”, and ultimately provides people with “Green environmentally friendly products”, through processes such as green design、green manufacturing、green purchase and verification. In the face of the recent green trend, many countries, areas, and businesses are seeking to develop products that incorporate green concepts. The European Union is focusing adopting electrical and energy products with environmental protection features, including: waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), restriction of hazardous substance (RoHS), Eco-design requirements for energy-using products (EuP). Besides the European Union directives, numerous countries and international factories are also establishing laws governing the production and import/expert of electrical energy products. The above countries and businesses control the production of environmentally friendly electrical energy products. It influenced the design, purchase, manufacture control, monitor process, marketing, and service of products used by businesses. Businesses attach considerable importance to environmental protection and meeting customer requests, including: product testing, manufacturing control, legal contracts and so on. As part of the recent green trend, individual countries, areas, and businesses have begun requesting green products. This study applies quality function deployment technology to establish domestic industries capable of capitalizing on the green trend. To estimate company action plan and competition strategy. Thus , it will help enterprises to face the pressure of customers’ requirements and offer the Assurance of process control and product compliance by third party audit, and to gain the orders and enhance the impression of Green. It also helps enterprises to pass the audit of Green Supplier Chain and to achieve continuous operating. The enterprises will be responsible to social responsibility of environmental protection and improve their company’s impressions.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
社會學研究所
99
Local special products are not unfamiliar things for Taiwanese. By adding the place-name before the product, it seems to be the guarantee for quality and let it more popular. And cause the functions of prospering local properties and uniting solidarities, There is a boom in Taiwan for developing local special products. Among them, Sanshin green onion is the special one: not just its short history, but also green onion is a commonly used and cheap ingredient in Chinese culinary culture. And how this mundane thing suddenly become a famous local special product, I think it’s from the effect of specialty, which makes things be unique. This material culture research thesis uses Du Gay’s concept “cultural circuit” for foundation. And through the analysis of media context and interview the industries of Sanshin green onion, I observe the operation of production, consumption, representation, regulation, identity, and the interaction among their articulations, to explore the making process of specialty from the viewpoint of things: by the cultivation of farmers and the regulation from certification, make Sanshin green onions grow longer white stalk, stronger fragrance, and more reliable in food safety. Then, in the representation from media and display, not only emphasize their high quality and high price, but also use traditional, rural and local images to promote them. Under these physical and symbolic characteristics overlapped, the specialty of Sanshin green onion gradually appears, and identified by producers and consumers. But in the responses of consumers, I find out that there is a split between physical and symbolic characteristics: although hearing the fame, they usually don’t know what the physical characteristics are certainly. And in the experiences of interviewees, selling healthy Sanshin green onions let them have some difficulties. These examples about the dislocation of identity express the features and problems of specialty: 1.Symbolized place-name becomes a crucial point of distinction and the endorsement of quality. 2. Sanshin green onion becomes the delicious local taste in gourmet and local tourism, but the physical characteristics such as health are not involved in these contexts. 3. When the consumption becomes the ultimate goal of specialty and cultural circuit, the feeling of identity is simply pure no longer, and brining the purpose of profit into the meaning of specialty inevitably.

The information extracted from the bio-potential signals such as ECG, EEG, ECoG, ERG and ENG is extensively used for health care and medical treatment purposes. The use of bio-potential acquisition systems is not only limited to the hospitals but also extended to the homes for ubiquitous health care. Therefor the demand of portable bio-signal measurement system is increasing. The key constituent to this kind of systems is the analog front-end (AFE). The analog readout front-end extracts the bio-signals directly from human body through electrodes and defines the extracted signal quality. The most critical block in an bio-potential acquisition system is the AFE as it is connected directly to the human body and the output this should be ready to feed the subsequent stages that are ADCs and DSPs. This block must operate under low power consumption with minimal added noise to ensure the better signal quality with enhanced battery life, when incorporated in portable bio-signal acquisition systems. In this dissertation a novel multi-function Analog Front-End is proposed. This analog readout front end is oriented to be employed in flexible and portable bio-potential signal acquisition systems. The essential contribution of this work is the new Forward Body Biased Current Mode Amplifier (FBBCMA) based on convention forward body biased technique for low-voltage operation. The proposed FBBCMA achieves very low noise performance because of inherent properties of current mode topology. Forward body biasing of MOS devices further reduces the flicker noise that is a critical concern in circuits operating at low frequencies. Low power consumption and other advantages are achieved by the aid of the forward body biasing and current mode topology. A complete analog readout front end is implemented and simulated using the standard TSMC 180nm parameters and P-Spice as simulator. This AFE consist of a pre amplifier followed by a band pass filter to enhance in band signals and reject the signals that are laying out of the band of interest. Tuneable bandwidth of AFE enables it to serve as the first stage in variety of bio-signal acquisition systems. The simulation results show that the designed circuits meet the basic requirements of the low power consumption under low noise operation for long time portable bio-potential recorders.

