Статті в журналах: "Graphite oxide nanoplatelet"

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Safie, Nur Ezyanie, and Mohd Asyadi Azam. "Understanding the structural properties of feasible chemically reduced graphene." AIMS Materials Science 9, no. 4 (2022): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2022037.

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<abstract> The production of pristine graphene materials for industrialization, often limited by the complicated synthesis route, has introduced other graphene derivatives with a workable and facile synthesis route, especially for mass production. For the chemical exfoliation process, the synthesis involves oxidants and reducing agents to exfoliate the graphene layer from the 3D graphite and remove excess oxygen-containing functional groups yielding graphene-like materials known as reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This work feasibly produces rGO with nanoplatelet morphology through the green solution-processable method. Upon reduction, the crystallite size for the a-axis (<italic>La</italic>) is more prominent (22.50 Å) than the crystallite size for the c-axis (<italic>Lc</italic>) (11.50 Å), suggesting the nanoplatelets structure of the end product, which is also confirmed by the morphology. The integrated intensity (<italic>I</italic>D/<italic>I</italic>G) ratio and average defect density (<italic>nD</italic>) of as-prepared rGO confirmed the sp2 restoration in the graphitic structure. Overall, the Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization parameters validate the production of rGO nanoplatelets, especially with four graphene layers per domain, suggesting that high-quality rGO are achievable and ready to be implemented for the large-scale production. </abstract>

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Cai, Dongyu, Kamal Yusoh, and Mo Song. "The mechanical properties and morphology of a graphite oxide nanoplatelet/polyurethane composite." Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (February 3, 2009): 085712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/8/085712.

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3

Alateyah, A. I. "Thermal properties and morphology of polypropylene based on exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets/nanomagnesium oxide." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0052.

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Abstract Polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet (xGnP) composites reinforced with 2 wt.% nano-magnesia (n-MgO) have been successfully fabricated using an injection moulding machine. In the present study, the thermal properties and morphological structure of the composites were investigated. The XRD patterns of the composites showed xGnP and n-MgO peaks, and the intensity of the xGnP peaks increased with increased concentration in a polypropylene matrix. In addition, the SEM micrographs revealed a good dispersion of filler within the matrix. The nanocomposites showed better thermal stability than the pristine polymer. The improvement in onset temperature compared to virgin PP was found to be 3.6% for 100 wt.% PP, 4% for PP/1xGnP/2n-MgO, 5.5% for PP/2.5xGnP/2n-MgO, and 5.9% for PP/5xGnP/2n-MgO, PP/10xGnP/2n-MgO. In contrast, the crystallinity was reduced by the addition of fillers.

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da Luz, Fernanda Santos, Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho, Maria Teresa Gómez del-Río, Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Graphene-Incorporated Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A First Overview." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071601.

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A novel class of graphene-based materials incorporated into natural lignocellulosic fiber (NLF) polymer composites is surging since 2011. The present overview is the first attempt to compile achievements regarding this novel class of composites both in terms of technical and scientific researches as well as development of innovative products. A brief description of the graphene nature and its recent isolation from graphite is initially presented together with the processing of its main derivatives. In particular, graphene-based materials, such as nanographene (NG), exfoliated graphene/graphite nanoplatelet (GNP), graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as other carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotube (CNT), are effectively being incorporated into NLF composites. Their disclosed superior mechanical, thermal, electrical, and ballistic properties are discussed in specific publications. Interfacial shear strength of 575 MPa and tensile strength of 379 MPa were attained in 1 wt % GO-jute fiber and 0.75 wt % jute fiber, respectively, epoxy composites. Moreover, a Young’s modulus of 44.4 GPa was reported for 0.75 wt % GO-jute fiber composite. An important point of interest concerning this incorporation is the fact that the amphiphilic character of graphene allows a better way to enhance the interfacial adhesion between hydrophilic NLF and hydrophobic polymer matrix. As indicated in this overview, two basic incorporation strategies have so far been adopted. In the first, NG, GNP, GO, rGO and CNT are used as hybrid filler together with NLF to reinforce polymer composites. The second one starts with GO or rGO as a coating to functionalize molecular bonding with NLF, which is then added into a polymeric matrix. Both strategies are contributing to develop innovative products for energy storage, drug release, biosensor, functional electronic clothes, medical implants, and armor for ballistic protection. As such, this first overview intends to provide a critical assessment of a surging class of composite materials and unveil successful development associated with graphene incorporated NLF polymer composites.

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Haridas, Haritha, and Marianna Kontopoulou. "Effect of specific surface area on the rheological properties of graphene nanoplatelet/poly(ethylene oxide) composites." Journal of Rheology 67, no. 3 (May 2023): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000531.

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The rheological properties of poly(ethylene oxide) containing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) having different specific surface areas (SSAs) are studied using steady shear and small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments. A series of GNPs having SSAs ranging from 175 ± 5 to 430 ± 13 m2/g was prepared using a thermomechanical exfoliation process. The complex viscosity, moduli, and yield stress of the composites increase with SSA, whereas electrical and rheological percolation threshold concentrations decrease, suggesting that higher SSAs promote filler network formation. Modeling of small amplitude oscillatory shear data using a two-phase model confirms that hydrodynamic effects dominate at low concentrations below 8 wt. %, where the particles are noninteracting. At higher concentrations, the response is dominated by filler-phase contributions. We demonstrate that the two-phase model parameters can be used to track the exfoliation of graphite into GNPs. Fitting of rheological percolation curves using Utracki and Lyngaae–Jørgensen models at low concentrations (noninteracting regime) resulted in aspect ratios between 19 and 76. At high concentrations (interacting particles), the aspect ratios determined by the Krieger–Daugherty model ranged between 5 and 24 due to aggregation. The highest aspect ratios (defined as the ratio of major dimension to minor dimension) were associated with GNPs that had the highest SSA of 430 m2/g. Strain sweeps revealed that the critical strain for the onset of nonlinear viscoelasticity scaled with SSA above the percolation threshold. The scaling relationships of the critical strain and storage modulus with volume fraction were used to infer the fractal dimensions of filler networks.

