Статті в журналах: "Granular activated sludge"

1

Zhou, Yan Nian, Jun Li, Jing Li, and Su Wei. "Dewaterability of Aerobic Granular Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2944.

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Dewatering characteristics of aerobic granular sludge, activated sludge and sludge which mixed flocculant was studied. It was shown that the specific resistance of aerobic granular sludge is lower than activated sludge and sludge with mixed flocculant was in the range of 1.07~1.80×109 S2/g, and it increased with the increase of diameters of the granules. The water ratio of aerobic granular sludge by pressure filtrate dehydration was decreased to 83.5~86.1%, activated sludge and sludge which mixed flocculant were 94.2% and 91.4%, respectively. The structural characteristics, distribution features of extracellular polymeric substances and PN/PS values of aerobic granular sludge were important factors of its excellent dewaterability. Aerobic granular sludge technology was regarded as one of the promising biotechnologies in sludge treatment.

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2

Noyola, Adalberto, and Gloria Moreno. "Granule production from raw waste activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0633.

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Granulation is an important characteristic of sludges used in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. As the UASB technology is rapidly spreading, there is a need of granular sludge for inoculation of new reactors, particularly in those countries where anaerobic technologies have been just recently accepted. Alternative sources of inocula are digested sludge, digested manure, septic tank sludges and pond sediments. Raw waste activated sludges have also been identified as a convenient material for reactor seeding, with previous treatment. In this work, anaerobic flocculant sludge obtained from raw waste activated sludge has been granulated with hydraulic stress, in a lab-scale column under different upflow velocities (1 to 50 m h−1). A methodology is proposed for enhancing the quality of non granular anaerobic sludges in batch treatments of less than 8 hours. The granular sludge produced was used as inoculum for a UASB lab scale reactor. The seed sludge improved all its characteristics and maintained the granulation, in spite of the low velocity (0.08 m h−1) applied.

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3

Liu, Jin Sheng, Yong Jiong Ni, Gen Yuan Jia, and Jun Li. "The Characteristics of the Aerobic Granular Sludge on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Simultaneously." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2840.

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By using the conventional activated sludge as seed sludge in SBR to cultivate the aerobic granular sludge system, the mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal was explored. The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge system consisted of the heavy aerobic granular sludge and the light flocculent activated sludge was formed in the reactor after 15 days. The SVI of the aerobic granular sludge system was about 50ml/g～60ml/g, the MLSS was about 3000mg/L～4000mg/L steadily, and the weight ratio of granules in the total sludge was about 70%.The removal rates of NH4+-N, TN, and PO43-P in the anaerobic-aerobic operation mode were 80%～97%, 80%～97% and 70%～85%, respectively. It indicated that granules and flocs were beneficial nitrogen and phosphorus removal, respectively.

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4

Bassin, J. P., M. Pronk, R. Kraan, R. Kleerebezem, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Ammonium adsorption in aerobic granular sludge, activated sludge and anammox granules." Water Research 45, no. 16 (October 2011): 5257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.034.

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5

Hu, B. L., P. Zheng, Q. Mahmood, H. F. Qian, and D. L. Wu. "Cultivation, granulation and characteristics of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing sludge in sequencing batch reactor." Water Supply 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.967.

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Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was started-up by inoculating the nitrifying activated sludge. After an operation of 72 d, the bioreactor reached at steady state with ammonia and nitrite removal percentages higher than 95%. During operation, the sludge granulated in the reactor. The morphology and internal structure of sludge granules changed conspicuously, the density increased while the color changed from khaki to red. The average granular diameter grew from 1.2 to 3.69 mm, and its settling velocity accelerated from 107.68 to 118.49 m/h. Sludge granulation improved the tolerance to hydraulic shock loading, and reduced sludge washout (TSS < 0.028 g/L). The dominant bacterial communities (filamentous and cocci) in nitrifying activated sludge were replaced by irregular shaped ANAMMOX bacterial species gradually. An increase of ANAMMOX rate was achieved with the increasing granular diameter. SBR is a useful reactor to cultivate ANAMMOX granular sludge, while granular ANAMMOX sludge thus developed can be used as seeding sludge in a pilot-scale or full scale wastewater treatment plant.

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6

Mat Saad, Azlina, Farrah Aini Dahalan, Naimah Ibrahim, Sara Yasina Yusuf, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, and Khalilah Abdul Khalil. "Settling properties of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and aerobic granular sludge molasses (AGSM)." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402022.

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Aerobic granulation technology is applied to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. The Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) cultivated has strong properties that appears to be denser and compact in physiological structure compared to the conventional activated sludge. It offers rapid settling for solid:liquid separation in wastewater treatment. Aerobic granules were developed using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with intermittent aerobic – anaerobic mode with 8 cycles in 24 hr. This study examined the settling velocity performance of cultivated aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and aerobic granular sludge molasses (AGSM). The elemental composition in both AGS and AGSM were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that AGSM has higher settling velocity 30.5 m/h compared to AGS.

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7

Bumbac, Costel, Elena Elisabeta Manea, and Olga Tiron. "Removal of crystal violet from aqueous solutions using an aerobic granular sludge system." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2021.107.

