Дисертації з теми "Grand commerce"
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Frenet, Florentine. "Grand et petit commerce à Douala (Cameroun)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20075.
Повний текст джерелаIn cameroon, as in many third world countries, there are two types of commercial activity : large and small business. Douala, the country's economic capital and principal commercial town, is home to most of the large commercial companies. There is also a great deal of small business, which is prospering. Today. Douala's commercial function, which has a long history, has taken a new form: big business has had to modify its old structures in order to adapt to the new situation. With the slump, large companies have had to cut back on their activities. Small business however, is now playing a much more important role than in the past. Although different in structure and operation, both activities, in their own way, contribute to the country's economic and social development. Their stamp on the urban landscape is quite clear
Badel, Laurence. "Un milieu libéral européen : le grand commerce français, 1925-1948." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010649.
Повний текст джерелаCommerce, liberalism and europe are the three ideas at the heart of this thesis. Large scale french retail trade in the interwar period consists essentially of three types of enterprise: department stores, chain stores and popular price shops. In 1919, it represents only a small sector of the world of employer organisations. This sector will little by little organise itself in the interwar period, to the stage where it will acquire a real place along side public power. These employer organisations, representing and defending the activities of different sectors such as the groupement d'etudes des grands magasins (1919) and the federation nationale des entreprises a commerces multiples (1937), or the promotion of external commerce and the european idea like the comite d'action economique et douaniere (1925). These organisations together would promote public debate on the economy and europe. Jacques lacour-gayet, their principal representative is an example of a new high level unionised employer organisation official during the interwar period. Across this stand point one helps to maintain an integrated liberal discussion which rejects both the notions of a planned economy and at the same time the temptation of neo liberalism. The circles which are controlled by commerce play an important role during the liberation, in coordinating different pro-european movements with liberal tendencies. The number of these movements increased and organised themselves with the objective of sustaining a solid european based project
Lambert, Pascal. "Stratégie du grand commerce moderne : flexibilité et maîtrise dynamique de l'offre." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010014.
Повний текст джерелаThe search for flexibility has lead the large retail chain to take special measures to ensure means and resources. These special forms of organisation - the continuous expansion of the offering to embrace specialty goods and services, the proliferation of the private label, the gradual acquisition of the control of the interchange of goods upstream from the retail outlets can be described as structures aimed at flexibility. The transition from a state of adaptibility to a dynamic management of opportunity and the structures seeking flexibility is one directed at increasing the numbers of controlled variables. This transition demonstrates a new strategy of dynamic control of the offering. In this framework, the large retail chain tends to extend its domain of competences higher up the channel and to substitute its own objectives for these of its suppliers. One is then lead to envisage the mass market chain as a decision center tending to coodinate higher up the channel the activities of a growing number of economics agents, goods and services providers, to whom it selectively delegates certain functions while at the same time assuring final value for the consummer. The principles of mass market retailing are identified and limits of the business environnement of the 90s are highlighted. Finally the concepts relating to the strategy of the distribution holding company and the activity unit receive a specific analysis
Badel, Laurence Girault René. "Un milieu libéral et européen : le grand commerce français, 1925-1948 /." Paris : Ministère de l'économie, des finances et de l'industrie, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36977051s.
Повний текст джерелаBen, Hassen Mohamed. "Modélisation et optimisation du grand étirage en filature : Application à la filature du coton." Mulhouse, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MULH0631.
Повний текст джерелаAfter a detailed analysis of models, drafting systems and different fibre-controlling systems, the theory of high drafting, established 1950,has been modified and mentioned by untwisted slivers. So, that these samples would be valid, the following experimental work has been carried out. The first step of our experiental work consisted in comparing the properties of the yarns and the denim cloth produed by the conventional one. The second part consists int the elaboration of an experimenal sample throught the experiemtal design method. The last part aims at analysing the economic aspects linke to the placing of the high drafting system
Dimitriadis, Serge. "Politique d'extension de marque : pratiques manageriales et perceptions des consommateurs : application aux marques d'enseigne du grand commerce de détail non spécialisé." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX32030.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis addresses brand extension questions (extending existing brand names to new roducts) in the contextof french retailers' corporate brands (own brands that take up retailer's store name). Based on marketing literature relative to brand equity management, branding, and brand extension, the reserach (a) investigates synergies (attitude transfers) between parent brand and extensions (b) identifies variables that constitute potential limits of parent brand extension in terms of parent brand image, product type, and consumption usage context. Three studies are conducted: (a) interviews with managers from il french retail firms, (b) two focus groups with consumers, (c) a consumer survey (400 respondents). Implications for marketing strategy and research are discussed
Coulon, Damien. "Barcelone et le grand commerce d'orient au moyen age. Un siecle de relations avec l'egypte et la syrie-palestine (1330-1430 environ)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010702.