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Al Mahmud, Hashim, Matthew S. Radue, William A. Pisani, and Gregory M. Odegard. "Computational Modeling of Hybrid Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Functionalized and Non-Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2021): 2919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112919.

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The mechanical properties of aerospace carbon fiber/graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy hybrid composites reinforced with pristine graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), highly concentrated graphene oxide (GO), and Functionalized Graphene Oxide (FGO) are investigated in this study. By utilizing molecular dynamics data from the literature, the bulk-level mechanical properties of hybrid composites are predicted using micromechanics techniques for different graphene nanoplatelet types, nanoplatelet volume fractions, nanoplatelet aspect ratios, carbon fiber volume fractions, and laminate lay-ups (unidirectional, cross-ply, and angle-ply). For the unidirectional hybrid composites, the results indicate that the shear and transverse properties are significantly affected by the nanoplatelet type, loading and aspect ratio. For the cross-ply and angle ply hybrid laminates, the effect of the nanoplate’s parameters on the mechanical properties is minimal when using volume fractions and aspect ratios that are typically used experimentally. The results of this study can be used in the design of hybrid composites to tailor specific laminate properties by adjusting nanoplatelet parameters.

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Al Mahmud, Hashim, Matthew S. Radue, Sorayot Chinkanjanarot, and Gregory M. Odegard. "Multiscale Modeling of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized and Non-Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121958.

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The impact on the mechanical properties of an epoxy resin reinforced with pristine graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), highly concentrated graphene oxide (GO), and functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) has been investigated in this study. Molecular dynamics (MD) using a reactive force field (ReaxFF) has been employed in predicting the effective mechanical properties of the interphase region of the three nanocomposite materials at the nanoscale level. A systematic computational approach to simulate the reinforcing nanoplatelets and probe their influence on the mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix is established. The modeling results indicate a significant degradation of the in-plane elastic Young’s (decreased by ~89%) and shear (decreased by ~72.5%) moduli of the nanocomposite when introducing large amounts of oxygen and functional groups to the robust sp2 structure of the GNP. However, the wrinkled morphology of GO and FGO improves the nanoplatelet-matrix interlocking mechanism, which produces a significant improvement in the out-of-plane shear modulus (increased by 2 orders of magnitudes). The influence of the nanoplatelet content and aspect ratio on the mechanical response of the nanocomposites has also been determined in this study. Generally, the predicted mechanical response of the bulk nanocomposite materials demonstrates an improvement with increasing nanoplatelet content and aspect ratio. The results show good agreement with experimental data available from the literature.

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8

Pajarito, Bryan, Amelia Jane Belarmino, Rizza Mae Calimbas, and Jillian Rae Gonzales. "Graphite Nanoplatelets from Waste Chicken Feathers." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092109.

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Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs), a functional 2D nanofiller for polymer nanocomposites, utilize natural graphite as a raw material due to its stacked graphene layers and outstanding material properties upon successful exfoliation into nano-thick sheets. However, the increasing demand for natural graphite in many industrial applications necessitates the use of graphite from waste resources. We synthesized GNPs from waste chicken feathers (WCFs) by graphitizing carbonized chicken feathers and exfoliating the graphitic carbon by high-speed homogenization and sonication. We then separated GNP from non-exfoliated carbon by centrifugation. This paper describes the morphology, chemical, and crystalline properties of WCF and its carbon derivatives, as well as the structural features of WCF-derived carbons. We obtained GNPs that have a 2D structure with huge variations in particle size and thickness. The GNP shows the presence of carbonyl groups, which are mostly attached at the edges of the stacked graphene sheets. Defects in the GNP are higher than in graphene synthesized from direct exfoliation of natural graphite but lower than in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. To produce GNP of high quality from WCF, restacking of graphene sheets and concentration of carbonyls must be minimized.

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Elcioglu, Elif Begum. "A High-Accuracy Thermal Conductivity Model for Water-Based Graphene Nanoplatelet Nanofluids." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 5178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165178.

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High energetic efficiency is a major requirement in industrial processes. The poor thermal conductivity of conventional working fluids stands as a limitation for high thermal efficiency in thermal applications. Nanofluids tackle this limitation by their tunable and enhanced thermal conductivities compared to their base fluid counterparts. In particular, carbon-based nanoparticles (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, etc.) have attracted attention since they exhibit thermal conductivities much greater than those of metal-oxide and metallic nanoparticles. In this work, thermal conductivity data from the literature are processed by employing rigorous statistical methodology. A high-accuracy regression equation is developed for the prediction of thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelet-water nanofluids, based on the temperature (15–60 °C), nanoparticle weight fraction (0.025–0.1 wt.%), and graphene nanoparticle specific surface area (300–750 m2/g). The strength of the impact of these variables on the graphene nanoplatelet thermal conductivity data can be sorted from the highest to lowest as temperature, nanoparticle loading, and graphene nanoplatelet specific surface area. The model developed by multiple linear regression with three independent variables has a determination coefficient of 97.1% and exhibits convenience for its ease of use from the existing prediction equations with two independent variables.

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Pan, Shugang, Ning Zhang, and Yongsheng Fu. "Preparation of Nanoplatelet-Like MoS2/rGO Composite as High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Nano 14, no. 03 (March 2019): 1950033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500334.