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The paper presents a set of comparative tests to evaluate the inhibitory effect of crystal violet on the respiration rate of microorganisms in conventional activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge. The tests were performed in similar conditions with the only variable of the type of sludge tested. The results emphasized that the aerobic granular sludge is less susceptible to the toxicity induced by crystal violet. The concentration of crystal violet that inhibits by 50% (CE50) the respiration rate of sludge microorganisms was determined to be, for the specific test conditions, 22.39 mg/L for the conventional activated sludge and 33.88 mg/L for the aerobic granular sludge. The paper also assesses the biodegradability potential of crystal violet from aqueous solution, in the presence of sodium acetate as co-substrate in a lab-scale sequential biological reactor with aerobic granular sludge. The experiments showed that most of the crystal violet is being initially absorbed in the matrix of the granules during the first minutes and subsequently is being removed with efficiencies above 95% within a treatment cycle of 8 hours.

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8

Daigger, Glen T., Eric Redmond, and Leon Downing. "Enhanced settling in activated sludge: design and operation considerations." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.287.

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Abstract Settling of activated sludge particles has long been the key to successfully achieving secondary treatment. While soluble products can be converted to particulate components via microbial reactions in the activated sludge process, it is the subsequent removal of these particulate components that is the key to achieving ultimate water quality criteria. An understanding of the operating parameters for selecting good settling activated sludge particles was first documented in the 1970s and 1980s. An understanding of the growth pressures that can be imposed on filamentous organisms, and the impacts of selector zones in general, allowed the design and operation of activated sludge processes to routinely achieve good sludge settleability. More recently, research has identified what could be the next evolution in flocculant growth, with the growing interest in aerobic granular sludge. Aerobic granular sludge is purported to provide superior settling properties, and many of the growth pressures identified for aerobic granular sludge are also present in activated sludge systems. These enhanced settling sludge systems are gaining significant interest, but the factors leading to enhanced sludge settleability could be present in historical and existing systems. Three facilities were evaluated that exhibited enhanced settleability (i.e. sludge volume indices of less than 70 mL/g the majority of the time) to determine how these enhanced settling sludges compare to typical settling curves from the literature. The enhanced settling sludge facilities exhibit key differences related to surface overflow rate, return activated sludge (RAS) pumping requirements, and sensitivity to solids concentration that are critical for developing effective settling designs for enhanced settling sludge facilities. As more facilities aim to achieve enhanced settling sludge for intensification of infrastructure, it will be important to carefully consider historic settling curves and to develop site-specific settling criteria when possible.

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9

Nor-Anuar, A., Z. Ujang, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, M. K. de Kreuk, and G. Olsson. "Strength characteristics of aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.837.

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Aerobic granular sludge has a number of advantages over conventional activated sludge flocs, such as cohesive and strong matrix, fast settling characteristic, high biomass retention and ability to withstand high organic loadings, all aspects leading towards a compact reactor system. Still there are very few studies on the strength of aerobic granules. A procedure that has been used previously for anaerobic granular sludge strength analysis was adapted and used in this study. A new coefficient was introduced, called a stability coefficient (S), to quantify the strength of the aerobic granules. Indicators were also developed based on the strength analysis results, in order to categorize aerobic granules into three levels of strength, i.e. very strong (very stable), strong (stable) and not strong (not stable). The results indicated that aerobic granules grown on acetate were stronger (high density: >150 g T SSL−1 and low S value: 5%) than granules developed on sewage as influent. A lower value of S indicates a higher stability of the granules.

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10

Xi, Limeng, Wenli Huang, Binbin Sun, Fansheng Meng, and Shiguo Gu. "Effects of illumination time on biological community of algal-bacterial granules and lipid content." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 6 (December 4, 2021): 210334–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2021.334.

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Synthetic wastewater was used to culture granular sludge for 21 weeks at three sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process (SBR) under different photoperiods. The growth of algae changed granular oxygen distribution, which affected the composition of microbial communities. Different photoperiods were able to alter the formation of granular sludge and the microbial community granules. In short photoperiod (12 h/d) sludge could generate symbiotic algae-bacteria granules in the SBR. By contrast, the long photoperiod (24 h/d) promotes the growth of algae and Ascomycota early, and then inhibits algae, especially chlorophyta (only 1.18%). In the end, algae-bacteria-fungi granules were formed in long photoperiod (LP). By GC-MS and model calculation, the lipid content of algae-bacteria granules was 33.71% more than that of pure aerobic granular sludge. However, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in algae-bacteria granules was as high as 43%, resulting in the quality of biodiesel prepared from algae-bacteria granule being slightly worse than that prepared from pure aerobic granular sludge. But both of them were better than biodiesel prepared from pure algae. The biodiesel content of algae-bacteria granule in short photoperiod (SP) and LP were 68.79 and 70.66 mg/g, respectively, which was better than that of pure aerobic particles (52.30 mg/g). Therefore, the formation of algae-bacteria granules is an effective way to remove nutrients and reduce harvesting costs.

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11

Du, Shuo, Zhao Hui Zhang, Yu Feng Zhang, and Pei Chao Jian. "Characteristics of Aerobic Granular Sludge Cultivated by Promoting and Inhibiting Filamentous Bacteria." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1075.

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Using conventional flocculent activated sludge as seeding sludge, two types of mature aerobic granular sludge were respectively cultivated in the same two sequencing batch reactors (SBR) by promoting and inhibiting filamentous bacteria growth. In R1 reactor the mature aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by promoting filamentous bacteria growth, and the whole cultivation process lasted for 15d. At the same time, another kind of mature aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in R2 reactor by restraining filamentous bacteria growth, and the whole cultivation process lasted for 120d. The comparative analysis showed that the sludge granules produced in R1 reactor had a settling velocity of 45 m/h, SVI (sludge volume index) of 35~45 mL/g, SOUR (sludge oxygen consumption rate) of 1.35 mg/(g•min) and main diameter distribution ranged 2~4 mm; while the sludge granules cultivated in R2 reactor had a settling velocity of 61 m/h, SVI of about 30 mL/g, SOUR of 1.21 mg/(g•min) and main diameter distribution ranged 1~1.6 mm.

