Статті в журналах: "Grains-Oriented"

1

Yumi, Hayashi, Ikuo Shohji, and Hiroshi Miyazawa. "Comparison of Self-Annealing Behaviors in (001)- and (111)-Oriented Electrodeposited Silver Films by In Situ EBSP Analysis." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2243.

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Self-annealing behaviors of the electrodeposited silver films which preferentially orient in (001) and (111) directions were investigated by in situ EBSP analysis. In the (001)-oriented film, self-annealing starts in storage for a few hours at R. T. and is almost complete after storage for 6 h at R. T. (001)- and (212)-oriented recrystallized grains mainly nucleate, and (001)-oriented grains mainly grow up. In the (111)-oriented film, self-annealing starts in storage for 15 min at R. T. and is almost complete after storage for 1 h at R. T. (111)-, (001)- and (212)-oriented recrystallized grains mainly nucleate, and (111)-oriented grains mainly grow up. The size of recrystallized grains induced in the (111)-oriented film by self-annealing is approximately half that in the (001)-oriented film although the rate of recrystallization in the (111)-oriented film is faster than that in the (001)-oriented one. The area fraction of the preferential orientation after completion of recrystallization saturates in approximately 70% and 50% in the (001)- and (111)-oriented films, respectively.

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2

Zhang, Xin Ming, Jian Guo Tang, Yun Lai Deng, and Zhuo Ping Zhou. "Investigation of Inhomogeneous Deformation on Meso-Scale with Crystal Plasticity Finite Element." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.813.

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The influence of crystallographic orientation stability on the inhomogeneous deformation on the meso-scale was numerically simulated with the crystal plasticity finite element. The initial microstructures were introduced into the finite element via intra-granular orientation gradient. The results demonstrated that the average orientation for both stable Goss and meta-stable cube oriented grains changed very little in plane strain compression (PSC). And for stable Goss oriented grain, the orientation gradient increased slightly, but for meta-stable cube oriented grain, the orientation gradient increased dramatically. And in spite of the same Taylor factor for both oriented grains, the dissipated averaged energy for cube oriented grain was higher than for Goss oriented grains, and the distribution width of dissipated work in cube oriented grain was also wider than that in Goss oriented grain. Furthermore, there was also strong energy gradient in PSC of cube oriented grain. Both the orientation gradient and energy gradient favor the nucleation of cube grains during recrystallization.

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3

Ikeda, Kenichi, Takahiro Yoshihara, Naoki Takata, and Hideharu Nakashima. "Relation between Ridging and Texture Components in Al-Mg-Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.71.

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Al-Mg-Si alloy is the suitable material for the automotive body application. However, it is found that a rope-like profile (ridging) develops when the Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet is stretched along the transverse direction. In this study, in order to clarify the formation process of ridging developed in Al-Mg-Si alloy, the relation between ridging and texture components of the sheet was investigated by 3D profile microscope and SEM/EBSD method. It was found that the ridging developed remarkably in the hot-rolled (at higher temperature) and annealed sheets. In ridging sample, there was the band of cube oriented grains (cube band). It was also found that the region of cube band corresponded to the ridges and valleys which caused a rope-like profile in the sheets. It could be thought that the difference of plastic deformability between cube-oriented grains and other oriented grains led to the development of ridging. This assumption is supported by the lower Taylor factor of cube oriented grains than other oriented grains. From these results, it was concluded that the development of ridging was strongly affected by the distribution of cube oriented grains.

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4

Titus, E., D. S. Misra, Manoj K. Singh, Pawan K. Tyagi, Abha Misra, F. Le Normand, J. Gracio, and N. Ali. "Growth of (100) oriented diamond grains by the application of lateral temperature gradients across silicon substrates." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 3206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0433.