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In this paper, we report a facile strategy to design and prepare reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported MoS2 nanoplatelet (MoS2/rGO) via a solvothermal co-assembly process. It is found that in the as-obtained MoS2/rGO nanocomposite, MoS2 possesses unique platelet structure and rGO is exfoliated due to the in situ growth of MoS2 nanoplatelet, leading to a large specific surface area, facilitating rapid diffusion of lithium ions. The nanocomposite is used as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries and displays a high initial charge capacity (1382[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]), excellent rate capability and cycling stability. The remarkable lithium storage performance of MoS2/rGO nanocomposite is mainly ascribed to the inherent nanostructure of the MoS2, and the synergistic effect between rGO nanosheets and MoS2 nanoplatelets.

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Lado-Touriño, Isabel, and Alicia Páez-Pavón. "Interaction between Graphene-Based Materials and Small Ag, Cu, and CuO Clusters: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061378.

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The excessive use of antibiotics has contributed to the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and thus, new antibacterial compounds must be developed. Composite materials based on graphene and its derivatives doped with metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles, particularly Ag, Cu, and Cu oxides, hold great promise. These materials are often modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve their pharmacokinetic behavior and their solubility in biological media. In this work, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the interaction between small Ag, Cu, and CuO clusters and several graphene-based materials. These materials include pristine graphene (PG) and pristine graphene nanoplatelets (PGN) as well as PEGylated graphene oxide (GO_PEG) and PEGylated graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GO-PEG_N). We calculated the adsorption energies, mean equilibrium distances between the nanoparticles and graphene surfaces, and mean square displacement (MSD) of the nanoclusters. The results show that PEGylation favors the adsorption of the clusters on the graphene surfaces, causing an increase in adsorption energies and a decrease in both distances and MSD values. The strengthening of the interaction could be crucial to obtain effective antibacterial compounds.

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12

Gascho, Julia L. S., Sara F. Costa, Abel A. C. Recco, and Sérgio H. Pezzin. "Graphene Oxide Films Obtained by Vacuum Filtration: X-Ray Diffraction Evidence of Crystalline Reorganization." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (March 24, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5963148.

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In this study, films of graphene oxide and chemically or thermally reduced graphene oxide were produced by a simple vacuum filtration method and submitted to a thorough characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and infrared spectroscopies, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Graphene oxide (GO) was produced from graphite by the modified Hummers method and thereafter reduced with NaBH4 or by heating under argon in a tubular furnace. The films were produced from aqueous solutions by vacuum filtration on a cellulose membrane. Graphite presents two characteristic XRD peaks corresponding to d=0.34 nm and d=0.17 nm. After oxidation, only a peak at d=0.84 nm is found for powder GO, confirming the insertion of oxygen groups with an increase in the interplanar distance of graphene nanoplatelets. However, for GO films, other unexpected peaks are observed at d=0.63 nm, d=0.52 nm, and d=0.48 nm. After reduction, both chemical and thermal, the peak at 0.84 nm disappears, while those corresponding to interplanar distances of 0.63 nm, 0.52 nm, and 0.48 nm are still present. The other characterizations confirm the production and chemical composition of GO and reduced GO films. The results indicate the combination of crystalline regions with different interplanar distances, suggesting the ordering of graphene/graphene oxide intercalated sheets.

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Burk, Laura, Matthias Gliem, Fabian Lais, Fabian Nutz, Markus Retsch, and Rolf Mülhaupt. "Mechanochemically Carboxylated Multilayer Graphene for Carbon/ABS Composites with Improved Thermal Conductivity." Polymers 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101088.

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Dry ball milling of graphite under carbon dioxide pressure affords multilayer-functionalized graphene (MFG) with carboxylic groups as nanofiller for composites of carbon and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers (ABSs). Produced in a single-step process without requiring purification, MFG nanoplatelets are uniformly dispersed in ABS even in the absence of compatibilizers. As compared to few-layer graphene oxide, much larger amounts of MFG are tolerated in ABS melt processing. Unparalleled by other carbon nanofillers and non-functionalized micronized graphite, the addition of 15 wt % MFG simultaneously results in a Young’s modulus of 2550 MPa (+68%), a thermal conductivity of 0.321 W∙m−1∙K−1 (+200%), and a heat distortion temperature of 99 °C (+9%) with respect to neat ABS, without encountering massive embrittlement and melt-viscosity build-up typical of few-layer graphene oxide. With carbon filler at 5 wt %, the Young’s modulus increases with increasing aspect ratio of the carbon filler and is superior to spherical hydroxyl-functionalized MFG, which forms large agglomerates. Both MFG and micronized graphite hold promise for designing carbon/ABS compounds with improved thermal management in lightweight engineering applications.

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Anh, Nguyen Duy. "STUDY ON SYNTHESIS OF MnFe2O4/GNPs COMPOSITE AND APPLICATION ON HEAVY METAL REMOVAL." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 1A (May 4, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/1a/12524.

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Nowadays, composite materials between mixed-metal oxides and graphene are widely studied due to their multiple applications on different fields. MnFe2O4 is a magnetic material which has the ability to absorb toxic heavy metal in water. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with about 10 layers, is one of type of graphene. GNPs was used as matrix for the fine distribution of metal oxide nanoparticles. Surface area for the absorption process can be increased. Composite was synthesized using solvothermal method, in which mixed-metal oxide nanoparticles were directly formed in-situ from precursor salts onto GNPs surface. Synthesized material was analyzed using XRD, SEM and EDX methods to determine its properties. Heavy metal absorption capacity was also studied and showed good results.

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Liang, Chaobo, Hua Qiu, Yangyang Han, Hongbo Gu, Ping Song, Lei Wang, Jie Kong, Dapeng Cao, and Junwei Gu. "Superior electromagnetic interference shielding 3D graphene nanoplatelets/reduced graphene oxide foam/epoxy nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 9 (2019): 2725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05955a.

