Статті в журналах: "Greek city-state"

1

Dmitriev, Sviatoslav. "Localism and the Ancient Greek City-State." History: Reviews of New Books 49, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2021.1907873.

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AHMED HUSSEİN AL-SHARIF, OMRAN. "CONSTİTUTİONAL SYSTEMS, ATHENS AND SPARTA, ADMİNİSTRATİVE SYSTEM." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 08 (November 1, 2021): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.8-3.11.

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This research studies the development of constitutional systems among the Greeks in the cities of Athens and Sparta, in terms of the political and administrative system from the year 800 to 300 BC, that is, since the emergence of the first stages of the history of the Athenian constitution in the monarchy era, through the aristocratic and oligarchic regimes and the rule of tyrants, to the democratic system in Athens. Whereas every Greek city had its own political system that distinguishes it from others, which the nature of the terrain of their country contributed the greatest contribution to, as well as the idea of self-sufficiency for each Greek city, and the boldness of Greek thought. Rather, they took their position in the kingdom of thought and had the courage to research and ask questions to themselves and sought to perceive the universe in the light of reason. Therefore, a political system appeared in every city known as the city-state system. Thus, the Greek civilization provided for the development of political thought unless other human civilizations provided it. What the Greek philosophers presented in political thought during the fifth and fourth centuries BC still represents the basis on which modern political systems were built, and the research aims to To reveal the importance of the geography of the land of the Greeks, and its impact on their civilization, and to highlight the role of Greek philosophers in matters related to the organization of the state and government, and to trace the development of constitutional systems among the Greeks from the monarchy era to the democratic system in Athens, and to identify the reasons for the stagnation of political life in Sparta under the monarchy. The importance of study and research in this subject is due to the fact that it clarifies the opinions and ideas of the Greek philosophers on constitutional systems, and thus it is an attempt to add even a small part to the history of the constitutional systems of the Greeks‎‎. Keywords: Constitutional Systems, Athens and Sparta, Administrative System.

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3

Kadletz, Edward, Janet Lloyd, and Jennifer Larson. "Cults, Territory, and the Origins of the Greek City-State." Classical World 92, no. 1 (1998): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4352198.

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4

Kelly, Thomas. "Cults, Territory, and the Origins of the Greek City-State." History: Reviews of New Books 24, no. 4 (June 1996): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1996.9952543.

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5

Antonaccio, Carla M., and Ian Morris. "Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State." American Journal of Archaeology 93, no. 2 (April 1989): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505102.

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6

Berlin, Andrea M., and Ian Morris. "Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State." Classical World 84, no. 4 (1991): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350819.

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7

Vermeule, Emily, and Ian Morris. "Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State." American Historical Review 95, no. 3 (June 1990): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164309.

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8

Reece, Richard, and Ian Morris. "Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City State." Man 24, no. 3 (September 1989): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802710.

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9

Ojakangas, Mika. "Polis and Oikos: The Art of Politics in the Greek City-State." European Legacy 25, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2020.1721828.

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10

Haselgrove, Colin. "Burial and Ancient Society:the rise of the greek city-state. By IanMorris." Archaeological Journal 146, no. 1 (January 1989): 603–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1989.11021320.

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11

Sterling-Folker, Jennifer. "The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. By Christian Reus-Smit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 199p. $35.00." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401892017.

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The central puzzle motivating this book is why different systems of sovereign states develop different types of systemic institutions. Why did Greek city-states favor arbitration, whereas Italian city-states adopted what the author calls "oratorical diplomacy," the absolutist state preferred "old diplomacy" instead, and the modern nation-state relies on international law and multilateralism?

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12

DIETZ, MARY G. "Between Polis and Empire: Aristotle's Politics." American Political Science Review 106, no. 2 (May 2012): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000184.

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Aristotle lived during a period of unprecedented imperial expansionism initiated by the kings of Macedon, but most contemporary political theorists confine his political theorizing to the classical Greek city-state. For many, Aristotle's thought exhibits a parochial Hellenocentric “binary logic” that privileges Greeks over non-Greeks and betrays a xenophobic suspicion of aliens and foreigners. In response to these standard “polis-centric” views, I conjure a different perceptual field—“between polis and empire”—within which to interpret Aristotle'sPolitics. Both theorist and text appear deeply attentive to making present immediate things “coming to be and passing away” in the Hellenic world. Moreover, “between polis and empire,” we can see thePoliticsactually disturbing various hegemonic Greek binary oppositions (Greek/barbarian; citizen/alien; center/periphery), not reinforcing them. Understanding thePoliticswithin the context of the transience of the polis invites a new way of reading Aristotle while at the same time providing new possibilities for theorizing problems of postnational citizenship, transnational politics, and empire.

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13

Brown, J. A. ": Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State . Ian Morris." American Anthropologist 90, no. 4 (December 1988): 1031–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00830.

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14

TRIDIMAS, GEORGE. "The failure of ancient Greek growth: institutions, culture and energy cost." Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137418000188.

