Статті в журналах: "Grapevine, drought, rootstocks"

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Fort, Kevin, Joaquin Fraga, Daniele Grossi, and M. Andrew Walker. "Early Measures of Drought Tolerance in Four Grape Rootstocks." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142, no. 1 (January 2017): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs03919-16.

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Recent and severe droughts in major grape (Vitis)-growing regions of the United States and Australia underscore the importance of more efficient agricultural use of water. Grape rootstock breeding for increased drought tolerance could contribute to continued sustainable yields as fresh water supplies decline. Rhizotron containers were used in a greenhouse to investigate the predictive measures of drought tolerance in young grapevine rootstocks. Deeper rooting distributions were found for the drought-tolerant rootstocks ‘110R’ (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) and ‘Ramsey’ (Vitis champinii, a natural hybrid of Vitis candicans × V. rupestris) as opposed to shallower distributions observed in the more drought-sensitive rootstocks ‘101-14Mgt’ (Vitis riparia × V. rupestris) and ‘Riparia Gloire’ (V. riparia). Production of new roots during a 6-day nonirrigated period declined 45% to 53% for ‘Riparia Gloire’ and ‘101-14Mgt’, respectively, but showed no change in ‘110R’ and ‘Ramsey’. Slow growth, a hallmark of abiotic stress tolerance, was evident in the drought-tolerant rootstocks in their relatively slow shoot growth before drought stress and their relatively slow new root growth during recovery, especially for ‘Ramsey’. High stomatal conductance (gS) corresponded with drought tolerance and distinguished rootstocks best during the first 3 days of recovery, with a mean value for ‘Ramsey’ 2.7 times higher than ‘101-14Mgt’. Stomatal conductance during recovery may serve as the most efficient means of predicting drought tolerance capacity in a breeding program.

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Bartlett, M. K., G. Sinclair, G. Fontanesi, T. Knipfer, M. A. Walker, and A. J. McElrone. "Root pressure–volume curve traits capture rootstock drought tolerance." Annals of Botany 129, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab132.

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Abstract Background and Aims Living root tissues significantly constrain plant water uptake under drought, but we lack functional traits to feasibly screen diverse plants for variation in the drought responses of these tissues. Water stress causes roots to lose volume and turgor, which are crucial to root structure, hydraulics and growth. Thus, we hypothesized that root pressure–volume (p–v) curve traits, which quantify the effects of water potential on bulk root turgor and volume, would capture differences in rootstock drought tolerance. Methods We used a greenhouse experiment to evaluate relationships between root p–v curve traits and gas exchange, whole-plant hydraulic conductance and biomass under drought for eight grapevine rootstocks that varied widely in drought performance in field trials (101-14, 110R, 420A, 5C, 140-Ru, 1103P, Ramsey and Riparia Gloire), grafted to the same scion variety (Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’). Key Results The traits varied significantly across rootstocks, and droughted vines significantly reduced root turgor loss point (πtlp), osmotic potential at full hydration (πo) and capacitance (C), indicating that roots became less susceptible to turgor loss and volumetric shrinkage. Rootstocks that retained a greater root volume (i.e. a lower C) also maintained more gas exchange under drought. The rootstocks that previous field trials have classified as drought tolerant exhibited significantly lower πtlp, πo and C values in well-watered conditions, but significantly higher πo and πtlp values under water stress, than the varieties classified as drought sensitive. Conclusions These findings suggest that acclimation in root p–v curve traits improves gas exchange in persistently dry conditions, potentially through impacts on root hydraulics or root to shoot chemical signalling. However, retaining turgor and volume in previously unstressed roots, as these roots deplete wet soil to moderately negative water potentials, could be more important to drought performance in the deep, highly heterogenous rooting zones which grapevines develop under field conditions.

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NIKOLAOU, N., K. ANGELOPOULOS, and N. KARAGIANNIDIS. "EFFECTS OF DROUGHT STRESS ON MYCORRHIZAL AND NON-MYCORRHIZAL CABERNET SAUVIGNON GRAPEVINE, GRAFTED ONTO VARIOUS ROOTSTOCKS." Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 3 (June 25, 2003): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970300125x.

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The effects of root inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) on the water relations and carbon dioxide assimilation rates of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) plants are reported. Cuttings of Cabernet Sauvignon were grafted onto eight different grapevine rootstocks and the composite plants were grown in pots. The potting media of half the pots of each rootstock were inoculated with Glomus mosseae. Half of each of the inoculated and the non-inoculated pots were subjected to five-day and eight-day drought periods. The control (non-stressed plants) was watered throughout the experiment three times per week to maintain pot media close to field capacity. Foliar growth, leaf phosphorus concentrations and drought tolerance were greater in the inoculated than in the non-inoculated plants. After five days of drought stress, predawn leaf water potentials ranged between −0.5 and −1.07 MPa in non-mycorrhizal vines and between −0.32 MPa and −0.61 MPa in mycorrhizal vines. Similarly, net carbon dioxide assimilation rates in five-day stressed plants ranged from 1.5 to 4.6 μmol m−2 s−1, and from 2.9 to 6.1 μmol m−2 s−1 respectively. Some drought-sensitive rootstocks (775P, 101–14Mgt and 5BB) infected with mycorrhizal fungi and subjected to drought for eight days showed much-improved drought resistance compared with non-infected rootstocks of the same varieties. In drought-stressed plants, differences between the various rootstocks were significant. For example, rootstocks 110R, 140Rug, 1103P and 44–53 M had the highest predawn leaf water potentials and photosynthetic rates after five days of drought, independent of the mycorrhizal infection. These findings show that colonization of the root system by mycorrhizal fungi, may improve the water status of non-irrigated vines.

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Barrios-Masias, Felipe H., Thorsten Knipfer, M. Andrew Walker, and Andrew J. McElrone. "Differences in hydraulic traits of grapevine rootstocks are not conferred to a common Vitis vinifera scion." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 3 (2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18110.