Повний текст джерелаStadnicki, Roman. "NOUVELLES CENTRALITÉS ET RECOMPOSITIONS SOCIO-SPATIALES DANS LE GRAND SANAA (YÉMEN)." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449484.
Повний текст джерелаFoncel, Jérôme. "Analyse micro-économétrique des marchés à produits différenciés : application au marché des téléphones grand public en France." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10014.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis develops a procedure to analyse differentiated product markets and provides an application to the market of household telephone equipment in France. We construct a structural microeconomic model that takes into account the main features of the market under study. An empirical analysis is then provided with the help of econometric tools. In the first part we describe the market under study and the available data. In the second part a survey of the literature is done in order to stress on the pros and cons of the approaches already used. In the last part, we set the economic and econometric framework and provide empirical results on the functioning of the market under study
Barbier, Pascal. "De « petits » employés d’un « grand » magasin : Enquête sur les employés de la vente au Bazar de l’Opéra." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H032.
Повний текст джерелаWho are the sales assistants and what does their day at work look like? Based on anethnographic survey (participant observation in a parisian department store and interviews),this thesis answers these questions and contributes to the sociology of work and the sociologyof the clerks. Firstly, by exploring the working and employment conditions of the salesmen,their technics and savoir-faire, the way they see their work, it sheds light on a work rarelyobserved by the sociology of work. Secondly, the thesis contributes to the sociology of clerks.It analyses a part of this group that can be seen as belonging to an “in-between” area: betweenthe most insecure job and the steady and qualified work
Ivanaj, Vera. "Le processus de prise de décision stratégique : description et explication intégratives : l'exemple des Chambres de Commerce et d'Industrie du Grand Est de la France." Nancy 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN22005.
Повний текст джерелаConcerned with strategic decision-making processes, the thesis is an empirical study which integrates description and explanation of the processes involved and their results. Following a conceptual and theoretical justification which seeks to throw light on the major concepts and theories inherent in the phenomenon under investigation, the thesis provides a synthesis of the empirical work undertaken on strategic decision-making processes over the last fifty years, with a view to perceiving the underlying problems and their investigation as a response to a real need for advancement of knowledge in the field. Subsequently, the thesis stresses the subject in terms of the appropriate questions to be asked and the appropriate methodologies to be adopted. Data was collected via interviews and questionnaires from 86 cases of strategic decision-making in 12 Chambers of Commerce and Industry in the north-east region of France. The analysis of distinct types : (1) the "internal-rational" process, (2) the "local-political" process, (3) the "national-political" process, (4) the "fluid" process, and (5) the "decentralised" process. Each of these types has its own environmental, organisational and decision-specific context which generates its own results. For actors in the strategic decision-making process, the research suggests that no single decision-making process can be perceived as universally applicable. On the contrary each of the process types identified in the typology can be utilised depending on a number of specific circumstances
Pascail, Laurent. "Les experts, les joueurs et les planificateurs : la rationalisation de la branche d'un grand groupe industriel." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0017.
Повний текст джерелаBeginning with a study conducted in 1977 on the branch of a large industrial group, the author's research concerns a comparison with the same branch, 14 years later as well as its history between 1977 and 1991. The research aim is to explore and understand the mechanisms of change such as can be understood within this time frame. The findings are two-fold : - the management styles and individual strategies of the leading actors are responsible for change rather than changes in the environment or in technology. - the rationality of this organization, which is the direction in which change takes place, is one which is simple and economic for its directors even though, it is, by far the least efficient
Zouari, Nabil. "Derrière le "ghetto", la centralité minoritaire : le rôle de la présence commerciale dans un quartier d'habitat social en rénovation." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2022.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis analyzes the role of commerce in a large underprivileged district. In particular, it evaluates the capacity of a local shopping centre, which some public actors aim to destroy, to be a place of opportunity for its inhabitants. To do so, the thesis approaches commerce as a “total” social system, by multiplying the points of view, including planning, urban design, economic, social as well as political perspectives. Commercial polarities of French large social housing estates have, since the 1970s, experienced a decline in their commerciality. This evolution is generally explained by various factors, including the impoverishment of the neighbourhoods in which they are located, or the deployment of hypermarkets on the outskirts of French cities. Architectural and urban design errors are also questioned, especially the disconnection of these places from pedestrian and motorised traffic. At the same time, following the population dynamics within large suburban complexes, the image of these commercial polarity has become ethnicized. From there, urban renewal in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is generally accompanied by major urban transformations and the introduction of regulatory tools. However, some of the commercial polarities involved in urban renewal are economically healthy with important sales figures, low vacancy rates and low turnover. This is notably the case of the commercial polarity of the Mas du Taureau in Vaulx-en-Velin. This thesis thus proposes to understand how this suburban shopping area has been able to adapt.The thesis begins by exploring the resilience capacities of the Mas du Taureau retailers and shopkeepers and their economic development strategies. Those strategies are based on a regime of mutual knowledge and a dense network of sociability. Besides, the shopping centre has been able to radiate on a metropolitan scale. Indeed, the survey shows that the good economic health and high sales of the shopping centre exceed the standards of proximity polarity. The thesis therefore analyzes the main factors that allowed