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Polycrystalline diamond films with a predominant (100) texture were deposited onto silicon substrates using hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. During film deposition, different temperature gradients were created and imposed laterally across the substrate materials. Films grown under a gradient of 100 °C cm−1 displayed large (100) oriented grains. No crystallite (100) orientation was observed in the as-grown films prepared without a temperature gradient. It was observed that the diamond grain size varied as a function of the gradient. The lower gradient resulted in smaller grains and vice versa. Furthermore, the size of the grains was a function of the deposition time. The orientation of the diamond grains changed gradually across the substrate from (100) to (110) orientation as we scanned from the high-temperature to the low-temperature zone. The films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD showed strong (400) reflections in the oriented samples. SEM results indicated the presence of smooth diamond surfaces consisting of predominantly (100) oriented platelets. As the (100) oriented diamond grains were grown on top of the (100) oriented silicon substrates, the faces were mostly aligned parallel to the substrate surface resulting in the deposition of a smooth diamond surface. AFM observations revealed the presence of steps located at the boundaries of the oriented grains. FTIR results showed the characteristic difference in hydrogen bonding in the oriented samples and gave useful information about mechanisms responsible for the orientation. Quantitative analysis was carried out to measure the H content in the films, and it was found that the oriented films contained less hydrogen. Our findings suggest that high saturation of carbon and a concentration gradient of sp3 CH2 species can be the key factor in the oriented growth of (100) diamond grains.

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5

Hu, Zhiying, Dingheng Zheng, Rong Tu, Meijun Yang, Qizhong Li, Mingxu Han, Song Zhang, Lianmeng Zhang, and Takashi Goto. "Structural Controlling of Highly-Oriented Polycrystal 3C-SiC Bulks via Halide CVD." Materials 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030390.

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Highly-oriented polycrystal 3C-SiC bulks were ultra-fast fabricated via halide chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) and methane (CH4) as precursors. The effects of deposition temperature (Tdep) and total pressure (Ptot) on the orientation and surficial morphology were investigated. The results showed that the growth orientation of 3C-SiC columnar grains was strongly influenced by Tdep. With increasing Tdep, the columnar grains transformed from <111>- to <110>-oriented. The arrangement of <111>-oriented columnar grains was controlled by Ptot. Lotus-, turtle-, thorn-, and strawberry-like surface morphologies were naturally contributed by different arrangements of <111>-oriented grains, and the deposition mechanism was discussed. The wetting behaviors of CVD-SiC samples by molten aluminum were also examined at 1173 K in a high vacuum atmosphere.

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6

Riesemeier, H., J. Pattloch, K. Lüders, and V. Müller. "NMR investigations on oriented grains of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7." Solid State Communications 68, no. 2 (October 1988): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(88)91110-6.

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7

Imada, Saki, Toshiyuki Isshiki, Nobuyuki Tatemizo, Koji Nishio, Shuichi Mamishin, Yuya Suzuki, Katsuji Ito, et al. "Formation of various-axis-oriented wurtzite nuclei and enlargement of the a-axis-oriented region in AlFeN films deposited on Si(100) substrates." Materials Advances 2, no. 12 (2021): 4075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma01026j.

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A-axis-oriented single-crystal AlFeN grains grew from randomly oriented small wurtzite grains with deposition time on Si(100). (a) Deposition time dependence of Al K-edge XANES spectra. (b) Theoretical spectra.

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8

Kajihara, Katsura, Kazuhide Matsumoto, and Katsushi Matsumoto. "In Situ SEM-EBSP Observations of Recrystallization Texture Formation in Al-3mass%Mg Alloy." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1579.

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This study presents in situ observations of recrystallization texture formation in Al-3mass%Mg using SEM concurrent with electron back scattering pattern (EBSP) with hot stage. In the present discussion, the emphasis is on the characteristics of the preferred growth or the shrinkage of Cube and other oriented grains. The in-situ observations of recrystallization demonstrate clearly that the nucleation, growth and shrinkage of recrystallized grains occur simultaneously in each orientation in each region. The overall development of recrystallization texture depends on the balance of nucleation/growth and shrinkage/disappearance of each orientation during recrystallization. The preferential growth is determined by the grain boundary mobility between recrystallized grains or the clusters composed of several similar oriented grains, i.e. Cube clusters or S clusters, and neighboring deformed matrix, and the competitive growth with the surrounding grains. On the other hand, the isolated oriented grain and the strain-stored grains tend to shrink and disappear during recrystallization and grain growth.

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9

Khor, L., T. Parks, FJ Lincoln, and J. Graham. "The Distribution of Contaminants and the Nature of the Alteration Products in Physically Separated Grains of Altered Ilmenites." Australian Journal of Chemistry 49, no. 8 (1996): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9960847.