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Cultivars of grapevine are commonly grafted onto rootstocks to improve resistance against biotic and abiotic stress, however, it is not clear whether known differences in hydraulic traits are conferred from rootstocks to a common scion. We recently found that Vitis riparia and Vitis champinii differed in drought-induced embolism susceptibility and repair, which was related to differences in root pressure generation after rewatering (Knipfer et al. 2015). In the present study, we tested whether these and other physiological responses to drought are conferred to a common V. vinifera scion (Cabernet Sauvignon) grafted on V. riparia and V. champinii rootstocks. We measured xylem embolism formation/repair using in vivo microCT imaging, which was accompanied with analysis of leaf gas exchange, osmotic adjustment and root pressure. Our data indicate that differences in scion physiological behaviour for both rootstock combinations were negligible, suggesting that the sensitivity of Cabernet Sauvignon scion to xylem embolism formation/repair, leaf gas exchange and osmotic adjustment is unaffected by either V. riparia or V. champinii rootstock in response to drought stress.

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Pavloušek, Pavel. "Lime-induced chlorosis and drought tolerance of grapevine rootstocks." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 5 (2010): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058050431.

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Due to the expansion of phylloxera into European vineyards rootstocks became an integral part of successful modern growing of grapevine. Breeding of rootstocks and their selection for resistance against both biotic and abiotic factors can be classified as a biotechnology. In this respect, the capability of grapevine plants to adapt themselves to pedological conditions, especially to drought and a high content of lime (or factors inducing their chlorosis) represents a very important breeding goal. In this survey possible causes of lime-induced chlorosis and drought damage and their consequences are analysed. Some important drought-and-lime induced chlorosis-related properties of some selected rootstocks are mentioned as well.

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Bianchi, Davide, Leila Caramanico, Daniele Grossi, Lucio Brancadoro, and Gabriella De Lorenzis. "How Do Novel M-Rootstock (Vitis Spp.) Genotypes Cope with Drought?" Plants 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101385.

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Most of the vineyards around the world are in areas characterized by seasonal drought, where water deficits and high temperatures represent severe constraints on the regular grapevine growth cycle. Although grapevines are well adapted to arid and semi-arid environments, water stress can cause physiological changes, from mild to irreversible. Screening of available Vitis spp. genetic diversity for new rootstock breeding programs has been proposed as a way for which new viticulture challenges may be faced. In 2014, novel genotypes (M-rootstocks) were released from the University of Milan. In this work, the behavior of M1, M3 and M4 in response to decreasing water availabilities (80%, 50% and 20% soil water content, SWC) was investigated at the physiological and gene expression levels, evaluating gas exchange, stem water potential and transcript abundances of key genes related to ABA (abscisic acid) biosynthesis (VvZEP, VvNCED1 and VvNCED2) and signaling (VvPP2C4, VvSnRK2.6 and VvABF2), and comparing them to those of cuttings of nine commercial rootstocks widely used in viticulture. M-rootstocks showed a change at physiological levels in severe water-stressed conditions (20% soil water content, SWC), reducing the stomatal conductance and stem water potential, but maintaining high photosynthetic activity. Water use efficiency was high in water-limiting conditions. The transcriptional changes were observed at 50% SWC, with an increment of transcripts of VvNCED1 and VvNCED2 genes. M-rootstocks showed similar behavior to 1103P and 110R rootstocks, two highly tolerant commercial genotypes. These rootstocks adopted a tolerant strategy to face water-stressed conditions.

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Dargie, Tsegay, Amsalem Dor, Almeida Manuel, and Crandles Molly. "Responses of grapevine rootstocks to drought stress." International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijppb2013.0199.

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Reingwirtz, Idan, Jake Uretsky, Italo F. Cuneo, Thorsten Knipfer, Clarissa Reyes, M. Andrew Walker, and Andrew J. McElrone. "Inherent and Stress-Induced Responses of Fine Root Morphology and Anatomy in Commercial Grapevine Rootstocks with Contrasting Drought Resistance." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061121.

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Some grapevine rootstocks perform better than others during and after drought events, yet it is not clear how inherent and stress-induced differences in root morphology and anatomy along the length of fine roots are involved in these responses. Using a variety of growing conditions and plant materials, we observed significant differences in root diameter, specific root length (SRL) and root diameter distribution between two commonly used commercial grapevine rootstocks: Richter 110 (110R; drought resistant) and Millardet et de Grasset 101-14 (101-14Mgt; drought sensitive). The 110R consistently showed greater root diameters with smaller SRL and proportion of root length comprised of fine lateral roots. The 110R also exhibited significantly greater distance from tip to nearest lateral, longer white root length, and larger proportion of root length that is white under drought stress. Mapping of fine root cortical lacunae showed similar patterns between the rootstocks; mechanical failure of cortical cells was common in the maturation zone, limited near the root tip, and increased with drought stress for both genotypes; however, lacuna formed under wetter soil conditions in 110R. Results suggest that drought resistance in grapevine rootstocks is associated with thick, limitedly branched roots with a larger proportion of white-functional roots that tend to form lacuna under more mild water deficit, all of which likely favor continued resource acquisition at depth.

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Koc, Mehmet, Rüstem Cangi, and Kenan Yildiz. "Effect of drought on aquaporin expression in grafted and ungrafted grapevine cultivars." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 38, no. 1 (2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801035.

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Drought stress severely affects growth, development and productivity in most agricultural crops. Since ancient times, rootstocks have been used to enable crop cultivation in unsuitable soil conditions. In the present study, three factors were evaluated: 1) cultivar: Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Horozkarası’ (drought-tolerant) and cv. ‘Kabarcık’ (drought-sensitive) were used; 2) rootstock: each cultivar was self-rooted and grafted onto ‘Rupestris du Lot’ rootstock; 3) drought stress: half of each cultivar/rootstock combination underwent drought stress and the other half was irrigated at field capacity for seven days. In order to estimate the responses of the cultivars, relative water content, proline content and aquaporin isoform expression levels (VvPIP2;1, VvPIP2;2, VvTIP1;1, and VvTIP2;1) were quantified. The results revealed that drought stress caused more reduction in relative water content (RWC) in ‘Kabarcık’ cultivar (drought-sensitive) than in ‘Horozkarası’ cultivar (drought-tolerant). Proline content increased in both cultivars in response to drought stress but to a relatively greater extent in the grafted ‘Kabarcık’ cultivar. Considering expression levels of genes, VvPIP2;1, VvPIP2;2, and VvTIP2;1 were downregulated whilst VvTIP1;1 was upregulated in the leaf. Both ‘Horozkarası’ and ‘Kabarcık’ cultivars showed similar trends in terms of their responses to drought stress. Grafting significantly increased the proline content in both cultivars exposed to drought stress. The rootstock conferred better drought protection to ‘Kabarcık’ cultivar than to ‘Horozkarası’ cultivar.

