Статті в журналах з теми "Grass root innovation"

Abstract: When the winds of change blow, some people build walls, others build windmills. Innovation has taken over as the hub of quality improvement and each spoke of life is being driven by continuous improvement of these innovations. In an inexorably serious ecosystem, components such as innovation and quality can continue to prompt an upper hand. A comparative study of various world class consulting organizations, observed that innovation was among the main three vital needs for 95% of organizations, besides evaluation and metrics (1,2,3). This is to a limited extent because of innovations having the option to give extraordinary deliverables and iterations which make more prominent incentives for end users, just as monetary advantages for the organization (4). Further exploration proposes “Quality” is at the forefront of innovations. Quality management applications have likewise been related with functional and monetary execution permitting firms to accomplish objectives on priority at the grass root level first and scale up. (5,6) . Keywords: Innovation, Quality, Metrics, Evaluation, Standards.

Abstract Social innovation should represent a step forward activation policies, promoting a new balance between economic development and social cohesion, reducing inequalities and vulnerability. The Third sector is a privileged sphere of social innovation: there are many expectations on its ability to provide innovative answers to unaddressed social needs; one area of its intervention are youth policies. In Italy, the Third sector reform established new provisions on volunteering, civil service and social entrepreneurship, which should primarily benefit the youth. It allows to explore the double face of the Third sector transformation and of the European rhetoric on social innovation. On the one side institutions are trying to recognize emerging grass-root practices which combine social involvement, professional fulfillment and political action in order to respond new societal challenges. On the other side, the market is still fundamental in practices and discourses around social innovation, that maintain many contradictions of the activation policies.

<p>Organizational effectiveness influences the NGOs performance in various important aspects like stakeholders’ satisfaction, expertise solutions in their area of operation, goal achievement and innovation. NGOs operate in order to improve their beneficiaries’ quality of life aspects. The present study focuses on the relationship between the effectiveness of NGOs and the quality of life experiences of their beneficiaries. Using standard stratified disproportionate random sampling method 10 NGOs were selected, further from the sample list of 10 NGOs 100 staff members and 300 beneficiaries were selected for the purpose of the present study. The result indicated that the effectiveness of NGOs and QOL of the beneficiaries are positively and significantly correlated. To be more specific “ Programme Effectiveness”, as a dimension of the effectiveness of NGOs was the strongest correlate of QOL, followed by “ Agency Appreciation”, “ Innovation” and “Grass Root Impact”. All the least correlated dimensions are “Target Group Involvement” and “Resource Appreciation”. </p><p> </p>

As one of the worlds foremost emerging markets, India holds great potential in areas of trade, technology, innovation and manufacturing. An important facilitator for this would be the digital connectivity and permittivity in the country. Digitalization of processes and services across its length and breadth would help pave the way for more industrialization and development in the fastest growing economy. It is important to note that India has made rapid strides in this and achieved a lot of digital permittivity. While the huge population of India and its industrious populace offer a huge opportunity in this direction, many challenges remain in navigating this path. Digitalization ultimately has to reach the grass root level and this paper examines these aspects on a broad scale.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria effects on anatomical characteristics and nutritional value of Brachiaria (Syn. Urochloa) brizantha cv. BRS Piatã. The experimental design applied was completely randomized design with three treatments: (1) non-inoculated unfertilized-control plants (C-), (2) non-inoculated fertilized-control plants (C+) and (3) B. brizantha inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM-32111) and Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM-32113). The following parameters were evaluated at 35 days after seedling emergence: biomass production, plant height, net photosynthesis (A), water-use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll (SPAD), anatomical and nutritional. The rhizobacteria modified the anatomy of the leaf, culm and roots of B. brizantha. They also increased the chlorophyll content, A, WUE, total soluble carbohydrates, starch and crude protein contents, N, P, Mg and Fe concentrations, plant height, root area and biomass production. Therefore, we conclude that co-inoculation with P. fluorescens (BRM-32111) and B. pyrrocinia (BRM-32113) modified the anatomy and biochemistry of B. brizantha, promoting growth and nutrient accumulation. Therefore, these findings set up the basis for additional exploratory studies, using these rhizobacteria as biotechnological innovation with potential of use as biofertilizer in B. brizantha, aiming higher productivity and nutritive value in a more eco-friendly and sustainable pasture production system.

This paper recommends that there is an important role of Information Technology in the field of women empowerment such empowerment could easily be seen higher in the Urban and rural Tamil Nadu. There is high time for providing training for the women with the support of the administration for strengthening the National Computer literacy Mission. There must be the provision of allocation of budget and funding for testing conceptual framework at the grass root level to assess the effectiveness of empowering women through Information Technology. In India, women face enormous challenges with respect to health, education, and economic empowerment. For example, maternal mortality and malnutrition remain major problems, about third of women are unable to read and write, and economic opportunities are limited by pervasive discrimination and lack of access to market information. Mobile innovation is transforming lives for the better for women in a variety of ways across India. We recognize that the scaling of women-centered mobile programs and applications can only be achieved with improved financial, commercial, and marketing incentives and of course, cooperation. Thorough mobile application training we hope make a start – by financially supporting and recognizing innovative mobile and Web based applications and their potential in a public forum.

Human beings came to the world along with ideas which got nurtured and transmitted from generation to generation. To upgrade quality of life he became educated through formal, informal and non-formal ways. Curriculum was structured formally at different levels of education which is being upgraded and refined from time to time. Here in this paper an attempt has been made to relocate the paradigm shift in curriculum in a mission mode taking the suggestions as follows: Culture specific pedagogy; Moral Education for revival; Curricular renovation, reformation and innovation in terms of reality and fact; Vocationalization in true sense; Emphasis on Practical aspect; Meeting the needs of the locality; Imparting Patriotism through curriculum; Preaching and practising Yoga Education; Indian Traditional Culture from the age old spiritual scriptures; Committee consisting people having practical experience from the grass root level; Placing importance upon joyful learning; Providing opportunity to prepare the ground for all round development; Meeting aims of educations from a broader perspective; Adopting innovation of other countries; Fund for conducting Research; Application of Research findings; Finding the Vision and Mission; Making them free from the over burden of examination; Protecting environment through education; Emphasizing experiential learning; To inculcate global human values among the youth; To prepare for global citizenship.

The transfer of useful knowledge on Good agricultural management practices and technologies to the farmers and influencing the policy decisions in India is evident in agricultural Extension and it improved the production of food grains and other agricultural commodities since long time (Sajesh, VK and A Suresh 2016 ). Number of extension techniques, tools, methods, approaches were used by the extension specialists to achieve this targets. As number of extension methodologies and approaches are available at the desk of an extension agent and a combination of extension methods and Innovative extension approaches are always proven in reaching the farming community. Thus leading to the adoption of the technologies and increasing the farm productivity further to socio economic changes in rural society. In India the state department of agriculture is looking after the job of transfer of technology and during 1974 the ICAR established the KVKs at District level to meet the Extension needs of the Department of agriculture and Farmers. As an innovation, the ANGRAU established the DAATTCs (District Agricultural Advisory and transfer of Technology centre) during 1998 at district head quarters with an objective to test the Minikits and pre released technologies, Diagnosis and immediate solution to the farmers by the Scientists, Capacity building of farmers, rural youth and grass root level Extension functionaries and to work in convergence with line Departments to increase the out reach of Agricultural Technologies.

Purpose The European H2020 Families_Share project aims at offering a grass-root approach and a co-designed platform supporting families for sharing time and tasks related to childcare, parenting, after-school and leisure activities and other household tasks. To achieve this objective, the Families_Share project has been built on current practices which are already leveraging on mutual help and support among families, such as Time Banks, Social Streets and self-organizing networks of parents active at the neighbourhood level and seek to harness the potential of ICT networks and mobile technologies to increase the effectiveness of participatory innovation. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the Families_Share methodology and platform, as well as the results obtained by several partecipating communities in different European countries. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses how the Families Share approach (CAPS project, Horizon 2020) is bringing the sharing economy to childcare. Families Share developed a co-caring approach and a co-designed digital welfare platform to support parents with sharing time and tasks related to childcare, after-school and leisure activities. Families Share conducted two iterative pilot experiments and related socio-economic evaluations in six European cities. More than 3,000 citizens were engaged in the co-design process through their local community organizations and more than 1,700 parents and children actively experimented with the approach by organizing collaborative childcare activities. The authors discuss the challenges and solutions of co-designing a socio-technical approach aimed at facilitating socially innovative childcare models, and how the Families Share approach, based on technology-supported co-production of childcare, may provide a new sustainable welfare model for municipalities and companies with respect to life––work balance. Findings The authors discuss the challenges and solutions of co-designing a technological tool aimed at facilitating socially innovative childcare models, and how the Families Share approach may provide a new sustainable welfare model for municipalities and companies with respect to work–life balance. Originality/value As a main difference with state-of-the-art proposals, Families_Share is aimed to provide support to networks of parents in the organization of self-managed activities, this way being orthogonal with respect either to social-network functionalities or to supply and demand services. Furthermore, Families_Share has been based on a participative approach for both the ICT platform and the overall structure.

The 1900–1920 decades of the Progressive Era constitute a seminal period in American political history, evinced by successful invocation of government authority to contend with consequences of life in an urban, industrial, multicultural society. Legislative precedents established at the state and national level used public power to meet the needs of citizens unable individually to defend themselves against social and economic problems stemming from the brutal, take-off stage of industrial capitalism in the United States. Many scholars view the political transition marking these decades as profoundly significant for the development of public policies, if not for the very creation of the modern American state. This research investigates the electoral bases of national policy innovation in the Progressive Era.

Organic and low-input food systems are emerging worldwide in answer to the sustainability crisis of the conventional agri-food sector. “Alternative” systems are based on local, decentralized approaches to production and processing, regarding quality and health, and short supply-chains for products with strong local identities. Diversity is deeply embedded in these food systems, from the agrobiodiversity grown in farmers’ fields, which improves resilience and adaptation, to diverse approaches, contexts and actors in food manufacturing and marketing. Diversity thus becomes a cross-sectoral issue which acknowledges consumers’ demand for healthy products. In the framework of the European project “CERERE, CEreal REnaissance in Rural Europe: embedding diversity in organic and low-input food systems”, the paper aims at reviewing recent research on alternative and sustainable food systems by adopting an innovative and participatory multi-actor approach; this has involved ten practitioners and twenty-two researchers from across Europe and a variety of technical backgrounds in the paper and analysis stages. The participatory approach is the main innovation and distinctive feature of this literature review. Partners selected indeed what they perceived as most relevant in order to facilitate a transition towards more sustainable and diversity based cereal systems and food chains. This includes issues related to alternative food networks, formal and informal institutional settings, grass root initiatives, consumer involvement and, finally, knowledge exchange and sustainability. The review provides an overview of recent research that is relevant to CERERE partners as well as to anyone interested in alternative and sustainable food systems. The main objective of this paper was indeed to present a narrative of studies, which can form the foundation for future applied research to promote alternative methods of cereal production in Europe.