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AbstractAlong with introducing democracy, advancing philosophy and excelling at the arts, during the period 800–300bceancient Greece achieved substantial economic prosperity. Recent literature attributes the efflorescence to the institutions and culture of democratic city-states. However, the city-states failed to initiate sustained growth. Technological progress remained slow and the economic efflorescence ended after the prevalence of Macedon and the subsequent Roman conquest. The present study scrutinises the roles of city-state institutions and culture. It shows that ultimately ancient Greece could not sustain long-run growth because a multitude of independent small city-states prevented the exploitation of economies of scale and stoked continual wars that exhausted them financially and militarily, and because of a culture valuing landholding, self-sufficiency and collectivist attitudes.

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15

Ismard, Paulin. "The Single Body of the City: Public Slaves and the Question of the Greek State." Annales (English ed.) 69, no. 03 (September 2014): 503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239856820000087x.

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AbstractsPublic slavery was an institution common to most Greek cities during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Whether they worked on the city’s major construction sites, performed minor duties in its civic administration or filled the ranks of its police force (the famous Scythian archers of classical Athens), public slaves may be said to have constituted the first public servants known to Greek cities. Studying them from this perspective can shed new light on the long-running debate about the degree to which thepolisfunctioned as a state. Direct democracy, in the Classical Athenian sense, implied that all political prerogatives be held by the citizens themselves, and not by any kind of state apparatus. The decision to delegate administrative tasks to slaves can thus be understood as a “resistance” (as defined by the French anthropologist Pierre Clastres) on the part of the civic society to the development of this apparatus.

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16

Ergasheva, Oydinoy Marat Qizi. "THE IMPORTANCE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL JUSTICE AND WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETIES." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, no. 06 (June 26, 2021): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-11.

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Although we have information about the unique participation of women in politics in every period of human history, it is the truth that the right and opportunity to do so in public administration does not apply to every woman in society and is not guaranteed by legal norms. Ancient Greek poets, such as Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato, referred to the city as the best state in which equality and justice reigned in society. as the best laws, they also put forward laws that guaranteed everyone equality. Applying the idea of equality between men and women in his writings, the Greek scholar Antifont stated, "Nature creates all: women and men equally, but people develop laws that make people unequal." Abu Nasr al-Farabi, one of the encyclopedic scholars of the East, in his City of Noble People, described a state that ruled equality as a state that aspired to virtue recognized as entitled.

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17

Shanks, Michael. "Style and the Design of a Perfume Jar from an Archaic Greek City State." Journal of European Archaeology 1, no. 1 (March 1993): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096576693800731190.

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18

Piskizhova, Vladyslava. "The Kyiv City Association of the Greeks: History and Modernity." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 26 (November 27, 2017): 248–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2017.26.248.

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The article is devoted to the history of the formation and activity of one of the first in the history of independent Ukraine public organizations of the national Greek community, i.e. the Kyiv City Association of the Greeks. After all, in today’s world, public associations of national minorities are an extremely important structural component of the civil society, which can play both a consolidating role and serve as a source of aggravation of interethnic conflicts. The grounds of the source base of the research were the materials of the current archive of this organization (the Statute, protocols of meetings, resolutions, agreements, etc.), part of which in 2017 was already transferred to the funds of the Central State Archives of public associations of Ukraine. However, up to now, these documents have not become available yet to the general public concerned. Taking this into consideration, we find it appropriate to publish some of them in the full volume as an annex to this research, especially those that most clearly highlight the main achievements of the organization in the development of national and cultural life of the Greek community of Kyiv and Ukraine in general, and show the dynamics of the establishment of the Ukrainian-Greek intercultural dialogue. Important information on the activity of the Kyiv City Association of the Greeks is found on the pages of its printed edition, the newspaper “Elpida”, as well as on the organization site operating since 2016. The importance of recording and systematization of information on the current institutional development of national minorities in Ukraine is preconditioned by the necessity to form a conscious evaluation of the role of associations of national minorities in the process of forming public associations and the establishment of national Ukrainian culture in opinion of public and scientific communities.

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19

Kouřil, Jiří. "“Olympism“ and Olympic Education in Greek Antiquity." Studia sportiva 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2019-1-8.

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This paper deals with basic points which comprise Olympic and “sport“ education in the Greek antiquity. Until the emergence of professionalism in ancient athletics was the essence of "sport" education and Olympism the areas known as free “sport“, nudity, construction of “sports“ buildings, organizing of many games and relation of society to the Olympic winners as well as leading the citizens to cultural and philosophical ideals. The education itself to the Olympic Games and “sport“ had an important role in ancient Greece. Victory in the Panhellenic Games was very important not only for the victors as individuals, but also for their lineage and the city-state. Each victor entered the next level, which was close to the heroes and gods. They acquired semi-divine status and the homages for them by all society and mainly by the city-states were greatly important for cultural outputs and conception of all society. The influence of victors on youth was huge and this influence was one of the most important educational parts of all ancient Greek culture. The winners of great Panhellenic Games, especially the winners of the Olympic Games or περιοδονῑκοι (periodonikoi), were the best role models with big cultural power and the best examples for youth. Successes of ancient athletes supported sport education of young Greek boys, thus also the military training and this conception created better warriors and defenders of the city-states.