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Labarga, David, Andreu Mairata, Miguel Puelles, Ignacio Martín, Alfonso Albacete, Enrique García-Escudero, and Alicia Pou. "The Rootstock Genotypes Determine Drought Tolerance by Regulating Aquaporin Expression at the Transcript Level and Phytohormone Balance." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040718.

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Grapevine rootstocks may supply water to the scion according to the transpiration demand, thus modulating plant responses to water deficit, but the scion variety can alter these responses, as well. The rootstock genotypes’ effect on the scion physiological response, aquaporin expression, and hormone concentrations in the xylem and the leaf was assessed under well watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions. Under WW, vines grafted onto 1103P and R110 rootstocks (the more vigorous and drought-tolerant) showed higher photosynthesis (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), and hydraulic conductance (Khplant) compared with the less vigorous and drought-sensitive rootstock (161-49C), while under WS, there were hardly any differences between vines depending on the rootstock grafted. Besides, stomatal traits were affected by drought, which was related to gs, but not by the rootstock. Under WS conditions, all VvPIP and VvTIP aquaporins were up-regulated in the vines grafted onto 1103P and down-regulated in the ones grafted onto 161-49C. The 1103P capability to tolerate drought was enhanced by the up-regulation of all VvPIP and VvTIP aquaporins, lower ABA synthesis, and higher ACC/ABA ratios in leaves during WS compared with 161-49C. It was concluded that, under WW conditions, transpiration and stomatal control were rootstock-dependent. However, under WS conditions, alterations in the molecular components of water transport and hormone concentration of the scion resulted in similar gas exchange values in the studied scions grafted onto different rootstocks.

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Khan, M. Mumtaz, Muhammad Tahir Akram, Rashad Waseem Khan Qadri, and Rashid Al-Yahyai. "Role of grapevine rootstocks in mitigating environmental stresses: A review." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 25, no. 2 (September 20, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol25iss2pp1-12.

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Viticulture is one of the most important crop industry in the world and its cultivation is on the upward trend globally. Global water and soil resources continue to decline sharply and rampant extreme weather conditions are making serious threat to sustainable agriculture and food security. Further, the changes in climatic conditions are increasingly becoming favorable for rearing certain harmful biotic organisms which are hostile to sustained grapes and other crop cultivation. The environmental changes have shown a projected impact on viticulture through increased biotic and abiotic stresses. Range of strategies can be employed to mitigate such scenarios, however integration of rootstocks to combat such challenges is of a sustainable nature. Grape rootstocks have exhibited their role in mitigating the problems raised due to a variety of environmental stresses. For example, certain Vitis species are used as rootstock against phylloxera and other harmful pests of grapes. Similarly, there are certain rootstocks developed which have their tolerance ability against salinity, drought, cold and iron chlorosis. Within changing environmental conditions, it is not necessary that the one rootstock performing better at a specific place may perform better on another place too. This review is presented to describe the role of grapes rootstock against biotic and abiotic environmental stresses.

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Kucukbasmaci, Alper, and Ali Sabir. "Long-term impact of deficit irrigation on the physiology and growth of grapevine cv. ‘Prima’ grafted on various rootstocks." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.4.6.

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Testing the globally popular grapevine rootstocks for affinity with new grape cultivars or tolerance potential to stress factors like drought is essential for districts where supplemental irrigation is more frequently needed due to the pressures of a global climate change. In this study, a seasonal evaluation of leaf gas exchange, leaf temperature, leaf greenness (chlorophyll content prediction) and vegetative development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Prima’ grafted to different rootstock genotypes having great variability in drought tolerance, were investigated. The experiment was conducted in a controlled experimental glasshouse on two-year-old soilless grown ‘Prima’ vines grafted on nine rootstocks [44-53 M, 5 BB, 140 Ru, Ramsey (Syn. Salt Creek), 99 R, Saint George (Syn. Rupestris du Lot), 41 B, 1613 C and 420 A]. A long-term deficit irrigation (DI) was imposed before bud break by reducing water supply to 40% of field capacity derived from concurrent measurements of water content of growth medium and maintained until the end of vegetation period. The rootstocks significantly modulated the physiology and vegetative growth of the scion cultivar in varying degrees according to their genetic features. Among them, 140 Ru rootstock found to be more prominent in terms of mitigating the adverse effect of water deficit on physiology and growth of the scion genotype ‘Prima’ as there were no significant difference between deficit and full irrigation treatments for most of parameters investigated. In general, the ‘Prima’ scion performed better when the rootstocks coming from V. berlandieri × V. rupestris pedigree rather than the others including V. berlendieri × V. riparia.

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Grossi, D., F. Emanuelli, G. S. Di Lorenzo, L. Brancadoro, O. Failla, M. S. Grando, and A. Scienza. "Methods to dissect grapevine rootstocks responses to drought stress." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1136 (July 2016): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1136.31.

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Simonneau, T., E. Lebon, A. Coupel-Ledru, E. Marguerit, L. Rossdeutsch, and N. Ollat. "Adapting plant material to face water stress in vineyards: which physiological targets for an optimal control of plant water status?" OENO One 51, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1870.

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Aims: Water scarcity, associated with climate change, is a particular threat to the sustainability of viticulture in present areas of cultivation, usually prone to drought. Breeding grapevine for reduced water use, better water extraction and maintained production (i.e., high water use efficiency) is therefore of major interest.Methods and results: This requires a comprehensive knowledge of the physiological impacts of drought on yield and quality. Attention should be paid to those mechanisms involved in the regulation of water status in plant tissues, as it is the primary parameter affected by drought. Transpiration rate, which has a major influence on plant water status, should therefore receive special attention in breeding programs. Beyond scions, the role of rootstocks, which have been largely introduced in vineyards, should be investigated further as it determines water extraction capacity and could modify water balance in grafted plants.Conclusion: Here we review recent advances in the characterization of genetic variability in the control of water use and water status, whether induced by rootstock or scion.Significance and impact of the study: This review should help scientists in choosing the relevant physiological targets in their research on grapevine tolerance to drought, whether for breeding prospects or new management practices.

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Pou, Alicia, Luis Rivacoba, Javier Portu, Andreu Mairata, David Labarga, Enrique García-Escudero, and Ignacio Martín. "How Rootstocks Impact the Scion Vigour and Vine Performance of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 2022 (November 16, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9871347.