Subject area Emerging markets – marketing and business strategy; social entrepreneurship; opportunity identification; frugal innovation. Study level/applicability MBA; marketing management; specialis ed courses such as entrepreneurship and international marketing. Data rich case, but analytical difficulty is only moderate. Case overview Reboot Systems was conceived as a reverse engineering/refurbishing company for used computers when Rahul Chowdhury and Subbarao came in contact with Anand Tater who had started a small business in the used computer market. The team recognised the potential of the refurbished computer market in India, which was largely unorganised with penetration of personal computers pegged at less than 5 per cent. They identified the opportunity to address the digital divide, caused by lack of affordability and accessibility, by providing inexpensive “as good as new” used computers to those who aspired to own a computer. Additionally, in extending the life of used computers on a large-scale through “frugal innovation”, they hoped to reduce the extent of e-waste generated in the economy. This case provides a rich description of an emerging market characterised by market heterogeneity, social-political governance with poor policy measures, unorganised markets, chronic shortage of resources and inadequate infrastructure. Entrepreneurs hoping to address social issues must tackle these problems at the grass-root level and come up with improvised solutions that address the unique needs of the heterogeneous and resource constrained market. Some of Reboot Systems pressing challenges were in building a viable strategic approach to the market and ensuring scalability in a sustainable way. Expected learning outcomes An understanding of the characteristics of an emerging market from a macro (environmental) as well as micro (industry specific) perspective, an appreciation of opportunity identification and improvisation in emerging markets as well as differentiating “frugal” innovation from the idea of “Jugaad”, an understanding of the role of strategic vision and mission in accomplishing social and business objectives, an understanding of how to develop sustainability and competitive advantage from a social as well as business perspective. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Model development of rice farming in the production centre area at Payangan Sub-district of Gianyar is designed to introduce a model called rice field laboratory. The principle of the model used is "build, operate and transfer (BOT), refering to a the disseminated model of innovation which is a large scale pilot model at the grass root level. The study introduced new varieties “Inpari”24 as an attempt to replace the old varieties that has lower productivity. Cultivation technology by implementing Legowo System 2: 1. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of new variety Inpari 24 in the cropping system in Subak Amerta Nadi, Kerta Village, Sub-district of Payangan Gianyar in the growing season 2014. This study used a randomized block design with two treatments of different cropping systems, namely: Legowo 2: 1 (40 x 20 x 10 cm) and tiles (20 x 20 cm), repeated 10 times. Variables observed in this study were: plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, number of grains per panicle and empty grains and yield per hectare. Data were analysed through analysis of variance, then followed by LSD test at 5% level. It was concluded that: (a) cropping systems significantly affected all variables of rice production, (b) the highest productivity was Legowo System which was 7.50 tons / ha, increased by 26.68% compared to tiles cropping system (the method used by farmers).Keywords: Inpari 24; planting system; rice

This paper concerns the problem of how to learn to grasp dexterously, so as to be able to then grasp novel objects seen only from a single viewpoint. Recently, progress has been made in data-efficient learning of generative grasp models that transfer well to novel objects. These generative grasp models are learned from demonstration (LfD). One weakness is that, as this paper shall show, grasp transfer under challenging single-view conditions is unreliable. Second, the number of generative model elements increases linearly in the number of training examples. This, in turn, limits the potential of these generative models for generalization and continual improvement. In this paper, it is shown how to address these problems. Several technical contributions are made: (i) a view-based model of a grasp; (ii) a method for combining and compressing multiple grasp models; (iii) a new way of evaluating contacts that is used both to generate and to score grasps. Together, these improve grasp performance and reduce the number of models learned. These advances, in turn, allow the introduction of autonomous training, in which the robot learns from self-generated grasps. Evaluation on a challenging test set shows that, with innovations (i)–(iii) deployed, grasp transfer success increases from 55.1% to 81.6%. By adding autonomous training this rises to 87.8%. These differences are statistically significant. In total, across all experiments, 539 test grasps were executed on real objects.

Experimental studies have proven the effectiveness of the use of the herbal dietary supplement "Immunocort" in the technology of rennet cheese "Mozzarella Ukrainian". "Immunocort" is an herbal preparation that contains a balanced complex of immunoactive plants aimed at strengthening the immune system and eliminating immunodeficiency. The composition of the dietary supplement includes astragalus herb, echinacea root, Damascus blackberry seeds, currant leaf, string grass, Uncaria bark, and ant tree bark. Based on organoleptic and physical-chemical studies, it was established that the best option in the manufacture of "Mozzarella Ukrainian" cheese is to add to the normalized mixture before its pasteurization of the "Immunocort" supplement in the amount of 3 % by weight of the normalized mixture. A study was conducted on the effect of the coagulation temperature and pasteurization temperature on the synergistic properties of the cheese clot. These indicators confirmed the significant importance for the transition of solids into whey in the process of making rennet cheese "Mozzarella Ukrainian" with the bio additive "Immunocort". It was found that with an increase in temperature, there was a decrease in the syneretic ability of cheese clots. The efficiency of using solids increased with increasing pasteurization temperature. The relatively low content of dry substances in whey at high pasteurization temperatures can be explained by the denaturation of whey proteins and their transition to a cheese clot. The best results were achieved at the pasteurization temperature (86±2) °C and the coagulation temperature (32±2) °C. The data obtained could make it possible to manage the process of making new types of cheeses with vegetable additives, depending on the specific conditions and requirements for the product

AbstractMicrofinance institutions (MFIs) is a worldwide movement. This study aims to describe the key conditions in the rapid development of community-owned MFIs, namely LPD (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa/Village Credit Institution), through case study in LPD Kedonganan Village, Badung Regency of Bali. This village was selected for few reasons i.e. the shifting of people livelihood from fishery-based to tourism-related livelihood, the well-manage of coastal commons for fishery, tourism spot, and religious-related activities. Data collection was conducted through several visits during 2007 to 2018. This research adopted qualitative approach through observation and depth-interview with local leaders, MFI managers and users to discover their perspective about the MFI. Secondary data was also collected from various reports of LPD Kedonganan. The study showed that LPD was established, owned, and managed by the community through a custom village. LPD distributed credits to various components of the society and business including tourism and fisheries-related business, in and out of village territory, and to male and female customers, with various types, scales, and sectors. The healthy financial performance of the institution was clearly depicted by its rapidly growing profit and equity, and its low percentage of a non-performing loan for more than three decades. The better growing LPD has attracted various socio-economic investments in the grass root, for example a collective-owned and managed seafood restaurant. Overall, the study identified that the community had made such successful and sustainable collective-owned resource arrangement. The arrangement had been evolved and built by sharing rules linked to community values, customs and faith. As a result, the emerging institutions had contributed remarkable roles to rural socio-cultural and economic development and showed the opportunity to enhance some cooperative behaviors for sustainable governance of resources and rural livelihood. AbstrakLembaga keuangan mikro (LKM) telah menjadi gerakan yang mendunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan faktor-faktor keberhasilan pengelolaan LKM berbasis masyarakat, yaitu LPD (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa), melalui studi kasus di LPD Desa Kedonganan, Kabupaten Badung Bali. Desa ini dipilih karena beberapa alasan antara lain terjadi pergeseran cepat sumber penghidupan masyarakat dari berbasis perikanan (sektor primer) ke pariwisata (sektor tersier), desa mampu mengelola sumberdaya milik bersama di pesisir secara baik untuk kegiatan perikanan, tempat wisata, dan kegiatan terkait keagamaan/budaya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui beberapa kunjungan selama tahun 2007 hingga 2018. Penelitian ini mengadopsi pendekatan kualitatif melalui observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan para pemimpin lokal, manajemen LPD, dan pengguna untuk memahami perspektif mereka tentang LKM. Data sekunder juga dikumpulkan dari berbagai laporan LPD Kedonganan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa LPD didirikan, dimiliki, dan dikelola oleh masyarakat melalui desa adat. LPD mendistribusikan kredit ke berbagai komponen masyarakat dan bisnis termasuk pariwisata dan bisnis terkait perikanan, melingkupi pengguna dalam dan luar wilayah desa, dan kelompok laki-laki dan wanita, dengan berbagai jenis, skala, dan sektor ekonomi. Kinerja keuangan lembaga yang sehat secara jelas ditunjukkan dengan laba dan ekuitasnya yang berkembang pesat, dan rendahnya pinjaman bermasalah selama lebih dari tiga dekade. LPD yang tumbuh lebih baik telah menarik berbagai investasi sosial-ekonomi di masyarakat, misalnya restoran makanan laut yang dimiliki dan dikelola secara kolektif. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian mengidentifikasi bahwa masyarakat mampu mengelola sumber daya yang dimiliki secara kolektif secara menguntungkan dan berkelanjutan. Model pengelolaan tersebut telah dikembangkan dan dibangun dengan berbagi aturan yang terkait dengan nilai-nilai masyarakat, adat istiadat, dan kepercayaan. Model kelembagaan ini telah berperan peran penting bagi pembangunan sosial-budaya dan ekonomi pedesaan dan menunjukkan peluang untuk meningkatkan perilaku kerja sama untuk tata kelola sumber daya dan mata pencaharian pedesaan yang berkelanjutan.

The long-drawn process of institutionalization of decentralized planning in Kerala has impacted grass root level agricultural development in several ways. The regular interactions of officials and farmers in the process significantly have influenced service delivery to the public forming innovative solutions, fruitful experiences and institutional learnings. But there is an urgent need to scale up farmer participation in the process by enhancing efficacy of the process of institutionalisation. Delineation of the determinants of the efficacy of decentralised agricultural planning at grass root level in Kerala is of utmost importance to address various dimensions of the institutionalisation process lagging behind and to enhance efficacy. It was done based on a set of dimensions selected through literature review and expert rating. Among various steps, integration of projects, finalisation of annual plan by the local governments, formation of panchayath planning committee, consolidation of local plans to district plans and prioritisation and resource allocation by local bodies received low perceived efficacy scores. The factor analysis of the data delineated development-participation inter dependence, group decision making & performance, experience -accountability capabilities, and knowledge mediationas four factors explaining maximum variance in the perceived efficacy of institutionalization of decentralized planning in agriculture in Kerala.

One of the potential dry land food plants developed in Indonesia is sorghum. Sorghum is a kind of grass crop and is still a family with rice, corn and wheat. The carbohydrate content in the seeds is quite high, so it can be consumed as staple food, along with the development of many innovations that are done to make this plant to be better known and in the community's favor, one of the processed sorghum is Flakes, Sorghum Flakes is a processed food based on sorghum with the addition of beetroot root, sugar, salt and water. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of sorghum flour (30 gr, 60 gr, 90 gr) and beetroot flour (5 gr, 10gr, 15 gr) to the characteristics of Flakes, Organoleptic parameters were analyzed statistically using the Fridmen test while to find out the best treatment in the test Organoleptic tests were carried out on the effectiveness index test, the experimental design used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 2 factors and 3 repetitions. The best treatment is determined by the effectiveness index test with the calculation results show the best treatment is on S2B2 with a formulation of 60gr sorghum flour and 10gr beetroot flour

With the rise of global sustainable development, green technology innovation has also become the focus of academic research. This article aims to conduct research based on the abstract concept of the Internet of Things behavior based on green technology. A matrix is constructed based on the collected sample data to calculate and analyze so as to intuitively grasp the current situation of the entire industry. From the above data calculated according to the fuzzy hierarchy comprehensive evaluation method, it can be seen that the comprehensive score of the green technology innovation behavior of cable companies is 64.261 points, which belong to the left end of the range between 60 and 80 in the rating scale;, in other words, the company’s innovation capability has a certain degree of stability. The degree has just reached a “high” level, and there is still a lot of room for improvement. The efficiency weight (0.3343) score of the enterprise’s benefit distribution mechanism is relatively low at 55.919. For managers of cable companies, green innovation is fundamental, and the awareness of green innovation should be improved to further promote the development of green technology innovation for the entire cable company.

Background: Vascular ligation and its detachment remain a necessary skill for a surgeon. We often use two threads of the same color to ligate a vessel. However, some problems (grasping the mixed-up threads and/or difficulty in releasing the entanglement) may occur while using same colored ligatures. To solve these problems, we devised to use ligatures of different colors, and here, we present this ingenious idea. Methods: When a vessel is encountered that needs to be cut, we pass two different colored threads behind it. Results: We can grasp the two threads without mixing them up. In addition, in case of entanglement, unwinding of the entangled threads is quicker. We then finally tie a knot with these threads and cut the vessel visible between them. Conclusion: Using different colored ligatures enhance surgical convenience in the operating room.

Subject area The given case deals with the fact that primary objectives of services producers and marketers are identical to those of all marketers: to develop and provide offerings that satisfy consumer needs and expectations, thereby ensuring their own economic survival. To achieve these objectives, service providers need to understand how consumers choose, experience, and evaluate their service offerings. It also talks about employing innovative techniques at the basic level by optimizing available resources offering quality service at value based pricing, thereby, increasing customer retention by developing the trust of the consumer. Study level/applicability Graduation or post graduation level students studying subjects pertaining to the services aspect of marketing, namely innovative service offerings, value for money, service experience and evaluation, challenge of integrating the 4 A's of services marketing and offering them in sustainable quality, promotional or communication mix for services and consumer behaviour. Case overview Today's dual-career couples, single-parent families, and two-job families are realizing a burning consumer need: more time. Individuals in these and other non-traditional family configurations are overstressed with their work and home obligations and find that dealing with many of life's everyday tasks is overwhelming. For many customers, all types of shopping have become “drudgery or worse.” The antidote to this time deficiency is found in many new services that recover time for consumers. One such professional service is catering. The present case study deals with grass root level innovations in this service offering that adds flavour to our lives. Expected learning outcomes Understanding the catering services offering and its features in evolving consumer's world; analyzing the importance of optimizing available resources and offering customer satisfaction, ensuring marketers own economic survival; realizing the significance of value offering and related value based pricing for services; comprehending the importance of word of mouth in post experience evaluation in services; the effect of quality and quantity consciousness in marketers while offering catering services; and understanding obstacles and challenges faced by small and medium service industries at the initial level. Supplementary materials Teaching notes.

A key challenge in robotic bipedal locomotion is the design of feedback controllers that function well in the presence of uncertainty, in both the robot and its environment. This paper addresses the design of feedback controllers and periodic gaits that function well in the presence of modest terrain variation, without over-reliance on perception and a priori knowledge of the environment. Model-based design methods are introduced and subsequently validated in simulation and experiment on MARLO, an underactuated three-dimensional bipedal robot that is of roughly human size and is equipped with an inertial measurement unit and joint encoders. Innovations include an optimization method that accounts for multiple types of disturbances and a feedback control design that enables continuous velocity-based posture regulation via nonholonomic virtual constraints. Using a single continuously defined controller taken directly from optimization, MARLO traverses sloped sidewalks and parking lots, terrain covered with randomly thrown boards, and grass fields, all while maintaining average walking speeds between 0.9 and 0.98 m/s and setting a new precedent for walking efficiency in realistic environments.

