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1
Sugai, Kenta. "Past passive participles of intransitive verbs in the language of the Bulgarian minority in Romania: A closer look at contact-induced grammatical change. Našite bălgari să dojdeni or dušleli." Zeszyty Łużyckie 54 (December 30, 2020): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/zl.718.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses an innovative grammatical structure with past passive participles of intransitive verbs оbserved in the language of a Bulgarian minority in Brăneşti, Romania. The aim of this article is to reveal the mechanism of contact-induced grammatical change which seems to have occurred in the Bulgariandialect of Brăneşti under the influence of the Romanian language. The results of the analysis, based on materials from the author’s fieldwork, indicate that a grammatical structure involving the past passive participles of intransitive verbs hasarisen in the Brăneşti dialect as a result of grammatical replication of Romanianpast participles.
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Breyl, Michael, and Elisabeth Leiss. "On conceptualizing grammatical change in a Darwinian framework." Biological Evolution 3, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00028.bre.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Approaching language change within a Darwinian framework constitutes a long-standing tradition within the literature of diachronic linguistics. However, many publications remain vague, omitting conceptual details or missing necessary terminology. For example, phylogenetic trees of language families are regularly compared to biological speciation, but definitions on mechanisms of inheritance, i.e. how linguistic information is transferred between individuals and cohorts, or on the linguistic correlates to genotype and phenotype are often missing or lacking. In light of this, Haider’s attempts to develop this approach into a theoretically more precise position, closely mirroring principles of Darwinian natural selection in the dimension of diachronic grammatical change, but contrasting this with non-Darwinian lexical change. He draws a comparison to viral replication, essentially positing that grammar variants act as mental viruses, competing for replication in new hosts, i.e. children during critical periods of language acquisition. Haider proposes that in light of this competition for replication, the unconscious fixation of an individual’s grammar leads to diachronic grammatical change largely mirroring Darwinian natural selection. Despite the intuitive appeal this mode of reasoning may feature, the following response paper identifies and discusses a suit of shortcomings to this conceptualization. Some problems arise from underspecified theoretical notions, others due to the incomplete or inaccurate adoption of biological principles, and yet more through a partial incompatibility with empirical data. These criticisms do not amount to a dismissal of the Darwinian framework Haider is following, but to a rejection of Haider’s current position. Albeit it remains unclear if a truly Darwinian approach to language change can be reached, suggestions on how Haider’s theoretical notions could be further developed are made and pertinent efforts may ultimately lead to a productive theory.
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Foziliya, Muazzama. "About The Repetitions In The Novel Of “Cholikushi”." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 07 (July 28, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue07-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, dialogue is based on the rapid circulation of the replication of the interlocutors, the replies is short, but mutually known to be treated. The term replication is “add again”, the completion of a speech of one of the dialogue, the place where the replica is semical and grammatical is linked to each other. Replicta-repetitions are considered a lexical phonetical media, which is characterized by formative circulation in dialogial speech, in which re-consortation speech is repeating words, replication and repeated. The realization of the surprise is interpreted. The Turkish writer said the balls and compound-shaped replica-repetitions, which were found in dialogue in Rashod Nuri Guntekins, and they were explained according to the content of the expression. Replicta-repeats used in this play Surprise (köpeklere), flatter (Feride), rationale (ne zannedecekler), dangling (mutlaka geri alacağım), rude (doktorun kızı), query (Candarma), excitement (sevdim) representation of modal content is analyzed through examples. In the conclusion, the replications of replication and repetition depends on the tone of punctuation also depends on the tone of punctuation closed.
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Lohmann, Arne. "No Acoustic Correlates of Grammatical Class: A Critical Re-Examination of Sereno and Jongman (1995)." Phonetica 77, no. 6 (2020): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000506138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present article describes an extended replication of a reading study by Sereno and Jongman (1995) that reported acoustic differences between noun and verb pronunciations of English disyllabic, non-stress-shifting homophone pairs, for example, <i>answer</i> (v) versus <i>answer</i> (n). The original findings point to a gradual influence of the typical stress patterns of both grammatical categories, with noun readings exhibiting a tendency toward trochaic and verb readings toward iambic pronunciation. However, the effects found by Sereno and Jongman (1995) did not consistently reach statistical significance and were based on a very small sample size. Employing a considerably larger group of speakers, the current replication fails to find the reported effects of the grammatical category. The null result obtained can be accounted for within speech production models that assume identical metrical templates for the homophone pairs tested and no direct influence of the grammatical category on the phonetics of stress assignment.
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Quaglia, Stefano. "Pattern replication and extraction from spatial PPs in Molise Slavic." Linguistic Variation 21, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 370–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.19012.qua.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper investigates P-stranding under A′-extraction in spatial PPs in Molise Slavic (MSL). After showing that P-stranding bijectively correlates with dative case on the Ground argument of P, I argue that the cases of extraction at stake instantiate grammatical convergence in the form of “pattern replication” (Matras & Sakel 2007). A′-extraction is licensed by the presence of borrowed additional functional material valuing and interpreting K(ase). The richer structure allows for KP to move out of the PP Phase without violating Anti-Locality. Both Italian and MSL secondary Ps displaying P-stranding are characterized as instantiating one of two possible structural options for P-stranding. The alternative structure is argued to be instantiated in Germanic, consistently with existing proposals (Abels 2012). The choice between the two options, as well as the productivity of the selected option in a given grammatical system, is a matter of (micro-)variation in the availability of functional vocabulary.
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Igartua, Iván. "Loss of grammatical gender and language contact." Diachronica 36, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 181–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17004.iga.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Despite its alleged relative stability, grammatical gender has nevertheless been completely lost in a number of languages. Through the analysis of three case studies (Afrikaans, Ossetic, and Cappadocian Greek) and a brief survey of similar developments in other languages, this article investigates the link between the loss of gender and language contact, which appears to be a key factor in the decline of gender systems. Drawing on recent research within the framework of sociolinguistic typology, I focus on the specific influence that a particular type of language contact (namely, non-native or imperfect learning) usually exerts on the grammar of the languages being acquired. I also discuss the diachronic asymmetry between the loss and the development of gender in language contact settings: while gender loss seems to be contact-related in quite a number of cases, replication or borrowing of gender turns out to be a rather restricted or even rare phenomenon.
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Elpers, Nan, Greg Jensen, and Kevin J. Holmes. "Does grammatical gender affect object concepts? Registered replication of Phillips and Boroditsky (2003)." Journal of Memory and Language 127 (December 2022): 104357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2022.104357.
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Kochari, Arnold R., and Monique Flecken. "Lexical prediction in language comprehension: a replication study of grammatical gender effects in Dutch." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 34, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1524500.