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So-called ' ilmenite ', 'leucoxene' and 'rutile' grades of commercial heavy mineral concentrates were fractionated magnetically, in the laboratory. In the less magnetic ractions, secondary TiO2 (both anatase and rutile ), formed by the alteration of ilmenite grains, was separated from primary rutile, on the basis of density. The separated fractions were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, thereby insights being gained into the nature of secondary contamination in altered ilmenite. Grains of secondary TiO2 are very porous and report with an effective density <4.0 g/cm3 in a Magstream separator. Nearly all of these grains, which were distinctively fawn or dull grey in colour, were shown to contain epitaxially oriented, polycrystalline rutile , by single-grain XRD. The porosity of the grey grains was fine and uniform, � whereas the fawn grains contained coarse pores within a trellis of the oriented rutile. Randomly oriented anatase powder occurred with the oriented rutile in some fawn grains. Such trellis textures could facilitate the subsequent ingress of contaminants. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) indicated considerable variation in the level of contaminants, between grains, but the averaged analyses for a given fraction were in broad agreement with bulk analyses by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRD of single grains showed that anatase occurred significantly more often in fawn grains that were extracted from EPMA mounts because of their high levels of contaminants. The anatase may provide a high surface area for adsorption of contaminants, and/or be an indicator of a past environment where 'insoluble' oxides have been more mobile.

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10

Miller, K. T., and F. F. Lange. "Highly oriented thin films of cubic zirconia on sapphire through grain growth seeding." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 11 (November 1991): 2387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.2387.

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A two-step process has been developed to form highly oriented thin films in material systems with dissimilar crystal structures and interatomic spacings. This processing method utilizes current polycrystalline thin film deposition techniques. In this method, a polycrystalline thin film is first deposited and heat treated to promote its breakup into isolated grains. The breakup process favors those grains that have a low substrate interfacial energy and so produces a film of highly oriented but isolated grains. In the second process step, another polycrystalline thin film is deposited. The remnant grains act as seeds for the growth of a highly oriented thin film. The process is demonstrated through the growth of highly (100) oriented thin films of cubic ZrO2 (25 mol % Y2O3) on (0001) Al2O3 single crystal substrates, a material system in which film and substrate have dissimilar structures and interatomic spacings. Implications for the growth of epitaxial films using this method are discussed.

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11

Fang, Zhiyong, Yanhui Guo, Bin Fu, Liqun Wei, Jun Chen, Linghuan Pang, and Zemin Wang. "Effect of Shear Bands Induced by Asymmetric Rolling on Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Non-Oriented 3.3% Si Steel." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 4696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214696.

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In the present work, the microstructure and texture of non-oriented 3.3% Si steel processed by asymmetric rolling (ASR) and subsequent annealing at different temperatures were compared with those obtained when using traditional symmetric rolling (SR). This work aims to reveal the effect of shear bands introduced by the ASR on the microstructure and texture evolution. The ASR sample reaches a recrystallization fraction of 62% at an annealing temperature of 650 °C, which is 32% higher than that of the SR sample annealed at the same temperature. This can be attributed to the abundant shear bands introduced by the ASR, which serve as the heterogeneous nucleation sites for the recrystallized grains. When increasing the annealing temperature to 750 °C, complete recrystallization could be observed in both asymmetric- and symmetric-rolled samples. When using an annealing temperature of 650 °C, the γ-oriented grains were dominant in the surface layer, while strong Goss-oriented grains could be observed in the center in the ASR sample. This is due to the fragmented small subgrains with different orientations in the surface layer inhibiting the nucleation of Goss- and cube-oriented grains during the annealing. In contrast, numerous Goss- and cube-oriented grains were formed in the surface layer after complete recrystallization when the ASR sample was annealed at a temperature of 750 °C. This may be related to the higher thermal energy, which benefits the nucleation of the Goss- and cube-oriented grains. In addition, ASR significantly increased the strength of η-fiber after complete recrystallization when compared with SR. This work might be helpful to design the rolling and the subsequent annealing processes.

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12

Ihara, Kentaro, and Takahiro Shikama. "Effect of Zr Addition on Recrystallization Behavior of Extruded Al-Mg-Si Alloys Containing Mn." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 1169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.1169.