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Background and Aim. The genetically determined characteristics of grapevine rootstocks are important factors that affect scion performance. This 3 years’ field study aimed to characterize the influence of four well-established 30-year-old rootstocks (110 Richter, 1103 Paulsen, 41B, and 161-49Couderc) on the Tempranillo cultivar in the semiarid wine growing region of D.O.Ca. Rioja, North-Eastern Spain. Methods and Results. Nutrient concentrations of mineral elements at flowering and veraison were determined in the vines, jointly with grapevine-water status, gas exchange, vine vigour, and chlorophyll content. Moreover, grapevine yield and grape quality were determined at harvest. The least vigorous rootstocks (41B, 161-49C) conferred drought adaptability traits by increasing water use efficiency (WUE) and decreasing whole-plant water conductance per unit leaf area (Kplant) compared to the more vigorous rootstocks (1103-P, 110-R). In contrast, the more vigorous rootstocks increased water transport capacity, which led to higher plant performance and nutrient uptake efficiency. At flowering, 1103-P and to a lesser extent, 110-R were most efficient at taking up nutrients, while 161-49C had the lowest concentrations for most nutrients. At veraison, 41B exhibited closer behaviour to 110-R than 161-49C, while 1103-P and 161-49C remained the most differentiated rootstocks, with higher and lower nutrient uptake, respectively. In addition, compared to the more vigorous rootstocks, the yield was up to 1.6 kg lower for the less vigorous rootstocks but the grape composition was improved. Notably, 161-49C led to higher total soluble solids, total acidity, and polyphenol content. Conclusions. Overall, grafting onto specific rootstocks represents a strategy to confer differential regulation of grapevine water-saving strategies, yield, berry quality, and nutrient uptake potential. Significance of the Study. This information may be useful for growers seeking to develop a site-specific selection of rootstocks for the grafted Tempranillo cv.

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Zombardo, Alessandra, Erica Mica, Sergio Puccioni, Rita Perria, Paolo Valentini, Giovan Battista Mattii, Luigi Cattivelli, and Paolo Storchi. "Berry Quality of Grapevine under Water Stress as Affected by Rootstock–Scion Interactions through Gene Expression Regulation." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050680.

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Despite phenotypic plasticity that allows the adaptation to harsh environments, when vines experience severe abiotic stresses, they can suffer from metabolic damages affecting grape production and quality. Grafting is an affordable strategy to mitigate these negative consequences since the rootstock can increase the drought tolerance in the scion. This work explored the effects of pre-veraison water deficit on vines grafted on different rootstocks (Mgt 101-14 and 1103 Paulsen) to obtain physiological, biochemical, and molecular information about the influence on grape quality. Repeated measurements were carried out to assess vine physiology, production, technological maturity, and berry phenolic composition. qRT-PCRs were executed on berry skins at maturity to assess the expression levels of ten genes and five miRNAs involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Water stress caused significant alterations in grape technological maturity. The rootstock effect was not detected in primary metabolism while it was well defined in the accumulation of phenolic compounds in berries (such as anthocyanins). Finally, significant differences were identified in gene and miRNA expression between water-stressed and well-watered vines. In conclusion, the response to water stress can be modulated by rootstocks, which mainly act by regulating secondary metabolism, especially in grapes.

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Zhang, Li, Elisa Marguerit, Landry Rossdeutsch, Nathalie Ollat, and Gregory A. Gambetta. "The influence of grapevine rootstocks on scion growth and drought resistance." Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 28, no. 2 (May 21, 2016): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40626-016-0070-x.

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Carbonneau, A. "The Early Selection of Grapevine Rootstocks for Resistance to Drought Conditions." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 36, no. 3 (1985): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1985.36.3.195.

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Bianchi, Davide, Valentina Ricciardi, Carola Pozzoli, Daniele Grossi, Leila Caramanico, Massimo Pindo, Erika Stefani, Alessandro Cestaro, Lucio Brancadoro, and Gabriella De Lorenzis. "Physiological and Transcriptomic Evaluation of Drought Effect on Own-Rooted and Grafted Grapevine Rootstock (1103P and 101-14MGt)." Plants 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051080.

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Grapevines worldwide are grafted onto Vitis spp. rootstocks in order to improve their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, the response of vines to drought is the result of the interaction between the scion variety and the rootstock genotype. In this work, the responses of genotypes to drought were evaluated on 1103P and 101-14MGt plants, own-rooted and grafted with Cabernet Sauvignon, in three different water deficit conditions (80, 50, and 20% soil water content, SWC). Gas exchange parameters, stem water potential, root and leaf ABA content, and root and leaf transcriptomic response were investigated. Under well-watered conditions, gas exchange and stem water potential were mainly affected by the grafting condition, whereas under sever water deficit they were affected by the rootstock genotype. Under severe stress conditions (20% SWC), 1103P showed an “avoidance” behavior. It reduced stomatal conductance, inhibited photosynthesis, increased ABA content in the roots, and closed the stomata. The 101-14MGt maintained a high photosynthetic rate, limiting the reduction of soil water potential. This behavior results in a “tolerance” strategy. An analysis of the transcriptome showed that most of the differentially expressed genes were detected at 20% SWC, and more significantly in roots than in leaves. A core set of genes has been highlighted on the roots as being related to the root response to drought that are not affected by genotype nor grafting. Genes specifically regulated by grafting and genes specifically regulated by genotype under drought conditions have been identified as well. The 1103P, more than the 101-14MGt, regulated a high number of genes in both own-rooted and grafted conditions. This different regulation revealed that 1103P rootstock readily perceived the water scarcity and rapidly faced the stress, in agreement with its avoidance strategy.

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Toumi, Imene, Wissal M'Sehli, Soumaya Bourgou, Neila Jallouli, Asma Bensalem-Fnayou, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, and Ahmed Mliki. "Response of ungrafted and grafted grapevine cultivans and rootstocks (Vitis sp.) to water stress." OENO One 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2007): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2007.41.2.853.