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Gass, Susan, and Lorena Valmori. "Replication in interaction and working memory research: Révész (2012) and Goo (2012)." Language Teaching 48, no. 4 (February 20, 2015): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444815000038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper argues for the replication of two studies, both of which consider feedback and working memory. In the first part of this paper, we discuss the role of interaction-based research and working memory research in second language acquisition research. We then describe two studies that have unified these two areas in recent published articles and discuss ways that replication can further our knowledge in how working memory capacity can impact the benefits of feedback. We emphasize the importance of replication in a number of different areas, including grammatical complexity of the target structure and the nature of working memory tests, in scoring, actual tests, and modes of delivery. Additionally, we discuss the possibilities for replication in the area of population differences, in particular, age groups and more lasting effects as would be found in delayed post-tests. Finally, we point out another means of gathering information about thought processes and suggest the value of adding stimulated recalls to the existing data.
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Hill, Eugen. "Suppletion Replication in Grammaticalization and Its Triggering Factors." Language Dynamics and Change 5, no. 1 (2015): 52–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00501003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper tries to account for several instances of emerging suppletion by establishing a cross-linguistic tendency of suppletion replication in grammaticalization. It can be shown that words which acquire new grammatical functions and therefore enter a different class of lexemes tend to copy suppletion patterns already present in other members of this class. This development can be triggered by factors of different nature, either internal to the language in question or rooted in contact between different languages or dialects of the same language. The suppletion replication tendency is demonstrated on several cases of grammaticalization of demonstrative or relative pronouns into 3rd person pronouns. This typologically common development is known to have led to the creation of new suppletion in several languages of Europe. In the present paper, three particularly telling cases from Slavonic, dialects of Lithuanian and early West Germanic dialects spoken on the continent are discussed in detail.
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Velázquez-Castillo, Maura, and Mary Hudgens Henderson. "Aspectual Para in Paraguayan Spanish Directive Clauses." Journal of Language Contact 6, no. 1 (2013): 73–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-006001003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colloquial Paraguayan Spanish exhibits an innovative use of the preposition para in directive constructions that is related to the Guaraní prospective complementizer haguã. Through a process of grammatical replication (Heine and Kuteva, 2005), para has acquired an aspectual function not evident in Normative Spanish. This semantic and grammatical shift is motivated by the intersecting semantic components of the forward projection of para and the prospectivity of haguã, whereby two new use patterns [para + infinitive] and [para que + subjunctive verb] employ the syntactic rules of Spanish to replicate the prospectivity of the Guaraní source, resulting in the abandonment of the prepositive function of para in certain contexts in favor of an overt aspectual role. This study analyzes internal and external forces that make this grammaticalization process possible in the context of extensive contact between Spanish and Guaraní in Paraguay.
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Matras, Yaron, and Jeanette Sakel. "Investigating the mechanisms of pattern replication in language convergence." Studies in Language 31, no. 4 (August 14, 2007): 829–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.31.4.05mat.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The replication of concrete formal-structural material (morpho-phonological forms with attached meanings) from one language in another is universally understood to instantiate grammatical and lexical ‘borrowing’ (we follow mainstream usage here and attach no value judgement to the word ‘borrowing’ itself, which is obviously just a metaphor). More controversial is the interpretation of contact-induced structural change that does not involve such replication of forms, but is manifested rather through shift in meaning, distribution, or organisation of inherited material, inspired by an external model. Such changes are sometimes referred to as ‘convergent developments’, and are often typical of linguistic areas. We explore the position of language convergence of this kind in the overall context of contact-induced change. Taking into consideration recent work on language convergence in the context of grammaticalisation theory (Heine & Kuteva 2005), we address the mechanism that is involved when language-internal resources are employed to replicate an external model. We attempt to trace this mechanism to its roots at the level of the organisation of communicative discourse in multilingual settings.
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de Kleine, Christa, and Rachele Lawton. "An analysis of grammatical patterns in generation 1.5, L1 and L2 students’ writings: A replication study." Journal of Second Language Writing 42 (December 2018): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2018.10.003.
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Velázquez-Castillo, Maura, and Mary Hudgens Henderson. "Quiero para mi novio." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 65–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.1.03vel.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is an extensive bibliography on the meanings of the Spanish preposition para but very little has been done to address the different traits that this form acquires in contact varieties of Spanish. Paraguayan Spanish exhibits a high incidence of an innovative use of the preposition para that has been attributed to contact with Guaraní: the ‘anticipated possession’ construction, which has similar characteristics to the Guaraní marker of prospective aspect -rã. Comparative data confirm the existence of a close correspondence between this innovative extension of para and the uses of -rã. We propose a process of grammatical replication (Heine & Kuteva 2005) by which para has acquired an aspectual function not evident in Standard Spanish. We show that the semantic and grammatical shift is motivated by specific intersecting semantic components of para and its Guaraní counterpart. We trace the path of grammaticalization from minor incipient uses to systemic contact-induced change, whereby para discards its prepositive function in favor of an overt representation of an aspectual role.
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Ansaldo, Umberto. "The Asian typology of English." English World-Wide 30, no. 2 (June 11, 2009): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.02ans.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper looks at the emergence of Asian English varieties in terms of the evolution of new grammatical features. I propose that, in order to reach a thorough understanding of how the unique combination of grammatical features that define specific Asian Englishes come about, we must approach these features from a typological and evolutionary perspective which allows us to contrast them not only with Standard English varieties but also with the Asian languages with which these come into contact. As restructured vernaculars, Asian English varieties are de facto contact languages, and, as such, evolve as a consequence of selection of features from a multilingual pool. In this pool, features of Asian varieties play a significant role in determining the output grammar and must therefore be appreciated in their own right. In order to illustrate these points, I introduce an evolutionary view of contact language formation, and I present a set of features typical of Singlish, which are all instances of replication of Asian, not English, features
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Tremblay, Annie. "On the second language acquisition of Spanish reflexive passives and reflexive impersonals by French- and English-speaking adults." Second Language Research 22, no. 1 (January 2006): 30–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr260oa.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study, a partial replication of Bruhn de Garavito (1999a; 1999b), investigates the second language (L2) acquisition of Spanish reflexive passives and reflexive impersonals by French- and English-speaking adults at an advanced level of proficiency. The L2 acquisition of Spanish reflexive passives and reflexive impersonals by native French and English speakers instantiates a potential learnability problem, because (1) the constructions are superficially very similar ( se V DP) but display distinct idiosyncratic morphological and syntactic behaviour; (2) neither exists in English, and the reflexive impersonal does not exist in French; and (3) differences between the two are typically not subject to explicit instruction. Participants - 13 English, 16 French and 27 Spanish speakers (controls) - completed a 64-item grammaticality-judgement task. Results show that L2 learners could in general differentiate grammatical from ungrammatical items, but they performed significantly differently from the control group on most sentence types. A look at the participants’ accuracy rates indicates that few L2 learners performed accurately on most sentence types. Grammatical and ungrammatical test items involving [+animate] DPs preceded or not by the object-marking preposition a were particularly problematic, as L2 learners judged them both as grammatical. These results confirm that the L2 acquisition of Spanish reflexive passives and reflexive impersonals by French- and English-speaking adults instantiates a learnability problem, not yet overcome at an advanced level of proficiency.