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16

Creutzenberg, Otto, Helena Oliveira, Lucian Farcal, Dirk Schaudien, Ana Mendes, Ana Catarina Menezes, Tatjana Tischler, Sabina Burla, and Christina Ziemann. "PLATOX: Integrated In Vitro/In Vivo Approach for Screening of Adverse Lung Effects of Graphene-Related 2D Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081254.

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Graphene-related two-dimensional nanomaterials possess very technically promising characteristics, but gaps exist regarding their potential adverse health effects. Based on their nano-thickness and lateral micron dimensions, nanoplates exhibit particular aerodynamic properties, including respirability. To develop a lung-focused, in vitro/in vivo screening approach for toxicological hazard assessment, various graphene-related nanoplates, i.e., single-layer graphene (SLG), graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), carboxyl graphene, graphene oxide, graphite oxide and Printex 90® (particle reference) were used. Material characterization preceded in vitro (geno)toxicity screening (membrane integrity, metabolic activity, proliferation, DNA damage) with primary rat alveolar macrophages (AM), MRC-5 lung fibroblasts, NR8383 and RAW 264.7 cells. Submerse cell exposure and material-adapted methods indicated material-, cell type-, concentration-, and time-specific effects. SLG and GNP were finally chosen as in vitro biologically active or more inert graphene showed eosinophils in lavage fluid for SLG but not GNP. The subsequent 28-day inhalation study (OECD 412) confirmed a toxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory potential for SLG at 3.2 mg/m3 with an in vivo-ranking of lung toxicity: SLG > GNP > Printex 90®. The in vivo ranking finally pointed to AM (lactate dehydrogenase release, DNA damage) as the most predictive in vitro model for the (geno)toxicity screening of graphene nanoplates.

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Kukhta, Alexander V., Alesya G. Paddubskaya, Polina P. Kuzhir, Sergey A. Maksimenko, Svetlana A. Vorobyova, Stefano Bellucci, and Pawan K. Khanna. "Electroactive Polymer Based Conducting, Magnetic, and Luminescent Triple Composites." Advances in Science and Technology 97 (October 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.97.24.

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The latest our results on triple polymer composites based on graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) covered by copper nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and CdSe two-dimensional and spherical nanoparticles are presented and analyzed. It was found that GNP covered by copper nanoparticles results in higher conductivity and film stability increase in PEDOT:PSS than pure GNP. It was revealed that in magnetic field, composites based on GNP with iron oxide nanoparticles have metallic conductivity and form thin films with higher surface while thin films formed without magnetic field are dielectrics and have less surface. Luminescent composite based on CdSe nanoplatelets has been obtained. Two maxima in the luminescence spectra of CdSe nanoplatelets have been found and explained with a model based on efficient absorption of photons between neighbor nanoplatelets. Luminescence of active particles was different in different places of the sample and strongly depends on the graphene type. Stronger luminescence is observed in graphene with less amount of defects.

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Sheha, E., M. H. Makled, Walaa M. Nouman, A. Bassyouni, S. Yaghmour, and S. Abo-Elhassan. "Vanadium Oxide/Graphene Nanoplatelet as a Cathode Material for Mg-Ion Battery." Graphene 05, no. 04 (2016): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/graphene.2016.54015.

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Pietrzyk, Bożena, Sebastian Miszczak, Ye Sun, and Marcin Szymański. "Al2O3 + Graphene Low-Friction Composite Coatings Prepared By Sol–Gel Method." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090858.

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In this work, Al2O3 + graphene coatings were prepared using the sol–gel method. The aim of the study was preliminary determination of the influence of size and amount of graphene nanoplatelets on morphology, chemical structure, and basic tribological properties of Al2O3 + graphene composite coatings. Two types of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoplatelets with different lateral size and thickness were used to prepare the coatings. To characterize them, scanning electron microscope (SEM), glow discharged optical emission spectrometer (GDOES), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), reflectance spectrometer, and ball-on-disk tribological tests were used. It was found that the presence of graphene in the Al2O3 + graphene coatings did not fundamentally change the chemical transformation of ceramic Al2O3 matrix. Morphology examinations of coatings containing larger graphene nanoplatelets revealed a tendency to their parallel arrangement in relation to the coated surface. The tribological properties of Al2O3 + graphene coatings turned out to be strongly dependent on the size of graphene nanoplatelets as well as on the heat treatment temperature. The friction coefficient as low as 0.11 and good durability were obtained for the Al2O3 + graphene coating with larger nanoplatelets and heat-treated at 500 °C. The results of conducted research indicate the potential use of Al2O3 + graphene composite coatings prepared by the sol–gel method as low-friction ceramic coatings.

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Kim, Song Ho, Kyunghoon Kim, and O. Ok Park. "Poly(propylene)-grafted thermally reduced graphene oxide and its compatibilization effect on poly(propylene)–graphene nanocomposites." RSC Advances 6, no. 91 (2016): 87828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17934g.

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Araujo, Andreia, Diogo Vale, Panagiotis-Nektarios Pappas, Nikos Koutroumanis, and Raquel M. Santos. "Challenges and opportunities on nano-enabled multifunctional composites for aerostructures." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401007.

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The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials in the polymeric matrix of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites has recently received worldwide attention, aiming to enhance their performance and multifunctionality. In this work, different loadings of nanoparticles from the graphene family, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), were produced from graphite exfoliation. The mixing conditions for the production of epoxy-based suspensions were optimized using a three-roll mill, by changing the residence time and hydrodynamic shear stresses. The rheological behaviour, electrical conductivity and optical assessment were performed to study the influence of these nanoreinforcements on the resin properties. Afterwards, pristine and modified suspensions containing 0.089 wt. % of rGO or 2.14 wt. % of GNPs were used for manufacturing pre-impregnated materials with carbon fibre volume fractions of approximately 59 %. The nano-enabled CFRPs presented improved transverse electrical conductivity between 48 and 64 % when compared to the reference material. Significant enhancement of interlaminar fracture toughness (98.4 %) was found with GNPs.