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Effects of Zr addition on recrystallized structure and texture in extruded Al-Mg-Si alloy containing Mn have been investigated. Materials were homogenized at temperatures in the range 550 °C to 590 °C and extruded at 500 °C at the speed of 10m/min. In extruded Al-Mg-Mn-Si-Zr alloy, the fraction of Cube oriented grains reached 40% as homogenization temperature raised to 590 °C. On the other hand, the fraction of Cube oriented grains in extruded Al-Mg-Mn-Si alloy was limited to 20-30 %. In addition, to clear the formation process of recrystallized grains in these alloys, observation of hot-compression deformed and recrystallized grain structures were carried out. It was suggested that moderate Zener drag promoted the preferential recrystallization of cube oriented grains

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13

Renault, O., R. Brochier, A. Roule, P. H. Haumesser, B. Krömker, and D. Funnemann. "Work-function imaging of oriented copper grains by photoemission." Surface and Interface Analysis 38, no. 4 (2006): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.2214.

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14

Oba, Masato, and Takashi Sugino. "Growth of (111)-Oriented Diamond Grains on Hexagonal GaN." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 2, No. 12A (December 1, 2000): L1213—L1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.l1213.

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15

Mishchenko, M. I. "Extinction of light by randomly-oriented non-spherical grains." Astrophysics and Space Science 164, no. 1 (1990): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00653546.

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16

Fan, Li-Feng, Mei-Mei Qin, Xing-Yuan Zhao, Zheng-Hai Zhu, Li-Jun Xiao, Jiao-Huang, and Feng-Guo. "Evolution of microstructure and texture of ultra-thin non-oriented electrical steel manufactured by CSP." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021079.

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The evolution of the microstructure and texture of CSP thin-gauge non-oriented silicon steel was investigated by OM, XRD and EBSD. Results show: (1) the equiaxed surface grains with 28.13 µm average grains size accounted for 19.14% of through-thickness, while deformed band structure dominated the center layer and the other maintained at a composite structure with the first two. With the cold-rolled reduction rate enhancing to 91.15%, the stratification structure transformed into a complete fibrous structure. Annealing from 925 °C to 975 °C, the average grain size of the annealing plate similarly increased, which begins with 67.3 µm and ends at 80.58 µm. (2) The texture of the hot-rolled sheets mainly located at Cube and Goss texture, while with the cold-rolled process executing, the type and volume of texture change and finally stabilize at α fiber texture ({110}//RD) with the peak at {114}<110> at 91.15% reductions rate. The {411}<148> texture on the α* fiber line throughout maintained the strongest texture at different annealing temperatures. (3) The initial re-crystallization temperature is in the range of 600–620 °C, and the re-crystallization is roughly completed at 700 °C. Part of {411}<148> oriented grains nucleated at {411}<148> sub-grains originated from α fiber deformed structure, and the others nucleate at the grains boundaries of the deformed α fiber grains or in the inner of {111}<110> and {111}<112> grains. When the re-crystallization was accomplished at 750 °C, {411}<148> oriented grains are significantly larger than other oriented grains compared to 680 °C or the less. (4) Best magnetic properties were obtained at 975 °C with the B50 = 1.506 T and P10/400 = 16.19 W/kg.

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17

Fan, Li-Feng, Mei-Mei Qin, Xing-Yuan Zhao, Zheng-Hai Zhu, Li-Jun Xiao, Jiao-Huang, and Feng-Guo. "Evolution of microstructure and texture of ultra-thin non-oriented electrical steel manufactured by CSP." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021079.

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The evolution of the microstructure and texture of CSP thin-gauge non-oriented silicon steel was investigated by OM, XRD and EBSD. Results show: (1) the equiaxed surface grains with 28.13 µm average grains size accounted for 19.14% of through-thickness, while deformed band structure dominated the center layer and the other maintained at a composite structure with the first two. With the cold-rolled reduction rate enhancing to 91.15%, the stratification structure transformed into a complete fibrous structure. Annealing from 925 °C to 975 °C, the average grain size of the annealing plate similarly increased, which begins with 67.3 µm and ends at 80.58 µm. (2) The texture of the hot-rolled sheets mainly located at Cube and Goss texture, while with the cold-rolled process executing, the type and volume of texture change and finally stabilize at α fiber texture ({110}//RD) with the peak at {114}<110> at 91.15% reductions rate. The {411}<148> texture on the α* fiber line throughout maintained the strongest texture at different annealing temperatures. (3) The initial re-crystallization temperature is in the range of 600–620 °C, and the re-crystallization is roughly completed at 700 °C. Part of {411}<148> oriented grains nucleated at {411}<148> sub-grains originated from α fiber deformed structure, and the others nucleate at the grains boundaries of the deformed α fiber grains or in the inner of {111}<110> and {111}<112> grains. When the re-crystallization was accomplished at 750 °C, {411}<148> oriented grains are significantly larger than other oriented grains compared to 680 °C or the less. (4) Best magnetic properties were obtained at 975 °C with the B50 = 1.506 T and P10/400 = 16.19 W/kg.