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Aims: The responses of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Cardinal and Superior Seedless) and two rootstocks (110R and SO4) to drought, the effect of grafting and the interactions of scion/rootstock were investigated.Methods and results: The vines were subjected to a progressive water stress in greenhouse controlled conditions. At the end of the water stress treatments, physiological analyses were carried out (stem water potential, dry matter production, soluble sugars, proline as well as ions Na+ and K+). Drought was expressed by the drop of the stem water potential in the stressed vines as compared to their controls. Furthermore, tolerance and sensitivity were linked to the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline as well as the equilibrium of K+ and Na+ in the leaves.Conclusion: When ungrafted, Cardinal was more tolerant to water stress than Superior Seedless. The grafted vines exhibited more vigour, moreover, the combination of Cardinal with SO4 and Superior Seedless with 110R revealed to be the advantageous associations under water stress.Significance and impact of study: This work has been carried out to investigate the differential responses of grapevine cultivars to drought stress and the impact of grafting under water shortage conditions.

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Simonneau, T., E. Lebon, A. Coupel-Ledru, E. Marguerit, L. Rossdeutsch, and N. Ollat. "Adapting plant material to face water stress in vineyards: which physiological targets for an optimal control of plant water status?" OENO One 51, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1870.

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Aims: Water scarcity, associated with climate change, is a particular threat to the sustainability of viticulture in present areas of cultivation, usually prone to drought. Breeding grapevine for reduced water use, better water extraction and maintained production (i.e., high water use efficiency) is therefore of major interest.Methods and results: This requires a comprehensive knowledge of the physiological impacts of drought on yield and quality. Attention should be paid to those mechanisms involved in the regulation of water status in plant tissues, as it is the primary parameter affected by drought. Transpiration rate, which has a major influence on plant water status, should therefore receive special attention in breeding programs. Beyond scions, the role of rootstocks, which have been largely introduced in vineyards, should be investigated further as it determines water extraction capacity and could modify water balance in grafted plants.Conclusion: Here we review recent advances in the characterization of genetic variability in the control of water use and water status, whether induced by rootstock or scion.Significance and impact of the study: This review should help scientists in choosing the relevant physiological targets in their research on grapevine tolerance to drought, whether for breeding prospects or new management practices.

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Yıldırım, Kubilay, Adem Yağcı, Seda Sucu, and Sümeyye Tunç. "Responses of grapevine rootstocks to drought through altered root system architecture and root transcriptomic regulations." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 127 (June 2018): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.034.

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Serra, I., A. Strever, P. A. Myburgh, and A. Deloire. "Review: the interaction between rootstocks and cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) to enhance drought tolerance in grapevine." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12054.

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Sucu, Seda, Adem Yağcı, and Kubilay Yıldırım. "Changes in Morphological, Physiological Traits and Enzyme Activity of Grafted and Ungrafted Grapevine Rootstocks Under Drought Stress." Erwerbs-Obstbau 60, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10341-017-0345-7.

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Prinsi, Bhakti, Fabio Simeoni, Massimo Galbiati, Franco Meggio, Chiara Tonelli, Attilio Scienza, and Luca Espen. "Grapevine Rootstocks Differently Affect Physiological and Molecular Responses of the Scion under Water Deficit Condition." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020289.

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Grapevine rootstocks play a pivotal role in plant responses to water deficiency (WD); therefore, the selection of new genotypes is a promising strategy for future agricultural managements aimed to cope with climate changes. Recent studies reinforced the central role of the root system in modulating WD responses, as it not only controls water uptake and transport to the leaves, but it also participates in stress perception and stress signalling to the shoot. The present work evaluated the performance of the 101.14 and M4 rootstocks in graft combination with the cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon (Cab) by assessing some of the canonical molecular, biochemical and physiological responses induced by WD. The autograft Cab/Cab was also included in the experimental design as a control. Under WD, Cab/M4 showed a greater capacity to sustain CO2 assimilation rate (An) and stomatal conductance (gs), while limiting the decrease of leaf potential (Ψleaf) compared with the other graft combinations. The enhanced adaptability of Cab/M4 to WD was also supported by the higher uptake of water from the soil, estimated by measuring the daily water lost of plants, and by the reduced effect of the drought treatment on the total root biomass. Quantification of ABA in both root and leaf organs revealed a reduced accumulation in Cab/M4 plants, thus confirming the lower sensitivity of the Cab/M4 combination to water deficit. At the molecular level, the expression of selected stress-responsive ABA-related genes was investigated, including genes involved in ABA biosynthesis (VviNCED3), ABA signalling (VviPP2C9, VviPP2C4,VviSnRk2.6), regulation of gene expression (VviABF2) and stomatal opening (VviSIRK, VviMYB60). Results indicated a tight correlation between the level of gene expression and of ABA accumulation in roots and leaves, suggesting that ABA synthesis and signalling were attenuated in Cab/M4 as compared with Cab/101.14 and Cab/Cab. As a whole, our data demonstrated the capacity of M4 to satisfy the water demand of the scion under limited water availability, as revealed by delayed stomatal closure and higher photosynthetic activity. Importantly, these physiological adaptive traits related to attenuated ABA-mediated responses in roots and leaves.

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Hadadinejad, M., A. Ebadi, R. Fatahi, A. Mousavi, L. G. Santesteban, and M. A. Nejatianc. "THE EFFECT OF DROUGHT STRESS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC TRAITS AND THE EXPRESSION OF SOME GENES FOR A FEW IRANIAN GRAPEVINE CANDIDATE ROOTSTOCKS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1045 (July 2014): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1045.17.

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Nazir, Fahad, Touqeer Ahmad, Saad Imran Malik, Mukhtar Ahmed, and Muhammad Ajmal Bashir. "Wild grapevines as rootstock regulate the oxidative defense system of in vitro grafted scion varieties under drought stress." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): e0274387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274387.

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The narrow genetic base of modern cultivars is becoming a key bottleneck for crop improvement and the use of wild relatives is an appropriate approach to improve the genetic diversity of crops to manage the sustainable production under different abiotic and biotic constraints. In Pakistan, wild germplasm of grapevine viz Dakh, Toran, and Zarishk belong to Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris and Fatati belong to Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa is naturally present in humid and sub-humid areas of mountainous and sub-mountainous regions and showed varying level of tolerance against drought stress but have not been evaluated as rootstock. In this study, different tolerant behavior of wild grapevines as rootstock in grafted scion varieties were explored under different levels of PEG-6000 mediated drought stress i.e., -4.00, -6.00, and -8.00 bars. In response to drought stress, wild grapevines evoked several non-enzymatic and enzymatic activities. Among non-enzymatic activities, total chlorophyll contents of commercial varieties were sustained at higher level when grafted on wild grapevines Dakh and Fatati which subsequently reduced the damage of cell membrane via MDA. Whereas, to cope the membranous damage due to excessive cellular generation of ROS, wild grapevines triggered the enhanced activities of SOD to dismutase the free oxygen radicals into H2O2, then CAT enzyme convert the H2O2 into water molecules. Higher accumulation of ROS in commercial scion varieties were also coped by wild grapevines Dakh and Fatati through the upregulation of POD and APX enzymes activities. Based on these enzymatic and non-enzymatic indices, biplot and cluster analysis classified the wild grapevines as rootstock into three distinct categories comprises on relatively tolerant i.e., Dakh (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) and Fatati (Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa), moderate tolerant i.e., Toran (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) and relatively susceptible category i.e., Zarishk (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris).