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12

de Bruin, L. M. M., M. K. de Kreuk, H. F. R. van der Roest, C. Uijterlinde, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Aerobic granular sludge technology: an alternative to activated sludge?" Water Science and Technology 49, no. 11-12 (June 1, 2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0790.

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Laboratory experiments have shown that it is possible to cultivate aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors. In order to direct future research needs and the critical points for successful implementation at large scale, a full detailed design of a potential application was made. The design was based on the laboratory results, and two variants of a full-scale sewage treatment plant based on Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors (GSBRs) were evaluated. As a reference a conventional treatment plant based on activated sludge technology was designed for the same case. Based on total annual costs both GSBR variants proved to be more attractive than the reference alternative (7-17% lower costs). From a sensitivity analysis it appeared that the GSBR technology was less sensitive to the land price and more sensitive to a rain weather flow (RWF). This means that the GSBR technology becomes more attractive at lower permissible RWF/DWF ratios and higher land prices. The footprint of the GSBR variants was only 25% compared to the reference. However, the GSBR with primary treatment only cannot meet the present effluent standards for municipal wastewater in The Netherlands, mainly because of a too high suspended solids concentration in the effluent. A growing number of sewage treatment plants in the Netherlands are going to be faced with more stringent effluent standards. In general, activated sludge plants will have to be extended with a post treatment step (e.g. sand filtration) or be transformed into Membrane Bioreactors. In this case a GSBR variant with primary treatment as well as post treatment can be an attractive alternative.

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13

Zou, Xiao Ling. "The Inhibitory Effect of Salinity Anaerobic Microorganism Based on Kinetics Model." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.651.

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This paper compares the inhibitory effect of high CaCl2and MgCl2content on anaerobic microorganism based on kinetics model. Salt inhibition kinetics experiments were performed at granular sludge and activated sludge in order to investigate salt inhibition effects on kinetic constants. Half-velocity constantvalues considerably increased when CaCl2or MgCl2concentration increased from 0 to 35g/L for granular sludge and activated sludge. Salt inhibition biokinetic coefficients (Kρ) were obtained by using Ghose and Tyagi model. For granular sludge,Kρof CaCl2was found to be 130.3 g/L, andKρof MgCl2was found to be 86 g/L. For activated sludge,Kρof CaCl2was found to be 92.8 g/L, andKρof MgCl2was found to be 77.6 g/L. Results showed that the inhibitory CaCl2limit was higher than the inhibitory MgCl2limit for anaerobic microorganisms.

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14

Lin, Ting, Xin Gang Wang, Yu Bin Tang, and Fang Yan Chen. "Analysis for the Impact of Loadings in the Formation Process of Aerobic Granular Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2340.

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The aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in the self-designed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) using ordinary flocculent activated sludge as seeding sludge. In this experiment the effect of different load on the formation of aerobic granular sludge is studied. The formation process of aerobic granular sludge and the capacity of denitrification and phosphorus performance are discussed and characterized. It shows that higher sludge loading is beneficial to the formation of aerobic granular sludge, and mature aerobic granular sludge has high sedimentation speed and the very good decontamination ability. The removal rates of COD, NH4+Subscript text-N and TP are 97%, 85% and 95%.

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15

Li, J., K. Garny, T. Neu, M. He, C. Lindenblatt, and H. Horn. "Comparison of some characteristics of aerobic granules and sludge flocs from sequencing batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 8-9 (April 1, 2007): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.284.

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Physical, chemical and biological characteristics were investigated for aerobic granules and sludge flocs from three laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). One reactor was operated as normal SBR (N-SBR) and two reactors were operated as granular SBRs (G-SBR1 and G-SBR2). G-SBR1 was inoculated with activated sludge and G-SBR2 with granules from the municipal wastewater plant in Garching (Germany). The following major parameters and functions were measured and compared between the three reactors: morphology, settling velocity, specific gravity (SG), sludge volume index (SVI), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), distribution of the volume fraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacteria, organic carbon and nitrogen removal. Compared with sludge flocs, granular sludge had excellent settling properties, good solid–liquid separation, high biomass concentration, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Aerobic granular sludge does not have a higher microbial activity and there are some problems including higher effluent suspended solids, lower ratio of VSS/SS and no nitrification at the beginning of cultivation. Measurement with CLSM and additional image analysis showed that EPS glycoconjugates build one main fraction inside the granules. The aerobic granules from G-SBR1 prove to be heavier, smaller and have a higher microbial activity compared with G-SBR2. Furthermore, the granules were more compact, with lower SVI and less filamentous bacteria.

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16

Lu, Guangsong, Yunqian Ma, Lihua Zang, Yan Sun, Fei Yu, and Rong Xue. "Effects of granular activated carbon and Fe-modified granular activated carbon on anammox process start-up." RSC Advances 11, no. 18 (2021): 10625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00384d.

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In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) and Fe-modified granular activated carbon (FeGAC) prepared by ultrasonic impregnation method were added into respective up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors to explore their effects on the anammox process start-up.

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17

Lotito, Adriana Maria, Marco De Sanctis, Claudio Di Iaconi, and Giovanni Bergna. "Textile wastewater treatment: Aerobic granular sludge vs activated sludge systems." Water Research 54 (May 2014): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.055.

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18

Park, K. Y., D. Y. Kim, and T. H. Chung. "Granulation in an upflow anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treating disintegrated waste activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0439.