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18

Mao, Wei Min, Y. Li, Ping Yang, and W. Guo. "Abnormal Growth Mechanisms of Goss Grains in Grain-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.585.

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The possible mechanisms concerning abnormal growth of Goss grains in grain oriented electrical steels were investigated. The density of inhibitor particles near sheet surface, where the Goss grains located, was lower than that in center layer before secondary recrystallization, and the grains near surface could grow more easily because of reduced pinning effect. Few Goss grains could survive the growth competition and reach the sheet surface, after which the inhibitor particles inside the Goss grains coarsened slower. The phenomenon resulted in easy growth of the Goss grains at the expense of smaller neighboring grains while they could hardly be consumed by larger neighboring grains during the high temperature secondary recrystallization. Very large final size of the Goss grains was then obtained. The mechanisms were discussed based on the hot rolling characteristics and the elastic anisotropy of the ferrite matrix.

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19

Neding, Benjamin, Darren C. Pagan, Johan Hektor, and Peter Hedström. "Formation of Dislocations and Stacking Faults in Embedded Individual Grains during In Situ Tensile Loading of an Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 5919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205919.

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The formation of stacking faults and dislocations in individual austenite (fcc) grains embedded in a polycrystalline bulk Fe-18Cr-10.5Ni (wt.%) steel was investigated by non-destructive high-energy diffraction microscopy (HEDM) and line profile analysis. The broadening and position of intensity, diffracted from individual grains, were followed during in situ tensile loading up to 0.09 strain. Furthermore, the predominant deformation mechanism of the individual grains as a function of grain orientation was investigated, and the formation of stacking faults was quantified. Grains oriented with [100] along the tensile axis form dislocations at low strains, whilst at higher strains, the formation of stacking faults becomes the dominant deformation mechanism. In contrast, grains oriented with [111] along the tensile axis deform mainly through the formation and slip of dislocations at all strain states. However, the present study also reveals that grain orientation is not sufficient to predict the deformation characteristics of single grains in polycrystalline bulk materials. This is witnessed specifically within one grain oriented with [111] along the tensile axis that deforms through the generation of stacking faults. The reason for this behavior is due to other grain-specific parameters, such as size and local neighborhood.

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20

Tsuji, Nobuhiro, Yoshihiro Takatsuji, Yoji Miyajima, Pinaki Prasad Bhattacharjee, and Daisuke Terada. "Stability of Cube Oriented Grains during Cold-Rolling of Highly Cube-Oriented Polycrystalline Nickel." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.402.

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A pure Ni sheet was heavily deformed up to an equivalent strain of 6.4 at room temperature and then annealed to obtain highly Cube textured material, which is a polycrystal subdivided by many low-angle grain boundaries. The highly Cube-oriented sheets were cold-rolled to various reductions up to 90%. It was found that large fraction of Cube oriented grains remained stable in cold-rolling although the orientation is theoretically unstable. The stability of Cube orientation was considered to be associated with the constraint by grain boundaries in the materials.

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21

Korotkov, V. A., and S. I. Petrushin. "Research of Operational Characterizations of Cutting Discs with Oriented Abrasive Grains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.224.