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De Micco, Veronica, Enrica Zalloni, Giovanna Battipaglia, Arturo Erbaggio, Pasquale Scognamiglio, Rosanna Caputo, and Chiara Cirillo. "Rootstock effect on tree-ring traits in grapevine under a climate change scenario." IAWA Journal 39, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170199.

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ABSTRACTProjected changes in drought occurrence in the Mediterranean region are raising concerns about the adaptive capability of rainfed crops, such as grapevine, to increasing aridity. Cultivation management, especially the techniques influencing the hydraulic pathway, can play a role in plant adaptation to drought for the consequent changes in wood anatomical functional traits. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of grafting on wood anatomy in tree-ring series ofVitis vini-feraL. ‘Piedirosso’ grapevine cultivated in a volcanic area in Southern Italy. Tree-ring anatomy was analysed in vines grown on their own roots or grafted onto 420A rootstock. Results showed that grafted vines had a higher occurrence of wood traits linked with safety of water transport if compared with non-grafted vines. Grafting induced the formation of tree rings with higher incidence of latewood also characterised by narrower and more frequent vessels if compared with non-grafted vines. This study suggested a different regulation of water flow in the grafted and non-grafted vines. Such findings support the analysis of wood anatomy as a tool to drive decisions linked with plant cultivation management. In this specific case, our results encourage to further explore the change from a traditional cultivation with own-rooted grapevines towards grafted models inducing better xylem adaptation to increasing drought.

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Carbone, María Julia, Sandra Alaniz, Pedro Mondino, Matías Gelabert, Ales Eichmeier, Dorota Tekielska, Rebeca Bujanda, and David Gramaje. "Drought Influences Fungal Community Dynamics in the Grapevine Rhizosphere and Root Microbiome." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090686.

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Plant roots support complex microbial communities that can influence nutrition, plant growth, and health. In grapevine, little is known about the impact of abiotic stresses on the belowground microbiome. In this study, we examined the drought-induced shifts in fungal composition in the root endosphere, the rhizosphere and bulk soil by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS). We imposed three irrigation regimes (100%, 50%, and 25% of the field capacity) to one-year old grapevine rootstock plants cv. SO4 when plants had developed 2–3 roots. Root endosphere, rhizosphere, and bulk soil samples were collected 6- and 12-months post-plantation. Drought significantly modified the overall fungal composition of all three compartments, with the root endosphere compartment showing the greatest divergence from well-watered control (100%). The overall response of the fungal microbiota associated with black-foot disease (Dactylonectria and “Cylindrocarpon” genera) and the potential biocontrol agent Trichoderma to drought stress was consistent across compartments, namely that their relative abundances were significantly higher at 50–100% than at 25% irrigation regime. We identified a significant enrichment in several fungal genera such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis during drought at 25% watering regime within the roots. Our results reveal that drought stress, in addition to its well-characterized effects on plant physiology, also results in the restructuring of grapevine root microbial communities, and suggest the possibility that members of the altered grapevine microbiota might contribute to plant survival under extreme environmental conditions.

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Meggio, F., B. Prinsi, A. S. Negri, G. Simone Di Lorenzo, G. Lucchini, A. Pitacco, O. Failla, A. Scienza, M. Cocucci, and L. Espen. "Biochemical and physiological responses of two grapevine rootstock genotypes to drought and salt treatments." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 20, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12071.

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Corso, Massimiliano, Alessandro Vannozzi, Elie Maza, Nicola Vitulo, Franco Meggio, Andrea Pitacco, Andrea Telatin, et al. "Comprehensive transcript profiling of two grapevine rootstock genotypes contrasting in drought susceptibility links the phenylpropanoid pathway to enhanced tolerance." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 19 (June 2, 2015): 5739–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv274.

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Cuneo, Italo F., Felipe Barrios‐Masias, Thorsten Knipfer, Jake Uretsky, Clarissa Reyes, Pierre Lenain, Craig R. Brodersen, M. Andrew Walker, and Andrew J. McElrone. "Differences in grapevine rootstock sensitivity and recovery from drought are linked to fine root cortical lacunae and root tip function." New Phytologist 229, no. 1 (April 18, 2020): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16542.

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Doupis, George, Konstantinos S. Chartzoulakis, Demetris Taskos, and Angelos Patakas. "The effects of drought and supplemental UV-B radiation on physiological and biochemical traits of the grapevine cultivar “Soultanina”." OENO One 54, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.3581.

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Aim: In the Mediterranean region, grapevines usually undergo drought and high UV-B intensities during their summer growth season. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of these two abiotic stressors on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of a major Greek raisin variety (Vitis vinifera L. cv Soultanina).Methods and results: The experimental plants were three-years-old, grafted onto 110R rootstock and grown outdoors in 25 L pots containing a peat:perlite:sand (3:1:1, v/v/v) potting mixture. Grapevines were subjected to two irrigation treatments: (1) Well-Watered (plants were uniformly irrigated on a daily basis to soil substrate capacity), and (2) Water-Stressed (plants were equally irrigated with 50 % of the amount of water provided to Well-Watered plants), and to two levels of UV-B radiation: (1) ambient UV-B radiation, and (2) ambient plus 15 % UV-B radiation. Although the combination of drought and supplemental UV-B radiation appeared to have synergistic effects on gas exchange characteristics and H2O2 production, the development of biochemical limitations to photosynthesis was not detectable. Compared to the other stress treatments, WW±15 % UV-B plants exhibited higher stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (PN).Conclusion: Under elevated UV-B radiation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activation, chlorophyll degradation and enhanced synthesis of carotenoids all helped the plant to maintain its physiological functions, while in Water-Stressed plants irrespective of the level of UV-B, a more pronounced role of abscisic acid (ABA) and trans-zeatin-riboside (t-ZR) in mediating stomatal responses was revealed.Significance of the study: Our results imply that the environmental conditions were not stressful enough to report the occurrence of non-diffusional limitations to photosynthesis. In addition, two different adaptive responses in relation to the applied abiotic stressor were shown.