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Bernhard, Andrew. "The Gospel of Jesus' Wife: Textual Evidence of Modern Forgery." New Testament Studies 61, no. 3 (June 24, 2015): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688515000077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present essay summarises textual evidence indicating that the Gospel of Jesus' Wife is essentially a ‘patchwork’ of words and short phrases culled from the lone extant Coptic manuscript of the Gospel of Thomas (Nag Hammadi Codex ii), prepared by a forger using Michael W. Grondin's 2002 PDF edition of this manuscript. The text contains at least five tell-tale signs of its modern origin, including the apparent replication of a typographical (and grammatical) error from Grondin's edition. A direct link between it and Grondin's work also seems to be confirmed by the earliest known English translation of the fragment.
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Isaeva, L. A., S. G. Budanova, and A. G. Ryabinina. "TEXT-STYLISTIC REPLICATION AS A BASIC CATEGORY OF MODERN ADVERTISING." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (January 10, 2018): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-4-181-189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article describes a special type of advertising texts characterized by a text-stylistic replication. This property of text implies an intentional imitation of the original source by preserving its typical distinctive feature that depends on the type of the first principle. This makes it possible to recognize the imitation despite the changing lexical, grammatical and subject-shaped components. The paper features a specific differentiation of such texts based on linguistic and / or rhythmic-sound imitation of the proto-word while taking into consideration the elements of the plot and expressive means. From the point of view of peculiarities of imitation of this or that source, construction and artistic organization in the advertising space, the following types of text-stylistic secondary nature can be distinguished: 1) the imitation of specific works; 2) the imitation of an indefinite number of similar works; 3) the imitation of speech of a particular speaker; 4) the imitation of an indefinite number of similar speeches. Within each of these types the advertising material is divided into additional groups, depending on the type of source and means of creating stylization. The paper provides a description of the basic features of such secondary nature texts as well.
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Hadley, Pamela A., Matthew Rispoli, Janet K. Holt, Colleen Fitzgerald, and Alison Bahnsen. "Growth of Finiteness in the Third Year of Life: Replication and Predictive Validity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 3 (June 2014): 887–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2013_jslhr-l-13-0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The authors of this study investigated the validity of tense and agreement productivity (TAP) scoring in diverse sentence frames obtained during conversational language sampling as an alternative measure of finiteness for use with young children. Method Longitudinal language samples were used to model TAP growth from 21 to 30 months of age for 37 typically developing toddlers. Empirical Bayes (EB) linear and quadratic growth coefficients and child sex were then used to predict elicited grammar composite scores on the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (TEGI; Rice & Wexler, 2001) at 36 months. Results A random-effects quadratic model with no intercept best characterized TAP growth, replicating the findings of Rispoli, Hadley, and Holt (2009). The combined regression model was significant, with the 3 variables accounting for 55.5% of the variance in the TEGI composite scores. Conclusion These findings establish TAP growth as a valid metric of finiteness in the 3rd year of life. Developmental and theoretical implications are discussed.
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AGUADO-OREA, Javier, Hannah WITHERSTONE, Lisa BOURGEOIS, and Ana BASELGA. "Learning to construct sentences in Spanish: a replication of the Weird Word Order technique." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 6 (October 11, 2019): 1249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn the present study, children's early ability to organise words into sentences was investigated using the Weird Word Order procedure with Spanish-speaking children. Spanish is a language that allows for more flexibility in the positions of subjects and objects, with respect to verbs, than other previously studied languages (English, French, and Japanese). As in prior studies (Abbot-Smith et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2009; Franck et al., 2011; Matthews et al., 2005, 2007), we manipulated the relative frequency of verbs in training sessions with two age groups (three- and four-year-old children). Results supported earlier findings with regard to frequency: children produced atypical word orders significantly more often with infrequent verbs than with frequent verbs. The findings from the present study support probabilistic learning models which allow higher levels of flexibility and, in turn, oppose hypotheses that defend early access to advanced grammatical knowledge.
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Carpio, María Belén, Raúl Eduardo González, and Marcela Mendoza. "Grammatical replication: First-person non-singular verbal indexes in Eastern Toba, Western Toba (Guaicuruan) and Tapiete (Tupi-Guaraní)." Lenguaje 49, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lenguaje.v49i1.9134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper we suggest that linguistic features can show traces of the frequency and intensity of social interactions between indigenous peoples. We focus on peoples of the alluvial fan of the Pilcomayo River (South American Chaco), and analyze first-person non-singular verbal encoding in their languages. The corpus is composed of (a) data obtained during fieldwork, (b) descriptive grammars, and (c) published reports by missionaries, army officers, and European travelers. Combining environmental and ethnohistorical information, we propose that the first-person non-singular subject verbal indexes split visible in Eastern Toba of the Lower Pilcomayo River, Western Toba from the Upper-Middle Pilcomayo River (Guaicuruan), and Tapiete of the Upper Pilcomayo River area (Tupi-Guaraní) could be an outcome of language-internal resources used by the speakers of these languages to replicate the Matacoan (Maká, Nivaclé, and Wichí) external model.
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Van Raalte, Judy L., Allen E. Cornelius, Elizabeth M. Mullin, Britton W. Brewer, Erika D. Van Dyke, Alicia J. Johnson, and Takehiro Iwatsuki. "I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A series of studies was conducted by Senay et al. in 2010 to replicate and extend research indicating that self-posed questions have performance benefits. Studies 1–3 compared the effects of the self-posed interrogative question (“Will I?”) to declarative (“I will”) and control self-talk, and found no significant group differences in motivation, perceived exertion, or performance. In Studies 4–5, interrogative, declarative, and control self-talk primes were compared, and no outcome differences were found. In Study 6, the effects of self-talk on motivation, perceived exertion, and physical performance were assessed. The self-talk groups performed better and were more motivated than the control group, but declarative and interrogative groups did not differ from each other. Finally, meta-analyses of the six studies indicated no significant differences among conditions. These results highlight the value of replication and suggest that factors other than grammatical form of self-posed questions may drive the demonstrated relationships between self-talk and performance.