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20

Maitland, Judith. "Dynasty and Family in the Athenian City State: A View From Attic Tragedy." Classical Quarterly 42, no. 1 (May 1992): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800042555.

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Greek tragedy shows a serious preoccupation with family concerns. Some of these concerns seem beyond the scope of ordinary family experience, particularly in the matter of the behaviour of women. The apparent discrepancy between historical evidence and the literary presentation of women has long been noted and variously explained. I want to suggest that this discrepancy reflects a way of distinguishing between the objectives and behaviour of the great aristocratic clans and of those families which were neither so wealthy nor so politically influential. A dichotomy is thus presented between dynastic interests and the interests of the ordinary family as a well-regulated part of the Athenian city state.

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21

Hedo, Anna. "Legal status and development of agriculture of the Greek Community of the Northern Pryasovia (1779–1875): analysis of the record-keeping materials." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.94103.

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Using the analysis of materials of record-keeping stored in Ukrainian and Russian archives, the article describes the legal status and development of the economy of the Greek community of the NorthernPryazovia: reports, directives, notifications of the Azov and Novorossiysk governor-general. The same group includes the documents that arose in the process of operation of the Mariupol Greek court. The elements that constituted the form of these documents in the 18th — 19th centuries are analysed, the purpose of these documents is formulated. Among the local record-keeping, the documents of the Mariupol Greek Court (was created in accordance with the charter of 1779) occupy a significant place due to the wealth of statistical information. The court performed administrative, police and judicial functions. The cases of district (powiat) administration, district and zemsky court, orphan and verbal courts, city council (magistrat), district police and volost administrations were concentrated here. According to the origin and informative possibilities, the materials of the Mariupol Greek Court can be divided into the following groups: 1) incoming court documentation from the higher authorities; 3) notebooks and documents submitted to the court by subordinate institutions (accounts, journals, reports, public sentences, etc.); 4) documents submitted to the institution by private individuals (reports, complaints, IOUs); 2) accounting court documentation; 5) papers sent to private individuals by court (notifications, directives), etc. The record-keeping materials of the central institutions allow us to reproduce the following questions on the history of the Greeks of the North Pryazovia: the assignment of land (F. 379 and 383 of the Russian State Historical Archive), the liquidation of the Mariupol Greek Court of the Order of the Mariupol Greeks after the reforms of the 60s and 70s of the 19th century. (f. 1286, 1287, 1291, 1405 of the Russian State Historical Archive).

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22

Georges, Sidiropoulos. "Interpreting the Local Development through the History of the Place." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2014100106.

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The city of Nigrita is located in Visaltia, the valley of the Strymon, in Eastern Macedonia wich in the past was an active shareholder of Greek history. The text tries to explain the current situation through the time. The approach involves both the city of Nigrita -and Visaltia- the region in which it grows, from the time of first appearance until today. The town appears for the first time in the 15th century and quickly evolves into village and then in a strong town. In an area with a significant presence in Classical and Byzantine periods, the city meets the conditions to be established. The determining factor for its establishment is the change of traffic policy during the Ottomanic occupation, which choose the mountain shortcuts instead of the Roman style traffic through lowland axes. Developed ex nihilo, at the area of this node in the old Roman road system, the city of Nigrita serves one of the main intersections in the valley of Serres to Thessaloniki. Since then, the growth of the city is continuous until two decisive events in the early 20th century. The first one, concerns the change in traffic policy of New Greek State, which sets new routes that bypass the city. The second fact is linked with the transformation of Nigrita's geographical situation, decisively altered by the draining of lake Kerkinida, making the city part of a mandatory central corridor in a typical city in an open plain. Since then, the city has a very slow and declining growth, because of certain particularities and also the general situation of the Greek periphery. The text seeks to understand and interpret the present city, through data in-city and regional scale, attempting to study-specified cross sections in the historical geography of the place.

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23

Hrebelnyk, Oleksandr P. "The features of foreign trade and customs relations of ancient states in the northern Black Sea region." Business, Economics, Sustainability, Leadership and Innovation 1 (December 12, 2018): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37659/2663-5070-2018-1-53-61.

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The research examines the problems of origin and development of the system of foreign trade and customs relations in Ukraine. It is proved that the dominant factor that influenced the formation of customs and tariff relations was the ancient Greek colonies that emerged in the northern Black Sea region. Later on, with the development of the Scythian state, customs relations received a new impetus due to the establishment of trade relations between Scythians and city-states founded by Greek settlers.

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Boshnakov, Konstantin. "Land of Sikyon: Archaeology and History of a Greek City-State by Yannis A. Lolos." Phoenix 68, no. 3-4 (2014): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2014.0032.

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25

Li, Lan. "The Disintegration of Traditional Image: On Antigone’s Free Will and Action." International Journal of Education and Humanities 10, no. 1 (August 16, 2023): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v10i1.10931.

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In the great tragedy Antigone, for a long time, it seems that the study of female image, Antigone, is imprisoned in the Oedipus family and ancient Greek city-state, family ethics and city-state law, feminism and masculinity. However, based on deconstructionism, American scholar Judith Butler advocated breaking the binary opposition of gender category. In the paper, the image formula of Antigone is broken based on Butler’s revelation of the gender category and the construction of kinship, and combined with the “desire” doctrines of Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic ethics. It highlights Antigone’s free will and action, which is of great significance to clarify Antigone’s spirit of freedom and enrich her image.