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Merli, M. C., E. Magnanini, M. Gatti, F. J. Pirez, I. Buesa Pueyo, D. S. Intrigliolo, and S. Poni. "Water stress improves whole-canopy water use efficiency and berry composition of cv. Sangiovese ( Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines grafted on the new drought-tolerant rootstock M4." Agricultural Water Management 169 (May 2016): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.025.

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Villalobos-Soublett, Emilio, Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez, Irina Díaz, and Andrés Zurita-Silva. "Adapting Grapevine Productivity and Fitness to Water Deficit by Means of Naturalized Rootstocks." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (May 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.870438.

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Climate change effects are unbalanced in all regions and cultivars linked to the wine industry. However, the impact of extreme weather events, such as drought and rising global temperatures, highlight the potential vulnerability in plant productivity, phenology, and crop water requirements that affect quality and harvests. Among adaptative measures for grapevine cultivars in existing or new winegrowing areas, the use of tolerant rootstocks to abiotic stress has been regarded as a mid-term strategy to face emerging constrains. The aim of this study was to compare naturalized or autochthonous rootstocks influence over grapevine cultivar performance and to characterize their response to deficit irrigation conditions. Data was collected from Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grafted plants for over 3 growing seasons (2018–2021) from a hyper-arid experimental field in Vicuña, Chile. Morpho-physiological parameters were determined throughout seasons and combinations where significant effects from rootstocks, irrigation treatment, and cultivar were observed over An and gs, thus modifying CO2 assimilation and intrinsic Water Use Efficiency (WUEi). Primary productivity and yield were also modified by rootstock depending upon cultivar hydric behavior. Interestingly, cluster and berry traits were unaffected despite how water productivity and integral water stress were modulated by rootstock. In both cultivars, it was observed that trait responses varied according to the irrigation conditions, rootstocks, and their respective interactions, thus highlighting a relative influence of the rootstocks in the processes of adaptation to the water deficit. Moreover, harvest date and acidity were modified by deficit irrigation treatment, and rootstocks did not modify phenological stages. Adaptation of grapevines to expected lower water availability might be improved by using suitable tolerant rootstocks, and maturity index can be modified through irrigation management.

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Wang, Peipei, Fanggui Zhao, Ting Zheng, Zhongjie Liu, Xinglong Ji, Zhichang Zhang, Tariq Pervaiz, Lingfei Shangguan, and Jinggui Fang. "Whole-genome re-sequencing, diversity analysis, and stress-resistance analysis of 77 grape rootstock genotypes." Frontiers in Plant Science 14 (February 9, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1102695.

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IntroductionGrape rootstocks play critical role in the development of the grape industry over the globe for their higher adaptability to various environments, and the evaluation of their genetic diversity among grape genotypes is necessary to the conservation and utility of genotypes.MethodsTo analyze the genetic diversity of grape rootstocks for a better understanding multiple resistance traits, whole-genome re-sequencing of 77 common grape rootstock germplasms was conducted in the present study.ResultsAbout 645 billion genome sequencing data were generated from the 77 grape rootstocks at an average depth of ~15.5×, based on which the phylogenic clusters were generated and the domestication of grapevine rootstocks was explored. The results indicated that the 77 rootstocks originated from five ancestral components. Through phylogenetic, principal components, and identity-by-descent (IBD) analyses, these 77 grape rootstocks were assembled into ten groups. It is noticed that the wild resources of V. amurensis and V. davidii, originating from China and being generally considered to have stronger resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses, were sub-divided from the other populations. Further analysis indicated that a high level of linkage disequilibrium was found among the 77 rootstock genotypes, and a total of 2,805,889 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were excavated, GWAS analysis among the grape rootstocks located 631, 13, 9, 2, 810, and 44 SNP loci that were responsible to resistances to phylloxera, root-knot nematodes, salt, drought, cold and waterlogging traits.DiscussionThis study generated a significant amount of genomic data from grape rootstocks, thus providing a theoretical basis for further research on the resistance mechanism of grape rootstocks and the breeding of resistant varieties. These findings also reveal that China originated V. amurensis and V. davidii could broaden the genetic background of grapevine rootstocks and be important germplasm used in breeding high stress-resistant grapevine rootstocks.

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Odabaşioğlu, Mehmet İlhan, and Sadettin Gürsöz. "Effects of drought-tolerant grapevine rootstocks on the mineral contents and fatty acid compositions of grape seeds." Journal of Berry Research, May 30, 2022, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-220007.

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BACKGROUND: As the interest in foods with positive effects on human health has increased in recent decades, the importance of the mineral contents and oil compositions of grape seeds has been better understood. However, research on grape seeds to date has largely focused on effects on health and the usability of grape seeds in the food industry and animal feeds. In agricultural research, grape seeds have generally been evaluated as a source of genes in breeding new varieties and as propagation material. OBJECTIVE: Unlike previous studies, this study not only investigates the effect of variety on the changes of pomological properties, fatty acid compositions, and oil, protein, and mineral contents of grape seeds; it also aims to determine the effects of grape rootstocks and growing seasons on those changes. METHODS: The seeds of five grape varieties (Red Globe, Trakya Ilkeren, Ata Sarisi, Hatun Parmagi, and Horoz Karasi) grafted onto drought-tolerant grape rootstocks (1103P and 110R) were analyzed during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. RESULTS: Seed size, moisture and oil contents, major fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic), and levels of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and boron varied by variety, rootstock, and season. However, the effects of growing seasons and varieties on the seeds were not limited to these findings; effects were also seen for seed vitality, protein content, and N, K, Ca, and Fe levels of the seeds, among others. CONCLUSIONS: Genotype was found to be the main factor causing changes in the fatty acid compositions and mineral contents of grape seeds. When the factors that we investigated were ordered based on the changes they caused for seeds in general, the sequence that appeared was genotype > growing season > grape rootstock.

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Çeti̇n, Emine Sema, Hale Seçi̇lmi̇ş Canbay, and Selda Daler. "The roles of strigolactones: Mineral compounds, indole-3 acetic acid and GA3 content in grapevine on drought stress." Journal of Plant Stress Physiology, March 10, 2022, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jpsp.2022.v8.7300.