This research focused on the innovation of Tarragon Leaves, Curry Leaves, and Garlic Vines for the purpose of utilizing some herbs that are mostly unnoticed in the Philippines but have culinary potentials. The process involved a careful selection of raw materials, drying, formulation, testing, packaging, and labeling. To come up with a fully organic and desirable flavor, formulations were tested and evaluated by 10 food experts to determine the product’s general acceptability in terms of its quality attributes. Paired T-test was used for data interpretation using SPSS. The results showed that the product yields 44 calories per 9 grams of serving with a very low moisture content of 6.24%, therefore proving that it is safe and not susceptible to microbial growth. The product can also last for a month at room temperature or longer under proper storage conditions. Sensory evaluation results revealed that based on general acceptability, TCG local herbs highly complements grilled chicken, beef, pork, and fish respectively with a mean rating of 8.0, 7.3, 7.2, and 6.2 wherein seasoned chicken was perceived as “like very much” and seasoned fish with “like slightly”. As careful steps were completed, this research made the innovation of organic and underutilized herbs possible.

This article assesses the impacts of bottom-up local governing institutions relative to top-down bureaucracies in local service delivery. Community services districts (CSDs) in California, a class of special districts that provides various neighborhood-level services, are examined to answer this question. An innovative characteristic of this institutional form is that it is residents who create them through a grass-root collective action to achieve a bottom-up governance structure, after opting out from a county service system. With changes in residential property values as performance metrics, the quantitative analysis utilizes district formation events and features a hedonic difference-in-difference regression. The results show that the creation of CSDs produces more significant impacts on property values than county authorities do. Yet, the effects are heterogeneous across the communities when the analysis is further drilled down to each district. The exploratory qualitative case study then uses interview data with district managers and document analysis to unveil what administrative factors explain the success and failure trajectory of bottom-up institution management. The case study identifies such factors as critical codeterminants, including managerial and board leadership, clarity of a problem statement, public support, and intergovernmental coordination with county and state agencies.

Using the bag-of-word model to represent the textual data of XML documents may not be beneficial in XML clustering by content and structure. Indeed, the occurrence of similar structure-constrained textual items across distinct XML documents may enforce relatedness, despite the possibly different meaning implied by the order of item occurrence in the respective contexts. We propose XML clustering by structure-constrained phrases. It is a new method that better captures the meaning of the structure-constrained textual items of XML documents, by resorting to the more accurate bag-of-phrase model for improved clustering effectiveness. In order to conduct an in-depth and systematic study of the validity of the proposed method, we develop a parameter-free approach, that projects the XML documents into a space of XML features corresponding to sequences of textual items in the context of root-to-leaf paths. Automatic feature selection allows for choosing a subset of XML features, whose relevance is assessed through an innovative scoring scheme. The devised approach can operate with representations of the XML documents over both fixed- and mixed-length sequences of contextualized textual items. A novel criterion is presented to combine XML features with mixed lengths. A comparative experimentation on real-world benchmark XML corpora reveals the overcoming effectiveness of our approach. This highlights the potential of XML clustering by structure-constrained phrases and fosters further efforts. The scalability of the devised approach is also investigated.

In dire straits we always look for ways to equip our self with latest information or knowledge available so that we can have a grasp of what is happen. Eventually, design production issues in Malaysia seriously need a new frontier for future design development in Malaysia. Co-creation value, the new approach or method most debated for the past few years, re-known as efficient tools to create new value proposition. The new approach is customer centric, rather than products only focus. Hence, involving customer, design and stakeholder to create new value creation, this new approach create new opportunities that lead to competitive and innovative services and products. Whereby, user share their personal interest and personal behaviours to erect and actualized new value creation by envision future services. This study aims to investigate a unique proposition actualized from nuances of co-creation value attributes and characteristic. Whereby, the attributes and characteristic of co-creation value can be apply to design production in Malaysia, and create value-in-exchange in good services or products. Thus, this paper propose a critical report and suggestion obtain, pertinent to characteristic and attributes of co-creation value. The report and study clearly provide an insight of what co-creation value approach can promise to Malaysia design studies and root of design production. This paper further contributes to the literature on the co-creation of value and digital ecosystems.

Background: India has made considerable progress over the last two decades in the area of maternal and child health, through innovative and comprehensive health packages that covers the spectrum of Reproductive Child Health (RCH). Awareness of the special vulnerability of the cohort of mothers with ‘high risk factor’ has led to the popular recognition of ‘risk approach’, involving the optimal use of existing MCH services, providing essential obstetrical care for all with early detection of complications and emergency services for those who need it, thus reducing the need for intensive care along with reduction in perinantal mortality. The objective was to assess the prevalence of various maternal risk factors in pregnant women in hospital admissions and their correlation with perinatal mortality.Methods: The present study was carried out on 2050 consecutive deliveries from 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2016 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Pediatrics, Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh, India. All the pregnant women were interviewed and examined in detail at the onset of labor regarding various biosocio-economic characteristics, history of past and present medical and obstetrical complications.Results: The PNMR (93.66/1000 birth) observed in present study was still at a higher level and comparable to that in other studies done by various authors in past in this region. A significantly higher PNMR was observed with increase in maternal age and parity (3 times higher PNMR at >35 years and 2 ½ times higher PNMR at parity >5). Similarly, medical illnesses (3 times higher PNMR) and obstetrical complications (1.5 times higher PNMR) during present pregnancy were showing significant effect on perinatal outcome. In a multivariate analysis, residence (rural /urban), place and number of antenatal visits, gestational age and type of delivery remained as most significant maternal risk factors (p<0.005) after multiple logistic regression of other factors viz. maternal age, height, weight, parity, education, socio-economic status and antepartum anemia.Conclusions: It is heartening to observe that highest risk is associated with simple and easily identifiable factors like, unbooked cases, <3 antenatal visits, severe anemia, age >35 years, parity >5, weight <40 kg, height < 140cm , poor dietary calories, medical and obstetrical complications. These can identified from history only by grass root workers like traditional birth attendants and even elderly female family members. These risk determinants, labeled as simple but ‘high’ high risk are associated with poor perinatal outcome. If these factors are timely identified at community level and appropriately referred by grass root workers, it will significantly reduce perinatal mortality and improve neonatal survival.

Background: Well-crafted engineering solutions have overcome technical challenges faced by surgeons. We present a collaborative effort to develop an innovative solution aimed at saving time and subsequently operating room costs in procedures utilizing a traditional stereotactic system. Methods: We met with our University’s local engineering team to collaborate a solution over a much-appreciated intra-operative technology gap with respect to mechanical adjustment of a stereotactic frame’s co-ordinates. AUTO-CAD software simulated our design, which was materialized with a 3D printer using PLA (polyactic acid). Results: We present a novel stereotactic system where co-ordinates can be digitally entered remotely to localize a point in 3D space. As such, this automated stereotactic frame decreases operative time when compared to manually adjusting a traditional stereotactic system such as the Leksell system. In addition our remote controlled stereotactic system helps minimize human-factor risks and allows one the option to modify stereotactic system co-ordinates from a non-sterile field. Conclusions: Marriage between Engineering and Neurosurgery can improve clinical outcomes for patients suffering from neurological diseases. We provide a grass roots organization’s attempt at overcoming an operative need by designing a remote controlled stereotactic system.

The mobile house for two-phase litter rearing piglets was developed in the conditions of pasture their housing, the feature of which is that its side walls and roof are made in the form of two similar in shape and length of arched panels. In the back wall of the inner shield is a litter box, a self-feeder for piglets, a feed unit for a sow and a wicket, and in the front wall of the outer shield are doors with a wicket. Along with this, all walls and the roof of the litter box are made of transparent plastic, and the wall located near the self-feeding trough is also made perforated. In addition, the lower edge of the side wall of the inner arch-shaped shield has slides in which the lower edge of the side wall of the outer arc-shaped shield is inserted. A house with transformable fences has been developed to rear the young pigs. The structural feature of the house is the presence on the outside of the walls of the bobbins with a metal mesh edged at the bottom with a flexible sleeve. In order to ensure the conditions of gentle etching of the vegetation cover and to prevent damage to the turf of the pasture, the house can be completed with another type of hedge consisting of two hinged sections with doors on each side of the fence. In addition, the horizontal wings are rigidly attached to the hedge and connected by a metal mesh around the perimeter, the size of the cells of which ensures that the grass is eaten but prevents the turf of the pasture from being undermined. The developed devices for camp-pasture and feeding of maternal stock, suckling pigs, weaning pigs, repair and fattening pigs are well suited for year-round closed non-waste organic pork production using cultural and natural agricultural land. Key words: housing, feeding, devices, sows, piglets, young animals, pasture, organic pork.

Background: Hemiparesis caused by a stroke negatively limits a patient’s motor function. Nowadays, innovative technologies such as robots are commonly used in upper limb rehabilitation. The main goal of robot-aided therapy is to provide a maximum number of stimuli in order to stimulate brain neuroplasticity. Treatment applied in this study via the AMADEO robot aimed to improve finger flexion and extension. Aim: To assess the effect of rehabilitation assisted by a robot and enhanced by surface EMG. Research project: Before-after study design. Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 10 post-stroke patients enrolled for therapy with the AMADEO robot for at least 15 sessions. At the beginning and at the end of treatment, the following tests were used for clinical assessment: Fugl-Meyer scale, Box and Block test and Nine Hole Peg test. In the present study, we used surface electromyography (sEMG) to maintain optimal kinematics of hand motion. Whereas sensorial feedback, provided by the robot, was vital in obtaining closed-loop control. Thus, muscle contraction was transmitted to the amplifier through sEMG, activating the mechanism of the robot. Consequentially, sensorial feedback was provided to the patient. Results: Statistically significant improvement of upper limb function was observed in: Fugl-Meyer (p = 0.38) and Box and Block (p = 0.27). The Nine Hole Peg Test did not show statistically significant changes in motor skills of the hand. However, the functional improvement was observed at the level of 6% in the Fugl-Meyer, 15% in the Box and Block, and 2% in the Nine Hole Peg test. Conclusions: Results showed improvement in hand grasp and overall function of the upper limb. Due to sEMG, it was possible to implement robot therapy in the treatment of patients with severe hand impairment.

INTRODUCTION There is growing concern among environmental scientists that our food consumption pattern is harming the planet and acting as a catalyst for climate change. With the world already in the Anthropocene epoch, considerable harm is caused to the environmental systems by human activity. Achieving environmentally sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge. Food consumption is massively influenced by food trends and culinary innovations conceptualised by traditional and modern chefs. The greatest chefs in the past have linked food artistry with expensive ingredients and most importantly meat. Traditional culinary education was based on learning the art and science of cooking, but in the last decade, there has been a growing inclination to incorporate sustainable culinary practices, such as optimal usage of ingredients and controlling food wastage. Due to this, there has been an introduction of innovative cooking programmes initiated by culinary schools. Food, climate change and sustainable menus should be driving the next generation of chefs to rethink the way fine-dining is approached. This calls for understanding the various changes that can be brought in to change the face of culinary education, thus making it environmentally friendly. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study aims at understanding the need of changing the dynamics of culinary education and thus training a clan of futuristic chefs who advocate and practice environmentally sustainable menus. The study also aims to conceptualise the various interventions required in culinary education in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030. In this study, the PRISMA technique has been adopted to bring out the themes in the collected literature. The work has been drafted as a viewpoint paper, as the author’s own experience has gone into making the research fit the context. RESULTS The study aims to indicate the role of transforming culinary education in achieving sustainable development goals by 2030. The results would identify the gaps by reviewing the extant literature and would suggest a way forward to achieve sustainable commercial kitchens, introducing changes at the grass-root level by transforming culinary education. CONCLUSIONS The study would help understand the way commercial kitchens are changing and the role of transforming culinary education as well as the face of commercial kitchens. The study has a futuristic approach and considers the need to train chefs in promoting and cooking sustainable meals.