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Mohammed, Muslim Hassan, and Zryan Hamza Aziz. "The Principles of The City-State in Aflatun’s View." Journal of University of Raparin 8, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 597–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(8).no(4).paper26.

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Aflatun’s thoughts, as great Greek philosopher, are still counted as one of the best references in terms of political philosophy and are in practice in the world of politics. Aflatun owns a utopian state based on the foundation of justice and virtue. Aflatun’s state, ruled by philosopher-kings, is characterized by having particular thoughts about the system of education. Politics is vitally important within Aflatun’s philosophy. It is regarded as means of planning his utopian city. Aflatun believes that political systems can be classified, in accordance to their ruling type, into aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, monarchy and dictatorship. Among them, Aflatun believes that aristocracy is the best since it’s practiced by a philosopher-king. Aflatun in his ideal state refers to metaphysics as an important basic of his utopian city. Aflatun’s view is that the ideal state can only be cherished in the life of hereafter, though those in power may be able to find some sort of the ideal life in this world. The philosopher-kings, on the other hand, are able to practice such an ideal life in this world. In Aflatun’s view, any sort of change happening in the world from the perfection towards the imperfection and weakness. This is due to the unstable feature of the world that never stays constantly. Only God is characterized by stableness and mortality. Aflatun thinks that ‘ethics’ is one of the practical fields of philosophy which shows the will of any human being that depends on performing the duty of individuals in the society to establish social justice. Aflatun states that education refers to the right preparation of human beings to suit the world of justice. He sees the education as the highest virtue. Aflatun repeats that all the social city-state classes have to get the proper education formed in certain phases based on the age of the citizens.

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Daniels, Megan J. "Aphrodite Pandemos at Naukratis Revisited: The Goddess and her Civic Function in the Context of an Archaic Emporion." Journal of Greek Archaeology 3 (January 1, 2018): 165–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.527.

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Aphrodite Pandemos (‘all the people’) is a curious character in Greek religious thought: distinguished from her older and loftier counterpart, Aphrodite Ourania (‘heavenly’), through her linkage to more ‘common’ forms of love, namely heterosexual union, she was also associated with civic cohesion and the semi-mythical origins of the Athenian city-state. Yet our earliest evidence for the worship of Aphrodite Pandemos comes not from Athens but from Naukratis – a settlement nestled in the Nile Delta, resulting from a joint endeavour by a number of Greek city-states in the late 7th century BC under the Saite pharaohs. Previous scholarly considerations of Aphrodite Pandemos at Naukratis downplayed her civic associations largely based on the ambiguous political status of Naukratis, and instead concentrated on her role as a type of ‘general access’ goddess to the mixed communities commonly found in trading settlements.

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Pritchard, David M. "PUBLIC FINANCE AND WAR IN ANCIENT GREECE." Greece and Rome 62, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383514000230.

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Before the Persian Wars the Greeks did not rely on public finance to fight each other. Their hoplites armed and fed themselves. But in the confrontation with Persia this private funding of war proved to be inadequate. The liberation of the Greek states beyond the Balkans required the destruction of Persia's sea power. In 478bcAthens agreed to lead an alliance to do just this. It already had Greece's largest fleet. But each campaign of this ongoing war would need tens of thousands of sailors and would go on for months. No single Greek city-state could pay for such campaigns. The alliance thus agreed to adopt the Persian method for funding war: its members would pay a fixed amount of tribute annually. This enabled Athens to force Persia out of the Dardanelles and Ionia. But the Athenians also realized that their military power depended on tribute, and so they tightened their control of its payers. In so doing they turned the alliance into an empire.

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Da Silva, Wagner Barreto, Vanessa Vieira Lourenço-Costa, Higo Otávio Brochado Campos, Wânia Mendonça Dos Santos, Andréia Santana Bezerra, Jamile Andréa Rodrigues Da Silva, and José De Brito Lourenço-Júnior. "Elaboration and Quality of Greek Yogurt (labneh) from Buffalo Milk Supplemented with Plus açaí jelly (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v9i1.18059.

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Buffalo milk has a high nutritional value, with high fat, protein, and mineral levels. Its derivatives yield exceeds by 40% those derived from bovine milk. As a way to take advantage of this quality, Greek yogurt (Labneh) is an alternative to add value to this important product. Thus, this work aims to prepare Greek yogurt with buffalo milk, added with açaí jelly (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), to carry out physical-chemical, microbiological, sensory, and texture profile analyzes in buffalo milk, Greek yogurt, and in açaí jelly. Natural Greek yogurt had an acceptability index of 90.11% and Greek yogurt with açaí jelly, 93.11%, which constitutes an alternative for regional raw material valorization, with excellent acceptability, high nutritional value, and outstanding physical-chemical and microbiological quality. Thus, this derivative is indicated for special programs supported by the City Halls and/or Government of Pará state, as a way of generating income and employment for communities producing buffalo milk and açaí.