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An upflow anaerobic reactor operated with a sequencing batch mode to enhance high rate digestion of raw and thermally disintegrated waste activated sludge with formation of granules. The gas production rate doubled when disintegrated waste activated sludge was introduced. Gradual granulation took place and the dispersed particles become coarse granulation as the operation continued. The granular sludge showed relatively higher specific methanogenic activity than the dispersed sludge. Bacterial morphology by a scanning electron microscope showed diversity of bacteria such as filamentous, rod and spherical shape in the section of granules. Filamentous bacteria, which might support the frame of a granule, were observed as long chains at the outer surface. Meanwhile, rod and spherical bacteria, which might play a role in the initial stage of granule formation, were observed from the inner surface of the granule. High rate digestion of sludge along with efficient liquid–solids separation was achieved due mainly to development of sludge granules within the upflow reactor.

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19

Yang, Guo Jing, Xiao Ming Li, Qi Yang, and Kun Luo. "Formation and Characteristics of Aerobic Granular Sludge for Simultaneous Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal in a SBR." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1630.

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With inoculum sludge from a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant, formation of aerobic granular sludge for simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal was realized in a sequencing batch reactor by the selective pressure as a driving force. Selective pressure created by means of decreasing sedimentation time and increasing substrate loading enhanced the formation of aerobic granular sludge, which followed four consecutive stages: acclimation, granulation, growth and maturation. Under the condition that the substrate loading were increased to 500mg COD/(L•d) and 48mg NH4 +-N/(L•d), the granules were the dominant sludge forms with most of diameter about 0.5–2.0 mm, a minimal settling velocity of 0.55 cm/s and a MLSS of 6800 mg/L after 120 days operation. The granules were composed of filamentous species with varying degrees of rod- and coccal-type bacteria. Microscopic examination revealed that granules microecosystem was more stable and should be less vulnerable to the changes of mixed liquor condition.

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20

Zhao, Xia, Ji Min Shen, Zhong Lin Chen, and Xiao Chun Wang. "Performance and Microbial Community of Aerobic Granular Sludge Bioreactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.405.

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Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated from activated-sludge in sequencing batch reactor. The change of physical properties and the effect of treatment of organic substance and microbial community were studied in the process of the different influent organic loading rate. The results showed that the formation process of aerobic granulation was rapid but the granular sludge was not stable and existed a disintegration-reunion dynamic balance system. The value of MLSS descended from 5.12g/L to 1.03g/L. The removal efficiency of NH4+-N decreased to 74.17% and total phosphorous (TP) removal efficiency maintained beyond 90% all the while. The CODCr removal was over 85% which higher than that of after adding in methanol, then reduced but had trend of rise to 31.89% at last. Microbial species in granulation were speculated by detecting polyhydroxyalkan- oates between granular sludge and activated sludge in the reactor. The results showed that microbial species of activated sludge are more diverse.

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21

Domingos, Dayane Gonzaga, Rosana Oliveira Henriques, Jéssica Antunes Xavier, Nelson Libardi Junior, and Rejane Helena Ribeiro da Costa. "Increasing activated sludge aggregation by magnetite nanoparticles addition." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.055.

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Abstract The behavior of mixed samples (activated sludge and wastewater) was investigated after the addition of magnetite nanoparticles (NP-magnetite) in jar tests, with objective to increase the aggregation of sludge and improve its settleability, aiming for future application in granular sequencing batch reactors. The NP-magnetite was synthesized by the method of ion co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ and characterized. The process of sludge sedimentation was evaluated for two different experimental strategies, with NP-magnetite concentrations between 25 and 150 mg L−1. The concentration of 75 mg L−1 was the most favorable to process, as evidenced by sludge volumetric index and density. The results presented indicate that the addition of nanoparticles has the potential to improve aerobic granular systems, increasing the settleability of seed sludge.

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22

Nor Anuar, A., Z. Ujang, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, and M. K. de Kreuk. "Settling behaviour of aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 7 (October 1, 2007): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.671.

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Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology has been extensively studied recently to improve sludge settling and behaviour in activated sludge systems. The main advantage is that aerobic granular sludge (AGS) can settle very fast in a reactor or clarifier because AGS is compact and has strong structure. It also has good settleability and a high capacity for biomass retention. Several experimental works have been conducted in this study to observe the settling behaviours of AGS. The study thus has two aims: (1) to compare the settling profile of AGS with other sludge flocs and (2) to observe the influence of mechanical mixing and design of the reactor to the settleability of AGS. The first experimental outcome shows that AGS settles after less than 5 min in a depth of 0.4 m compared to other sludge flocs (from sequencing batch reactor, conventional activated sludge and extended aeration) which takes more than 30 min. This study also shows that the turbulence from the mixing mechanism and shear in the reactor provides an insignificant effect on the AGS settling velocity.

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23

Al-Qodah, Z., and R. Shawabkah. "Production and characterization of granular activated carbon from activated sludge." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 26, no. 1 (March 2009): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322009000100012.

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24

Kosaric, N., and Z. Duvnjak. "Deemulsification of Water-in-Oil Emulsion with Sludges." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.034.