this unplanned shift from proximity polarity to metropolitan shopping centrality. The latter type of centrality is sustained by a bi-weekly market and numerous sedentary businesses (butcher's shops, bakeries, restaurants) that radiate out over a vast quadrant of Lyon metropolitan area. The attractiveness of the Mas du Taureau shopping centre makes it a minority center approaching the standards of "super diversity", a concept introduced in 2007 by Steven Vertovec. It appears that the shopping centre's ability to attract customers from outside the neighbourhood is based on a game of "ethnic" specialisations full of make-believes. However, the thesis focuses on a few locally trained entrepreneurs and ethnic markers that give the Mas du Taureau's commercial offer an image of minority centrality.Finally, the thesis examines the point of view of local public decision-makers. They often perceive this market space through the prism of communitarianism, leading to new forms of public regulation. The commercial polarity is thus administered by powerful management tools that place it at the centre of a lasting tension. As of today, the economic success of Mas du Taureau commercial polarity is not acknowledged by local public actors and its maintenance is minimal. Through the analysis of the current urban renewal project, the thesis shows the representations of local actors that underlie the project to destroy a dynamic shopping centre in order to rebuild another one with an uncertain future
Kazimierczak, Mariola. "La correspondance de Michel Tyszkiewicz, grand collectionneur d'antiquités, adressée à Wilhelm Froehner entre 1872 et 1897." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040002.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of M. Tyszkiewicz's 450 unpublished letters directed to W. Froehner occupies a place of its own in epistolary readings. It shows the importance of the Polish collector living in Rome and emphasizes his relations with other collectors, scientists and merchants of his time. It also describes the functioning of his private archeology « museum » and reviews the numerous publications devoted to the pieces of his collection. Being a buyer of antique items, Tyszkiewicz rivalled the most famous museums in the nineteenth-century. Set within a panorama of European museums, including the Polish museums, this study outlines the biographies of both correspondents, enabling us to follow the development of their private lives and relationship with Antiquity. The two men's first meeting in Paris gave birth to a lifelong friendship, animated by their passion for antiques und constantly sustained by their epistolary relation with its rich problematics, leading us into the heart of their everyday concerns. The appraisal of the Roman antiquity commerce and the display of the friendly professional environment surrounding the collector in Rome and the well-known German scholar in Paris, allow us to draw their respective portraits. The rich iconography of the letters stands not only as a support to the epistolary dialogue but also shows their two collections in the making, permitting us to determine the origin of many antique objects in Froehner's collection offered by Tyszkiewicz.Finally, this study places Tyszkiewicz's descriptions of antique works of art in the literary genre of ekphrasis and highlights his expert qualities recognized by his contemporaries
Gaumy, Tiphaine. "Le chapeau à Paris. Couvre-chefs, économie et société, des guerres de Religion au Grand Siècle (1550-1660)." Thesis, Paris, Ecole nationale des chartes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCP0001/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the first half of the early modern period, time of political and religious troubles, and of great geographical discoveries that opened new trade opportunities, we approached the subject of hat and headdresses history in their technical, commercial (in the capital, the Court, the kingdom and abroad), esthetical (evolutions of forms, embroideries, feathers, hat badges) and social ways (manners and signification of wearing them). In the peculiar Parisian context of this period, this trade, changed by the apparition of beaver and the social obligation to have everybody’s head covered, has a deep impact not only on the evolution of the Parisian hatters’ wealth but also on Parisians’ and Courtiers’ wardrobes themselves. Without headdresses preserved, details about them are scattered in documentary sources: for example, we can find them in the writings of authors and moralizing people, in engravings of French people like Abraham Bosse, in works of Flemish painters like Jan Miense Molenaer, but also in criminal archives where they can be sometimes even motives of murder! Far from just being clothing accessories, headdresses in the early modern period are essential to socialize and characterize human beings: through them, we can grasp national identity, age, wealth, profession, social status and knowledge of civility rules (especially to raisesomebody’s cap to someone, a tradition established from medieval times). Also, at that time, their importance is reconsidered because of the challenge by the Protestants about their social significance and by the discovery of new societies with other relation to clothes, which put the traditional and European approach into perspective
Pagot, Audrey. "Grande distribution, commerce traditionnel : quelle concurrence ?" Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10021/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe French lecturer Jean-Marc MOUSSERON wrote that “law is the tool bringing economic choices into being, these economic choices themselves following fundamental political ones”. It is indeed by pursuing political choices such as the increase of the purchasing power or the reduction of consumer price that economic law protects and controls big retailers' action. By prohibiting the refusal to sell, the price discrimination practice and the minimum prices' resale practice, the French government tried indeed to protect the competition from grocery retailers. However as a consequence of this protection, small independent retailers lost their competitiveness. The French government tried hence to protect them by introducing anticompetitive legal barriers. To sum up, the government either protects the competition of grocery retailers to the detriment of traditional retailers or protects the small traditional retailers to the detriment of the competition. Bearing that alternative in mind, it seems that only a legislative action aiming to protect consumers will bring about a satisfyingly regulated retail market for the benefit of both the competition of grocery retailers and small retailers
Boulet, Katie. "COMMERCE DU THÉ SINO-BRITANNIQUE (1784-1850): LA CHUTE DU MONOPOLE CHINOIS." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26056/26056.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAndré, Marie-Elisabeth. "Les contrats de la grande distribution." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON10008.