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Gia Kvashilava, Gia Kvashilava. "On the History of Some Problems of Economic Security According to Ancient Greek and Latin Sources." New Economist 17, no. 02 (January 6, 2023): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec17022022-46.

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This paper reviews the material for studying of history of the economic security problems. Studying of the security problem will help us how we need to define term “security”. The author proposes to consider the question: Where is the term “security” derived? It traces from the Ancient Greek word «aspháleia» and Latin word «securitas» that literally means “security”, “safety”, “protection”. For this paper have used ancient Greek and Latin literature review for the security problem and interpretations of original pieces. In short, the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, historians and politicians paved the way for the origin of the modern security science. Keywords: «aspháleia», «securitas», security, safety, protection; «securitatis urbanae custos», the guardian of the security of the city; «securitas publica», the security of the State.

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Nelson, Max. "Battling on Boards: The Ancient Greek War Games of Ship-Battle (Naumachia) and City-State (Polis)." Mouseion 17, no. 1 (September 2020): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/mous.17.1.02.

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Bosman, Philip. "ANCIENT DEBATES ON AUTARKEIA AND OUR GLOBAL IMPASSE." Phronimon 16, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2413-3086/3809.

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The notion of self-sufficiency (Greek autarkeia) is gaining prominence in the context of probably the most pressing dilemma of our times, namely that of the conflicting demands of economic growth and ecological sustainability. Within this controversy, self-sufficiency is promoted as a viable counter-ideal to rampant consumerism. This article presents a survey of the use of the notion in ancient Greek literature of the classical era, in order to show that, by itself, autarkeia does not present a simple solution, due to the variety in its ancient usage. While the Greeks of archaic and classical times widely agreed on the desirability of the condition, some interpreted it as being able to fulfil any need that might arise and others as restricting need to the bare minimum. The notion was furthermore applied to both individual and state. There was no consensus that the individual could in fact reach a state of complete self-sufficiency: the radical but experimental autarkeia of the Cynic sage was admired but nonetheless generally rejected as incompatible to civil society. Consequently, authors of the fourth century transposed autarkeia to the social units of household and city-state, although even here its attainability remained dubious. The notion lived on in the restricted form of the self-sufficiency of virtue in the Stoic pursuit of happiness.

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Chương, Đặng Văn. "THE PERFECT PERFORMANCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT IN ATHENS (GREEK) THROUGH REFORMS (VI CENTURY BC - V CENTURY BC)." Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities 130, no. 6D (July 5, 2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueunijssh.v130i6d.6304.

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In comparison with ancient Orient nations, the Greek state was born much later and they created a new state institution which was a republic. This state was different from the government of absolute monarchies in the Orient. The state of Athens (Athènes) - an important city-state in ancient Greece, was a democratic republic and was gradually improved through the reforms that took place from the sixth to the fifth century BC. This is the first democratic republic in world history and it had a profound influence on the model of republic and democratic states in the world, especially in Europe and North America in modern times.

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Roswantoro, Alim. "FILSAFAT SOSIAL-POLITIK PLATO DAN ARISTOTELES." Refleksi Jurnal Filsafat dan Pemikiran Islam 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ref.v15i2.1084.

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Plato andAristeoteles have a teacher-student relationship. And both philosophers have the same teacher, that is, a great philosopher of the classic Greek, Socrates. Both philosophers talk many things in philosophy, and one of them is the social-political thought. The writing tries to comparative-philosophically describe the social-political thought of Plato and Aristotle that can be read in their works particularly in Republic, Laws, and Statesman of Plato, and in Nicomachean Ethics and Politics ofAristotle. The result of study shows that the main idea of their social-political philosophies is to create and maintain a just city-state providing the happiness for all citizens. But, both philosophers differ in respect of the way of embodying it. InPlato's thought, a just city-state occurs under the guidance of the light of ideal knowledge and virtue produced by philosophers-kings. Whereas for Aristotle, it happens because of the human-instictive process as socil-polical creature. It takes place as along as the city• state is able to condition its citizens to be the good people.

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LUNDBERG, JOHAN. "Under State Protection Aeschylus’ the Suppliants and the Shift from Clan to State." Advances in Social Science and Culture 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v3n2p1.

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Aeschylos’ tragedy The Suppliantsis in this article related to an opposition between clan and state—and more specifically with the development in ancient Greece from barbarism to civilization, from a lawless, uncultivated and disorganised world, to a clan-based social order and from there to a state-based organisation, which in many ways would set the pattern for the development in Europe for centuries to come.In the play, fifty sisters are fleeing from Egypt to Argos, persecuted by their fifty male cousins. The women seek protection and therefore refer to their shared origins with the population of Argos.The fact that Danaus has fifty daughters but no son, implies that if the daughters marry their cousins the legacy will stay within the clan. What the daughters’ uncle Aegyptus and his sons demand is that Danaus and his daughters should act in accordance with the regulatory framework of the clan system. This stipulates that in cases where fathers in patrilineal systems only have daughters, these daughters must marry endogamically (that is inwards) instead of exogamic ally (outwardly, and in the corresponding way for sons in matrilineal systems).The article shows how Argos, governed by King Pelasgus, is depicted in the play in contrast to the claustrophobic catatonia of incestuous relations, the latter illustrated by an imagery that stems from archaic Greek mythology. The claustrophobic feeling that links the family and kin in The Suppliants, through events such as incestuous marriages and family-related cannibalism, gives a picture of the individual’s room for manoeuvre being strictly regulated—in fact almost non-existent—in the extended family. It is such a claustrophobic world that the women in The Suppliants (like Orestes in Oresteia) are fleeing from.Instead they seek out a city state based on fundamentally different ideas than the family, kinship and clan-related organisation principles of the Egyptians. The Greek city state thereby appears to aim to liberate the archaic human from a claustrophobic captivity.