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Ramírez, Cristina, Manuel Belmonte, Pilar Miranzo, and Maria Isabel Osendi. "Applications of Ceramic/Graphene Composites and Hybrids." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14082071.

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Research activity on ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids has increased dramatically in the last decade. In this review, we provide an overview of recent contributions involving ceramics, graphene, and graphene-related materials (GRM, i.e., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoplatelets) with a primary focus on applications. We have adopted a broad scope of the term ceramics, therefore including some applications of GRM with certain metal oxides and cement-based matrices in the review. Applications of ceramic/graphene hybrids and composites cover many different areas, in particular, energy production and storage (batteries, supercapacitors, solar and fuel cells), energy harvesting, sensors and biosensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomaterials, thermal management (heat dissipation and heat conduction functions), engineering components, catalysts, etc. A section on ceramic/GRM composites processed by additive manufacturing methods is included due to their industrial potential and waste reduction capability. All these applications of ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids are listed and mentioned in the present review, ending with the authors’ outlook of those that seem most promising, based on the research efforts carried out in this field.

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Albetran, H. M. "Investigation of the Morphological, Structural, and Vibrational Behaviour of Graphite Nanoplatelets." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5546509.

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This work investigated the morphological, structural, and vibrational properties of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) that were produced by ultrasonication. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Raman spectroscopy identified 120-nm-thick GNP crystallites and 50–2000 μm2 plates with different areas and shapes. Extensive exfoliation was observed by transmission electron microscopy with abundant multi and some monolayer GNPs. X-ray diffractometry confirmed 43 GNP layers along the c -axis. Rietveld X-ray analysis indicated a GNP crystal lattice with stacks of parallel two-dimensional graphene layers and tightly bound hybridized carbon atoms stacked in a translational …ABAB… sequence in hexagonal rings. Raman scattering indicated well-defined GNPs with few defects and no oxide content. All analytical results reveal that GNPs could have significant potential application in electrically conductive reinforcement devices.

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Khalid, Mohd, Milton A. Tumelero, Vinicius C. Zoldan, Cristiani C. Pla Cid, Dante F. Franceschini, Ronaldo A. Timm, Lauro T. Kubota, Stanislav A. Moshkalev, and Andre A. Pasa. "Polyaniline nanofibers–graphene oxide nanoplatelets composite thin film electrodes for electrochemical capacitors." RSC Adv. 4, no. 64 (2014): 34168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06145d.

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25

Bobrinetskiy, Ivan, Marko Radovic, Francesco Rizzotto, Priya Vizzini, Stefan Jaric, Zoran Pavlovic, Vasa Radonic, Maria Vesna Nikolic, and Jasmina Vidic. "Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 2700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102700.

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Анотація:

Electrochemical biosensors utilizing nanomaterials have received widespread attention in pathogen detection and monitoring. Here, the potential of different nanomaterials and electrochemical technologies is reviewed for the development of novel diagnostic devices for the detection of foodborne pathogens and their biomarkers. The overview covers basic electrochemical methods and means for electrode functionalization, utilization of nanomaterials that include quantum dots, gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (carbon and graphene quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene and reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets, laser-induced graphene), metal oxides (nanoparticles, 2D and 3D nanostructures) and other 2D nanomaterials. Moreover, the current and future landscape of synergic effects of nanocomposites combining different nanomaterials is provided to illustrate how the limitations of traditional technologies can be overcome to design rapid, ultrasensitive, specific and affordable biosensors.

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26

Liu, Xin, Xiao Yu Shao, Guan Biao Fang, Hai Feng He, and Zhen Gao Wan. "Preparation and properties of chemically reduced graphene oxide/copolymer-polyamide nanocomposites." e-Polymers 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0094.

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AbstractTo enhance the physical properties of copolymer-polyamide (CO-PA), a sequence of nanocomposites based upon CO-PA and chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) nanoplatelets were prepared by in-situ reduction using hydrazine hydrate. Graphene oxide (GO), prepared by the improved Hummers method, was used to fabricate CRGO nanaoplatelets. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the thickness and the width of GO was about 0.9 nm and 1 μm, respectively. An abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups were introduced onto the GO sheets. XRD and SEM analysis showed that CRGO nanoplatelets were well dispersed in the CO-PA matrix with the appropriate CRGO content. TGA and DSC analysis demonstrated that CRGO nanoplatelets can significantly improve the thermal stability, glass-transition temperature, crystallization temperature of the composites. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were improved significantly with the appropriate increment of CRGO nanoplatelets content, though the elongation at break of the composites decreased with the increase of CRGO nanoplatelets content. The electrical conductivity test showed a significant increase in electrical conductivity from an insulator to almost a semiconductor with increasing CRGO nanoplatelets content. And at 1.0 wt% CRGO content, the electrical percolation threshold of the nanocomposites was found.

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27

Chandraiahgari, C. R., G. De Bellis, S. K. Balijepalli, S. Kaciulis, P. Ballirano, A. Migliori, V. Morandi, L. Caneve, F. Sarto, and M. S. Sarto. "Control of the size and density of ZnO-nanorods grown onto graphene nanoplatelets in aqueous suspensions." RSC Advances 6, no. 86 (2016): 83217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18317d.

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28

I. Alateyah, A., and F. H. Latief. "Mechanical properties and microstructural investigation of polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets/ nano-magnesium oxide composites." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.9413.