Повний текст джерелаLarge distribution contracts are essentially binding three parties : the buying association, affiliated or member distributors and suppliers their commercial relations can be organized to three differnt formulars wether the buying association buys for resale purposes, distributor representation or, the very widespread practice of referencing various types of contract can them bind one to one, the distributoranel buying association (title 1). The buying association and suppliers (title 2); the supplier and distributor (title 3) and they offer an important example of groups of contracts buying association - referencing - affiliation - commercial cooperation promotion purchase sale brokerage obligation to inform competion discount invoice groups of contracts
Baud, Berthier Gilles. "Le commerce entre la Grande-Bretagne et la Chine, 1840-1900." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040086.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of phd thesis is to evaluate the share of china in the foreign trade of great-britain during xixth century. This study goes from the access of free-trade to governmental ideology, until the adoption of imperialism because of international economic competition. The thesis is divided in two parts. First, datas have been extracted from parliamentary papers. They are based on customs revenues reports, and their treatment lakes the variations of calculation and of units of money into consideration. They are completed by a full range of charts and diagrams. The statistical datas give annual general andper items imports, exports and reesports, from 1815 till 1900 : - of global trade of great-britain - trade between great-britain, india, china and hongkong. Second, commentaries on datas deal with questions of british commercial policy, business context in china and the results of british trade with asia
Otele, Olivette. "Mémoire et politique : l'enrichissement de Bristol par le commerce triangulaire, objet de polémique." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040131.
Повний текст джерелаThe city of Bristol has found itself at the centre of a historical turmoil related to its involvement in the triangular trade and the collective memory of that era. On the one hand, a few descendants of slave traders (plantation owners of the Caribbean and Bristol Merchant Venturers) claim to be very proud of their forefathers “entrepreneurial skills”, on the other hand, the black community is demanding that Bristol should pay tribute to the people who enabled it to become a rich city. Ethnic minority groups believe that there is a need for Bristolians to recognise that the present-day economic deprivation suffered by the Black community is directly related, in some measure, to the city's silence on this matter. The argument inherited from the slave trade era about racial hierarchy is the root of the question of re-writing history by a minority community as much as the way the black community is perceived in this society which is trying to define what it means to be British in this now more and more multicultural society. The City Council, reluctant at first to start a debate about the past, has been involved in a number of public gestures such as the opening of the permanent exhibition dedicated to the slave trade, Pero's Bridge, so on and so forth. Can the city be considered as an example of “Repentance and Réconcilation”? Even though public gestures about collective memories and remembrance are also politically motivated, is the city of Bristol heading nonetheless towards a peaceful collective memory?
Silva, JanaÃna Tenório Trancoso Tavares. "Marketplace: a grande salvação das lojas virtuais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do UniCEUB, 2018. http://repositorio.uniceub.br/handle235/12300.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T18:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 51500417.pdf: 1034690 bytes, checksum: 761f83e2bb16c6c37b03859d817b8a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018
O presente artigo aborda o tema “Marketplace: A grande salvação das lojas virtuaisâ€�. O objetivo desse estudo é descrever as grandes vantagens e a salvação que o marketplace traz para o e-commerce, identificando os desafios e conflitos nesta relação. Foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico de trabalhos atuais e de pesquisas de mercado fornecidas pela brpartners com lojistas de diversos tamanhos e segmentos. Com o surgimento da internet e as mudanças no perfil de compra dos consumidores muitas empresas perceberam oportunidades de expandirem seus negócios. Neste contexto, os profissionais de marketing adequaram à s teorias fundamentais do comércio real para atenderem as necessidades deste novo mercado: o virtual, buscando consolidar um atendimento individualizado e continuo. O marketplace permite que o consumidor busque, escolha, e pague por produtos de diferentes lojistas eletrônicos num mesmo ambiente de compra. Esse tipo de parceria que surge entre lojistas e marketplace é diferente de outros relacionamentos de negócio, já que implica numa integração da operação de ambas as partes. Isso gera diferentes preocupações, benefÃcios percebidos e pontos de atenção do que em outras parcerias laterais.
Bahout, Alexandre. "Suez et le commerce exterieur de la grande-bretagne de 1868 a 1913." Paris 4, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040363.