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Hannß, Katja. "The formation of the Kallawaya language." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 243–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00040.han.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the question of the formation of the mixed and secret Kallawaya language, spoken by traditional herbalists at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I argue that Kallawaya arose from lexical re-orientation, having been created by Quechua native speakers. As such it does not present an instance of selective replication (Matras 2000). To support this claim, I will discuss lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence. In contrast to what has been claimed by Stark (1972), only a small part of the Kallawaya lexicon links to Pukina. Moreover, the Kallawaya grammar is as good as identical to that of Southern Quechua but contains some grammatical markers that do not trace back to Quechua or Aymara. It is the aim of this paper to concentrate on these deviant markers, investigating possible relationships with Pukina. I will show that demonstrated links to Pukina are scarce and that the formation of Kallawaya is better explained as a case of lexical re-orientation.
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Lafkioui, Mena B. "Innovating postverbal negation in North Africa." Postverbal negation 45, no. 3 (October 27, 2021): 651–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19087.laf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The present study investigates the grammatical origin of the postverbal negator ḇu in Rif Berber (Afroasiatic, Berber; North, Northeast, and Northwest Morocco) and in Moroccan Arabic of Oujda (Afroasiatic, Semitic; Northeast Morocco), the only languages in which it is commonly attested up till now. Based on new data obtained from recent fieldwork in Morocco, the study will demonstrate that this negator is most probably of Berber origin and has been construed out of an existential by system-internal grammaticalization. The study will also provide evidence for quadruple negation marking in Rif Berber, relating to a reduplication of the ḇu-negator. Moreover, it will show how Berber constantly innovates its cyclical negation system, in which, in this case, different Jespersen Cycles and a Negative Existential Cycle are interlaced. Accordingly, the study will prove that ḇu in Moroccan Arabic is an innovation phenomenon induced by contact with Rif Berber and instantiated through the processes of pattern replication and matter borrowing.
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Heine, Bernd, and Tania Kuteva. "Constraints on Contact-Induced Linguistic Change." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn a recent paper on "Social and Linguistic Factors as Predictors of Contact-Induced Change" Thomason (2007) reiterates the claim made earlier by Thomason & Kaufman (1988) and others (e.g., Harris & Campbell 1995; Curnow 2001) that there are no linguistic constraints on interference in language contact, in that any linguistic feature can be transferred to any language, and any change can occur as a direct or indirect result of language contact, and she is satisfied to observe that all the specific constraints on contact-induced change that have been proposed have been counterexemplified.The present paper takes issue with this stance, arguing that it might be in need of reconsideration, in that there are in fact some constraints on contact-induced linguistic change. These constraints relate to grammatical replication, as it has been described in Heine & Kuteva (2003; 2005; 2006), thus lending further support to the generalizations on language contact proposed there.
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Amouzadeh, Mohammad, and Juliane House. "Translation as a language contact phenomenon." Languages in Contrast 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2010): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.10.1.03amo.
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This paper investigates how English influences the Persian scientific language. By analyzing parallel corpora of English and Persian texts from the areas of education and psychology, the paper seeks to reveal that translation as a language contact phenomenon influences not only the grammatical and semantic categories of the target language, it also leaves some traces of the impact of the source language on the discourse-pragmatics of the target language. This in turn leads to a kind of stylistic variation triggered by the source language. One of the main arguments adduced is that such a replication is based on the cultural filters operating in the replica language. In other words, the borrowed elements show a kind of innovative adaptation to the new environment to resolve their clashes with the target language. Thus the paper primarily focuses on the influence on Persian, through translation, of the English passive construction, as well as its deictic terms of first personal pronouns.
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Memunatu, Sheini. "The Influence of the Dagbani Imperfective Verb Form on Dagomba‟s Use of the English Tense." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (June 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2021.7.2.292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyses the influence of the imperfective verb form of Dagbani a Mabia (Gur) language, spoken in Northern Ghana- on the English tense. Dagbani and English have been in contact for decades; they exhibit differences grammatically and phonologically. Scholars have discussed the grammar of Dagbani. However, no scholar addressed the influence of Dagbani imperfective on the use of English. Considering the fact that there is a strong interplay between English, as the official language of Ghana, and Ghanaian languages in the socio-economic, political and educational sectors of the country, teachers and curriculum developers need to pay attention to how these languages influence each other with specific focus on how to cater for these influences during classroom interactions. This paper, therefore, analyses the influence of the Dagbani imperfective form on English tense, taking into consideration the progressive aspect and the habitual present tense of Dagbani. The study sets to find out if educational levels of people affect the influence of the Dagbani imperfective on English tense. Data for the study were collected through sentence translation and picture description from (89) students in Tamale and Yendi. The data were analysed within the framework of grammatical replication theory by Heine and Kuteva, based on Weinreich languages in contact. The data are analysed based on the respondents’ levels of education (Basic, Secondary, and Tertiary). Findings indicated that the progressive aspect of Dagbani imperfective verb form overshadows the habitual present, as Dagomba(s) speak English. Irrespective of Dagomba’s educational level, they replicate the Dagbani imperfective use in English; however, the influence minimally reduces as speakers climb the academic hierarchy.
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Lammertink, Imme, Paul Boersma, Frank Wijnen, and Judith Rispens. "Statistical Learning in the Visuomotor Domain and Its Relation to Grammatical Proficiency in Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder: A Conceptual Replication and Meta-Analysis." Language Learning and Development 16, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 426–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2020.1820340.
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Widmer, Paul, Stefan Dedio, and Barbara Sonnenhauser. "Convergence by Shared Ancestry in Romance." Journal of Language Contact 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-14010003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In many cases of apparent contact-induced change the contribution of genealogical correlation in the language sample and its interaction with processes such as matter and pattern replication are difficult to specify. In order to get a better sense of the relevance of shared ancestry, we quantify the change in similarity since the late Middle Ages in a sample of Romance and Germanic languages with data from a selected grammatical domain (expression of reflexivity). We compare their dynamics to patterns of change of similarity in two contact zones in Europe, namely the British Isles (Dedio et al., 2019) and the Balkans. Concerning the genealogical signal, the results indicate a maintenance and gain of similarity in Romance as opposed to a loss of similarity in Germanic. This hints at the importance of the inherited states, the time since the split from the common ancestor, and subsequent developments. We presume that these factors are likely to be at the origin of the maintenance and increase in similarity observed for the sampled Romance varieties. While this result cannot be generalized beyond the specific case study presented here, the basic approach will contribute to a better understanding of how contact, genealogy and culture interact in shaping the dynamics of linguistic similarity.
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Shirokova, E. N. "Internet News Headlines: Ontological and Orthological Aspects." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 12 (December 28, 2021): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-12-122-138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author presents the results of a multidimensional analysis of Internet news headlines based on the headings of the Yandex news aggregator. The issue of the text status of news headlines is considered. When solving this problem, special attention is paid to the formation of correlative paradigms of headings, united by a common denotative meaning. Methods of semantic interaction of heading paradigms based on different types of topic-rhematic deployment are described. It is proved that the paradigms of headings, complementing each other in informational and pragmatic aspects, form the discourse of Internet headings. It is concluded that this way of functioning of headlines enhances their semantic and visual autonomy from the news text, which allows us to consider Internet news headlines as minitext. The frequency methods of lexico-syntactic transformations of the original headings are analyzed, on the basis of which the constituents of paradigms are formed. At the same time, attention is focused on the orthological aspect of Internet headers. The author comes to the conclusion that the focus on the variability and efficiency of headings leads not only to the appearance of lexical and grammatical errors, but also to their replication and consolidation in the mind of the addressee as a result of changes in the structure of cognitive models.