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Veikou, Mariangela. "Images of Crisis and Opportunity. A Study of African Migration to Greece." Qualitative Sociology Review 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.09.1.03.

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The economic crisis in Greece is becoming a way of life and it is affecting, among other things, the way the Greek society views immigration. Greek people are waking up to the reality that immigrants in the streets of big cities would not go back. The kind of economic state of emergency in need of all sorts of austerity measures the Greek society is entering, shockingly, brings about the fear even in liberal minds that the country cannot provide for all. In this paper I draw from my own newly conducted ethnographic study to explore two interconnected themes: the study of local aspects of integration of Sub-Saharan African migrants in the city center of Athens, Greece and the use of photographic images in ethnographic research. More specifically, the paper discusses the representations of difference via a series of contemporary street photographs depicting everyday life instances of African migrants in the city center of Athens. It thus creates a visual narrative of metropolitan life, which forms the basis for a discussion on three themes related to discourses on migrant integration in light of today’s economic crisis: a) the physical and social environment of marginalization, b) the migrant body, and c) the fear of the migrant.

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Rubel, Alexander. "Persönliche Frömmigkeit und religiöses Erlebnis Wesenszüge der griechischen Religion am Beispiel von Heilkulten." Numen 60, no. 4 (2013): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341276.

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Abstract Ancient Greek healing cults can be studied in the context of “personal piety.” This article emphasizes personal aspects of the Greek religion. It shows that the concept of “polis religion” does not embrace major aspects of ancient Greek piety. I analyze the direct and personal relation of worshippers in healing cults, especially that of Apollo, with the deity. By doing so, I put forward a new reading of Greek religion in the context of the concept of “personal piety” developed in Egyptology. The well-known “embeddedness” of religion in the structures of the Ancient Greek city-state led to a one-sided view of ancient Greek religion, as well as to aspects of ritual and “cult” predominating in research. Simultaneously, aspects of “belief ” are often labelled as inadequate in describing Greek (and Roman) religion. Religion as ritual and cult is simply one side of the coin. Personal aspects of religion, and direct contact with the deity, based on “belief,” are thus the other side of the coin. It follows that they are also the fundament of ritual. It is necessary to combine “polis religion” with “personal piety” to display a complete picture of Greek religion. The Isyllos inscription from Epidaurus is presented here as a final and striking example for this view. It reports the foundation of a cult of the polis on behalf of a personal religious experience.

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Gkaravelas, Konstantinos, Athina Sevi, and Varvara Lagou. "Infrastructure and Teaching: University Students' Impressions on Completion of Their Internship in Greek Public Schools." International Journal of Education 13, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v13i4.19200.

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This paper focuses on exploring the perceptions expressed by students at the University of Ioannina, Greece, after the completion of their graduate education practice in State Secondary schools in the city of Ioannina. More specifically, it provides insight into the impact the school logistics infrastructure had on the teaching process and its valorization by the educators. The results of the research demonstrate that, except for the Model Experimental Schools, the State Secondary Schools are lacking not only in necessary technological equipment but also in special teaching classrooms, which, in turn, entails the teachers’ inability to valorize technological means and upgrade the teaching process applying student-centered, experiential didactic techniques.

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Davies, Penelope J. E. "A REPUBLICAN DILEMMA: CITY OR STATE? OR, THE CONCRETE REVOLUTION REVISITED." Papers of the British School at Rome 85 (July 24, 2017): 71–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246217000046.

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In a well-known passage, the Greek historian Polybius, writing in the mid-second century BC, attributes Rome's success as a republic to a perfect balance of power between its constituent elements, army, senate and people (Histories6.11); and indeed, the Republic's long survival was an achievement worth explaining. On another note, over a century later, Livy remarked how Republican Rome, with its rambling street plan and miscellany of buildings, compared unfavourably with the magnificent royal cities of the eastern Mediterranean; he put this down to hasty rebuilding after a great Gallic conflagration around 390 BC. Few scholars now accept his explanation. A handful of scholars argue for underlying rationales, usually when setting up the early city as a foil for its transformation under Augustus and subsequent emperors, and their conclusions tend towards characterizing the city's design as an unintended corollary to the annual turnover of magistrates. This article, likewise, argues for the role of government in the city's appearance; but it contends that the state of Republican urbanism was deliberate. A response, of sorts, to both ancient authors' observations, it addresses how provisions to ensure equilibrium in one of the Republic's components, the senatorial class, in the interests of preserving the res publica, came at a vital cost to the city's architectural evolution. These provisions took the form of intentional constraints (on time and money), to prevent élite Romans from building like, and thus presenting themselves as, Mediterranean monarchs. Painting with a broad chronological stroke, it traces the tension between the Roman Republic in its ideal state and the physical city, exploring the strategies élite Romans developed to work within the constraints. Only when unforeseen factors weakened the state's power to self-regulate could the built city flourish and, in doing so, further diminish the state. Many of these factors — such as increased wealth in the second century and the first-century preponderance of special commands — are known; to these, this article argues, should be added the development of concrete.