INTRODUCTION There is growing concern among environmental scientists that our food consumption pattern is harming the planet and acting as a catalyst for climate change. With the world already in the Anthropocene epoch, considerable harm is caused to the environmental systems by human activity. Achieving environmentally sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge. Food consumption is massively influenced by food trends and culinary innovations conceptualised by traditional and modern chefs. The greatest chefs in the past have linked food artistry with expensive ingredients and most importantly meat. Traditional culinary education was based on learning the art and science of cooking, but in the last decade, there has been a growing inclination to incorporate sustainable culinary practices, such as optimal usage of ingredients and controlling food wastage. Due to this, there has been an introduction of innovative cooking programmes initiated by culinary schools. Food, climate change and sustainable menus should be driving the next generation of chefs to rethink the way fine-dining is approached. This calls for understanding the various changes that can be brought in to change the face of culinary education, thus making it environmentally friendly. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study aims at understanding the need of changing the dynamics of culinary education and thus training a clan of futuristic chefs who advocate and practice environmentally sustainable menus. The study also aims to conceptualise the various interventions required in culinary education in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030. In this study, the PRISMA technique has been adopted to bring out the themes in the collected literature. The work has been drafted as a viewpoint paper, as the author’s own experience has gone into making the research fit the context. RESULTS The study aims to indicate the role of transforming culinary education in achieving sustainable development goals by 2030. The results would identify the gaps by reviewing the extant literature and would suggest a way forward to achieve sustainable commercial kitchens, introducing changes at the grass-root level by transforming culinary education. CONCLUSIONS The study would help understand the way commercial kitchens are changing and the role of transforming culinary education as well as the face of commercial kitchens. The study has a futuristic approach and considers the need to train chefs in promoting and cooking sustainable meals.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe in-depth a community-based social partnership, emerged in response to the financial crisis in Greece, with members from the private, public and civic sectors, using a case example of a grass-root self-organised national network. Design/methodology/approach Formal and informal interviews as well as written communication with members of the partnership mainly formed the basis for the analysis. Topics covered formation and implementation activities, outcomes, relationship issues, such as trust and links to social capital. Findings A shared community risk and a national media campaign to increase public awareness of the issue were catalysts for individuals’ sensitisation and participation in the partnership. The shared risk was the loss of community’s social cohesion, through poverty aggravated by the financial crisis. Self-organisation led to innovative relationships, whereas trust, collective action and collaboration show social capital attributes in the partnership enabling resilience development. Research limitations/implications The research contributes in the fields of community-based partnerships and engagement in building community and crisis resilience. The findings are based on a case example. More evidence is needed in order to derive generalised statements about the partnership’s contribution to crisis resilience. Practical implications The partnership has shown impact on community engagement, health and well-being. Originality/value This paper presents a partnership type for building community and crisis resilience with the case example of one such partnership in Greece, formed to alleviate community distress caused by the crisis.

While the field of heritage language (HL) bilingualism has grown substantially in recent years, no studies have considered heritage Hebrew speakers dominant in American English. Expanding HL studies to new language pairs is crucial to understand the generalizability of prior findings across diverse linguistic contexts. In the current study, we assess 40 adult participants (16 M, 24 F) and present an overview of their lexical abilities, as derived from a quantitative and qualitative analysis of performance on the Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) and a narrative elicitation task. We consider target accuracy, types of non-target responses, and cross-linguistic influence in the form of code-switching and calquing. Participants’ non-target responses indicated a strong grasp of Hebrew root-pattern word formation and creativity in the face of lexical gaps. Code-switching and calquing patterns in the narratives suggest that the dominant English is the clear framing language, from which speakers draw resources directly or indirectly. Although this linguistic blending leads to innovative lexical formations that would not be found in standard monolingual speech, the speakers’ overall message is still understandable. We conclude that heritage Hebrew speakers are able to clearly communicate complex thoughts in their HL while relying on their dominant language to fill lexical gaps.

AbstractOut of 1.21 billion population of India, 69% of them live in rural areas. There is a wide disparity in the distribution of health infrastructure and services in rural areas as compared to that of urban areas. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) launched in 2005, aimed to bridge this gap has introduced Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), as health activists into the rural health care. ASHA is an acronym for Accredited Social Health Activists and she has been so far instrumental in facilitating institutionalised delivery, child immunisation, ensuring family planning, besides organising village nutrition day. She has been the vital link between the community and the health care. India, as a nation that is progressing is trying to combat communicable diseases significantly but it is also witnessing the surfacing of a different problem. There is an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes which poses a big economic burden so much so that NCDs have been labelled as ′a health and developmental emergency′. Diabetes competes with other health concerns in a struggle to secure government health funding. In this resource-limited context, innovative methods are required to reach out to people at grass root levels. ASHA, which means hope in Sanskrit, can be true to her name in providing increased access to diabetes care to the rural population, if adequately trained and empowered. A multi-stakeholder approach through a public-private-people partnership (PPPP) is needed to tackle the issue with this kind of magnitude. The current review focuses on providing suggestions on utilising ASHAs′ services in spreading awareness on diabetes and ensuring that people with diabetes (PWD) receive optimal diabetes care.

PurposeAs a problem-solving tool, the kaizen event (KE) is underutilised in practice. Assuming this is due to a lack of group process quality during those events, the authors aimed to grasp what is needed during high-quality KE meetings. Guided by the phased approach for structured problem-solving, the authors built and explored a measure for enriching future KE research.Design/methodology/approachSix phases were used to code all verbal contributions (N = 5,442) in 21 diverse, videotaped KE meetings. Resembling state space grids, the authors visualised the course of each meeting with line graphs which were shown to ten individual kaizen experts as well as to the filmed kaizen groups.FindingsFrom their reactions to the graphs the authors extracted high-quality KE process characteristics. At the end of each phase, that should be enacted sequentially, explicit group consensus appeared to be crucial. Some of the groups spent too little time on a group-shared understanding of the problem and its root causes. Surprisingly, the mixed-methods data suggested that small and infrequent deviations (“jumps”) to another phase might be necessary for a high-quality process. According to the newly developed quantitative process measure, when groups often jump from one phase to a distant, previous or next phase, this relates to low KE process quality.Originality/valueA refined conceptual model and research agenda are offered for generating better solutions during KEs, and the authors urge examinations of the effects of well-crafted KE training.

Readers Theater is one of the innovative learning in an effort to increase the understanding and value students’ learning processes that involve the activity of reading, writing, listening and speaking. In this type of learning, students read a manuscript of a certain literature and other students grasp the meaning of what was read and is shown by the reader. Readers Theaters are different from playing drama. In the drama needed costumes, setting room etc., but in this learning not required. Is the key to effective learning is clearly read the script readers, and listeners can clearly visualize from what is shown. This paper used readers theater to teach a topic of macroeconomics which is unemployment that often considered as a hard topic. We found that students are very happy with this method. Their reading, writing, listening and speaking activities are improving and the most important thing is their understanding of unemployment topic is so much better compared to teaching them with the only direct instruction method. One of the parts that should not be forgotten by teachers is debriefing to check the understanding of the students and many students want this method to be continued especially for another difficult topic so it will be easy to understand.

Purpose – This paper, a “Q & A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal, aims to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned entrepreneur regarding the evolution, commercialization and challenges of bringing a technological invention to market. Design/methodology/approach – The interviewee is Dr Robert Ambrose, Chief, Software, Robotics and Simulation Division at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. As a young child, even before he started school, Dr Ambrose knew, after seeing the Apollo 11 moonshot, that he wanted to work for NASA. Dr Ambrose describes his career journey into space robotics and shares his teams’ experiences and the importance of the development of Robonaut, a humanoid robotic project designed to work with humans both on Earth and in space. Findings – Dr Ambrose received his MS and BS degrees in mechanical engineering from Washington University in St. Louis, and his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Dr Ambrose heads the flight spacecraft software, space robotics and system simulations for human spaceflight missions. He oversees on-orbit robotic systems for the International Space Station (ISS), the development of software for the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and future human spaceflight systems, simulations for engineering development and training, hardware in the loop facilities for anomaly resolution and crew training and the technology branch for development of new robotic systems. Dr Ambrose also serves as a Principal Investigator for NASA’s Space Technologies Mission Directorate, overseeing research and formulating new starts in the domains of robotics and autonomous systems. He co-chairs the Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) Robotics, Tele-Robotics and Autonomous Systems roadmap team for the agency’s technology program, and is the robotics lead for the agency’s human spaceflight architecture study teams. Working with the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), Dr Ambrose is the Technical Point of Contact for NASA’s collaboration in the National Robotics Initiative (NRI). Originality/value – Dr Ambrose not only realized his own childhood dream by pursuing a career at NASA, but he also fulfilled a 15-year national dream by putting the first humanoid robot into space. After seeking a graduate university that would allow him to do research at NASA, it didn’t take long for Dr Ambrose to foresee that the importance of NASA’s future would be in robots and humans working side-by-side. Through the leadership of Dr Ambrose, NASA formed a strategic partnership with General Motors (GM) and together they built Robonaut, a highly dexterous, anthropomorphic robot. The latest Robonaut version, R2, has nearly 50 patents available for licensing. One of the many technology spinoffs from R2 is the innovative Human Grasp Assist device, or Robo-Glove, designed to increase the strength of a human’s grasp.

Background: In India, women in the reproductive age group (15-44 years) comprise 53% of women population (according to 2011 census). In spite of continuous evolution to improve reproductive health services in India, there is insufficient progress in decline of maternal mortality rate at 2 percent per annuum. One of the innovative strategies identified in reproductive and child health (RCH) II program and UN millennium declaration was establishment of women self-help groups (SHG’s) particularly in rural regions with high levels of poverty. So this study is aimed to assess the current role of women SHG’s in, maternal health, Family welfare and associated maternity benefit schemes. And also, to find out the constraints in involvement of women SHG’s and to assess the feasibility of enhancing their role in reproductive health services.Methods: It is a population based cross sectional study carried out at Nemam sub centre area of Nemam primary health care centre under Thiruvallur housing and urban development. Women who have been a SHG member for more than 6 months were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively after obtaining informed consent which was approved by institutional ethics committee. Data was compiled and analyzed using SPSS 15.0. Qualitative data was analyzed using coding techniques.Results: A total of 56 self-help groups from 10 villages resulted in a total study population of 392 individuals. Before identifying their role, their awareness was also evaluated. Ninety percent of the SHG women were aware of most of the components of maternal health services. But the role was good among 58% of the SHG women. This study brings forth the gap in knowledge and their role which is because they were not confident of their knowledge.Conclusions: In a developing country like India, involving the well organized and available grass root volunteers like women SHG’s in reproductive health services will have a great bearing on the maternal health and consequently on health of children and community at large.

The nutritional content of red spinach encourages high demand and consumption of this plant. The relatively easy cultivation of this plant is the main attraction for farmers. One form of innovation empowered by farmers to increase the productivity of red spinach is fertilizing. Fertilizing that is environmentally friendly is certainly the choice of farmers during the cultivation process, PGPR or what is known as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria has been widely applied as a trigger for root growth thereby increasing the value of plant weight. The purpose of this study was to find the dosage and frequency of application of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) liquid organic fertilizer on the productivity of red spinach. This study utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the dose (D) consisting of 3 levels including D1: 25 g/plant, D2: 50 g / plant, D3: 75 g / plant, while the second factor is the frequency (F), namely F1: 7 days, F2: 14 days, and F3: 21 days with 3 repetitions. Data were analyzed by a further test with Least Significant Difference (LSD) 5% and the following results showed no positive response to plant growth parameters (height and number of plant leaves) but positive responses were shown in wet and dry weight parameters, D3F3 treatment showed wet weight and the highest dry, namely 54.69 grams and 5.74 grams. Kandungan gizi bayam merah yang tinggi mendorong daya konsumsi masyarakat yang cukup tinggi. Pembudidayaan tanaman yang tergolong mudah menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi para petani. Salah satu bentuk inovasi yang didaya gunakan petani untuk dapat meningkatkan produktivitas bayam merah yaitu pemupukan. Pemupukan yang ramah lingkungan tentunya menjadi pilihan petani selama proses pembudidayaan. PGPR atau yang dikenal dengan Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria telah banyak diaplikasikan sebagai pemicu pertumbuhan akar sehingga meningkatkan nilai bobot tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menemukan dosis serta frekuensi aplikasi pupuk organik cair PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) terhadap produktivitas bayam merah. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial yang terdiri dari 2 faktor. Faktor pertama yaitu dosis (D) terdiri dari 3 taraf diantaranya D1: 25 gr/tanaman, D2: 50 gr/tanaman, D3: 75 gr/tanaman, sedangkan faktor kedua yaitu frekuensi (F), yaitu F1: 7 hari, F2: 14 hari, dan F3: 21 hari dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Data dianalisis dengan uji lanjutan Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) 5% dan didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut, tidak terjadi respon positif pada parameter pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi dan jumlah daun tanaman) tetapi respon positif ditunjukkan pada parameter berat basah dan kering, perlakuan D3F3 menunjukkan bobot basah dan kering tertinggi yaitu 54.69 gr dan 5,74 gr.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure level of 35 international banks across the world at the end of 2013 and analyse the changes in their disclosure patterns compared to 2005 from the institutional perspective. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis of international banks’ web-sites and CSR reports. Findings – As expected, CSR disclosure scores of international banks in 2013 were significantly larger than in 2005. Despite addressing the legitimacy gap after the 2008 crisis, significant room for improvements remained in the context of sustainable products, implementation of environmental management policies and introduction of CSR initiatives (the latter especially for Northern American banks). Although the transnational context had contributed to the gradual convergence of CSR disclosure scores, the existence of differing national and organisational contexts had maintained some of the diversity across banks. Research limitations/implications – Content analysis approach used limits the possibilities to objectively grasp the depth of CSR and the sample remains biased towards larger international banks headquartered in Europe. Practical implications – Stakeholders should remain vary of “window-dressing” attempts and reward only those banks that actually contribute to the society. Social implications – Intergovernmental organisations should continue to develop both new and already existing financial sector CSR initiatives to improve the stability of the global financial sector. Originality/value – Previous studies have not investigated international banks’ CSR disclosures on broader global samples during the post-2008-crisis period and have not considered the institutional context of their CSR.