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Glaser, Karen. "Assessing the L2 pragmatic awareness of non-native EFL teacher candidates: Is spotting a problem enough?" Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 16, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2020-0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe assessment of pragmatic skills in a foreign or second language (L2) is usually investigated with regard to language learners, but rarely with regard to non-native language instructors, who are simultaneously teachers and (advanced) learners of the L2. With regard to English as the target language, this is a true research gap, as nonnative English-speaking teachers (non-NESTs) constitute the majority of English teachers world-wide (Kamhi-Stein 2016). Addressing this research gap, this paper presents a modified replication of Bardovi-Harlig and Dörnyei’s (1998) renowned study on grammatical vs. pragmatic awareness, carried out with non-NEST candidates. While the original study asked the participants for a global indication of (in)appropriateness/ (in)correctness and to rate its severity, the participants in the present study were asked to identify the nature of the violation and to suggest a repair. Inspired by Pfingsthorn and Flöck (2017), the data was analyzed by means of Signal Detection Theory with regard to Hits, Misses, False Alarms and Correct Rejections to gain more detailed insights into the participants’ metalinguistic perceptions. In addition, the study investigated the rate of successful repairs, showing that correct problem identification cannot necessarily be equated with adequate repair abilities. Implications for research, language teaching and language teacher education are derived.
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Romero Oliva, Manuel Francisco, Rafael Jiménez Fernández, and Hugo Heredia Ponce. "Análisis de la implementación de un programa educativo basado en la metodología mobile learning." Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia 12, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 172–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3652.12.2.172-201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
RESUMEN:Este estudio analiza la repercusión de la metodología m-learning en los procesos de nivelación de la competencia gramatical entre estudiantes universitarios. El diseño cuasi experimental se llevó a cabo con una muestra de 128 estudiantes del Grado en Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Cádiz, distribuidos en grupo control (64 estudiantes) y experimental (64 estudiantes). El desarrollo del experimento se centró en el uso de una aplicación móvil durante siete semanas en las que se desarrollaron diversos foros virtuales para conocer la opinión de los estudiantes. La idoneidad de la aplicación se contrastó mediante un cuestionario de Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), que evidenció un alto índice de eficacia. Los resultados muestran una diferencia significativa en el proceso pretest-postest tanto entre grupos como intragrupo experimental. El estudio concluye con una matriz DAFO que sirve de referencia para una posible réplica de la implementación del programa en otros contextos.
PALABRAS CLAVE: m-learning; dispositivos móviles; competencia gramatical; formación inicial.
ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the repercussion of the m-learning methodology in the process of levelling the grammatical competence among the university students. The quasi-experimental design was carried out with a sample of 128 students of the Primary Education Degree from the University of Cádiz. These students were laid out in two groups: the first group was a control group (64 students) and the second was an experimental one (64 students). The development of the experiment was focused on the use of a mobile device application and it lasted seven weeks, in which various virtual forums emerged in order to know the opinion of the students. The suitability of the application was checked out using a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire, which showed a high efficiency index. The results reveal a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest process, both in the groups and in the experimental intragroup. The study concludes with a SWOT matrix that might be a support, as a reference, for a possible replication of the program's implementation in other contexts.
KEYWORDS: m-learning; mobile devices; grammatical competence; initial training.
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Lubold, Sarah Lin, Sarah Forbes, and Ian Stevenson. "The effect of topic selection on writing fluency among Japanese high school students." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 5, no. 2 (January 30, 2016): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v5i2.1347.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Written fluency and fluency building activities have been shown to promote linguistic choice and student voice development, increased ability to express ideas using complex grammatical structures and greater intrinsic motivation in English language learners. Since the 1970’s, process-oriented writing has been emphasized, yielding an amplified focus on meaning of student content over linguistic form precision. Current research of writing fluency must delve deeper into questions of student ownership of topic and the outcomes for low-risk activities that support fluency practice and encourage confidence building in students. The purpose of this replication study is to further explore previous findings on the effects of topic selection on writing fluency for high school English as foreign language learners. Building off of the work of Bonzo (2008), this study focused on a timed, non-graded writing activity administered to groups of Japanese engineering students in three departments: mechanical, electrical, and global engineering. The six subsequent samples for each participating student were analyzed using online text-analysis for total and unique word counts, providing data used to perform a t-test. Responses to bi-lingual student questionnaires, with prompts on self-perceived written English ability, self-efficacy and strategies for success while writing, provided additional insight into the facets of fluency. The results of these writing sessions offer both confirmation of and contrast to Bonzo’s original work, demonstrate increased student meaning making, and support the use of free writing activities in English language classrooms as a means by which student written fluency may be improved.
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Seliverstova, Elena I. "The phenomenon of deformation of proverbs through the prism of the paremiological space’s laws." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 17, no. 3 (2020): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2020.307.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study of the methods of speech transformation for common language units shows that any language creativity, even the most inventive and unusual, relies in its methods on the cumulative experience available in the arsenal of native speakers. The paremiological space of the language, which is a set of all proverbial units that reveal the most diverse types of relationships among themselves, also includes a number of units of other levels — typical syntactic and logical structures, stable binomials that serve as the basis of proverbs, proverbial fragments with semantics assigned to them, and generalized ideas implemented by several units of the language of different lexical content and grammatical model. The language game, which embraced the sphere of paremias in the post-Soviet era of “carnivalizing” the language, manifested itself in the formation of new units according to existing models (Luchshe dlinnaia zhivaja ochered’, chem korotkaia avtomatnaia), in contaminations (Baba s vozu — volki syty), in the replication of countless versions of occasional endings for ordinary paremias (Ne pliui v kolodets — prigoditsia pliunut’; … vylezet — ne prokormish’), semantic deciphers (Deti tsvety zhizni, no ne nado davat’ im raspuskat’sia), etc. The focus of article is the sphere of language transformations of an expression with structure that allows for varied deviations from the usual form, for example the paremia Chem dal’she v les, tem bol’she drov according to the dictionary “Anti-proverbs of the Russian people” (2005) and Internet materials. Examples of the intentional deconstruction of habitual paremias show that destruction does not occur, since the proverbial form and logical-syntactic model of a common proverb appears in new units and even part of the neologism continues to be the bearer of its meaning, enriched with occasional semantic additions.