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Efficiency of the polishing process is determined by the properties of abrasive grains, including its form parameter and orientation in the body of the grinding tool. It is possible to improve the operational characterizations of the grinding instruments, in particular – cutting discs, by ordering of the grain geometry, selection of the rational form and orientation of abrasive grains for specific processing conditions and parameters of the power load. For the solution of such problem the developed and patented method for production of grinding tools with the orientated abrasive grains is offered [1]. According to the specified method the cutting discs with radial and tangential orientation of abrasive grains are made. As a comparative standard, discs without orientation of abrasive grains are made also. Comparative tests by cutting according to the scheme of pressing of workpiece to a disc with a constant effort are carried out. It is established that orientation of abrasive grains significantly influences the operational characterizations of cutting discs. So, the cutting ability of cutting discs with radial orientation of abrasive grains is 15-17% higher during processing of various materials, than at standard tools. The grinding coefficient of cutting discs with tangential orientation of abrasive grains is 25-29% higher, than at usual discs with non-oriented grains. Results of an assessment of effective power of cutting in addition confirm that discs with the radial orientation of grains are working with the greatest intensity and at the same time with biggest wear. Further, on decrease, cutting discs with non-oriented grains follow. Instruments with tangential orientation of abrasive grains are characterized by the smallest cutting ability and the smallest wear. Such effect is caused by that the radial focused abrasive grains possess the greatest sizes of forward corners, and tangential focused grains possess the smallest sizes. It is established also that application of cutting discs with radial orientation of abrasive grains in comparison with ordinary tools allows to reduce temperature in a cutting zone by 20-30 °C and to reduce the size of zones of thermal influence.

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22

Cizek, Pavel, Hossein Beladi, Adam S. Taylor, and Peter D. Hodgson. "Orientation Dependence of the Substructure Characteristics in a Ni-30%Fe Austenitic Alloy Deformed in Hot Torsion." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.54.

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The present work examines the microstructure and texture evolution in a Ni-30wt.%Fe austenitic model alloy deformed in torsion at 1000 °C, with a particular emphasis on the orientation dependence of the substructure characteristics within the deformed original grains. Texture of these grains was principally consistent with that expected for simple shear and comprised the main A, B and C components. The deformation substructure within the main texture component grains was characterised by “organised” arrays of parallel microbands with systematically alternating misorientations, locally accompanied by micro-shear bands within the C grains. With increasing strain, the mean subgrain size gradually decreased and the mean misorientation angle concurrently increased towards the saturation. The stored deformation energy within the main texture component grains was principally consistent with the respective Taylor factor values. The microband boundaries corresponded to the expected single slip {111} plane for the A oriented grains while these boundaries for the C oriented grains represented a variety of planes even for a single grain.

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23

Katsui, Hirokazu, Yamashita Yuji, and Takashi Goto. "Orientation and Morphology of LiCoO₂ Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition on Al₂O₃ Single Crystal." Key Engineering Materials 508 (March 2012): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.300.

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Lithium Cobaltate (LiCoO2) Films Were Prepared on the (001), (110), (110) and (112) Planes of Al2O3 Single Crystals Substrates by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition, and the Phases, Orientated Textures and Surface Morphologies Were Examined. (001)-Oriented LiCoO2 Films Were Obtained on (001) and (110) Al2O3 Substrates, while (018)- and (104)-Oriented LiCoO2 Films Were Grown on (110) and (112) Al2O3 Substrate. Triangular and Elongated Rectangular Faceted Structures Were Directionally Aligned, and (001)- and (018)-Oriented Grains Were Epitaxially Grown on (001) and (110) Al2O3 Substrates. Randomly Arranged Polygonal Faceted Structures Were Observed in the (001)-Oriented Licoo2 Film on (110) Al2O3 Substrate, while Locally Inhomogeneous Grains Were Observed in the (104)-Oriented LiCoO2 Film on (1_,12) Al2O3 Substrate.

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24

Mao, W., Y. Li, Z. An, G. Zhu, and Ping Yang. "Formation of Goss Texture in Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets Produced by Commercial Compact Strip Processing." Solid State Phenomena 160 (February 2010): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.160.241.

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The compact strip processing technology and the technologies for conventional grain oriented electrical steels were used to process the low cost grain-oriented electrical steel successfully, in which the reheating temperature for hot rolling was about 1150 oC, and strong Goss texture was obtained after the secondary recrystallization. It is indicated that the density of inhibitor particles produced under the condition of low temperature hot rolling was high enough to induce the necessary secondary recrystallization during final annealing, so that many Goss grains could grow. The mis-orientations of Goss grains to the recrystallization matrix were calculated and observed. High angle boundaries enveloped frequently Goss grains, while the growth of other grains would have the possibility to meet low angle boundaries or low mobile boundaries. Goss grains neighboring larger size grains might be protected by the further precipitation of inhibitor particles in high angel boundaries during the temperature rising stage of the secondary recrystallization and survived somehow after the growth competition.

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25

Chen, Yuan Qing, Gao Yang Zhao, Li Lei, and Di Chun Chen. "Textured YBCO Films Derived from Low-Fluorine-Content Solution." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 2003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.2003.