碩士
開南大學
國際企業學系
99
Based on the statistical green products applications of Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan（R.O.C., Taiwan), they are rose by below 100 cases of 1994 to above 1200 cases of 2010, thus the entire Taiwan products have been inducted gradually into the green products , in order to be able to promote the products, and to make the products conform to the laws and regulations in the process of manufacture, for example : The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), European Union (EU) three environment instructions and Taiwan environment laws and regulations promotes under the green supply chain system of printed wiring board industry the green supplier appraisal. This research the green supplier appraises by the literature reorganization establishment green supply chain system, utilizes Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM), after undergoing the operation discovered that utilizes Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM), under the FDM establishment green supply chain system the green supplier appraises 5 construction surface 16 targets, according to the index literatures for evaluating the green suppliers and applying the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) discovered the green manufacturer took the product manufacturing quality (0.31) and the contamination control (0.22), depends on the dependence, Fuzzy Decision Making Trial & Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATEL) unifies the Analytic Network Proces (ANP) discovered that the green manufacturer takes the environmental management (0.1966) and the green competes (0.1927). Finally the utilization of VlsekriterijumskaOptimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) in this study, it will be discussed that the Printed.Circuit Board (PCB) company in this case study evaluates and assesses the performances of three typesof green suppliers (the suppliers of processing machine tools, the suppliers of raw materials and the suppliers of maintenance spare parts), when joins parameter value v=0.5, the green manufacturer appraisal respectively is from high to low, the original material supplier (the independence is 0.39; The dependence is 0.31), next equipment radio station suppliers (independence 0.39; The dependence 0.37), is the spare parts supplier (the independence is 0.49; The dependence is 0.44), no matter the basis findings demonstration the independence or the dependence part, the green manufacturer thought that the spare parts supplier must make the improvement. This research suggestion green supplier, because the internal management can affect the product overall quality condition, therefore the green manufacture chamber of commerce appraises the green supplier according to this; Regarding the following researcher, may extend to appraises the customer to carry (for example customer service) or cash flow or processing manufacture to continue to discuss.

The present work aims the production and characterization of cost-effective photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to encounter green photonics goals, namely in the optical communications and sensing fields. Therefore, organic-inorganic hybrids (di-ureasil and tri-ureasil), doped with zirconium propoxide stabilized with methacrylic acid, were synthesized by the versatile sol-gel methodology, at room temperature, as planar waveguides processed in the form of monoliths, with controlled shape and size, and films with variable thickness (10−5-10−6 m) in vitreous or silicon oxide substrates. They exhibit stable and tunable properties, mechanical and thermal stability resulting from the synergy between the organic and inorganic counterparts. Their main feature is the heavily facilitated control of the surface optical properties by the inherent flexibility offered by these materials that are easily self-patterned by direct UV laser writing, and the refractive index tuning through chemical doping. The influence of different concentrations of zirconia-based clusters (20-60 mol%) in the local structure of di-ureasils and tri-ureasils was studied through X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance of 13C and 29Si atoms, infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform, Raman spectroscopy by Fourier transform and thermogravimetry analysis. The relevant optical features for applications in PICs were determined, showing acceptable attenuation values (∼1-5 dB·cm−1) for low dimension circuits, and reduced insertion losses arising from the fibre-device similar refractive index (1.49-1.52). Taking advantage of the material photosensibility, direct UV laser writing was used to pattern the desired optical architecture on the surface of organic-inorganic hybrids. In what concerns optical communications, passive and active devices were produced: a thermo-optic integrated variable wave plate device to control the state of polarization of an optical signal, showing a linear retardation coefficient of 17±1 °/°C; a 90° hybrid coupler to demodulate a 20 Gb/s quadrature phase shift keying transmission over 40 km of fibre, yielding a 2.5 dB power penalty, relatively to back-to-back; an electro-optic phase modulator based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a voltage shift required for a π phase change of 2.9±0.3 V; an optical amplifier in the blue spectral region for visible light communications with a maximum optical gain efficiency of 1.62±0.02 cm∙μJ−1. In the sensing field, the development of portable low-cost PICs based biosensors for lab-on-a-chip devices are of great interest. Thus, a biosensor based on an MZI was produced to monitor the growing concentration of bacteria in a liquid medium, presenting a sensitivity of 2×10−4 RIU and limit of detection of 2.0 pg·mm−3.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivos a produção e caracterização de circuitos de ótica integrada (OI) eficientes e de baixo custo, no contexto dos requisitos de fotónica sustentável, nomeadamente na área das comunicações óticas e dos sensores. Para isso, híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos (di-ureiasil e tri-ureiasil), dopados com propóxido de zircónio estabilizado com ácido metracrílico, foram sintetizados pela metodologia sol-gel, à temperatura ambiente, como guias de onda planares processados na forma de monólitos, com forma e tamanho controlados, ou filmes de espessura variável (10−5-10−6 m), em substratos vítreos e de silício oxidado. Estes materiais exibem propriedades óticas estáveis e ajustáveis, estabilidade mecânica e térmica resultantes da sinergia entre os componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. A sua principal propriedade é o fácil controlo das propriedades óticas devido à inerente flexibilidade dos materiais que são auto-padronizados pela escrita direta por radiação ultravioleta (UV), e o controlo do índice de refração por dopagem química. A influência de diferentes concentrações de aglomerados de zircónio (20-60 mol%) na estrutura local dos di-ureails e tri-ureasils foi analisada através de difração de raio-X, ressonância magnética nuclear dos átomos de 13C e 29Si, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, espectroscopia Raman por transformada de Fourier e análise termogravimétrica. As características óticas relevantes para aplicações em OI foram determinadas, revelando coeficientes de atenuação aceitáveis (∼1-5 dB·cm−1) para circuitos de baixas dimensões, e baixas perdas de inserção devido à similaridade entre os índices de refração do dispositivo-fibra (1,49-1,52). Tomando partido da fotossensibilidade do material, foi utilizada a escrita direta por radiação UV para padronizar a arquitetura ótica desejada na superfície de híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos. No que respeita às comunicações óticas, foram produzidos dispositivos passivos e ativos: controlador de polarização termo-ótico para monitorizar o estado de polarização de um sinal ótico, apresentando um coeficiente de retardamento linear de 17±1 °/°C; um acoplador híbrido de 90° para demodular uma transmissão de quadratura de chaveamento de fase com 20 Gb/s em 40 km de fibra, resultando numa penalidade de potência de 2,5 dB comparativamente à configuração sem fibra; um modulador de fase eletro-ótico baseado num interferómetro Mach-Zehnder (MZI) com uma diferença de potencial para uma variação de fase de π de 2,9±0,3 V; amplificador ótico na região espectral do azul para comunicações óticas no visível com uma eficiência máxima de ganho ótico de 1,62±0,02 cm∙μJ–1. Na área dos sensores, o desenvolvimento de biosensores portáteis de baixo custo baseados em OI para dispositivos é de grande interesse. Sendo assim, um biosensor baseado na arquitetura de um MZI foi produzido para monitorizar a concentração de bactérias num meio líquido, apresentando uma sensibilidade de 2×10−4 RIU e um limite de deteção de 2,0 pg·mm−3.
Programa Doutoral em Telecomunicações