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Анотація:

Polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets composites reinforced with a low concentration of nano-magnesia have been successfully fabricated, using injection molding machine. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites were investigated, in the present study. The XRD patterns of the composites showed the peaks of xGnP and n-MgO, where the intensity of the xGnP peaks became stronger with increasing the concentration of xGnP added into polypropylene matrix. In addition, the SEM micrographs revealed a good dispersion of fillers within the matrix. The results showed that increasing the amount of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets up to 10 wt. % resulted in increasing the composite flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness up to 35% and 91%, 6.7%, respectively, compared to the monolithic polypropylene.

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29

Kim, Mokwon, Do Youb Kim, Yongku Kang, and O. Ok Park. "Facile fabrication of highly flexible graphene paper for high-performance flexible lithium ion battery anode." RSC Advances 5, no. 5 (2015): 3299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13164a.

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30

Politano, Grazia Giuseppina, and Carlo Versace. "Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Graphene-Based Films." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040462.

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A review of the authors’ research works on Variable-Angle Spectroscopy (VASE) of graphene-based films is presented. The interaction of graphene oxide (GO) with magnetron-sputtered metals is a promising research area. VASE optical models of GO thin films deposited on magnetron-sputtered titanium (Ti), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) are discussed. Moreover, the optical properties of graphene nanoplatelet (GNPS) films and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) stabilized with Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) (PSS) films, which are less studied graphene-related materials, are shown. Finally, different optical behaviors of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene films on silicon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates are recapitulated.

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31

Paratala, Bhavna S., Barry D. Jacobson, Shruti Kanakia, Leonard Deepak Francis, and Balaji Sitharaman. "Physicochemical Characterization, and Relaxometry Studies of Micro-Graphite Oxide, Graphene Nanoplatelets, and Nanoribbons." PLoS ONE 7, no. 6 (June 7, 2012): e38185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038185.

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32

Arena, Antonella, Caterina Branca, Carmine Ciofi, Giovanna D’Angelo, Valentino Romano, and Graziella Scandurra. "Polypyrrole and Graphene Nanoplatelets Inks as Electrodes for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102589.

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Flexible energy storage devices and supercapacitors in particular have become very attractive due to the growing demand for wearable consumer devices. To obtain supercapacitors with improved performance, it is useful to resort to hybrid electrodes, usually nanocomposites, that combine the excellent charge transport properties and high surface area of nanostructured carbon with the electrochemical activity of suitable metal oxides or conjugated polymers. In this work, electrochemically active conducting inks are developed starting from commercially available polypyrrole and graphene nanoplatelets blended with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Films prepared by applying the developed inks are characterized by means of Raman measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) investigations. Planar supercapacitor prototypes with an active area below ten mm2 are then prepared by applying the inks onto transparency sheets, separated by an ion-permeable nafion layer impregnated with lithium hexafluorophospate, and characterized by means of electrical measurements. According to the experimental results, the devices show both pseudocapacitive and electric double layer behavior, resulting in areal capacitance that, when obtained from about 100 mF⋅cm−2 in the sample with polypyrrole-based electrodes, increases by a factor of about 3 when using electrodes deposited from inks containing polypyrrole and graphene nanoplateles.

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33

Daud, Sarbani, Mohd Adnin Hamidi, and Rizalman Mamat. "Design of Experiment to Predict the Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets Addition to Diesel Engine Performance." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.6263.

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To minimise diesel exhaust emissions, a few methods are commonly used. Engine modifications, combustion optimisation, and exhaust system treatment components are among them. Fuel additives, such as zinc oxide, titanium oxide, aluminium oxide, and cerium oxide, are amongst the most effective methods to increase performance and reduce emissions. Even while positive performance and emission reduction outcomes have been demonstrated, there are worries concerning health toxicity effects. Carbon nanoparticles have been accepted as a fuel additive since they pose little risk to human health. A few studies have been undertaken to investigate the consequences of employing graphene nanoplatelets as fuel additives, thanks to advancements in graphene research. The findings of the study seemed encouraging. However, despite detecting the additive effects of graphene on performance, no more study has been undertaken to forecast the effects on engine performance. The objective of this study was to predict the effects of graphene nanoplatelets as an additive for diesel engines. The performance parameters of the trial were torque, power, BSFC, and BTE. Speed, load, and blend concentration are all considered in this model. Response surface methods and contour plotting with Minitab software were used to generate the prediction model. The results show that the prediction model is within 10% of the experimental data.

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34

Saravanan, M., T. C. Sabari Girisun, and S. Venugopal Rao. "Super-paramagnetic and unusual nonlinear absorption switching behavior of an in situ decorated CdFe2O4–rGO nanocomposite." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 38 (2017): 9929–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02929b.

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A simple strategy based on electrostatic interaction was utilized to assemble in situ cadmium ferrite of various morphologies (nanoplatelets to nanorods) on reduced graphene oxide sheets using a one-step hydrothermal reaction.

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35

Beeran P. T., Yasir, Vid Bobnar, Selestina Gorgieva, Yves Grohens, Matjaž Finšgar, Sabu Thomas, and Vanja Kokol. "Mechanically strong, flexible and thermally stable graphene oxide/nanocellulosic films with enhanced dielectric properties." RSC Advances 6, no. 54 (2016): 49138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06744a.

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Mechanically strong and flexible films with dielectric properties and energy storage ability have been fabricated from ammonia-functionalized graphene oxide (NGO) nanoplatelets and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) vs. TEMPO pre-oxidized CNFs (TCNFs).

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36

Zheng, Qiaofeng, Baoguo Han, Xia Cui, Xun Yu, and Jinping Ou. "Graphene-engineered cementitious composites." Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 7 (January 1, 2017): 184798041774230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847980417742304.