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with yttrium, barium, copper acetates as starting materials, a low-fluorine-content solution was prepared. YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films on LaAlO3 (LAO) single crystal substrates were fabricated by a new TFA-MOD method. Solution-derived YBCO films exhibited epitaxial growth, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The humidity of the furnace atmosphere during annealing process influences the texture of YBCO film. Under high-humidity of furnace atmosphere, a-oriented grains, which were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were generated on film surface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), however, indicated that although a-axis oriented grains formed on the film surface, c-axis oriented grains occupied the area near the YBCO/LAO interface. High-performance YBCO films with Tc above 90K, and Jc more than 106A/cm2 at 77 K and zero magnetic field were obtained.

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26

Castello-Branco, Gilberto Alexandre, Jennifer Nadine Muller, and Cristiane Maria Basto Bacaltchuk. "Magnetic Annealing on GNO Electrical Steel Fe-3.25% Si." Materials Science Forum 758 (June 2013): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.758.113.

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Grain non-oriented electrical steel has its main application in electrical motors and its microstructure significantly influences their efficiency. The objective of this work was to investigate whether or not magnetic field applied during annealing process affects grain growth and the development of important texture components leading to an improvement of the magnetic properties. GNO Fe-3.25%Si 75% cold rolled specimens were annealed inside magnetic field with strength of 17 T at the temperature of 800°C for 3, 10 and 30 minutes. Results of average grain size after magnetic annealing showed a microstructure formed by small grains and a few very large grains. Magnetic field did not increase orientation density of {100} oriented grains and Goss grains but was able to increase density of θ fiber and decrease the density of γ fiber.

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27

Wang, Xilong, Haibin Wang, Riccardo Moscatelli, Xuemei Liu, and Xiaoyan Song. "Cemented carbides with highly oriented WC grains and formation mechanisms." Materials Science and Engineering: A 659 (April 2016): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.02.021.

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28

Zhao, Lili, Tiezheng Lu, Maekele Yosef, Martin Steinhart, Margit Zacharias, Ulrich Gösele, and Sabine Schlecht. "Single-Crystalline CdSe Nanostructures: from Primary Grains to Oriented Nanowires." Chemistry of Materials 18, no. 26 (December 2006): 6094–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm062014v.

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29

Guo, Wei, and Weimin Mao. "Abnormal Growth of Goss Grains in Grain-oriented Electrical Steels." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 26, no. 8 (January 2010): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-0302(10)60120-x.

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30

Vandenbroucke, Bert, Maarten Baes, and Peter Camps. "CosTuuM: Polarized Thermal Dust Emission by Magnetically Oriented Spheroidal Grains." Astronomical Journal 160, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9cbd.

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31

Goujon, Florent, Nicolas Martzel, Alain Dequidt, Benoit Latour, Sébastien Garruchet, Julien Devémy, Ronald Blaak, Étienne Munch, and Patrice Malfreyt. "Backbone oriented anisotropic coarse grains for efficient simulations of polymers." Journal of Chemical Physics 153, no. 21 (December 7, 2020): 214901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0019945.

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32

Kelso, Meagan V., Naveen K. Mahenderkar, Qingzhi Chen, John Z. Tubbesing, and Jay A. Switzer. "Response to Comment on “Spin coating epitaxial films”." Science 365, no. 6458 (September 12, 2019): eaay3966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3966.

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Lu and Tang claim that the spin-coated films in our study are not epitaxial. They assume that all of the background intensity in the x-ray pole figures of the spin-coated materials is due to randomly oriented grains. There is no evidence for randomly oriented grains in the 2θ x-ray patterns. The background intensity in the pole figures is also comparable to the background from the single-crystal substrates, which is inconsistent with their assumption.

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33

Ushigami, Yoshiyuki, Tomoji Kumano, Tsutomu Haratani, Shuichi Nakamura, Shigeto Takebayashi, and Takeshi Kubota. "Secondary Recrystallization in Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.853.