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes of this paper is as follows: to give faculty the opportunity to illustrate the strategist’s and marketer’s toolbox, namely, tools and frameworks such as the McKinsey 7S model. Porter’s generic marketing strategies. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Political, economic, social and cultural, technological, environment and legal – external macro analysis. The case is intended for use in MBA and Executive education courses in strategy, marketing and leadership. The case offers relevant experiences and instructive lessons in formulating and implementing business strategies. The case highlights the importance of contextual leadership intelligence and competence in enabling entrepreneurial business activities. The case gives students the opportunity to apply a strategic framework to marketing communications, competitive analysis and branding with a new brand and a new name in a first world economy. The case helps students understand that: successful companies are a success because of their people and leadership, proactive thinking and constantly looking for new opportunities will make you a leader in the market, up-to-date competitor and market analysis are paramount in making the winning decision, staying true to one’s business philosophy and company values build a reputable organization, the importance of creating partnerships and healthy relationships with the distribution channel, the concept of competitive advantage, the concept of differentiation, focus and cost leadership and the concept of value and understanding customer needs. Case overview/synopsis The Egan’s Whiskey case offers students a unique opportunity to discover the important, yet grass-root, strategic decisions made by a high-quality alcohol product in a very competitive, well-known brand dominated the market, the USA. The case focuses specifically on issues related to strategic choices and implementation, brand, reputation, leadership, strategic marketing decision-making, customer/retail relationships, customer value and the importance of good marketing intelligence. There are some good examples of out-of-the-box thinking. History reveals that companies with the strongest brands, most proactive leadership, innovative marketing ideas, superb marketing intelligence and deepest relationships with their consumers are the pillars of success. The very assets that define these leading companies provide benchmarks for upcoming organizations. Being complacent and having poor leadership and vision in an ever-demanding customer-driven and competitive environment is a recipe for failure. Organizations and their leadership teams need to start thinking systematically, proactively and strategically about their place in competitive markets and take quick actions to mitigate risks and miss opportunities before they become reality. This case reveals the importance of understanding your strategic landscape, your market, your competitors, your customers, quick thinking and actions and having a rolling strategic plan, which is adaptable. Complexity academic level The case is intended for use in MBA and Executive education courses in strategy, marketing and leadership. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Tea ceremonies have evolved a great deal since they first got their start, and as the ceremonies have grown and shifted in purpose, so have the tea houses that hold them. Japanese tea house, Chashitsu in Japanese, is where chado, the tea ceremony takes place, which expresses Japanese sentimentality and aesthetics through the act of drinking tea. Chashitsu is truly the product of all of the traditional Japanese crafts combined and sophisticated.As tea began to grow in popularity, tea ceremonies became a source of entertainment for members of the upper class who could afford to gamble, read poetry and attend tea parties in extravagant pavilions. The design of free-standing tea houses is heavily influenced by Zen philosophy. In an attempt to escape from the material strains of daily life, Shukō removed tea parties from the formal setting and instead held the ceremonies in simple grass-thatched huts, like the Tai-an Teahouse. His goal in doing this was to transcend the complex distractions of the world and find enlightenment in everyday life. Another important procedure initiated by Shukou, was that he himself would serve the tea to his guests. He preferred the intimate and personal atmosphere of a small room which could fit five to six people. The four-and-a-half-mat room that he had devised to create a more tranquil atmosphere during the tea ceremony had its origins in the Zen philosophy. In front of the traditional teahouse is a garden referred to as the roji. Guests traverse it on a path of stepping stones, admiring the plants and trees, before washing their hands at a stone basin in preparation for entering the teahouse building. One of the chief characteristics of the thatched hut teahouse begun by Rikyū is the guest entrance, or nijiriguchi. The square door is so low and small that guests can’t move through it without stooping and curling up as they crawl through. When guests enter the tea house, they first proceed to the alcove, tokonoma, to admire the decoration. There is no furniture, except for that which is required for the preparation of tea. Usually, there will be a charcoal pit in the center of the room by cutting a piece of the tatami is used to boil water. Object used in the tea ceremony included special porcelain or ceramic bowls, a cast-iron kettle with bronze lid, freshwater water jars, ceramic of lacquer container for powdered tea, and tea caddies. There are four main principals defining the way people and tea objects interact: wa (harmony); kei (respect); sei (purity) and jyaku (tranquility). Having got everything right in terms of setting and paraphernalia, one then has to do what all this has been leading up to: make tea. The exact movements of the host are vital but depend on which school of tea ceremony one favours. The important thing is to only make the minimum of movements which should be precise, graceful, and restrained. Further, one should be silent when actually preparing the tea. All thenecessary equipment should have already been laid out before the guests, and only the kettle is hidden from their view. The tea caddy and bamboo scoop are first cleaned with a cloth. When ready, the hot water is poured into the tea bowls but only enough to warm them. Powdered tea is then added to the bowls, which are then topped up with hot water, and the mixture is whisked to make a frothy drink. The tea should be drunk in small sips. When everyone has finished, the implements and bowls are cleaned and removed from sight leaving only the kettle before the hopefully now well-satisfied guests. Finally, some of the finer implements may be returned in order for the guests to discuss their appreciation of them.The simplicity of modern teahouses is meant to emphasize the importance of breaking down boundaries that exist among people, objects and ideas. Taking the idea of tea houses designed to mesh with their natural environment to a whole new level, Terunobu Fujimori created the Takasugi-an, which translates to“a tea house too high.” He built the compact teahouse to appear as though it was resting between two chestnut trees, and although the only way to reach the tea house is via ladder, the view from the top gives visitors a perfect view of Chino, Japan. Instead of displaying the picture scrolls of traditional tea houses that indicated the time of year, Fujimori used the building’s windows to achieve the same effect while also allowing visitors to observe the profound changes that were happening in the world around them. Simple materials such asplaster and bamboo were used to construct the interior of the tea house.Modern tea houses still have strong roots in the traditional purposes of tea ceremonies.Today, many practice tea ceremony and enjoy its benefit innumerous types of tea rooms from traditional ones to innovative ones. Both the ceremony and the Japanese tea houses have evolved since the earliest days, and they continue evolving so that they can adapt to the rapidchangesinmodern society.

The quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is escalating at an alarming rate with every passing year alongside the modernization of our economy. Unfortunately, the majority of this waste remains uncollected or ends up in open dumping and followed by uncontrolled burning. Citing the deep-rooted consequences, open dumping should be absolutely abandoned and scientific interventions should be aggressively exercised to reclaim the municipal brownfields. The present research work undertook the judicial task of assessing the comparative feasibility of biomining and scientific capping as a technology selection for reclamation of about a decade old 120 million tons of waste chunk laying at Jawahar Nagar dump yard. Primary dump samples were collected from various locations, considering depth as a variable. While leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Malkaram lake and preinstalled borewells receptively. Additionally, the ambient air quality and noise level also been ascertained within the buffer zone. The blended representative solid sample was segregated using a 70 mm mesh size trommel into organic and inorganic fractions. The organic fraction was composted using a lab-scale aerobic static pile composting (ASPC) while the trommel reject was processed as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Evidently, the compost lagged quality and depicted nutrient deficiency. While the burning of RDF produced siloxane gas, significantly due to elevated silicon level in the primary waste. Furthermore, due to the prolonged leaching tenure and seasonal dilution, the concentration of legacy leachate was relatively weaker. Borewell samples collected from a depth of 20 feet also portrayed minor contamination up to 500 meters horizontal radius. The issue of leachability can solely be resolved with the capping of the existing dump and the end product quality derived from the biomining process is highly questionable. Thus, handling such large quantity capping is a befitting option over biomining for Jawahar Nagar dumpsite. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the generation of MSW has been increasing tremendously and also expected to continue a similar trend in the future (Scott, 1995; Bhat et al., 2017; Sethurajan et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018). Annually, the comprehensive urban MSW generation in India is more than 62 million tons. Metro cities are the mammoth contributor of the entire chunk and waste production had already reached an alarming figure of 50,000 tonnes/day. While the waste generation from the tier 2 cities is also rigorously escalating and presently contribute up to 20,000 tones/day (Sharma et al., 2018). A study conducted by the central pollution control board (CPCB) revealed MSW generation in India is increasing at a distressing rate of 5 % per annum with a sharp escalation in the quantities of domestic hazardous waste (Sharma et al., 2018). With major financial constraints, inefficacy of collection, treatment, and disposal incurs further reasons to worry. So far India has miserably failed to set up wholesome source segregation and collection method. Presently, the country spends more than 60% of its annual waste management budget only in collection. Besides, only 20% or less of the collected materials are scientifically handled and treated. Citing the statistics, it is evident that the majority of the MSW is simply gets dumped on the low laying grounds located somewhere on the outskirts of the cities. The precipitation, infiltration, surface water runoff, bird menace, rodent interference etc. triggers the vulnerability of waste and leads to mal odor, ground and surface water contamination, human and environmental health deterioration (Jayawardhana et al., 2016). Further, the perseverance of the inorganic and inert fractions leads to soil contamination, poses a fire threat, and also may incur carcinogenicity and acute toxicity among the animals (Mir et al., 2021). There are numerous techniques for the reclamation and remediation of the dumpsites, includes processes such as capping and closure, in-situ vitrification, sub-surface cut-off walls, and waste biomining (Chakrabarti and Dubey, 2015; Thakare and Nandi, 2016). Waste biomining is a stable way to get rid of the entire range of problems associated with open dumping and reclaim valuable land (Kaksonen et al., 2017). There are several instances including reclamation of Mumbai Gorai dump yard by IL & FS Environment, 70 – 80 years old 12,00,000 tons of dump clearance by Nagar Nigam Indore within a minute span of 3 years and many more. But the process of biomining is highly sensitive and case-specific. The success of the process solely depends on factors such as characteristics of the waste, efficacy of the effective microorganism culture, acceptability of the processed end product at the local market etc. (Jerez, 2017; Banerjee et al., 2017; Venkiteela, 2020). Contrarily, though the scientific capping is not an end-to-end solution but still advisable in the cases where the quantity of waste is gigantic, land scarcity is prevalent, no nearby industries to consume the end products etc. Mehta et al. (2018) have also supported the above claim based on the assessment of locations specific MSW dump reclamation case studies. While in another Nagpur-based case study conducted by Ashootosh et al. (2020) reported the superiority of the biominingprocess over simple land capping due to the favorability of the local conditions. Capping eliminates the environmental interference and thereby reduces biosphere contamination and leachate generation. Further, it captivates rodent and vector breeding and thereby curtails the spreading of communicable diseases and improves aesthetics. But right consolidation through compaction and execution is utmost necessary in the above case. As non-compaction and faulty sloping will easily lead to heavy settlement and slope failure (Berkun et al., 2005; Al-Ghouti et al., 2021). The present study has been pursued with the primary objective to run a techno-commercial assessment between scientific capping and biomining. While the secondary objective was to ascertain the level of contamination and propose mitigative measures. MATERIALS AND METHODStudy Area Spanning over 350 acres of a precious piece of land at the outskirts of Hyderabad city, Jawahar Nagar dumping yard was brutally utilized by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) for open dumping for a prolonged tenure of 10 years. It housed nearly 12 lakh metric tons of heterogeneous solid and domestic hazardous waste and continues polluting until 2015, until the Ramky group was offered to cap the legacy dumping and scientifically handle the site. The present study has been facilitated at Hyderabad Municipal Solid Waste Limited, formerly known as Jawahar Nagar dump yard to analyze and assess the feasibility of bio-mining as handling and management alternate to the existing practice of scientific capping. The epicenter of processing and disposal facility is lying approximately on the cross-section of 17°31'24.45"N and 78°35'23.37"E. As per the contract, the comprehensive legacy dumping to be capped in three phases over about 150 acres of area and Ramky has significantly entered the phase two of the operation only within a span of five years by successfully capping more than half of the legacy footprint. Sampling Methodology The waste pile was divided into three layers namely, base, middle, and top. A uniform amount of sample was collected from the successive layers of all five different corners which cover north, south, east, west, and central of the garbage pile. Sampling inspections were performed using a manual auger besides large samples were collected using a JCB excavator. The top six-inch layer of the pile was removed to avoid any contamination while collecting the samples and 5-10 kg of sample was collected from each of the locations. Further, intermediate and bottom layer samples were collected by digging a 500 mm diameter hole through the heap. A composite was prepared by a homogenized blending of all the fifteen grub samples. The blend was distributed into four equal quadrants and the top and bottom quadrants were eliminated diagonally while the left-over quadrants were mixed thoroughly. This process was repeated until a sample of the required bulk of 20 kg is obtained. Surface and subsurface water samples from borewell were collected in and around the facility. Piezometric monitoring borewells located near the landfills were utilized for the subsurface sample collection. While a rainwater pond turned leachate lake named Malkaram was determined as the primary source for leachate collection. Buffer samples were collected from Ambedkar Nagar, the nearby colony exiting at a distance of only 300 meters. Lab-scale Experimentation The representative sample was characterized for composition and further screened through a 70 mm mesh size trommel. The trommel permeate was considered as the organic fraction while the reject was mostly inorganics and inert. The organics were subjected to ASPC. The quantity of the air required is arrived using the method delineated below (Figure 1). MSW Pile size: 2m x 0.5m x 0.5m Volume of pile: 0.5 m3 Average Density of MSW: 620 Kg/m3 Weight of pile: 310 Kg Nitrogen required for matured compost: 9300 mg/kg dry : 9300 X 310 mg : 2.88 x 106 mg : 2.88 Kg Total air required: 2.88 x 100/76 [as Nitrogen in air is 76% by weight] : 3.79 Kg of dry air : 3.79/1.225 m3 [@ 15 deg C density of air 1.225 kg/m3] : 3.1 m3 This air is to be supplied for 100 min / day for 0.5 m pile Air flow rate required: 3.1 x 60/100 = 1.86 m3/h (for practical purpose a flowrate of 2 m3/h was maintained). The maturation period was considered as 28 days and post-maturation, the stabilized material was further cured for 24 hours and screened using 12 mm and 4 mm trommel respectively to obtain the desired product quality and particle size. Whereas, the trommel reject was evenly spreader on the copper trays and dried in an oven at 1050C for 2 hours. The dried material was micronized to the size of 50 mm or below using a scissor and inert such as glass, sand, stone etc. were segregated manually (Mohan and Joseph, 2020). Concurrently, a bench-scale capped landfill prototype was built using the below-mentioned procedure to evaluate the factors such as settlement and slope stability. A 30 mm thick low permeable soil was laid on the top of the waste, followed by a 60 mm layer of compacted clay liner (CCL). Each join between successive liner material was closely monitored. A 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner was placed on the top of the CCL. A 285 GSM geotextile membrane was placed as the successive above layer followed by a 15 mm thick drainage media layer. A further layer of geotextile membrane was placed on top of the drainage media for better stabilization, grip, and strength. The top vegetative soil layer of 45 mm thickness was laid off on top of the geotextile media and St. Augustine grass was rooted (Cortellazzo et al., 2020; Ashford et al., 2000). 2.4 Sample Analysis pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Turbidity of the samples were analyzed using pH, EC-TDS, and Nephelometer of Mettler Toledo. The pH meter was calibrated with the buffer solution of 4.0, 7.0 & 9.12 at a controlled temperature. EC-TDS meter was calibrated with 0.1 M KCL having 12.8 mS/cm of conductivity. Nephelometer was calibrated with Formazine solution of 10 & 100 NTU. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), (mg/L) was performed using the gravimetric method at 1800C in the oven. Titrimetric parameters such as Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L), Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L), Chloride as Cl- (mg/L), Calcium as Ca2+ (mg/L), Residual Free Chlorine (RFC), (mg/L) were analyzed using APHA (American Public Health Associations) method, 23rd Edition, 2017. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) and Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) were performed through distillation followed by titration with H2SO4 as a titrant. Sulphide as S2- was done with the Iodometric method after distillation. Each titrimetric parameter was analyzed in triplicate after standardizing the titrant with required reagents and crossed checked by keeping a check standard. Sodium as Na (mg/L) and Potassium as K (mg/L) were performed using Flame Photometer. The photometer was calibrated with different standards from 10 to 100 (mg/L) standard solutions. The leachate sample was diluted enough to get the value within the standard range and cross-checked with check standards at the same time. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg/L) was performed using the open reflux method for 2 hours at 1500C in COD Digestor. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg/L) was performed using the alkali iodide azide method for 3 days. The samples were kept in a BOD incubator at 270C for 3 days. It was kept in duplicate to have a check on quality control. Sulphate was analyzed by the gravimetric method instead of turbidimetric or through UV-Visible spectrophotometer as its concentration was found more than 40 mg/L. Nitrate as NO3- was analyzed after filtration at 220-275 nm, while Hexavalent Chromium as Cr6+ was analyzed at 540 nm in the UV-Vis. Parameters like Cyanide as CN-, Fluoride as F-, and Phenolic Compounds were gone through a distillation process followed by UV-Vis. The distillation process ensures the removal of interferences presents either positive or negative. For the parameters like Total Iron or Ferric Iron, the samples were digested properly with the required reagents on the hot plate before analyzing in UV-Vis. For the metal analysis the water samples were digested at a temperature of 1000C using aqua regia as a media. The samples were digested to one-fourth of the volume on a hot plate. The recommended wavelengths as per APHA 3120 B were selected for each of the metals. The standard graph was plotted for each of the metals before analysis and crossed checked with the check standard at the same time. Parameters such as bulk density and particle size were performed through the certified beaker and sieve. The percentage of moisture content was estimated using the oven by keeping the compost sample for 2 hours at 1050C. C/N ratio was estimated through CHNS analyzer keeping sulfanilamide as a check standard. The analysis was performed by extracting the desired component in the desired solution prescribed in the method followed by converting the same from mg/L to mg/Kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An exhaustive bench-study has been pursued and real-time samples were collected and analyzed for all possible parameters to determine the pros and cons attributed to both processes. The investigation begins by collecting the samples and concluded by impact assessment studies inclusive of the buffer zone. Both solid, liquid, and gaseous samples were precisely investigated to opt for the best solution. A detailed finding of the investigation is summarized below. Primarily, the representative solid sample was characterized through a manual separation process and the results are portrayed in Figure 1. Compost Characterization ASPC of the organic fraction has resulted in a recovery of 46.7% of the initial load. While 53.3% of the influent mass were inert and barely degradable fraction contributes to reject, the rest 4.1% is miscellaneous process loss. The processed compost was extensively analyzed including for metal contamination and the same is tabulated in Table 1. The value of C/N ratio, OC, TN, K2O, P2O5, and NPK evidently portrays the shortcoming in terms of nutrient availability. Though it is highly enriched in organic carbon and thus the same can be effectively utilized as a soil preconditioner. Ayilara et al. (2020) also reported a similar finding, where the city compost sourced from MSW lagged major plant nutrients. RDF Characterization Processed trommel rejects constitute cloth, rexine, leather, jute, paper, plastics, coir and other inert contributed to RDF. The fraction of inert was as high as 37.2% of the overall RDF mass and it mostly constituted glass and sand. The combined weight of sand and glass fragments contributed 73.5% of the total inert, while the rest was stone and small brickbats. The higher level of silicon associated with the presence of glass and sand yielded siloxane and triggered the possibility of kiln corrosion. A detailed RDF analysis report is enclosed in Table 2. The values explicitly portray the quality of RDF is moderately lower and higher salts concentration is extremely prevalent. With relatively lower NCV and such high salt concentration, the above specimen will certainly pose a corrosion threat to the kiln and shall be either neglected as kiln feed or can be utilized after dilution with Grade III RDF quality. Further, such high ash generation will also induct high transportation and landfill charges. Leachate Characterization The Malkaram leachate lake is the end result of prolonged, slow, and steady mixing of the legacy leachate through the existing fissure cracks in the sheath rock bottom profile. Apparently, the concentration of leachate is significantly lower due to the dilution. Samples were analyzed in triplicates and the mean value is tabulated here in Table 3. The metal concertation and rest of the parameter values are well within the secondary treatment influent range, except for TDS. Thus, a modular aerobic biological treatment unit such as moving bed biofilm bioreactor (MBBR) or membrane bioreactor (MBR) would be a well-suited pick. However, a reverse osmosis (RO) system needs to be installed to get rid of the high TDS content. The permeate of RO can be reused back into the system. Whereas, the reject can be converted into dried powder through forced evaporation mechanisms. The higher concentration of salts in RDF collaterally justifies the elevated TDS level in leachate. In a leachate impact assessment study performed by El-Salam and Abu-Zuid (2015) the reported BOD/COD ratio of 0.69 is greater than double the value of 0.301 reported in Table 3. Though the difference in both the values are quite high, it is relatable and justifiable by the huge age difference of the source waste. The primarily characterized data is of a fresh leachate generated from regular MSW, while the later one is from a decade old waste that barely has any unstabilized organic content. Groundwater Contamination The obvious reason for downward leachate infiltration and osmotic movement facilitates groundwater contamination. Both surface and subsurface water samples were collected within the dump yard and the buffer zone and analyzed using the standard methods. The results are portrayed in Table 4. The slightly alkaline pH of the borewell sample is an indication of the ongoing anaerobic process. The dissolved oxygen value of 3.5 mg/L further validates the correlation. Higher TDS and hardness values are self-indicative of elevated salt concentration in source waste. Eventually, the same interfered with the RDF quality. Positively in the case of all the parameters, a successive decrement in pollution concentration has been spotted from dump ground towards the buffer zone. In a similar study conducted by Singh et al. (2016) at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh the reported concentration of the parameters is significantly higher than reported in Table 4. The basic reason behind variation is the dissimilarities of the local soil profile. The sandy and clay loam soil profile of Varanasi allows a greater rate of percolation and infiltration. While the bottom sheath rock profile at Jawahar Nagar permits the only a minute to little percolation rate. The difference in percolation rate is directly correlated to the concentration levels in this case. Contrarily, Kurakalva et al. (2016) have reported much-elevated pollutant concertation both in ground and surface water for a study conducted at the same site in 2016. The higher concentration is relatable to the fact of the non-closure of the open dump back then. Capping activity had at Jawahar Nagar gained its pace 2018 onwards and capping for the primary section of 70 acres got concluded only during mid of 2019. Due to the decrement in runoff and percolation, the quality of both surface and subsurface water has improved drastically. Impact Assessment The odor and groundwater contamination are two of the primary issues that triggered a massive public agitation initially. The root causes of both the issues are identified as rainwater percolation and anaerobic digestion respectively. Eventually, the completion of the capping process would resolve both the problems effectively. Other non-tangential impacts include nausea; headache; irritation of the eye, nasal cavity, and throat; diarrhoeal diseases; vector-borne disease, cattle toxicity etc. Scientific capping can easily cater as the wholesome solution for all (Cortellazzo et al., 2020). Yu et al. (2018) had performed an extensive study to comprehend the relativity of respiratory sickness and MSW borne air pollution. The study made a couple of dreadful revelations such as gases released due to the anaerobic digestion of MSW such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia incur detrimental impact on Lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). While SO2 was reported as the lung capacity and functionality reducer. Further, a gender-specific study executed by the same research group revealed, air pollution impacts more severely on male children than the female and retards immune functions. Presently, the area of 351 acres has been developed as Asia’s one of the largest state of the art municipal solid waste processing and disposal facility by Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited. This ensured zero dumping and no further environmental interventions. As legal compliance, the facility monitors the quality of groundwater and ambient air quality in and around the facility on monthly basis to assure the biosafety. The variation in concentration of various monitoring parameters between 2012 to 2020 is summarized in Figure 2. The concentration of each of the parameters are showcased in ppm and a standard equipment error was settled at 3% for respirable dust sampler and multi-gas analyzer (Taheri et al., 2014). Despite all parameter values have gradually increased except for methane, the facility still managed to maintain them well under the regulatory limits. The decrement in methane concentration is directly correlated to the practice of aerobic composting and aeration-based secondary treatment that prevented the formation of the anaerobic atmosphere and henceforth methane generation. While for the rest of the parameters the increment in values is quite substantial and predictable due to the sudden escalation in MSW generation in the past decade in correlation with Gross domestic product (GDP) enhancement. The observed and interpreted impacts due to the elevated pollutant level are in-line with the georeferenced findings reported by Deshmukh and Aher (2016) based on a study conducted at Sangamner, Maharashtra. CONCLUSION The study critically analyzed and investigated every techno-environmental and socio-economic aspect correlated to open dumping. The bench-scale experimentation revealed the efficiency of the single liner scientific capping is fair enough to eliminate any further rainwater infiltration, however, it has no control over the generation of leachate due to the inherent moisture. Internal moisture related issue was anyhow compensated with pertinent compaction prior to dispose of the waste. Contrarily, both the products derived through the biomining process namely, compost and RDF lagged quality due to scantier nutrient content and higher salt and silicon content respectively. Besides, impact assessment studies concede the pollutant concentration in groundwater in and around the plant has drastically diminished post-July 2019 due to the partial completion of waste capping. It also abetted lowering the dust and odor issues relatively in the surrounding. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to sincerely acknowledge GHMC, Hyderabad Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Limited, and Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited for enabling us to pursue the sample collection and other necessary onsite activities. Further, the authors would like to register profound acknowledgment to EPTRI for supporting us with the essential experimental facilities. REFERENCES Sharma, A., Gupta, A.K., Ganguly, R. (2018), Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. 