Повний текст джерелаShipments of weighty goods on long distance. Being an essential element of the foreign trade of the united kingdon, we have studied first the technical outlines of the different commercial routes between europe and asia. Computerized data processing of more than 50000 statistical figures has allowed us to remodel the pattern of the british overseas trade, taking into account the new significance of gibraltar, i. E. The usefuiness of sailing ships going to asia throw the canal, the competition between sailing ships and steamers and the rivalry between northern and southern europe harbours
Jahier, Hugues. "Angleterre et Suisse romande : étude sur le commerce européen au XVIIIème siècle." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040035.
Повний текст джерелаIn the 2nd half of the 18th century, the religious matter still remains a reverential but symbolic picture, relating to the strong links between England and the most part of French- (speaking) "Switzerland". Henceforth, time is at the applied technology progresses. They rule over the economic apparatus and general consummation. The "goes it alone" of Britain in the industrial revolution, institutional affinities, and a beloved area to the Britons ' eyes, forced the pace. Despite, from time to time, unfavorable circumstances, there will be always a "European bridge" opens for direct contacts. More and more, Swiss watchmaking seems to be dependent upon the English supplies. The whole range of utilitarian and fashionable manufactured products, local handicrafts, became "absolutely necessary" for both partners. It is the "discover" of England not only attracted by the distant shores, and an extravert "Switzerland"
Bleil, De Souza Susana. "L'Uruguay et le Rio Grande do Sul : le commerce de transit et la contrebande." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100029.
Повний текст джерелаThere are deep changes in the period we are studying. They disrupt a wide regional space of trade. Organized before the definitive closing of the international boundaries in the platin region. River and land transportation system connected the frontier region of Rio Grande do Sul to the port of Montevideo and to the Uruguayan east border. Montevideo was the most important port for the introduction of European products as well as for the outgoing trade of the western Rio Grande do Sul counties were the commercial activity was quite intertwined with smuggling. The Uruguayan border cities were true warehouses of the Montevideo port. The transit and reexportation business was a source for capital accumulation. At the end of the last century the Montevideo port trade route is weakened. A modern artificial harbor was built to maintain and increase what was left of the old import export trade of the frontier. However the Rio Grande do Sul had started its trade nationalization process seeking to integrate the frontier into its domestic market by improving railroad and harbor infrastructure. The border region of Rio Grande do Sul withdrew from a close economic articulation of its platin neighbors to commercially integrate itself into the state economy, so increasing local capital accumulation
Camporesi, Angelica <1995>. "La risposta delle Grandi Superfici Specializzate (GSS) alla diffusione dell’e-commerce. Il caso Unieuro." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16441.
Повний текст джерелаDurand, Bruno. "La logistique de l'épicerie électronique : analyse prospective des scénarios envisageables dans la distribution alimentaire française." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX24001.
Повний текст джерелаDelord, Nicolas Deffains Bruno. "Puissance d'achat et concurrence dans la grande distribution." S. l. : Université Nancy 2, 2007. http://cyberdoc.univ-nancy2.fr/htdocs/docs_ouvert/doc265/2007NAN20004.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGille, Pierre. "Le rôle de la grande distribution dans la filière vinicole française : essai d'analyse." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10011.
Повний текст джерелаRulence, David. "Le développement spatial des réseaux de points de vente : mesures de la capacité d'accès aux médias et de la cohérence logistique." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN1A008.
Повний текст джерелаNastase, Gianina Elena. "Le développement commercial de la Roumanie : entreprises françaises et intégration européenne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1086/document.
Повний текст джерелаHypermarket distribution is a rather recent phenomenon which justifies a study. It started in 1992 after the fall of the communist regime in December 1989. This event allowed a liberation of the energies in all the domains, in particular in the retail / trade. In the first time, large retailers took place in Bucharest and particularly in the suburbs. In a second time, it spread in the main town. The North of the capital is well enough served in highways. Thanks to the situation, a lot of commercial actors can settle in this place which becomes a trade area. We notice that the first hypermarket opened near the A1 highway towards Pitesti on the North West of Bucharest. A second group of companies goes to the East of Bucharest, next to the Sun highway which links the capital to the port Constanta. The phenomenon became more important thanks to foreign actors. The lack of national strategies explains that the utilities and transport's accessibility are insufficient. Because of its place around the town, hypermarket distribution moved the limits of the town. So we can observe that the trade is linked to suburbanization and marked the apparition of the metropolitan area of Bucarest
Le, Lannier Aude. "Renégociations et difficultés d'exécution de la concurrence par comparaison : Une application au secteur de l'eau en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010039.
Повний текст джерелаBensalem, Boutaïna. "Les relations commerciales et diplomatiques entre la Grande Bretagne et le Maroc, XIXe-XXe siècle : des rapports complexes sous l'influence politique de la France, de l' Espagne et des pressions régionales." Bordeaux 3, 2011. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2011BOR30030.