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Plants have an extremely important place in the life of living creatures and in the ecological cycle. First of all, they undertake a complex phenomenon such as photosynthesis and perform critical tasks such as being raw material for different industrial branches especially for human and animal nutrition, preventing erosion, contributing to the soil in terms of organic matter, and assuring temperature control. It is also known that the environmental conditions of plants, which have such a significant place in our lives are changing day by day and the plants are faced with a vast number of adverse factors. Plants are affected by these factors of biotic or abiotic origin, which are not suitable for them, and as a consequence, they get stressed. Drought is the leading one of these stress factors. It is clearly acknowledged that endogenous hormones play a major role in the expression of plants as sensitive or tolerant as a result of responses to different types of stresses. It is known that some other substances such as jasmonates, brassinosteroids, salicylic acid and nitric oxide have been included in the endogenous hormones, which were examined under five basic groups until recently, namely auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and ethylene. One of these hormones derived from carotenoids is strigolactones (SL). Recent studies demonstrate that this substance produced in plant roots is also at the forefront in terms of stress tolerance. In this study, the effect of SL applications on drought resistance was investigated in Kober 5 BB and 110 R American grapevine rootstocks with different drought tolerance. Rootstocks were treated with 5 and 10 µM SL and exposed to drought stress. In order to measure the effects of SLs on stress, some physical (shoot length, shoot weight, average number of leaves per shoot) and biochemical (mineral substance and endogenous hormones) analysis were carried out. In the study, it was determined that SLs are a sort of hormone that has positive effects in terms of plant growth and development, promotes plant mineral nutrition, and that there is a positive relationship between the synthesis of the endogenous hormones IAA and GA3. According to the results obtained, it is comprehended that SLs can be used as growth regulators to alleviate drought stress.

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Prinsi, Bhakti, Alfredo Simone Negri, Osvaldo Failla, Attilio Scienza, and Luca Espen. "Root proteomic and metabolic analyses reveal specific responses to drought stress in differently tolerant grapevine rootstocks." BMC Plant Biology 18, no. 1 (June 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1343-0.

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Gomès, Éric, Pascale Maillot, and Éric Duchêne. "Molecular Tools for Adapting Viticulture to Climate Change." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (February 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.633846.

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Adaptation of viticulture to climate change includes exploration of new geographical areas, new training systems, new management practices, or new varieties, both for rootstocks and scions. Molecular tools can be defined as molecular approaches used to study DNAs, RNAs, and proteins in all living organisms. We present here the current knowledge about molecular tools and their potential usefulness in three aspects of grapevine adaptation to the ongoing climate change. (i) Molecular tools for understanding grapevine response to environmental stresses. A fine description of the regulation of gene expression is a powerful tool to understand the physiological mechanisms set up by the grapevine to respond to abiotic stress such as high temperatures or drought. The current knowledge on gene expression is continuously evolving with increasing evidence of the role of alternative splicing, small RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, or chromatin activity. (ii) Genetics and genomics of grapevine stress tolerance. The description of the grapevine genome is more and more precise. The genetic variations among genotypes are now revealed with new technologies with the sequencing of very long DNA molecules. High throughput technologies for DNA sequencing also allow now the genetic characterization at the same time of hundreds of genotypes for thousands of points in the genome, which provides unprecedented datasets for genotype-phenotype associations studies. We review the current knowledge on the genetic determinism of traits for the adaptation to climate change. We focus on quantitative trait loci and molecular markers available for developmental stages, tolerance to water stress/water use efficiency, sugar content, acidity, and secondary metabolism of the berries. (iii) Controlling the genome and its expression to allow breeding of better-adapted genotypes. High-density DNA genotyping can be used to select genotypes with specific interesting alleles but genomic selection is also a powerful method able to take into account the genetic information along the whole genome to predict a phenotype. Modern technologies are also able to generate mutations that are possibly interesting for generating new phenotypes but the most promising one is the direct editing of the genome at a precise location.

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Cardinale, Massimiliano, Fabio Minervini, Maria De Angelis, Paride Papadia, Danilo Migoni, Matteo Dimaglie, Daniel Grigorie Dinu, et al. "Vineyard establishment under exacerbated summer stress: effects of mycorrhization on rootstock agronomical parameters, leaf element composition and root-associated bacterial microbiota." Plant and Soil, May 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05495-1.

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Abstract Aims Climate change imposes adaptation of viticulture in risk areas, such as the Mediterranean. Mycorrhization is a valid tool to reduce the impact of the expected temperature/drought increase. Aim of this work was to test the effects of mycorrhization on grapevine vegetative growth, element composition of soil/leaves, and microbiota of bulk soil/rhizosphere/endorhiza, in the field, under exacerbated summer stress conditions obtained by planting the rootstocks in June. Methods 118 rooted cuttings of 1103-Paulsen (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) were planted in Salento (Apulia, Southern Italy); about half of them were mycorrhized. Leaf Area Index, shoot growth and survival rate were monitored across two growing seasons. Leaf/shoot weight, chemical analysis of 25 elements, and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding of bulk soil/rhizosphere/endorhiza were performed on subsamples. Results Mycorrhized plants showed significantly higher survival rate and growth, and accumulated significantly higher amounts of 18 elements. 27 endorhizal OTUs (representing ~20% of total sequences) were differently distributed (20 OTUs more abundant in mycorrhized plants); in the rhizosphere, instead, 12 OTUs (~2.5% of total sequences) were differently distributed. A few Actinobacterial OTUs were enriched by mycorrhization in the root endosphere; the same OTUs were the most correlated with the chemical elements, suggesting a role in element dynamics. These OTUs were not hub taxa of the co-occurrence network. Conclusions This work shed light onto the interactions between mycorrhiza and microbiome, in the context of plant element dynamics, which is useful to identify potential target candidates for biotechnological applications, thus moving towards a more sustainable, ecosystem-based viticulture.

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Verslype, Nina Iris, André Câmara Alves do Nascimento, Rosimar dos Santos Musser, Raphael Miller de Souza Caldas, Luiza Suely Semen Martins, and Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão. "Drought tolerance classification of grapevine rootstock by machine learning for the São Francisco Valley." Smart Agricultural Technology, February 2023, 100192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2023.100192.

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Статті в журналах з теми "Grapevine, drought, rootstocks"

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