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Karvounis, Antonios. "City diplomacy and public policy in the era of COVID-19: networked responses from the Greek Capital." Studia z Polityki Publicznej 9, no. 2(34) (September 5, 2022): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kszpp/2022.2.3.

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In recent decades, more and more young actors at the international level have been claiming and aspiring to play a significant role in managing public policy issues with global reach. The recent pandemic highlighted the asymmetry of nation-state responses in managing this health threat. At a time that the return-of-the-state scenario sounded familiar, it was misleading as well. Although each national government was focusing on its own people, and each claimed to have been better prepared to fight the crisis than its neighbors, governance gaps were filled by networks of sub-national authorities, whose partnerships provided a wider geographical perspective of policy decisions. In this framework, this article assesses the role of the city diplomacy, focusing on the pandemic initiatives of the city of Athens that, due to its international affiliations, managed to fill the gaps of the measures taken for the most vulnerable groups by the central government during the pandemic of COVID-19. Desk-based research and the use of secondary sources provide the scope for our analysis.

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Leybenson, Yu T. "GRAVESTONES OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES OF TWO OLD BAKHCHYSARAI CEMETERIES." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no. 3 (2021): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-3-72-86.

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The article is devoted to the study of tombstones of the XIX – early XX centuries in the city of Bakhchysarai originating from two necropolises from the cemetery on Partisanskaya Street and from the so-called Russian Settlement. They are a vivid example of provincial Christian cemeteries. The author describes the history of the study of necropolises, their current state and problematic protection issues. It is important to note that during the work the time of foundation of the Bakhchysarai civil necropolis (on Partizanskaya Street) was specified – no later than 1813. The most interesting epitaphs are also given, testifying to the Greek employees of the Greek Battalion of Balaklava and participants in the Crimean War. An important feature is that the article contains translations of Greek epitaphs, including those compiled in honor of immigrants from Trebizond and the Chios island. The author considers epitaphs reflecting the social status, ranks of the state civil service of persons buried in Bakhchysarai. The practice of using common epitaphs and borrowing poetic texts of epitaphs on later tombstones was analyzed. Frequent and rare forms of gravestone monuments are considered too.

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Chistyakova, Anna S., Galina Yu Shestakova, Alevtina A. Gudkova, Aleksei S. Bolgov, and Fedor D. Evsikov. "Morphological analysis of <i>Polemonium Coeruleum</i> L. herb using stereo- and luminescent microscopy." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55531/2072-2354.2023.23.3.34-38.

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Aim to establish the morphological features of the ground part of Polemonium coeruleum L. Material and methods. The material of the study was the samples of Greek-valerian polemonium grass (Polemonium coeruleum L.), cultivated and harvested in the Voronezh region, the city of Bobrov, during the flowering period in the second year of life in 2021. The State Pharmacopoeia XIV standard ed. OFS.1.5.3.0003.15 "Technique for microscopic and microchemical examination of medicinal plant materials and medicinal plant preparations" was used for macroscopic analysis. Results. When studying the Greek-valerian polemonium herb, its external features were described, which can be used for "Authenticity" section when developing regulatory documentation for this type of plant material. The difference in the pubescence of Greek-valerian polemonium leaves depending on their topography was established. The presence of simple multicellular trichomes on all parts of the plant, as well as glandular trichomes on some elements of the flower, was revealed. For the first time, the nature of the autoluminescence of tissues of the Greek-valerian polemonium grass was described.

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Seirinidou, Vaso. "Policing a revolutionary capital: Public order and population control in Nafplio (1824–1826)." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0130.

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Abstract In the new hierarchy of space created by the Greek Revolution, Nafplio acquired a prominent position and soon replaced Tripolitsa as the preeminent administrative center of the fledgling state. Declared by law as the seat of the administration in September 1823, Nafplio was a stronghold during the incessant infighting that characterized the Greek struggle for independence. From June 1824 (when its fortress was handed over to the government), Nafplio served as the political and military center of the revolutionary territory. Administrative officials, politicians, primates, soldiers, and an influx of refugees thronged the city, creating conditions for overpopulation, at a time when the Ottoman–Egyptian commander Ibrahim Pasha was advancing on rebel strongholds in the Peloponnese. Based on voluminous archival records, this essay examines the policing projects carried out by the revolutionary authorities between 1825 and 1826 to address public order and security issues facing the city. The essay demonstrates that in the space of two intense years of political and military struggle, enclosed and overcrowded Nafplio became a laboratory for developing civil administration and the creation of a policed capital.