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We’ll have trouble now!The Archaeological Society of Jutland was founded on Sunday, 11 March 1951. As with most projects with which P.V Glob was involved, this did not pass off without drama. Museum people and amateur archaeologists in large numbers appeared at the Museum of Natural History in Aarhus, which had placed rooms at our disposal. The notable dentist Holger Friis, the uncrowned king of Hjørring, was present, as was Dr Balslev from Aidt, Mr and Mrs Overgaard from Holstebro Museum, and the temperamental leader of Aalborg Historical Museum, Peter Riismøller, with a number of his disciples. The staff of the newly-founded Prehistoric Museum functioned as the hosts, except that one of them was missing: the instigator of the whole enterprise, Mr Glob. As the time for the meeting approached, a cold sweat broke out on the foreheads of the people present. Finally, just one minute before the meeting was to start, he arrived and mounted the platform. Everything then went as expected. An executive committee was elected after some discussion, laws were passed, and then suddenly Glob vanished again, only to materialise later in the museum, where he confided to us that his family, which included four children, had been enlarged by a daughter.That’s how the society was founded, and there is not much to add about this. However, a few words concerning the background of the society and its place in a larger context may be appropriate. A small piece of museum history is about to be unfolded.The story begins at the National Museum in the years immediately after World War II, at a time when the German occupation and its incidents were still terribly fresh in everyone’s memory. Therkel Mathiassen was managing what was then called the First Department, which covered the prehistoric periods.Although not sparkling with humour, he was a reliable and benevolent person. Number two in the order of precedence was Hans Christian Broholm, a more colourful personality – awesome as he walked down the corridors, with his massive proportions and a voice that sounded like thunder when nothing seemed to be going his way, as quite often seemed to be the case. Glob, a relatively new museum keeper, was also quite loud at times – his hot-blooded artist’s nature manifested itself in peculiar ways, but his straight forward appearance made him popular with both the older and the younger generations. His somewhat younger colleague C.J. Becker was a scholar to his fingertips, and he sometimes acted as a welcome counterbalance to Glob. At the bottom of the hierarchy was the student group, to which I belonged. The older students handled various tasks, including periodic excavations. This was paid work, and although the salary was by no means princely, it did keep us alive. Student grants were non-existent at the time. Four of us made up a team: Olfert Voss, Mogens Ørsnes, Georg Kunwald and myself. Like young people in general, we were highly discontented with the way our profession was being run by its ”ruling” members, and we were full of ideas for improvement, some of which have later been – or are being – introduced.At the top of our wish list was a central register, of which Voss was the strongest advocate. During the well over one hundred years that archaeology had existed as a professional discipline, the number of artefacts had grown to enormous amounts. The picture was even worse if the collections of the provincial museums were taken into consideration. We imagined how it all could be registered in a card index and categorised according to groups to facilitate access to references in any particular situation. Electronic data processing was still unheard of in those days, but since the introduction of computers, such a comprehensive record has become more feasible.We were also sceptical of the excavation techniques used at the time – they were basically adequate, but they badly needed tightening up. As I mentioned before, we were often working in the field, and not just doing minor jobs but also more important tasks, so we had every opportunity to try out our ideas. Kunwald was the driving force in this respect, working with details, using sections – then a novelty – and proceeding as he did with a thoroughness that even his fellow students found a bit exaggerated at times, although we agreed with his principles. Therkel Mathiassen moaned that we youngsters were too expensive, but he put up with our excesses and so must have found us somewhat valuable. Very valuable indeed to everyon e was Ejnar Dyggve’s excavation of the Jelling mounds in the early 1940s. From a Danish point of view, it was way ahead of its time.Therkel Mathiassen justly complained about the economic situation of the National Museum. Following the German occupation, the country was impoverished and very little money was available for archaeological research: the total sum available for the year 1949 was 20,000 DKK, which corresponded to the annual income of a wealthy man, and was of course absolutely inadequate. Of course our small debating society wanted this sum to be increased, and for once we didn’t leave it at the theoretical level.Voss was lucky enough to know a member of the Folketing (parliament), and a party leader at that. He was brought into the picture, and between us we came up with a plan. An article was written – ”Preserve your heritage” (a quotation from Johannes V. Jensen’s Denmark Song) – which was sent to the newspaper Information. It was published, and with a little help on our part the rest of the media, including radio, picked up the story.We informed our superiors only at the last minute, when everything was arranged. They were taken by surprise but played their parts well, as expected, and everything went according to plan. The result was a considerable increase in excavation funds the following year.It should be added that our reform plans included the conduct of exhibitions. We found the traditional way of presenting the artefacts lined up in rows and series dull and outdated. However, we were not able to experiment within this field.Our visions expressed the natural collision with the established ways that comes with every new generation – almost as a law of nature, but most strongly when the time is ripe. And this was just after the war, when communication with foreign colleagues, having been discontinued for some years, was slowly picking up again. The Archaeological Society of Jutland was also a part of all this, so let us turn to what Hans Christian Andersen somewhat provocatively calls the ”main country”.Until 1949, only the University of Copenhagen provided a degree in prehistoric archaeology. However, in this year, the University of Aarhus founded a chair of archaeology, mainly at the instigation of the Lord Mayor, Svend Unmack Larsen, who was very in terested in archaeology. Glob applied for the position and obtained it, which encompassed responsibility for the old Aarhus Museum or, as it was to be renamed, the Prehistoric Museum (now Moesgaard Museum).These were landmark events to Glob – and to me, as it turned out. We had been working together for a number of years on the excavation of Galgebakken (”Callows Hill”) near Slots Bjergby, Glob as the excavation leader, and I as his assistant. He now offered me the job of museum curator at his new institution. This was somewhat surprising as I had not yet finished my education. The idea was that I was to finish my studies in remote Jutland – a plan that had to be given up rather quickly, though, for reasons which I will describe in the following. At the same time, Gunner Lange-Kornbak – also hand-picked from the National Museum – took up his office as a conservation officer.The three of us made up the permanent museum staff, quickly supplemented by Geoffrey Bibby, who turned out to be an invaluable colleague. He was English and had been stationed in the Faeroe Islands during the war, where he learned to speak Danish. After 1945 he worked for some years for an oil company in the Gulf of Persia, but after marrying Vibeke, he settled in her home town of Aarhus. As his academic background had involved prehistoric cultures he wanted to collaborate with the museum, which Glob readily permitted.This small initial flock governed by Glob was not permitted to indulge inidleness. Glob was a dynamic character, full of good and not so good ideas, but also possessing a good grasp of what was actually practicable. The boring but necessary daily work on the home front was not very interesting to him, so he willingly handed it over to others. He hardly noticed the lack of administrative machinery, a prerequisite for any scholarly museum. It was not easy to follow him on his flights of fancy and still build up the necessary support base. However, the fact that he in no way spared himself had an appeasing effect.Provincial museums at that time were of a mixed nature. A few had trained management, and the rest were run by interested locals. This was often excellently done, as in Esbjerg, where the master joiner Niels Thomsen and a staff of volunteers carried out excavations that were as good as professional investigations, and published them in well-written articles. Regrettably, there were also examples of the opposite. A museum curator in Jutland informed me that his predecessor had been an eager excavator but very rarely left any written documentation of his actions. The excavated items were left without labels in the museum store, often wrapped in newspapers. However, these gave a clue as to the time of unearthing, and with a bit of luck a look in the newspaper archive would then reveal where the excavation had taken place. Although somewhat exceptional, this is not the only such case.The Museum of Aarhus definitely belonged among the better ones in this respect. Founded in 1861, it was at first located at the then town hall, together with the local art collection. The rooms here soon became too cramped, and both collections were moved to a new building in the ”Mølleparken” park. There were skilful people here working as managers and assistants, such as Vilhelm Boye, who had received his archaeological training at the National Museum, and later the partners A. Reeh, a barrister, and G.V. Smith, a captain, who shared the honour of a number of skilfully performed excavations. Glob’s predecessor as curator was the librarian Ejler Haugsted, also a competent man of fine achievements. We did not, thus, take over a museum on its last legs. On the other hand, it did not meet the requirements of a modern scholarly museum. We were given the task of turning it into such a museum, as implied by the name change.The goal was to create a museum similar to the National Museum, but without the faults and shortcomings that that museum had developed over a period of time. In this respect our nightly conversations during our years in Copenhagen turned out to be useful, as our talk had focused on these imperfections and how to eradicate them.We now had the opportunity to put our theories into practice. We may not have succeeded in doing so, but two areas were essentially improved:The numerous independent numbering systems, which were familiar to us from the National Museum, were permeating archaeological excavation s not only in the field but also during later work at the museum. As far as possible this was boiled down to a single system, and a new type of report was born. (In this context, a ”report” is the paper following a field investigation, comprising drawings, photos etc. and describing the progress of the work and the observations made.) The instructions then followed by the National Museum staff regarding the conduct of excavations and report writing went back to a 19th-century protocol by the employee G.V. Blom. Although clear and rational – and a vast improvement at the time – this had become outdated. For instance, the excavation of a burial mound now involved not only the middle of the mound, containing the central grave and its surrounding artefacts, but the complete structure. A large number of details that no one had previously paid attention to thus had to be included in the report. It had become a comprehensive and time-consuming work to sum up the desultory notebook records in a clear and understandable description.The instructions resulting from the new approach determined a special records system that made it possible to transcribe the notebook almost directly into a report following the excavation. The transcription thus contained all the relevant information concerning the in vestigation, and included both relics and soil layers, the excavation method and practical matters, although in a random order. The report proper could then bereduced to a short account containing references to the numbers in the transcribed notebook, which gave more detailed information.As can be imagined, the work of reform was not a continuous process. On the contrary, it had to be done in our spare hours, which were few and far between with an employer like Glob. The assignments crowded in, and the large Jutland map that we had purchased was as studded with pins as a hedge hog’s spines. Each pin represented an inuninent survey, and many of these grew into small or large excavations. Glob himself had his lecture duties to perform, and although he by no means exaggerated his concern for the students, he rarely made it further than to the surveys. Bibby and I had to deal with the hard fieldwork. And the society, once it was established, did not make our lives any easier. Kuml demanded articles written at lightning speed. A perusal of my then diary has given me a vivid recollection of this hectic period, in which I had to make use of the evening and night hours, when the museum was quiet and I had a chance to collect my thoughts. Sometimes our faithful supporter, the Lord Mayor, popped in after an evening meeting. He was extremely interested in our problems, which were then solved according to our abilities over a cup of instant coffee.A large archaeological association already existed in Denmark. How ever, Glob found it necessary to establish another one which would be less oppressed by tradition. Det kongelige nordiske Oldsskriftselskab had been funded in 1825 and was still influenced by different peculiarities from back then. Membership was not open to everyone, as applications were subject to recommendation from two existing members and approval by a vote at one of the monthly lecture meetings. Most candidates were of course accepted, but unpopular persons were sometimes rejected. In addition, only men were admitted – women were banned – but after the war a proposal was brought forward to change this absurdity. It was rejected at first, so there was a considerable excitement at the January meeting in 1951, when the proposal was once again placed on the agenda. The poor lecturer (myself) did his best, although he was aware of the fact that just this once it was the present and not the past which was the focus of attention. The result of the voting was not very courteous as there were still many opponents, but the ladies were allowed in, even if they didn’t get the warmest welcome.In Glob’s society there were no such restrictions – everyone was welcome regardless of sex or age. If there was a model for the society, it was the younger and more progressive Norwegian Archaeological Society rather than the Danish one. The main purpose of both societies was to produce an annual publication, and from the start Glob’s Kuml had a closer resemblance to the Norwegian Viking than to the Danish Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. The name of the publication caused careful consideration. For a long time I kept a slip of paper with different proposals, one of which was Kuml, which won after having been approved by the linguist Peter Skautrup.The name alone, however, was not enough, so now the task became to find so mething to fill Kuml with. To this end the finds came in handy, and as for those, Glob must have allied him self with the higher powers, since fortune smiled at him to a considerable extent. Just after entering upon his duties in Aarhus, an archaeological sensation landed at his feet. This happened in May 1950 when I was still living in the capital. A few of us had planned a trip to Aarhus, partly to look at the relics of th e past, and partly to visit our friend, the professor. He greeted us warmly and told us the exciting news that ten iron swords had been found during drainage work in the valley of lllerup Aadal north of the nearby town of Skanderborg. We took the news calmly as Glob rarely understated his affairs, but our scepticism was misplaced. When we visited the meadow the following day and carefully examined the dug-up soil, another sword appeared, as well as several spear and lance heads, and other iron artefacts. What the drainage trench diggers had found was nothing less than a place of sacrifice for war booty, like the four large finds from the 1800s. When I took up my post in Aarhus in September of that year I was granted responsibility for the lllerup excavation, which I worked on during the autumn and the following six summers. Some of my best memories are associated with this job – an interesting and happy time, with cheerful comradeship with a mixed bunch of helpers, who were mainly archaeology students. When we finished in 1956, it was not because the site had been fully investigated, but because the new owner of the bog plot had an aversion to archaeologists and their activities. Nineteen years later, in 1975, the work was resumed, this time under the leadership of Jørgen Ilkjær, and a large amount of weaponry was uncovered. The report from the find is presently being published.At short intervals, the year 1952 brought two finds of great importance: in Februar y the huge vessel from Braa near Horsens, and in April the Grauballe Man. The large Celtic bronze bowl with the bulls’ heads was found disassembled, buried in a hill and covered by a couple of large stones. Thanks to the finder, the farmer Søren Paaske, work was stopped early enough to leave areas untouched for the subsequent examination.The saga of the Grauballe Man, or the part of it that we know, began as a rumour on the 26th of April: a skeleton had been found in a bog near Silkeborg. On the following day, which happened to be a Sunday, Glob went off to have a look at the find. I had other business, but I arrived at the museum in the evening with an acquaintance. In my diary I wrote: ”When we came in we had a slight shock. On the floor was a peat block with a corpse – a proper, well-preserved bog body. Glob brought it. ”We’ll be in trouble now.” And so we were, and Glob was in high spirits. The find created a sensation, which was also thanks to the quick presentation that we mounted. I had purchased a tape recorder, which cost me a packet – not a small handy one like the ones you get nowadays, but a large monstrosity with a steel tape (it was, after all, early days for this device) – and assisted by several experts, we taped a number of short lectures for the benefit of the visitors. People flocked in; the queue meandered from the exhibition room, through the museum halls, and a long way down the street. It took a long wait to get there, but the visitors seemed to enjoy the experience. The bog man lay in his hastily – procured exhibition case, which people circled around while the talking machine repeatedly expressed its words of wisdom – unfortunately with quite a few interruptions as the tape broke and had to be assembled by hand. Luckily, the tape recorders now often used for exhibitions are more dependable than mine.When the waves had died down and the exhibition ended, the experts examined the bog man. He was x-rayed at several points, cut open, given a tooth inspection, even had his fingerprints taken. During the autopsy there was a small mishap, which we kept to ourselves. However, after almost fifty years I must be able to reveal it: Among the organs removed for investigation was the liver, which was supposedly suitable for a C-14 dating – which at the time was a new dating method, introduced to Denmark after the war. The liver was sent to the laboratory in Copenhagen, and from here we received a telephone call a few days later. What had been sent in for examination was not the liver, but the stomach. The unfortunate (and in all other respects highly competent) Aarhus doctor who had performed the dissection was cal1ed in again. During another visit to the bogman’s inner parts he brought out what he believed to be the real liver. None of us were capable of deciding th is question. It was sent to Copenhagen at great speed, and a while later the dating arrived: Roman Iron Age. This result was later revised as the dating method was improved. The Grauballe Man is now thought to have lived before the birth of Christ.The preservation of the Grauballe Man was to be conservation officer Kornbak’s masterpiece. There were no earlier cases available for reference, so he invented a new method, which was very successful. In the first volumes of Kuml, society members read about the exiting history of the bog body and of the glimpses of prehistoric sacrificial customs that this find gave. They also read about the Bahrain expeditions, which Glob initiated and which became the apple of his eye. Bibby played a central role in this, as it was he who – at an evening gathering at Glob’s and Harriet’s home in Risskov – described his stay on the Persian Gulf island and the numerous burial mounds there. Glob made a quick decision (one of his special abilities was to see possibilities that noone else did, and to carry them out successfully to everyone’s surprise) and in December 1952 he and Bibby left for the Gulf, unaware of the fact that they were thereby beginning a series of expeditions which would continue for decades. Again it was Glob’s special genius that was the decisive factor. He very quickly got on friendly terms with the rulers of the small sheikhdoms and interested them in their past. As everyone knows, oil is flowing plentifully in those parts. The rulers were thus financially powerful and some of this wealth was quickly diverted to the expeditions, which probably would not have survived for so long without this assistance. To those of us who took part in them from time to time, the Gulf expeditions were an unforgettable experience, not just because of the interesting work, but even more because of the contact with the local population, which gave us an insight into local manners and customs that helped to explain parts of our own country’s past which might otherwise be difficult to understand. For Glob and the rest of us did not just get close to the elite: in spite of language problems, our Arab workers became our good friends. Things livened up when we occasionally turned up in their palm huts.Still, co-operating with Glob was not always an easy task – the sparks sometimes flew. His talent of initiating things is of course undisputed, as are the lasting results. He was, however, most attractive when he was in luck. Attention normally focused on this magnificent person whose anecdotes were not taken too seriously, but if something went wrong or failed to work out, he could be grossly unreasonable and a little too willing to abdicate responsibility, even when it was in fact his. This might lead to violent arguments, but peace was always restored. In 1954, another museum curator was attached to the museum: Poul Kjærum, who was immediately given the important task of investigating the dolmen settlement near Tustrup on Northern Djursland. This gave important results, such as the discovery of a cult house, which was a new and hitherto unknown Stone Age feature.A task which had long been on our mind s was finally carried out in 1955: constructing a new display of the museum collections. The old exhibitio n type consisted of numerous artefacts lined up in cases, accompaied ony by a brief note of the place where it was found and the type – which was the standard then. This type of exhibition did not give much idea of life in prehistoric times.We wanted to allow the finds to speak for themselves via the way that they were arranged, and with the aid of models, photos and drawings. We couldn’t do without texts, but these could be short, as people would understand more by just looking at the exhibits. Glob was in the Gulf at the time, so Kjærum and I performed the task with little money but with competent practical help from conservator Kornbak. We shared the work, but in fairness I must add that my part, which included the new lllerup find, was more suitable for an untraditional display. In order to illustrate the confusion of the sacrificial site, the numerous bent swords and other weapons were scattered a.long the back wall of the exhibition hall, above a bog land scape painted by Emil Gregersen. A peat column with inlaid slides illustrated the gradual change from prehistoric lake to bog, while a free-standing exhibition case held a horse’s skeleton with a broken skull, accompanied by sacrificial offerings. A model of the Nydam boat with all its oars sticking out hung from the ceiling, as did the fine copy of the Gundestrup vessel, as the Braa vessel had not yet been preserved. The rich pictorial decoration of the vessel’s inner plates was exhibited in its own case underneath. This was an exhibition form that differed considerably from all other Danish exhibitions of the time, and it quickly set a fashion. We awaited Glob’s homecoming with anticipation – if it wasn’t his exhibition it was still made in his spirit. We hoped that he would be surprised – and he was.The museum was thus taking shape. Its few employees included Jytte Ræbild, who held a key position as a secretary, and a growing number of archaeology students who took part in the work in various ways during these first years. Later, the number of employees grew to include the aforementioned excavation pioneer Georg Kunwald, and Hellmuth Andersen and Hans Jørgen Madsen, whose research into the past of Aarhus, and later into Danevirke is known to many, and also the ethnographer Klaus Ferdinand. And now Moesgaard appeared on the horizon. It was of course Glob’s idea to move everything to a manor near Aarhus – he had been fantasising about this from his first Aarhus days, and no one had raised any objections. Now there was a chance of fulfilling the dream, although the actual realisation was still a difficult task.During all this, the Jutland Archaeological Society thrived and attracted more members than expected. Local branches were founded in several towns, summer trips were arranged and a ”Worsaae Medal” was occasionally donated to persons who had deserved it from an archaeological perspective. Kuml came out regularly with contributions from museum people and the like-minded. The publication had a form that appealed to an inner circle of people interested in archaeology. This was the intention, and this is how it should be. But in my opinion this was not quite enough. We also needed a publication that would cater to a wider public and that followed the same basic ideas as the new exhibition.I imagined a booklet, which – without over-popularsing – would address not only the professional and amateur archaeologist but also anyone else interested in the past. The result was Skalk, which (being a branch of the society) published its fir t issue in the spring of 1957. It was a somewhat daring venture, as the financial base was weak and I had no knowledge of how to run a magazine. However, both finances and experience grew with the number of subscribers – and faster than expected, too. Skalk must have met an unsatisfied need, and this we exploited to the best of our ability with various cheap advertisements. The original idea was to deal only with prehistoric and medieval archaeology, but the historians also wanted to contribute, and not just the digging kind. They were given permission, and so the topic of the magazine ended up being Denmark’s past from the time of its first inhabitant s until the times remembered by the oldest of us – with the odd sideways leap to other subjects. It would be impossible to claim that Skalk was at the top of Glob’s wish list, but he liked it and supported the idea in every way. The keeper of national antiquities, Johannes Brøndsted, did the same, and no doubt his unreserved approval of the magazine contributed to its quick growth. Not all authors found it easy to give up technical language and express themselves in everyday Danish, but the new style was quickly accepted. Ofcourse the obligations of the magazine work were also sometimes annoying. One example from the diary: ”S. had promised to write an article, but it was overdue. We agreed to a final deadline and when that was overdue I phoned again and was told that the author had gone to Switzerland. My hair turned grey overnight.” These things happened, but in this particular case there was a happy ending. Another academic promised me three pages about an excavation, but delivered ten. As it happened, I only shortened his production by a third.The 1960s brought great changes. After careful consideration, Glob left us to become the keeper of national antiquities. One important reason for his hesitation was of course Moesgaard, which he missed out on – the transfer was almost settled. This was a great loss to the Aarhus museum and perhaps to Glob, too, as life granted him much greater opportunities for development.” I am not the type to regret things,” he later stated, and hopefully this was true. And I had to choose between the museum and Skalk – the work with the magazine had become too timeconsuming for the two jobs to be combined. Skalk won, and I can truthfully say that I have never looked back. The magazine grew quickly, and happy years followed. My resignation from the museum also meant that Skalk was disengaged from the Jutland Archaeological Society, but a close connection remained with both the museum and the society.What has been described here all happened when the museum world was at the parting of the ways. It was a time of innovation, and it is my opinion that we at the Prehistoric Museum contributed to that change in various ways.The new Museum Act of 1958 gave impetus to the study of the past. The number of archaeology students in creased tremendously, and new techniques brought new possibilities that the discussion club of the 1940s had not even dreamt of, but which have helped to make some of the visions from back then come true. Public in terest in archaeology and history is still avid, although to my regret, the ahistorical 1960s and 1970s did put a damper on it.Glob is greatly missed; not many of his kind are born nowadays. He had, so to say, great virtues and great fault s, but could we have done without either? It is due to him that we have the Jutland Archaeological Society, which has no w existed for half a century. Congr tulat ion s to the Society, from your offspring Skalk.Harald AndersenSkalk MagazineTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