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Abstract Aerobic sludge from a municipal activated sludge treatment plant, sludge from a conventional municipal anaerobic digester, aerobic sludge from an activated sludge process of a petroleum refinery, and granular sludge from an upflow sludge blanket reactor (USBR) were tested in the deemulsification of a water-in-oil emulsion. All sludges except the last one, showed a good deemulsification capability and could he used for a partial deemulsification of such emulsions. The rate and degree of the deemulsifications increased with an increase in sludge concentrations. The deemulsifications were faster at 85°C and required smaller amounts of sludge than in the case of the deemulsifications at room temperature. An extended stirring (up to a certain limit) in the course of the dispersion of sludge emulsion helped the deemulsification. Too vigorous agitation had an adverse effect. The deemulsification effect of sludge became less visible with an increase in the dilution of emulsion which caused an increase in its spontaneous deemulsification.

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25

Winkler, M.-K. H., R. Kleerebezem, L. M. M. de Bruin, P. J. T. Verheijen, B. Abbas, J. Habermacher, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Microbial diversity differences within aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge flocs." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 97, no. 16 (October 14, 2012): 7447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4472-7.

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26

Ferreira, Vanessa R. A., Catarina L. Amorim, Sara M. Cravo, Maria E. Tiritan, Paula M. L. Castro, and Carlos M. M. Afonso. "Fluoroquinolones biosorption onto microbial biomass: activated sludge and aerobic granular sludge." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 110 (May 2016): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.02.014.

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Manea, Elena Elisabeta, Costel Bumbac, Olga Tiron, Razvan Laurentiu Dinu, and Valeriu Robert Badescu. "Simulation of Aerobic Granular Sludge Process Efficiency." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 8 (September 15, 2017): 1723–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.8.5752.

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Using aerobic granular sludge for wastewater treatment has multiple advantages compared to conventional activated sludge systems, most important being the ability of simultaneous removal of the pollutants responsible for eutrophication: organic load, compounds of nitrogen (NH4+; NO3-) and phosphorus (PO43-). The advantages are currently exploited for developing the next generation of wastewater treatment systems while the identified limitations are approached by experimental and theoretical researches worldwide. The aim of the study consists in evaluating the possibility of predicting the system�s response to different changes in the influent wastewater loadings. The paper presents simulations results backed up by experimental data for pollutants removal efficiencies evaluation for a sequential batch reactor (SBR) with aerobic granular sludge. The mathematical model is based on the activated sludge model no. 3, which was updated by considering the simultaneous biological nitrification (NH4+NO3) and denitrification (NO3-N2) processes, thus complying with the biochemical reactions occurring in aerobic granular sludge sequential batch reactors. The model developed was validated by the experimental results obtained on a laboratory scale SBR monitored for over a month.

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He, Yan, Gong Ming Zhou, Min Sheng Huang, and Min Tong. "Assessment of Inocula and N-Removal Performance of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) for the Treatment of Aged Landfill Leachates." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2391.

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Three kinds of seeding sludge, i.e. conventional activated sludge, anaerobic granular sludge and the nitrifying activated sludge from the nitritation reactor treating aged leachates were evaluated in batch mode to screen the optimized inoculum for the rapid start-up of ANAMMOX reactor. The feasibility of the ANAMMOX process for the treatment of aged leachates was also investigated in a modified upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB, 0.05m3). The batch experiments revealed that the nitrifying activated sludge from the nitritation reactor could respectively achieve the NRR (nitrogen removal rate) of 0.0365 kg N/(m3.d) and the ARR (ammonium removal rate) of 0.013 kg N/(m3.d) on day 12, which were greatly higher than those of the other two tested sludge samples. The mixture of the aforementioned nitrifying activated sludge and anaerobic granular sludge was established as an effective inoculum for the prompt start-up of ANAMMOX reactor. The maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 0.826 kg N/(m3.d) could be obtained for the treatment of “old” leachates under NLR (nitrogen loading rate) of 1.028 kg N/(m3.d). It is concluded that the N-removal performance of ANAMMOX process is still to be improved for actual engineering application to aged landfill leachates.

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Czarnota, Joanna, Adam Masłoń, and Monika Zdeb. "Powdered keramsite as unconventional method of AGS technology support in GSBR reactor with minimum-optimum OLR." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400024.

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Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) technology becomes a very competitive method to activated sludge system. Its main advantages include: high energy efficiency and low investment costs. Despite this fact, intensive research on biogranulation optimization are still carried out, both at laboratory and technical scale. In order to intensify the AGS technology, new methods of biogranulation and ways of improving the stability of aerobic granules are sought. So far, several studies have been conducted in this area, with using among others: chemical coagulants, dosage fragments of granules and powdered materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of powdered keramsite on the feasibility of rapid aerobic granulation in a GSBR reactor with a minimum-optimum organic loading rate (OLR). The research presents an effective way of cultivating stable aerobic granules in a Granular Sequencing Batch Reactor (GSBR) under specific technological parameters.

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Shin, H. S., K. H. Lim, and H. S. Park. "Effect of Shear Stress on Granulation in Oxygen Aerobic Upflow Sludge Bed Reactors." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1992): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0440.

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Aerobic upflow sludge blanket(AUSB) process is a new biological wastewater treatment method applying the concept of the self-immobilization to activated sludge. Two sets of AUSB system with different mixing velocities of 3 rpm(R1) and 6 rpm(R2) were operated for high-rate treatment of synthetic wastewater. The COD removal efficiency in R2 was higher than R1 at the same loading rate up to 7 kg/m3·day. However, in R1, the sludge bulking was observed at the end of the experiment. The chocolate colored granules were formed about 5 days after the start-up. The morphological study on the granular sludge consortia was made with both scanning electron and optical microscopes. The granules were 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter and mainly consisted of bacteria with pili-like appendages and filamentous bacteria, which were thought to be Sphaerotilus natans and Beggiatoa. In R1, the long multicellular filaments causing bulking were prevalent in the granule, while in R2 overgrowth of filamentous bacteria was prevented with appropriate shear stress resulting in higher MLSS density. Experimental results indicated that granulation could be controlled by physical stress on granular sludge.