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Shenkar, Michael. "The Origin of the Sogdian Civic Communities (nāf)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 63, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 357–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341514.

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Abstract The article discusses when, how and why oligarchic, self-governed civic communities (nāf) emerged in Sogdiana. On the basis of primary sources, such as the Kultobe inscriptions, and on comparative material from the two best-known city-state cultures—the Greek poleis and the medieval north Italian republics—it is argued that the development of the Sogdian civic communities occurred during the first century BCE-second century CE, when Sogdiana was part of the nomad-ruled Kangju state. This process is linked to Sogdian colonial expansion and the growth in the volume and complexity of trade.

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Nedavnya, Olga V. "UGCC on "Greater" Ukraine: Problems, Problems, Prospects." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 23 (September 10, 2002): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2002.23.1356.

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The transfer of the governing seat of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church to the capital of Ukraine, though not equal to the Church's exit to “Greater” Ukraine, but prompts an analysis of the respective possibilities of the heir to the baptism of Vladimir. This is what the Head of her Church calls her, emphasizing essentially the main motive behind the decision to move her residence. In his "Address on the Construction of the Temple of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Kiev." Lubomyr Husar stressed that the UGCC, as "part of the Kyiv root", is now free in a free state. There is now an opportunity "to return the heart of our Church to the capital city of Kyiv, from where it was born, from where it was removed by cruel circumstances."

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Beatriz Borba Florenzano, Maria. "Cities And Peripheral Areas In The Ancient Word." Heródoto: Revista do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Antiguidade Clássica e suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas 4, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/herodoto.2019.v4.10083.

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The interview with Professor Maria Beatriz Borba Florenzano of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo (MAE-USP), discusses the professional and academic career and the transition of her object of study made between numismatics and the ancient city. The interview highlights the history and importance of the Labeca laboratory in achieving the research objectives. The interview also focuses on the new perspectives and contributions of history and archeology that reveal the complexity and diversity of ancient Greek cities, beyond Athenocentrism and concepts of polis, city-state, colony and periphery. Finally, Maria Beatriz Borba Florenzano considers the relationship and importance of these debates in contemporary Brazil, also speaking also about the reception of the MAE exhibition “A Pólis: viver na cidade grega”.

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Kabadayi, M. Erdem. "Working for the State in the Urban Economies of Ankara, Bursa, and Salonica: From Empire to Nation State, 1840s–1940s." International Review of Social History 61, S24 (December 2016): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901600047x.

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AbstractIn most cases, and particularly in the cases of Greece and Turkey, political transformation from multinational empire to nation state has been experienced to a great extent in urban centres. In Ankara, Bursa, and Salonica, the cities selected for this article, the consequences of state-making were drastic for all their inhabitants; Ankara and Bursa had strong Greek communities, while in the 1840s Salonica was the Jewish metropolis of the eastern Mediterranean, with a lively Muslim community. However, by the 1940s, Ankara and Bursa had lost almost all their non-Muslim inhabitants and Salonica had lost almost all its Muslims. This article analyses the occupational structures of those three cities in the mid-nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth, tracing the role of the state as an employer and the effects of radical political change on the city-level historical dynamics of labour relations.

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Hujan, Harry. "From rural sulawesi back to the greek city-state: Extending the empirical base of the study of domestic housing." Journal of Environmental Psychology 12, no. 3 (September 1992): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80142-2.

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Perris, Simon. "Is There a Polis in Euripides’ Medea?" Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 34, no. 2 (November 11, 2017): 318–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340130.

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Abstract The polis is a dominant force in scholarship on Greek tragedy, including Euripides’ Medea. This paper addresses the question of whether there is, in fact, a polis (i.e. a Greek-style city-state) in the play. The polis proper does not often feature in tragedy. Euripides’ Corinth, like many urban centres in tragedy, is a generic palatial settlement ruled by a king. It is not a community of citizens. Creon is a non-constitutional absolute hereditary monarch, and it is a commonplace of tragedy that absolute sole role is antithetical to the idea of the polis. Medea is exiled, not ostracised; she is never a metic. Her relationships and actions are governed by elite xenia, not citizenship. Thus, though ‘political’ interpretations of Medea are all to the good, polis-centric interpretations become much less attractive once one observes the almost complete absence of the polis from the play.

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Winterhager, Philipp. "The diaconiae of Early Medieval Rome: From “Greek” to “Roman”, from “Private” to “Papal”?" Endowment Studies 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 90–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-00302001.

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Abstract Traditionally, scholarship has seen the history of the diaconiae, charitable foundations in the city of Rome, in line with the alleged general trends in Roman history in the early Middle Ages, i.e. the gradual “Romanization” of formerly “Greek” elements of Byzantine origin, and the “papalization” of secular (state and private) initiatives, both taking place primarily in the mid-8th century. Although the diaconiae had come under papal control as late as the 9th and eventually the 10th centuries, this paper argues that this development took place not as an abandonment of private forms of endowments prominent in Byzantine Rome, but namely through the appropriation of “post-Byzantine” aristocratic endowment practice by the popes around the turn of the 9th century.

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