Tanzania in embarking the decentralization by devolution policy (D by D) as a mechanism of facilitating quick development process through the involvement of people from grass root levels has been carried out through the inter-government relations between the central government and the local government authorities (LGAs). Throughout its implementation there had been a supportive structural set up, including a constitutional mandate for local governments. Also, there has been an increased recognition of LGAs by central and sector ministries as partners rather than subordinate structures. However, the lack of a clear and effective institutional framework to govern the implementation of D by D and the lack of a shared understanding of D by D across ministries and other governmental institutions has made led to structural confusion between the Central government and the Local Government Authorities. Thus, this paper explores the undertakings of the inter-government relations between the central government and the local government authorities (LGAs) in order to forge a way forward for a inclusive and responsive governance in the country.

The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, in India is flourishing due to urbanization, industrialization and modernization. The orthodox concept of construction was design-bid builds method or Integrated Project Development methods have been replaced by “lean construction” concept. The lean concept adaptation in AEC is contemporary to the socialistic working tool of the Anthropocene epoch during mid of 20th century. The studies on lean concept is highly relevant in the present social and ecological prospective which promote environmental sustainability, labour manager coordination and collaboration. The lean concept can enhance production and productivity in construction industry through effective implementation of lean labour management. The concept emphasizes on coordination, collaboration, team spirit with humane approach to labour management. The concept results in lowering cost , reduction and elimination of wastage, higher level of motivation , retention of workforce , innovation and implementation of result oriented management practices and achieving customer’s delight. The Takt time and last planners system is to be introduced with lean labour. The construction works on its flow processes require the value stream such as 6M’s (Men, Material, Machines, Methods, Mother Nature (environment) and Measurement), working under 5T’s principle (transparency, teamwork, technology, time, which shall lead to transformations) to be implemented within the AEC sector from grass root to top.

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.