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Graphene, a two-dimensional monoatomic thick building block of a carbon allotrope, has emerged as nano-inclusions in cementitious materials due to its distinguished mechanical, electrical, thermal, and transport properties. Graphene nanoplatelet and its oxidized derivative graphene oxide were found to be able to reinforce and modify the cementitious materials from atomic scale to macroscale, and thereby endow them with excellent mechanical properties, durability, and multifunctionality. This article reviews the progress of fabrication, properties, mechanisms, and applications of graphene-based cementitious composites.

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37

Paszkiewicz, Sandra, Iwona Pawelec, Anna Szymczyk, and Zbigniew Rosłaniec. "Thermoplastic elastomers containing 2D nanofillers: montmorillonite, graphene nanoplatelets and oxidized graphene platelets." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0071.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparative study on which type of platelets nanofiller, organic or inorganic, will affect the properties of thermoplastic elastomer matrix in the stronger manner. Therefore, poly(trimethylene terephthalate-block-poly(tetramethylene oxide) copolymer (PTT-PTMO) based nanocomposites with 0.5 wt.% of clay (MMT), graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and graphene oxide (GO) have been prepared by in situ polymerization. The structure of the nanocomposites was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to present good dispersion without large aggregates. It was indicated that PTT-PTMO/GNP composite shows the highest crystallization temperature. Unlike the addition of GNP and GO, the introduction of MMT does not have great effect on the glass transition temperature of PTMO-rich soft phase. An addition of all three types of nanoplatelets in the nanocomposites caused the enhancement in tensile modulus and yield stress. Additionally, the cyclic tensile tests showed that prepared nanocomposites have values of permanent set slightly higher than neat PTT-PTMO.

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38

Khim Chng, Elaine Lay, Chun Kiang Chua, and Martin Pumera. "Graphene oxide nanoribbons exhibit significantly greater toxicity than graphene oxide nanoplatelets." Nanoscale 6, no. 18 (2014): 10792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr03608e.

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39

Li, Anqi, Fuzhen Li, Kancheng Mai, and Zishou Zhang. "Crystallization and Melting Behavior of UHMWPE Composites Filled by Different Carbon Materials." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (August 10, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2447418.

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In order to understand the effect of different carbon materials on the crystallization and melting behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), UHMWPE composites were prepared by different carbon materials through solution mixing in this paper. UHMWPE was oxidized to improve the interfacial interaction between UHMWPE and carbon materials. The UHMWPE composites and oxidized UHMWPE composites were prepared using granular graphite particle (GP), graphite nanoplatelets (GNP), and flaky graphene oxide (GO) as fillers. The effect of the type and the content of carbon materials and the oxidization of UHMWPE on crystallization and melting temperatures, crystallinity, and crystal form of UHMWPE and oxidized UHMWPE composites was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectrum, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that there are coexistence of the heterogeneous nucleation and the hindering effect of crystal growth by carbon materials for UHMWPE crystallization. The different influence of carbon materials on the crystallization and melting behavior of UHMWPE was discussed by the heterogeneous nucleation of carbon materials and the restriction of the macromolecular chain motion of UHMWPE by carbon materials.

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40

Paszkiewicz, Sandra, Daria Pawlikowska, Magdalena Kurcz, Anna Szymczyk, Izabela Irska, Rafał Stanik, Maik Gude, et al. "Functional Properties of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)-Block-Poly(Caprolactone) Based Nanocomposites Containing Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101459.

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This work reports a study on the influence of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the functional properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)-block-poly(caprolactone) (PTT-block-PCL-T) (75/25 wt.%/wt.%) copolymer, obtained from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 1,3-biopropanediol and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) via in situ polymerization. The article presents, if and how the reduction of graphene oxide, in comparison to the non-reduced one, can affect morphological, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. SEM examination confirms/reveals the homogeneous distribution of GO/rGO nanoplatelets in the PTT-block-PCL-T copolymer matrix. More than threefold increase in the value of the tensile modulus is achieved by the addition of 1.0 wt.% of GO and rGO. Moreover, the thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the GO and rGO-based nanocomposites are also improved. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement indicates that the incorporation of GO and rGO has a remarkable impact on the crystallinity of the nanocomposites (an increase of crystallization temperature up to 58 °C for nanocomposite containing 1.0 wt.% of GO is observed). Therefore, the high performances of the PTT-block-PCL-T-based nanocomposites are mainly attributed to the uniform dispersion of nanoplatelets in the polymer matrix and strong interfacial interactions between components.

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41

Yeom, Hyo Yeol, Hyo Yeol Na, and Seong Jae Lee. "Influence of Graphene Oxide and Graphite Nanoplatelets on Rheological and Electrical Properties of Polystyrene Nanocomposites." Polymer Korea 38, no. 4 (July 25, 2014): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2014.38.4.502.

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42

Shen, Jianfeng, Yizhe Hu, Min Shi, Xin Lu, Chen Qin, Chen Li, and Mingxin Ye. "Fast and Facile Preparation of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets." Chemistry of Materials 21, no. 15 (August 11, 2009): 3514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm901247t.

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43

Jamali, N., H. Khosravi, A. Rezvani, E. Tohidlou, and JA Poulis. "Viscoelastic and dry-sliding wear properties of basalt fiber-reinforced composites based on a surface-modified graphene oxide/epoxy matrix." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 6 (May 16, 2019): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083719850839.

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The current study focuses on the development of silanized graphene oxide reinforced basalt fiber/epoxy composites for enhanced tribological and viscoelastic properties. The modified-graphene oxide nanoplatelets were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman analyses. Pin-on-disk wear test and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis were conducted to determine the tribological and viscoelastic properties of the fabricated specimens with different silanized-graphene oxide loadings in the matrix (0–0.5 wt.% at a step of 0.1). The multiscale specimens were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique. The best silanized-graphene oxide loading for effectively enhancing the tribological properties was found to be 0.4 wt.%, whose wear rate and friction coefficient were 62% and 44%, respectively lower than those of the neat basalt/epoxy composite. The examination of the worn surfaces showed the enhanced basalt fiber/epoxy bonding in graphene oxide-reinforced specimen. From the results of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the specimen filled with 0.4 wt.% silanized-graphene oxide demonstrated the highest increase of 130% and 13.6℃ in the storage modulus and glass transition temperature as compared to the neat composite. This study indicated that the addition of silanized-graphene oxide considerably enhanced the tribological and viscoelastic properties of the fibrous composites.