Повний текст джерелаThe object of this thesis is to outline the economical and diplomatic relationship between Great Britain and Morocco during the 19th and 20th centuries based on different social, political and economical affairs marking their relations. Its aim is to also bring forth the British interest in Morocco in a very specific international context and how the British politics towards this North African country did not exclude commecial policy. The different aspects of the British preponderance in Morocco during this period of history are approached from a thematic and chronological context underlying the British diplomatic double language which toggled between interference and suggestion until withdrawal was chosen for strategic and political reasons. Based on a multitude of sources, the goal of this study is demonstrate the impact of Great Britain politics on the history of the Cherifian Empire by bringing light into the important role played by other European countries in the British political evolution towards this Mediterranean country
Florez, Acosta Jorge. "Essays On the Empirical Analysis of Grocery Retailing and Consumer Shopping behavior." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10055/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation consists of three essays on the empirical analysis of grocery retailing and consumer shopping behavior. The first chapter focuses on supermarket loyalty programs and their impact on the demand for private labels. Supermarkets often link loyalty rewards to private label purchases, What are supermarkets' motivations to do this? This empirically examines this link using scanner data on grocery purchases of French households and structural methods of demand estimation. Results are consistent with the industry lore: private labels are less valued products relative to quality-equivalent national brands. However, members of loyalty programs have a larger valuation of private labels than non-members. Moreover, the more prone to subscribe to LPs a customer is, the larger her sensitivity to a price increase and the weaker the expected effects on the demand for private labels. The second chapter, joint with Daniel Herrera Araujo, is inspired by a number of theory papers showing that when shopping costs, that rationalize the observed heterogeneity in consumer shopping patterns, are introduced in economic analysis, policy conclusions can change dramatically. We structurally identify consumer shopping costs using scanner data on grocery purchases of French households. We present a model of demand for multiple stores and products consisting of an optimal stopping problem in terms of individual shopping costs. This rule determines whether to visit one or multiple stores at a shopping period. We then estimate the parameters of the model and recover the distribution of shopping costs. We quantify the total shopping cost in 18.7 € per store sourced on average. This cost has two components, namely, the mean fixed shopping cost, 1.53 € and mean total transport cost of 17.1 € per trip. The third chapter empirically examines the role of nonlinear contracts between manufacturers and retail stores, and Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) on nominal price stability. According to the literature the incomplete transmission of costs shocks into retail prices is explained by the existence of markup adjustment and price adjustment costs. The vertical conduct of the industry and the use of RPM can introduce further price stickiness or reinforce it. I present a structural model of vertical relations allowing for two-part tariffs and RPM, and accounting explicitly for retail price rigidity by including fixed costs of price adjustment in retailer's profit function. Using micro data on sales of breakfast cereals from a large supermarket chain in Chicago, I estimate demand, retrieve margins, and compute bounds for retail price adjustment costs. I find that these costs lie between 1.6% and 3% of its total revenue a year, on average
Fender, Michel. "Modes de coopération producteurs-distrubuteurs: Place de la logistique dans l'organisation des chaînes d'approvisionnement." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENPC9625.
Повний текст джерелаHafsa, Sarra. "Stratégies d'offre du distributeur et politiques de commande : modèles pour l'évaluation des chaînes d'approvisionnement." Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090005.
Повний текст джерелаRatsimandresy, Onja. "Analyse de la perception et du comportement d’achat des produits du commerce équitable dans la grande distribution." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU2013.
Повний текст джерелаFair trade products have existed since the 60s, and they were sold only in specialty stores. Spurred by Max Havelaar, the labeling organism, the products have integrated large-scale distribution, in order to better spread them and increase sales. In France, this association has taken place in the late 90s. Nowadays, the products have gained more visibility, but the sales are mitigated. In order to understand this weak consumer acceptance, our research focuses on consumers’ perception of fair trade products, and assesses its influence on their purchasing behavior. Categorization theory allowed us to understand the perception formation process based on knowledge. To set up the conceptual framework of fair trade and the fair trade products consumption, we refer to researches on corporate social responsibility and on socially responsible consumption. An exploratory qualitative study has identified the perceived characteristics of products, and the variables influencing the purchasing behavior. A quantitative study conducted on 426 consumers was then used to validate the hypotheses. Results show that, the ethical characteristics of fair trade products influence the purchase behavior, while the price inhibits it. Thereby, socially responsible consumers are most likely to purchase fair trade products
Jacques, Tristan. "L'Etat, le petit commerce et la grande distribution, 1945-1996 : une histoire politique et économique du remembrement commercial." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H022/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis looks at retail trades' transformations in France, from 1945 to 1996. It opts for an institutional perspective and examines the state intervention in the sector. Archival collections from ministries, from the presidency of the Republic and from different central administrations were explored, and the state's action toward retail trades was studied as a sectorial policy. Hence, this work analyses, among other subjects, urban planning, commercial relationships between retailers and suppliers, professional training or the question of Sunday openings. This is the story of a retail amalgamation (remembrement commercial), encouraged as early as 1963 by Finance Minister Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Indeed, predominant until the 1960s, small independent retailers then declined continuously while hypermarkets and big capitalistic retail developed, thanks notably to credit facilities and fiscal incentives (V AT). From the end of the 1960s, this amalgamation policy became Jess unequivocal as the discontent of small shopkeepers was rising, sometimes resulting in violent protests. In 1973, the Royer law was voted and claimed to insure an equilibrium policy for different forms of retail. Yet, this law was characterized by its unanticipated effects and the will to reform the law became recurrent in the political agenda until 1996
Baron, Marie-Laure. "Marques, rentes et relations contractuelles : le cas des marques de distribution dans la grande distribution en France." Paris 13, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA131008.