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van Rijt, Jimmy, Debra Myhill, Sven De Maeyer, and Peter-Arno Coppen. "Linguistic metaconcepts can improve grammatical understanding in L1 education evidence from a Dutch quasi-experimental study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): e0263123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This mixed-method quasi-experimental study examined whether metaconceptual grammar teaching impacts on (a) students’ L1 grammatical understanding, (b) their ‘blind’ use of grammatical concepts and (c) their preference of using explicit grammatical concepts over everyday concepts in explaining grammatical problems. Previous research, involving single group pre-postintervention designs, found positive effects for metaconceptual interventions on secondary school students’ grammatical reasoning ability, although a negative side effect seemed to be that some students started using grammatical concepts ‘blindly’ (i.e., in an inaccurate way). While there are thus important clues that metaconceptual grammar teaching may lead to increased grammatical understanding, there is a great need for more robust empirical research. The current study, involving 196 Dutch 14-year old pre-university students, is a methodological improvement of previous work, adopting a switching replications design. Bayesian multivariate analyses indicate medium to large effects from the metaconceptual intervention on students’ grammatical understanding. The study found a similar effect of the intervention on students’ ability to use explicit grammatical concepts over everyday concepts in tackling grammatical problems. No evidence for increased ‘blind’ concept use as a negative byproduct of the intervention was found. Additional qualitative analyses of in-intervention tasks provided further evidence for the effectiveness of metaconceptual interventions, and seemed to indicate that cases of blind concept use, rather than being a negative side effect, might actually be part of a gradual process of students’ growing understanding of grammatical (meta)concepts. We discuss these findings in relation to previous work and conclude that linguistic metaconcepts can improve L1 grammatical understanding.
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STROUSTRUP, SOFIA, and MIKKEL WALLENTIN. "Grammatical category influences lateralized imagery for sentences." Language and Cognition 10, no. 2 (November 28, 2017): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2017.19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
abstractNatural language syntax has previously been thought to reflect abstract processing rules independent of meaning construction. However, grammatical categories may serve a functional role by allocating attention towards recurrent topics in discourse. Here, we show that listeners incorporate grammatical category into imagery when producing stick figure drawings from heard sentences, supporting the latter view. Participants listened to sentences with transitive verbs that independently varied whether a male or a female character (1) was mentioned first, (2) was the agent or recipient of an action, and (3) was the grammatical subject or object of the sentence. Replicating previous findings, we show that the first named character as well as the agent of the sentence tends to be drawn to the left in the image, probably reflecting left-to-right reading direction. But we also find that the grammatical subject of the sentence has a propensity to be drawn to the left of the object. We interpret this to suggest that grammatical category carries discursive meaning as an attention allocator. Our findings also highlight how language influences processes hitherto thought to be non-linguistic.
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Halberstadt, Lauren, Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, and Paola E. Dussias. "Grammatical gender processing in L2 speakers of Spanish." Journal of Second Language Studies 1, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17023.hal.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Recent findings indicate that native speakers (L1) use grammatical gender marking on articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns (e.g., Lew-Williams & Fernald, 2007; Dussias, Valdés Kroff, Guzzardo Tamargo, & Gerfen, 2013). Conversely, adult second language (L2) learners for whom grammatical gender is absent in their first language appear to need near-native proficiency to behave like native speakers (Dussias et al., 2013; Hopp, 2013). The question addressed here is whether sensitivity to grammatical gender in L2 learners of Spanish is modulated by the cognate status of nouns due to their heightened parallel orthographic, phonological, morpho-syntactic and semantic activation. Additionally, the role of transparent and non-transparent word-final gender marking cues was examined because past studies have shown that native speakers of Spanish are sensitive to differences in gender transparency (Caffarra, Janssen, & Barber, 2014). Participants were English learners of Spanish and Spanish monolingual speakers. Data were collected using the visual world paradigm. Participants saw 2-picture visual scenes in which objects either matched in gender (same-gender trials) or mismatched (different-gender trials). Targets were embedded in the preamble Encuentra el/la ___ ‘Find the ___’. The monolingual group displayed an anticipatory effect on different gender trials, replicating past studies that show that native speakers use grammatical gender information encoded in prenominal modifiers predictively. The learners were able to use gender information on the articles to facilitate processing, but only when the nouns had gender endings that were transparent. Cognate status did not confer an advantage during grammatical gender processing.
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Tagashira, Kenji, Kazuhito Yamato, and Takamichi Isoda. "Japanese EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Awareness Through the Looking Glass of Motivational Profiles." JALT Journal 33, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj33.1-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pragmatic awareness in the field of interlanguage pragmatics has been investigated using various factors: linguistic environment, overall second language proficiency, and length of residence in the target language community. In this study, on the basis of a replication of a study on pragmatic and grammatical awareness by Bardovi-Harlig and Dörnyei (1998), learners’ motivational factors were incorporated to investigate the relationship between motivation and pragmatic awareness. Through cluster analysis, the data were analyzed from the perspective of learners’ motivational profiles in order to see how the profiles affect pragmatic awareness. The results revealed that learners’ motivational profiles influence not only their perception of error identification, but also their severity ratings of errors, suggesting that noticing and understanding of the pragmatic information (Schmidt, 1995) are important aspects in the future study of interlanguage pragmatics. 動機づけ要因から見る日本人英語学習者の語用論的意識 中間言語語用論の分野において，言語環境，熟達度，目標言語環境への滞在期間等の要因と語用論的意識の関係について調査がなされてきた。本研究では，Bardovi-Harlig and Dörnyei (1998) の研究を基に，学習者の動機づけ要因が語用論的意識に及ぼす影響を，学習者の動機づけプロファイリングから考察した。動機づけを連続体と捉える自己決定理論に基づき，クラスタ分析を用いて学習者を4つのクラスタに分類した。その結果，文法的誤りへの気づきはクラスタ間に違いはなかったが、より自律的である学習者ほど，語用論的誤りへの気づき度が高いことが明らかとなった。このことより，より自律的な学習者であるほど，形式へのnoticingから，語用論的内容を含めたunderstandingへの意識の移行（Schmidt, 1995）がなされていることが示唆された。
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Jessen, Anna, João Veríssimo, and Harald Clahsen. "Variability and consistency in late bilinguals’ morphology." Mental Lexicon 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 186–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18002.jes.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Speaking a late-learned second language (L2) is supposed to yield more variable and less consistent output than speaking one’s first language (L1), particularly with respect to reliably adhering to grammatical morphology. The current study investigates both internal processes involved in encoding morphologically complex words – by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during participants’ silent productions – and the corresponding overt output. We specifically examined compounds with plural or singular modifiers in English. Thirty-one advanced L2 speakers of English (L1: German) were compared to a control group of 20 L1 English speakers from an earlier study. We found an enhanced (right-frontal) negativity during (silent) morphological encoding for compounds produced from regular plural forms relative to compounds formed from irregular plurals, replicating the ERP effect obtained for the L1 group. The L2 speakers’ overt productions, however, were significantly less consistent than those of the L1 speakers on the same task. We suggest that L2 speakers employ the same mechanisms for morphological encoding as L1 speakers, but with less reliance on grammatical constraints than L1 speakers.