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31

Bernat, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, and Marta Karczewska. "Physicochemical properties and biogas productivity of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge." Biochemical Engineering Journal 117 (January 2017): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.11.002.

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Valičková, Mária, Ján Derco, and Katarína Šimovičová. "Removal of selected pesticides by adsorption." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0005.

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Abstract The paper is focused on the removal of selected priority hazardous substances. Five chlorinated pesticides, i.e. hexachlorobenzene (HCHB), hexachlorobutadiene (HCHBD), lindane (LIN), pentachlorobenzene (PCHB) and heptachlor (HCH) were selected as model pollutants. Higher volatility is characteristic for these substances. Adsorption of these pollutants on granular activated carbon (GAC), zeolite (Zeo) and activated sludge (AS) was investigated. The effect of contact time on the removal efficiency of studied substances was investigated. From results of the work it follows that the highest removal efficiency of studied substances was achieved by the adsorption on activated sludge. This was followed by adsorption efficiency on zeolite. The lowest removal efficiency was measured for adsorption on granular activated carbon.

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33

Giesen, A., L. M. M. de Bruin, R. P. Niermans, and H. F. van der Roest. "Advancements in the application of aerobic granular biomass technology for sustainable treatment of wastewater." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.007.

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Aerobic granular sludge technology can be regarded as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. As a consequence, a growing number of institutes and universities focus their scientific research on this new technology. Recently, after extensive Dutch research and development effort, an aerobic granular biomass technology has become available to the market. Full scale installations for both industrial and municipal applications are already on stream, under construction or in design. The technology is distinguished by the name ‘Nereda®’ and based on the specific characteristics of aerobic granular sludge. It can be considered as the first mature aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full scale. It improves on traditional activated sludge systems by a significantly lower use of energy and chemicals, its compactness and its favorable capital and operational costs.

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Liu, Sha, Hanhui Zhan, Yaqi Xie, Weijiang Shi, and Siming Wang. "Rapid cultivation of aerobic granular sludge by xanthan gum in SBR reactors." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 2 (April 6, 2018): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.151.

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Abstract This study focuses on the effect of xanthan gum on aerobic sludge granulation, through close monitoring of the physical and chemical changes of the aerobic granular sludge, and treatment performance. Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), R1 and R2, were seeded with activated sludge only (R1) and with a mixture of activated sludge and 40 mg/L of xanthan gum (R2). The results showed that granulation finished on the 20th day in R2, far faster than the granulation time of 30 days in R1. Meanwhile, there was a reliably higher sludge concentration, better settling properties and better particle mechanical strength in R2, and better removal performance of total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results demonstrated that seeding xanthan gum enhanced the aerobic sludge granulation in the SBR. Maybe its anionic and hydrophilic surface characteristics facilitate interactions with cations and other polysaccharides, inducing stronger gelation, which promoted the formation of particles or increased the internal relationship between particles, thereby increasing the cohesion within the sludge, so that the granular sludge was not easily broken.

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35

Balest, L., G. Mascolo, C. Di Iaconi, and A. Lopez. "Removal of endocrine disrupter compounds from municipal wastewater by an innovative biological technology." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 4 (September 1, 2008): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.711.

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The removal of selected endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs), namely estrone(E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4t-OP) from municipal wastewater was investigated using a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (SBBGR), a new system for biological treatment based on aerobic granular biomass. This new biological treatment is characterized by high biomass concentration (up to 40 g/L), high sludge retention times (up to 6 months) and low sludge production (i.e., an order of magnitude lower than commonly reported for conventional biological technologies). The investigation was carried out comparing a demonstration SBBGR system with a conventional full-scale activated sludge process. Results showed that the SBBGR performed better than a conventional activated sludge process in removing E1, E2, BPA and 4t-OP. In fact, the average removal percentages of the above mentioned EDCs, obtained during a four month operating period, were 62.2, 68, 91.8, 77.9% and 56.4, 36.3, 71.3, 64.6% for the demonstrative SBBGR system and the conventional activated sludge process of the municipal sewage treatment plant, respectively

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36

Klein, Edina, Janek Weiler, Michael Wagner, Minja Čelikić, Christof M. Niemeyer, Harald Horn, and Johannes Gescher. "Enrichment of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in a microfluidic model biofilm system by mimicking a typical aerobic granular sludge feast/famine regime." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106, no. 3 (January 15, 2022): 1313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11759-8.

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Abstract Wastewater treatment using aerobic granular sludge has gained increasing interest due to its advantages compared to conventional activated sludge. The technology allows simultaneous removal of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in a single reactor system and is independent of space-intensive settling tanks. However, due to the microscale, an analysis of processes and microbial population along the radius of granules is challenging. Here, we introduce a model system for aerobic granular sludge on a small scale by using a machine-assisted microfluidic cultivation platform. With an implemented logic module that controls solenoid valves, we realized alternating oxic hunger and anoxic feeding phases for the biofilms growing within. Sampling during ongoing anoxic cultivation directly from the cultivation channel was achieved with a robotic sampling device. Analysis of the biofilms was conducted using optical coherence tomography, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and amplicon sequencing. Using this setup, it was possible to significantly enrich the percentage of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) belonging to the family Rhodocyclaceae in the community compared to the starting inoculum. With the aid of this miniature model system, it is now possible to investigate the influence of a multitude of process parameters in a highly parallel way to understand and efficiently optimize aerobic granular sludge-based wastewater treatment systems.Key points• Development of a microfluidic model to study EBPR.• Feast-famine regime enriches polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs).• Microfluidics replace sequencing batch reactors for aerobic granular sludge research.