Повний текст джерелаBaret, Christophe. "Espace marchand et qualification du travail dans la grande distribution : essai d'analyse sociétale." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX24007.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, because of the development of a fierce price war in the retail trade sector, most of the companies try to set up differentiation strategies in order to maintain their profit margins and to keep their customers. However today, customers are no longer under the influence of mere advertising campaigns, they want to experience a real difference in the stores. Therefore, the company strategy can no longer be conceived without taking into account its ability to implement it actually in its stores, at the lowest cost. Thanks to a comparative study that we realized in two of the six leading French companies of this sector : Auchan and Intermarché, we have made the demonstration that interdependences can be observed in the companies between the strategy, the organisation and the mode of human resources management. Then, even if these two companies are under the influence of sectorial tendencies which impose them to develop precarious employment for instance, skills have in each case specific characteristics
Rakūk, ʿAllāl. "Le commerce de la France et du Royaume-Uni avec le Maroc, 1890-1912 : étude comparée." Bordeaux 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR30044.
Повний текст джерелаThe research is imposed of two parts: in the first part, the commercial trafic indicates the evolution of the global number of commerce, analysing the works which had made the commercial diffusion quasi permanent. The analysis also relates to the procedure strat of the independance of the country vis-a-vis the european markete which the independance will be developed and more poejudiceable to the community that is economically weak and where economics is a little more tize et and the social structures are a little diverse. The second part shaws the interference of different factors in commerce sinchas the navigation comparties, the commerce houses, the national bourgeois and the role the government markhzen. The role of the commercial associations leads to the absence of the productive investment. According to its zones of the provisions, there is a presence of a new social part dependent on the external capital, consequently, the preuso-maroccan bourgeois can not trouble the historical role in the transactions to real capitalism
Waelli, Mathias. "De l'emploi à l'activité : une ethnographie du travail dans la grande distribution." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070024.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis rests on qualitative inquiry. The first part of the paper describes the working conditions of cash clerks and commercial employees in four hypermarkets located in France. The second part of the thesis analyses their social trajectories and their aspirations at work
Kabanda, Marcel. "Économie et technologie du sel dans la région des Grands lacs d'Afrique de l'est (1850-1920)." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010625.
Повний текст джерелаIn domaine of salt during the nineteenth century, the region of great lakes offered two great caracteristics. First, ressources were only three mining salt were known and exploited (uvinza, katwe and kibero). Secondly, the first europeans explorators noted the inge niosity and hability with which the valleys and vegetal spices from which salt coulb be produced had been identified and exploited. The first part of our study examines the utilisations and technologies of salt production. It reveales the preponderance of pastoral activity indicates ecological aspects of salt industry. The second part the circulation of salt. It suggests the hypothesis according to which that product could have played a dynamic role in the emergence of trade economy in the region. The last part treates the management of mining salt and the control of salt commercial links. It shows the role of salt in the political organisation of spaces and analyses the colonial transformations, in management as well as in the exploitation than in the redifinition of economic spaces
Sans, Pierre. "Relations verticales et pouvoir au sein du canal de distribution : le cas de l'industrie de transformation de la viande bovine française dans ses rapports avec la distribution moderne." Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10035.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study is to particularize the relationships between beef industry and modern distribution. It analyses both the sources of power and the consequences of the exercise of this power on a dominated firm. In a first part, the author recalls the relationships evolution between industry and distribution during the XXth century. Then, after a presentation of the two activities (beef industry and meat retail), the major theorical approaches of marketing channel are discuted. Finally, the author proposes a model based on the political economy analysis (Stern & Reve, 1980). The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the data collected in a personal interview process involving the eight biggest firms of beef industry and “big distribution” (supermarket chains). It emphasizes how the structures and the processes adopted by big distribution firms lead to a complete control of transactions. The centralization of the buying decisions, the formalization of the requirements and the implication in non-distributive activities (production logistic. . . ) Are used by retail firms to exercise the channel leadership and to prevent the constitution of an industrial oligopoly. To counteract the effects of the retail leadership, beef industry reacts developing resistance, “shunting” and cooperation strategies. Finally, a conclusion emphasizes how this study contribute to a best comprehension of the relationships between meat industry and “big distribution”
Barrey, Sandrine. "Le travail marchand dans la grande distribution alimentaire : la définition des relations marchandes." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20066.