碩士
臺北市立大學
資訊科學系碩士在職專班
104
Cloud service has been the method to enhance the competitiveness of the enterprise in the current society. However, for different industries, the focus on cloud services should be different. Cloud services may help industry grow only when their different needs were met. This paper aims to study the impact of green material cloud services platform for Taiwanese IT manufacturing industries. First of all, chooses the printed circuit board industry, the representative sector in Taiwan IT manufacturing industries, as the research subject. Explore the trend (FIND) of the printed circuit board industry through the service experience engineering (SEE) method. Conduct the value chain research of the service (Innovation Net). Shape the innovative services model, and finally conduct the proof of concept (POC) in the service experiment (Design Lab). Secondly, we also specifically focus on the concept and the business model of "green material cloud platform", and visit the main promoters of the platform, Mr. Bai Guanghua, the deputy general manager of GIGABYTE. We learn how green material cloud platform works conceptually, and get understanding of its service and business model through the interview with Mr. Bai. Finally, this paper will focus on the comparison and summary between the innovative cloud platform and the green material cloud platform in the printed circuit board industry and draw up the important conclusions. Then base on the conclusions to explore the service, value and future prospect of the green material cloud service platform to Taiwan IT manufacturing industry.

碩士
國立聯合大學
電子工程學系碩士班
98
A high performance green-mode pulse width modulation (PWM) controller for the application of lithium-ion battery charger (1.52V~7.5V) is worked in this thesis. The system circuit architecture mainly bases on the lithium battery protection circuit function and does for the system control circuit design standard. In this work, the pulse width modulation (PWM) controller, will be with the automatic load voltage, the current as well as the short circuit functions detection, may defer to the load voltage, amperage, and judges the system operated in the work mode or in the standby mode. Therefore, it reduces system's power loss effectively and achieves the saving power goal. In the design same time, many protection circuits and the judgment circuits such as: (1) Over Voltage Protection (OVP) and Under Voltage Protection (UVP), (2) Over Current Protection (OCP) and Under Current Protection (UCP), (3) Short Circuit Protection (SCP) and Over Power Protection (OPP), (4) Over Temperature Protection (OTP), (5) Heavily Load Determination and Lightly Load Determination are included. Then, it has the characteristics of an effective monitoring the output load side and the power source harm prevention as the battery charging. This green-mode pulse width modulation (PWM) controller is designed with the TSMC 0.35um 2P4M 3.3V CMOS technology. The operation voltage is 3.3V, the operation frequency is 0.98MHz, and the output current range is from 454mA to 500mA. Meanwhile, the output converter efficiency range is from 74.8% to 91%, the green-mode raise efficiency is 25%, and the operation temperature range is suitable for -20℃~ 114℃.