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Kevbrina, M., A. Akmentina, A. Dorofeev, A. Agarev, V. Aseeva, M. Kozlov та I. Nikolaev. "Перспективная технология очистки коммунальных сточных вод гранулированными илами". Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, № 10 (14 жовтня 2019): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/mnp.2019.10.06.

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Увеличение удельной биохимической мощности сооружений с применением так называемых гранулированных активных илов является одним из перспективных направлений развития технологий биологической очистки сточных вод. Гранулированные илы это микробные биоценозы, специализирующиеся на разложении и минерализации веществ, содержащихся в сточных водах. Отличие от обычных илов обусловлено двумя важными факторами: строением основной структурной единицы гранулированного ила гранулы, и высокой скоростью осаждения (до 20 м/ч). Это позволяет создавать в биореакторах очистки сточных вод дозы ила до 10 г/л. Представлены результаты разработки первой в РФ биотехнологии очистки городских сточных вод с применением гранулированного активного ила. Технология реализована на объектах АО Мосводоканал . Технология аэробной биологической очистки в реакторе последовательнопериодического действия с последовательной нитриденитрификацией и восходящим потоком сточной воды позволяет обеспечить качество очищенной воды, соответствующее нормативам предельно допустимых концентраций для сброса в водоемы рыбохозяйственного назначения. Техникоэкономическое сравнение разработанной технологии с технологией удаления биогенных элементов в аэротенке проточного типа показало, что затраты жизненного цикла сооружений с частично гранулированным активным илом в 1,4 раза меньше затрат традиционной технологии биологической очистки (для производительности 1000 м3/сут).Increasing the specific biochemical capacity of the facilities using the socalled granular activated sludge is one of the promising areas for the development of biological wastewater treatment technologies. Granular sludge is microbial biocenosis specializing in the decomposition and mineralization of substances present in wastewater. The main distinction from regular sludge is due to two important factors: the composition of the basic structural unit of granular sludge granules, and a high sedimentation rate (up to 20 m/h). This provides for developing sludge doses of up to 10 g/l in bioreactors of wastewater treatment. The results of the development of the first biotechnology in Russia for municipal wastewater treatment of using granular activated sludge are presented. The technology has been implemented at the facilities of Mosvodokanal JSC. The technology of aerobic biological treatment in a sequencing batch reactor with sequential nitridenitrification and an upward flow of wastewater provides for the quality of effluent that meets the standards for maximum permissible concentrations for discharge into fishery bodies. Technical and economic comparison of the developed technology with the technology of removing nutrients in flowthrough aeration tank showed that the life cycle costs of the facilities with partially granulated activated sludge are 1.4 times less than the costs of traditional biological treatment technology (for a capacity of 1000 m3/day).

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38

Williams, J. C., and F. L. de los Reyes. "Microbial community structure of activated sludge during aerobic granulation in an annular gap bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.381.

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A novel annular gap reactor was designed to create a controlled shear environment in which aerobic granular sludge could be developed. The bacterial and eukaryal community structures during two aerobic granular sludge experiments were tracked using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The first granule cultivation experiment, using an organic loading rate of 1.6 kg/m3d COD, resulted in biomass that was dominated by filamentous bacteria and Zoogloea ramigera colonies. A second experiment with a higher organic loading rate of 6 kg/m3d COD developed a granule-like morphology but was ultimately dominated by filamentous fungi. Species identification via DGGE band purification and DNA sequencing closely matched the observed sludge morphology and behavior.

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39

Zhao, Xia, Yabin Li, Liu Yang, Xiaochun Wang, Zhonglin Chen, and Jimin Shen. "Screen and Study of Tetracycline-Degrading Bacteria From Activated Sludge and Granular Sludge." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 46, no. 7 (May 7, 2018): 1700411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201700411.

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40

Figdore, Bryce A., H. David Stensel, and Mari-Karoliina H. Winkler. "Comparison of different aerobic granular sludge types for activated sludge nitrification bioaugmentation potential." Bioresource Technology 251 (March 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.004.

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41

Zheng, Xiao-ying, Yu-jie He, Wei Chen, Ming-yang Wang, Su-lan Cao, Ming Ni та Yu Chen. "A comparative adsorption study: 17β-estradiol onto aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge". Environmental Technology 37, № 1 (24 липня 2015): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1065004.

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42

Tsuneda, S., M. Ogiwara, Y. Ejiri, and A. Hirata. "High-Rate Nitrification Using Aerobic Granular Sludge." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 3 (February 1, 2006): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.087.

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The performance of nitrifying granules, which had been produced in an aerobic upflow fluidised bed (AUFB) reactor, was investigated in various types of ammonia-containing wastewaters. When pure oxygen was supplied to the AUFB reactor with a synthetic wastewater containing a high concentration of ammonia (500 g-N/m3), the ammonia removal rate reached 16.7 kg-N/m3/day with a sustained ammonia removal efficiency of more than 80%. The nitrifying granules possessing a high settling ability could be retained with a high density (approximately 10,000 g-MLSS/m3) in a continuous stirring tank reactor (CSTR) even under a short hydraulic retention time (44 min), which enabled a high-rate and stable nitrification for an inorganic wastewater containing low concentrations of ammonia (50 g-N/m3). Moreover, the nitrifying granules exhibited sufficient performance in the nitrification of real industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonia (1,000–1,400 g-N/m3) and salinity (1.2–2.2%), which was discharged from metal-refinery processes. When the nitrifying granules were used in cooperation with activated sludge to treat domestic wastewater containing organic pollutants as well as ammonia, they fully contributed to nitrification even though a part of activated sludge adhered onto the granule surfaces to form biofilms. These results show the wide applicability of nitrifying granules to various cases in the nitrification step of wastewater treatment plants.