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Philip, A. Higham, and Lee R. Brooks. "Learning the Experimenter's Design Tacit: Sensitivity to the Structure of Memory Lists." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 50, no. 1 (February 1997): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/027249897392297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two experiments are reported that draw an analogy between experiments on verbal memory and experiments on tacit learning. Rules that experimenters use to select words for memory experiments, such as frequency, length, and grammatical class, produce consistencies to which subjects can become sensitive. Replicating the key results from the tacit learning literature, subjects in our experiments discriminated new words consistent with the experimenters’ selection rules from inconsistent words, even when they could not describe those rules. The results also reveal a close relation between the information underlying both recognition memory and classification judgements. In particular, a “mirror effect” (Glanzer & Bowles, 1976) is found with both tasks. Implications for research on memory and learning are discussed.
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Levinson, Lisa. "Beyond Surprising: English Event Structure in the Maze." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 2 (January 27, 2023): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.2.5384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To what extent can we tease apart semantic representations and processes from other influences on processing such as probabilistic prediction? In this paper I detail two experiments testing the hypothesis that there are semantic complexity in the lexical representations of result verbs that influences reaction times above and beyond probabilistic distributions. This is done by replicating a self-paced reading study from Levinson & Brennan (2016) while also modelling lexical surprisal. Experiment 1 replicates the original result, but only in experiment 2 using the maze task does the effect emerge beyond surprisals. The more focal maze task results suggest that processing costs associated with bieventive result verbs should be accounted for by grammatical factors, in addition to probabilistic prediction.
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Dussias, Paola E., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo, and Chip Gerfen. "WHEN GENDER AND LOOKING GO HAND IN HAND." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35, no. 2 (June 2013): 353–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263112000915.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a recent study, Lew-Williams and Fernald (2007) showed that native Spanish speakers use grammatical gender information encoded in Spanish articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns. In this article, we report the results of a study investigating whether grammatical gender facilitates noun recognition during second language (L2) processing. Sixteen monolingual Spanish participants (control group) and 18 English-speaking learners of Spanish (evenly divided into high and low Spanish proficiency) saw two-picture visual scenes in which items matched or did not match in gender. Participants’ eye movements were recorded while they listened to 28 sentences in which masculine and feminine target items were preceded by an article that agreed in gender with the two pictures or agreed only with one of the pictures. An additional group of 15 Italian learners of Spanish was tested to examine whether the presence of gender in the first language (L1) modulates the degree to which gender is used during L2 processing. Data were analyzed by comparing the proportion of eye fixations on the objects in each condition. Monolingual Spanish speakers looked sooner at the referent on different-gender trials than on same-gender trials, replicating results reported in past literature. Italian-Spanish bilinguals exhibited a gender anticipatory effect, but only for the feminine condition. For the masculine condition, participants waited to hear the noun before identifying the referent. Like the Spanish monolinguals, the highly proficient English-Spanish speakers showed evidence of using gender information during online processing, whereas the less proficient learners did not. The results suggest that both proficiency in the L2 and similarities between the L1 and the L2 modulate the usefulness of morphosyntactic information during speech processing.
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Wicha, Nicole Y. Y., Eva M. Moreno, and Marta Kutas. "Anticipating Words and Their Gender: An Event-related Brain Potential Study of Semantic Integration, Gender Expectancy, and Gender Agreement in Spanish Sentence Reading." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (September 2004): 1272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041920487.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent studies indicate that the human brain attends to and uses grammatical gender cues during sentence comprehension. Here, we examine the nature and time course of the effect of gender on word-by-word sentence reading. Event related brain potentials were recorded to an article and noun, while native Spanish speakers read medium to high-constraint Spanish sentences for comprehension. The noun either fit the sentence meaning or not, and matched the preceding article in gender or not; in addition, the preceding article was either expected or unexpected based on prior sentence context. Semantically anomalous nouns elicited an N400. Gender disagreeing nouns elicited a posterior late positivity (P600), replicating previous findings for words. Gender agreement and semantic congruity interacted in both the N400 window—with a larger negativity frontally for double violations—and the P600 window—with a larger positivity for semantic anomalies, relative to the prestimulus baseline. Finally, unexpected articles elicited an enhanced positivity (500–700 msec post onset) relative to expected articles. Overall, our data indicate that readers anticipate and attend to the gender of both articles and nouns, and use gender in real time to maintain agreement and to build sentence meaning.
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Redl, Theresa, Stefan L. Frank, Peter de Swart, and Helen de Hoop. "The male bias of a generically-intended masculine pronoun: Evidence from eye-tracking and sentence evaluation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): e0249309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two experiments tested whether the Dutch possessive pronoun zijn ‘his’ gives rise to a gender inference and thus causes a male bias when used generically in sentences such as Everyone was putting on his shoes. Experiment 1 (N = 120, 48 male) was a conceptual replication of a previous eye-tracking study that had not found evidence of a male bias. The results of the current eye-tracking experiment showed the generically-intended masculine pronoun to trigger a gender inference and cause a male bias, but for male participants and in stereotypically neutral stereotype contexts only. No evidence for a male bias was thus found in stereotypically female and male context nor for female participants altogether. Experiment 2 (N = 80, 40 male) used the same stimuli as Experiment 1, but employed the sentence evaluation paradigm. No evidence of a male bias was found in Experiment 2. Taken together, the results suggest that the generically-intended masculine pronoun zijn ‘his’ can cause a male bias for male participants even when the referents are previously introduced by inclusive and grammatically gender-unmarked iedereen ‘everyone’. This male bias surfaces with eye-tracking, which taps directly into early language processing, but not in offline sentence evaluations. Furthermore, the results suggest that the intended generic reading of the masculine possessive pronoun zijn ‘his’ is more readily available for women than for men.