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44

Dong, Haocong, Junzhu Li, Mingguang Chen, Hongwei Wang, Xiaochuan Jiang, Yongguang Xiao, Bo Tian, and Xixiang Zhang. "High-throughput Production of ZnO-MoS2-Graphene Heterostructures for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142233.

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High-throughput production of highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution remains a considerable challenge for materials scientists. Here, we produced extremely uniform high-quality graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoplatelets through the electrochemical-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation, out of which we subsequently fabricated MoS2/graphene van der Waals heterostructures. Ultimately, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were deposited into these two-dimensional heterostructures to produce an artificial ZnO/MoS2/graphene nanocomposite. This new composite experimentally exhibited an excellent photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution under the sunlight illumination ( λ > 400 n m ), owing to the extremely high electron mobilities in graphene nanoplatelets and the significant visible-light absorptions of MoS2. Moreover, due to the synergistic effects in MoS2 and graphene, the lifetime of excited carriers increased dramatically, which considerably improved the photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO/MoS2/graphene heterostructure. We conclude that the novel artificial heterostructure presented here shows great potential for the high-efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation and the high throughput production of visible-light photocatalysts for industrial applications.

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45

Janczak, Daniel, Andrzej Peplowski, Grzegorz Wroblewski, Lukasz Gorski, Elzbieta Zwierkowska, and Malgorzata Jakubowska. "Investigations of Printed Flexible pH Sensing Materials Based on Graphene Platelets and Submicron RuO2Powders." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2190429.

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The paper describes the investigations of pH-sensitive materials for screen printed flexible pH sensors. The sensors were fully printed and consisted of three layers, conductive made of low temperature-curable silver paste, insulating made of UV-curable dielectric paste, and pH-sensitive made of developed graphene/ruthenium oxide pastes. Graphene and ruthenium oxide composites were prepared with different proportions of graphene nanoplatelets paste and submicron ruthenium dioxide. To perform functional measurements, particular testing sensors were fabricated on flexible polyester foil. Afterwards electrochemical potential measurements of fabricated devices were carried out. Sensors were also exposed to cyclic bending and the change of pH sensitivity before and after bending was described. Eventually, percolation threshold concerning the amount of ruthenium oxide in the pH-sensitive layer was designated and UV influence on the sensitivity was observed that together allow for optimization of sensors’ fabrication costs.

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46

Yu, Zeyang, and Lawrence T. Drzal. "Functionalized graphene oxide as coupling agent for graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites." Polymer Composites 41, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25423.

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47

Aram, Elham, Morteza Ehsani, Hossein Ali Khonakdar, and Serveh Abdollahi. "Improvement of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend using graphene nanosheets." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 9 (August 20, 2018): 1176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718794776.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (90/10) nanocomposites containing various amounts of graphene nanoplatelets were fabricated by solution method and then the effects of graphene concentration on morphology, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. Characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the nanocomposites showed a relatively good dispersion of graphene sheets in the polymer matrix. The results indicated that thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and mechanical properties of PMME/PEO blend improved by increasing graphene concentration. The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites revealed a significant improvement with increasing the amount of graphene and the percolation threshold was about 3.33 wt% of graphene.

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48

Daud, Sarbani, Mohd Adnin Hamidi, and Rizalman Mamat. "Response surface methodology to predict the effects of graphene nanoplatelets addition to diesel engine performance." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1042, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1042/1/012003.

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Abstract Engine emissions have become one of the major problems of the world today. Therefore, researchers need to find ways to reduce engine emissions. There are many available methods to reduce emissions or improve engine performance such as using an alternative engine or using alternative fuels. The simplest method is by introducing additives to the currently used fuel and engines. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide, titanium oxide, aluminium oxide, and cerium oxide are among the popular additives used by researchers. The results from the research have been very positive, as it successfully reduced engine emissions. However, there are concerns about the toxicity of the emissions that exposed hazards to human health. A few researchers introduced carbon-based nanomaterials as an additive to improve engine performance and reduce engine emissions. The use of carbon-based nanomaterials is very promising since it poses little to no effect on human health. Graphene is a carbon-based nanomaterial used as an additive in this study. This study aimed to forecast the effects of graphene nanoplatelets’ addition to engine performance. The study used torque, power, brake-specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency as performance parameters. The prediction models consider speed, load, and blend concentration in the calculation. A full-quadratic model with help of Minitab software is used to develop the prediction model. The model is then presented in surface plot and contour plot. The results show that the prediction model agrees with the experimental data with ±10% accuracy. In conclusion, the RSM model of graphene nanoplatelets’ effects on diesel engine performance is producible using full quadratic calculation.

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49

Zeitoun, Marwa, Marwa Adel, Fuad Abulfotouh, and Shaker Ebrahim. "Thermophysical properties enhancement of octadecane using reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide nanoplatelets." Journal of Energy Storage 38 (June 2021): 102512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102512.

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50

Yan, Junyan, Liliang Chen, Chih-Ching Huang, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Lingyan Yang, Wen-Cheng Wang, Po-Hsiung Lin, Guangli Suo, and Chia-Hua Lin. "Consecutive evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets immunotoxicity on monocytes." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 153 (May 2017): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.02.036.

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