Повний текст джерелаHow do distributors define the meeting between supply and demand? An historical analysis shows the processes by which mass retailers succeeded in affixing their imprint on economic relations. So that it underlines the political dimension of markets. A disaggregated point of view on mass retailers as methodological entry based on observations of their concrete working practices in a big French company reveals how constructed, collective and differentiated are such important commercial "grandeurs" as prices or any other quality of products. Finally, the specific configuration of the markets structured by the rules of self-service (i. E. Where the absence of preliminary link appears to be the central problem of the actual meeting between supply and demand) leads to wonder about the way distributors manage to tie relations with customers, and how the latter participate themselves in the production of the relations in question
Neuville, Jean-Philippe. "Le contrat de confiance : étude des mécanismes de coopération dans le partenariat industriel autour de deux grands constructeurs automobiles européens." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0005.
Повний текст джерелаThe industrial partnership is one of the possible forms of the organized action between market and hierarchy. With the tools of the sociological analysis of organizations, an empirical comparison of two partnerships is carried out in the automobile manufacturing sector in europe. Results show that this form of industrial cooperation is characterized, first by a common framework : quality ; second; by a specific regulation mecanism : trust ; finally, by a structure of social exchange in which economic exchange is embedded in : interpersonal networks
Badot, Olivier. "Esquisse des fonctions socio-anthropologiques du commerce et de la distribution : les cas McDonald's, West Edmonton Mall et Wal-Mart." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05H057.
Повний текст джерелаThis inductive doctoral research aims to identify the socio-anthropological functions of western retailing. Inside a functionalist network in the Merton tradition, three cases have been studied with a semio-ethnographic instrument of observation and analysis : Mc Donald's, West Edmonton Mall and Wal-Mart. The findings suggest three socio-anthropological functions of retailers : structuration, inversion and magic
Cellard-Verdier, Sylvie. "Expliquer la performance internationale des firmes : âge, vitesse et rythme d'internationalisation, diversité culturelle et ambidextrie dans la grande distribution alimentaire mondiale (1998-2004)." Lyon 3, 2008. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2008_out_cellard-verdier_s.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this dissertation is to provide new theoretical and empirical insights into the relationship between internationalization and performance. We revisit this relationship in light of two theoretical streams: the transaction cost and internalization theories on the one hand and the organizational learning theory on the other. More specifically, we undertake the following research interests: 1. -Studying how time-based variables of the process, such as age, speed, and rhythm of internationalization, influence performance. 2. -Examining the effects of cultural diversity in the portfolio of countries. 3. -Reconsidering the contributions of the more established internationalization theories, namely the Uppsala and New Ventures theories. 4. -Coining the concept of international ambidexterity. Our dissertation integrates the temporal and cultural attributes of internationalization in a unique model and examines the internationalization of firms from a dynamic perspective. Success is based on a moderate internationalization speed, the regularity of the expansion, and a minimization of cultural heterogeneity between countries in the portfolio of firms. Our research also highlights the existence of different and often more efficient internationalization processes than those described by well-established theories in the international literature. This calls for updating our research objectives concerning these processes. In particular, new theoretical developments suggest rethinking the internationalization process as a combination of exploitation and exploration activities calling for a reformulation of the concept of ambidexterity in an international context. This new orientation promises new research prospects on the concept of international ambidexterity as the ultimate source of international competitive advantage. The worldwide mass grocery retailing industry from 1998 to 2004 is the empirical setting of this study. Our database includes information for 386 worldwide retailers and 87 internationalized retailers with more than 420 foreign entities in 128 countries
Joan, Jean-Marc. "Le maillon maritime dans l'organisation des chaînes de transport anglo-continentales : l'organisation et l'évolution d'un espace en mutation." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10173.
Повний текст джерелаThe transport chain between the united kingdom and the mainland europe presented for a long time the particularity of including a sea crossing. Sea haul components only represent a part of the whole door-to-door transport but their impact on the freight traffics and on the market organization plays a determinant role. Furthermore, this study is all the more important to be developed as the channel fixed link will bring new opportunities concerning development and evolution of this area
Lepers, Xavier. "Les relations d'échange entre la grande distribution et ses fournisseurs : le cas de l'enseigne Auchan." Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090050.
Повний текст джерелаRoyer, Nathalie. "Le Marché de l'art en droit français, anglais et communautaire." Clermont 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF10244.
Повний текст джерелаIn the last ten years, in the context of perfection of the European Union and of internationalisation of exchanges, the art market regulation undergone significant changes. Either, the traffic of cultural goods, the auctions regulation, the tax system and also the property rights applied to works of art sales have evolved