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Koornneef, Arnout. "The processing signature of anticipatory reading: an eye-tracking study on lexical predictions." Linguistics 59, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 449–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Current approaches to the human language faculty emphasize that during real-time processing anticipatory mechanisms play a vital role for people to parse and comprehend linguistic input at a sufficient pace. Consistent with this view, several Event-Related Potential (ERP) and behavioral self-paced reading (SPR) studies revealed a processing disadvantage for pre-nominal linguistic elements that (grammatically) mismatched with an expected upcoming noun. More recently, however, these findings have been challenged because the results are difficult to replicate. In the current study, I continue this line of replication research with a complementary method: eye tracking. I conducted two experiments aimed at reproducing prior findings of a SPR study of van Berkum, Jos J. A., Colin M. Brown, Pienie Zwitserlood, Valesca Kooijman & Hagoort Peter. 2005. Anticipating upcoming words in discourse: Evidence from ERPs and reading times. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31(3). 443–467. The participants read two-sentence stories constructed to elicit a strong lexical prediction about an upcoming noun. To assess whether readers were activating the lexical prediction, the noun was preceded by two gender-inflected adjectives carrying an inflectional suffix that either matched or mismatched with the syntactic gender of the predicted noun. Overall, I did not obtain evidence for strong lexical prediction as the eye-tracking metrics revealed no processing disadvantage for mismatching adjectives (i.e., contrary to the findings of van Berkum et al.). In fact, in some cases readers allocated more processing resources to pre-nominal adjectives that morphologically matched with the gender of the predicted noun. These intriguing findings will be discussed in the context of the time course, the processing costs, and the validation processes of lexical predictions.
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Chernovaty, Leonid, and Natalia Kovalchuk. "Translation Process Strategies: Psycholinguistic Aspects." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 28, no. 2 (November 8, 2020): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2020-28-2-164-183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the paper deals with the preliminary verification of the hypothesis concerning the impact of the source text structure on the choice of translation strategy (form-oriented or sense-oriented) in the process of rendering a text in a native (Ukrainian) into a foreign (English) language by university students majoring in Translation.
The methods of the research included a comparative analysis of the target texts (English) translated (within a predetermined time limit) from the source text (Ukrainian) related to the domain of economics. The structure of the source text, while remaining grammatically acceptable in the Ukrainian language, had been deliberately made structurally non-congruent with that of the direct word order, which is most frequently used in English. The subjects, the fourth-year BA students majoring in Translation, whose command of English ranged between B2 and C1 levels within the CEFR classification, had been properly motivated to achieve the maximum possible result. The analysis of the target texts was based on a number of parameters, which included the preservation of the source text information and its structure in them.
Results. It was established that in translating from a native into a foreign language, the subjects have a tendency to replicate the structure of the source text at the levels of clauses and sentences. However, it does not always result in the distortion of the source text sense or/and the violation of the target language norms as the subjects often managed to render the said sense and to keep to the said norms by means of changing the functions of the words in the sentence. The probability of the subjects’ abandoning the source text structure increases when the latter is evidently unsuitable for replication, in which case they switch over to the sense-oriented strategy. The correlation of the two strategies in translating sentence segments is generally identical to the one related to clauses and sentences, while the form-oriented strategy generally prevails in rendering phrases.
Conclusions. The source text structure has a certain impact on the choice of translation strategy increasing the share of the form-oriented approach. However, this impact is not unequivocal and may depend on a number of factors, which require additional study. The paper outlines the prospects of further research.
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Pichler, Heike. "Grammaticalization and language contact in a discourse-pragmatic change in progress: The spread of innit in London English." Language in Society, May 11, 2021, 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404521000257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This variationist analysis investigates the development and spread of innit as an invariant tag in London English. The sociolinguistic distribution of innit in a socially stratified corpus of vernacular speech suggests that the form's emergence and spread were initiated and propelled system-internally through changes associated with grammaticalization. Frequency triggered phonetic reduction of isn't it to innit; loss of syntactic-semantic usage constraints and growing functional versatility enabled innit to seize the range of contexts and functions of grammatically-dependent tags (e.g. didn't you, weren't we), virtually ousting these from the system of negative-polarity interrogative tags. Examination of cross-linguistic data and comparisons with relevant pre- and non-contact varieties indicate multiple language contact and grammatical replication may have played an ancillary role. I flag some challenges of establishing contact effects in discourse-pragmatic change, and propose that the promotion of innit for invariant use was governed by its low salience and social indexicality of localness. (Innit, question tags, (Multicultural) London English, grammaticalization, language contact, grammatical replication)*
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Lago, Sol, Carlos Acuña Fariña, and Enrique Meseguer. "The Reading Signatures of Agreement Attraction." Open Mind, September 20, 2021, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The comprehension of subject-verb agreement shows “attraction effects,” which reveal that number computations can be derailed by nouns that are grammatically unlicensed to control agreement with a verb. However, previous results are mixed regarding whether attraction affects the processing of grammatical and ungrammatical sentences alike. In a large-sample eye-tracking replication of Lago et al. (2015), we support this “grammaticality asymmetry” by showing that the reading profiles associated with attraction depend on sentence grammaticality. In ungrammatical sentences, attraction affected both fixation durations and regressive eye-movements at the critical disagreeing verb. Meanwhile, both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences showed effects of the attractor noun number prior to the verb, in the first- and second-pass reading of the subject phrase. This contrast suggests that attraction effects in comprehension have at least two different sources: the first reflects verb-triggered processes that operate mainly in ungrammatical sentences. The second source reflects difficulties in the encoding of the subject phrase, which disturb comprehension in both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences.
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Pietsch, Lukas. "What has changed in Hiberno-English: constructions and their role in contact-induced change." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 63, no. 2 (January 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/stuf.2010.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThree case studies of contact-induced grammatical innovations in Hiberno-English (Irish English) are presented, with a view to determining a realistic and descriptively adequate syntactic analysis of the mechanisms of syntactic replication under language contact. The case studies deal with a range of different tense-aspect constructions and the morpho-syntax of subordinating clause constructions. It is argued that an approach based on the “construction”, a holistically represented complex form-function mapping as a central cognitive unit of storage and mental representation, offers a plausible and intuitive way of modelling the cross-linguistic identification processes that must be at the heart of what happens in the mind of the bilingual speaker in actuating contact-induced change.
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Erlam, Rosemary, and Lan Wei. "The importance of increased processing demands in the design of Elicited Imitation tests." Language Teaching Research, June 23, 2021, 136216882110260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13621688211026032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is a conceptual replication of Ellis’ ‘Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language: A psychometric study’, published in Studies in Second Language Acquisition (2005), aiming to establish the importance of including belief statements (hypothesized to increase processing demands) in the design of Elicited Imitation (EI) tests. In a between-groups comparison, 103 participants completed one of two versions of Erlam’s EI test (2006), one which required participants to make a ‘belief’ judgement, and one which did not. Both contained ungrammatical stimuli. Participants were scored for repetition of grammatical stimuli and correction of ungrammatical stimuli. An Exit questionnaire aimed to establish how aware they were of ungrammatical stimuli. Participants also completed a timed grammaticality judgement test (TGJT), an untimed grammaticality judgement test (UGJT), a metalinguistic knowledge test (MKT), and another Elicited Imitation (EI) test designed as a measure of global proficiency. Performance on each EI version was examined in relationship to performance on these measures. There was no variation between performance on either EI test version. The article underscores the need for ongoing research investigating design features of EI tests.