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43

Zima, B. E., L. Díez, W. Kowalczyk, and A. Delgado. "Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as optimal method for production of granular activated sludge (GAS) – fluid dynamic investigations." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 8-9 (April 1, 2007): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.253.

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Fluid dynamic investigations of multiphase flow (fluid, air, granules) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) are presented. SBR can be considered as an attractive technology for cultivation of granular activated sludge (GAS). Granulation is a complicated process and its mechanism is not fully understood yet. Many factors influence the formation and structure of aerobic granular sludge in a bioreactor. Extracellular polymer substances (EPS) and superficial gas velocity (SGV) play a crucial role for granules formation. Additionally, it is supposed that EPS production is stimulated by mechanical forces. It is also assumed that hydrodynamic effects have a major influence on the formation, shape and size of GAS in SBR under aerobic condition. However, the influence of stress on granulation is poorly investigated. Thus, in the present paper, fluid dynamic investigations of multiphase flow in a SBR, particularly effect of normal and shear strain, are reported. In order to analyse multiphase flow in the SBR, optical in-situ techniques with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) are implemented. Obtained results show a characteristic flow pattern in a SBR. It is pointed out that additional effects like particle-wall collisions, inter particle collisions, erosion can also affect significantly granules formation.

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44

Lv, Junping, Yaqin Wang, Chen Zhong, Yaochen Li, Wen Hao, and Jianrong Zhu. "The microbial attachment potential and quorum sensing measurement of aerobic granular activated sludge and flocculent activated sludge." Bioresource Technology 151 (January 2014): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.013.

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45

Pronk, Mario, Andreas Giesen, Andrew Thompson, Struan Robertson, and Mark van Loosdrecht. "Aerobic granular biomass technology: advancements in design, applications and further developments." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.101.

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Abstract Aerobic granular sludge is seen as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Through a Dutch research and development program, a full-scale aerobic granular biomass technology has been developed – the Nereda® technology – which has been implemented to treat municipal and industrial wastewater. The Nereda® system is considered to be the first aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full-scale and more than 40 municipal and industrial plants are now in operation or under construction worldwide. Further plants are in the planning and design phase, including plants with capacities exceeding 1 million PE. Data from operational plants confirm the system's advantages with regard to treatment performance, energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, a new possibility for extracting alginate-like exopolysaccharides (ALE) from aerobic granular sludge has emerged which could provide sustainable reuse opportunities. The case is therefore made for a shift away from the ‘activated sludge approach’ towards an ‘aerobic granular approach’, which would assist in addressing the challenges facing the wastewater treatment industry in Asia and beyond.

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46

Weber, S. D., W. Ludwig, K. H. Schleifer, and J. Fried. "Microbial Composition and Structure of Aerobic Granular Sewage Biofilms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 19 (August 17, 2007): 6233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01002-07.

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ABSTRACT Aerobic activated sludge granules are dense, spherical biofilms which can strongly improve purification efficiency and sludge settling in wastewater treatment processes. In this study, the structure and development of different granule types were analyzed. Biofilm samples originated from lab-scale sequencing batch reactors which were operated with malthouse, brewery, and artificial wastewater. Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy together with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed insights into the structure of these biofilms. Microscopic observation revealed that granules consist of bacteria, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protozoa and, in some cases, fungi. The biofilm development, starting from an activated sludge floc up to a mature granule, follows three phases. During phase 1, stalked ciliated protozoa of the subclass Peritrichia, e.g., Epistylis spp., settle on activated sludge flocs and build tree-like colonies. The stalks are subsequently colonized by bacteria. During phase 2, the ciliates become completely overgrown by bacteria and die. Thereby, the cellular remnants of ciliates act like a backbone for granule formation. During phase 3, smooth, compact granules are formed which serve as a new substratum for unstalked ciliate swarmers settling on granule surfaces. These mature granules comprise a dense core zone containing bacterial cells and EPS and a loosely structured fringe zone consisting of either ciliates and bacteria or fungi and bacteria. Since granules can grow to a size of up to several millimeters in diameter, we developed and applied a modified FISH protocol for the study of cryosectioned biofilms. This protocol allows the simultaneous detection of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi in and on granules.

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47

Dasgupta, Sunayna, Ananda Shankar Bhattacharjee, and Ramesh Goel. "Evaluation of Process Kinetics and Toxicity on Granular Activated Sludge." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864717821494295.

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48

Sarvajith, M., and Y. V. Nancharaiah. "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal in aerobic granular sludge reactors by granular activated carbon dosing." Science of The Total Environment 823 (June 2022): 153643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153643.

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49

Chen, Lu, Jinhui Jeanne Huang, Binbin Hua, Ronald Droste, Salman Ali, and Weixin Zhao. "Effect of steel slag in recycling waste activated sludge to produce anaerobic granular sludge." Chemosphere 257 (October 2020): 127291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127291.

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50

Wu, Weimin, Jicui Hu, Xiasheng Gu, Yizhang Zhao, Hui Zhang, and Guoguan Gu. "Cultivation of anaerobic granular sludge in UASB reactors with aerobic activated sludge as seed." Water Research 21, no. 7 (July 1987): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(87)90154-0.

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