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Mechanism of Goss secondary recrystallization in grain-oriented silicon steel has been investigated by temperature gradient annealing and by in situ observation utilizing synchrotron x-ray topography. The results support the selective growth theory. Migration of Goss grains is controlled by second phase particles (inhibitor) and sharper Goss grains, which have higher frequency of CSL boundaries to the matrix, start to grow preferentially while the other matrix grains are stagnated by inhibitor. CSL boundaries are supposed to have lower grain boundary energy, thus suffer lower pinning force from the inhibitor and start to migrate at higher inhibition level. Based on this model, we have made a computer simulation and have found that this model successfully depicts the important features of secondary recrystallization; grain growth behavior of secondary grains, secondary grain size and sharpness of Goss texture.

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34

Liu, Xiang, Hai Jie Xu, Zhen Yu Gao, Yun Bo Xu, Jing Yu, Hai Tao Jiao, Yuan Hua Li, and Jian Ping Li. "Goss Texture Evolution in a Grain-Oriented Fe-6.5wt%Si Steel Processed by Strip-Casting." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1653.

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Fe-6.5wt%Si steel is an excellent soft magnetic material due to the near-zero magnetostriction and low core losses. In this study, a 0.3 mm-thick grain-oriented 6.5wt%Si steel sheet was produced by a novel strip casting and two-stage rolling. The microstructure and texture evolution were investigated with a special emphasis on the nucleation and growth of Goss grains. The thin normalized strip was composed of large columnar grains and small equiaxed grains. During intermediate annealing, Goss grains nucleated in the shear bands of the deformed <111>//ND grains, and the deformed {111}<112> grains provided most of the nucleation sites. After primary annealing, the Goss grains distributed across the entire thickness, which was different from the conventional rolling route. The fraction of high-angle boundaries (20°-45°) surrounding the Goss grains was apparently higher than those of the matrix grains, which promoted the abnormal growth of the Goss grains during secondary recrystallization.

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35

Albou, A., R. Quey, Claire Maurice, S. Raveendra, Indradev Samajdar, Paul R. Dawson, and Julian H. Driver. "New Insights into Cube Nuclei in Deformed Aluminium." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.385.

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The formation of Cube oriented elements in plane strain compressed aluminium has been studied by EBSD for both hot and cold deformations. By following the orientation changes of the same set of 176 grains deformed at 400 °C up to a strain of 1.2 using a split sample, it is shown that about 15% of the grains can break up into several regions of very different orientations, characterized by very large orientation gradients. In particular those grains oriented within about 30° of Cube develop Cube oriented zones in contact with other rolling texture components. Finite element crystal plasticity simulations confirm this mechanism of creation of Cube by plastic deformation. The same type of microstructure can also be observed after heavy cold rolling (strain of 2.3), but at a scale that is much finer by at least an order of magnitude. In this case the micron-sized Cube fragments are located along many grain boundaries or in some particular grains. When the cold deformed sample is annealed, EBSD observations of the same areas reveal that the intergranular Cube fragments are very efficient recrystallization nucleation sites, apparently since they possess mobile high angle boundaries with the local environment.

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36

Yin, Fu Xing, Tadanobu Inoue, and Kotobu Nagai. "Cube Texture Formed in Biaxially Rolled Low-Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.387.

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Cube texture ({001}<100>) influences extensively the plastic anisotropy and physical properties of materials. Researches on cube texture have been concentrated in f.c.c structured metals only since the scarce observation of the texture in b.c.c. metals. In the present work, the cube texture was found to be developed in low-carbon steel under the biaxial rolling mode (ND and TD rolling alternatively). Cube texture and {112}-{111}<110> partially concentrated a-fiber texture were observed in biaxially rolled samples instead of the typical a-fiber and g-fiber texture formed in the normal flat-rolling. At 923K rolling where recrystallization occurred, highly developed {001}<110> recrystallization texture with some g-fiber texture was observed in the flat rolled sample. In contrast a quite intensified cube texture and {hkl}<110> texture were observed in the biaxially rolled sample. EBSD measurement showed the fraction of grains belonging to the two orientations was 0.35 and 0.55, respectively. Elongated along RD, grains in cube texture showed both the near-equiaxial and diagonally elongated shapes when observed from RD in the 923K rolled samples. Those grains containing lighter plastic strain had an average grain size (~1.5µm) which was 2 times larger than the grains in the RD//<110> texture. Meanwhile, the cube oriented grains were characteristic of only low-angle grain boundaries (<15o), but showed a specific misorientation (S17b, <110> 86.6o) with the grains in the RD//<110> texture. Besides rolling deformation produced cube oriented grains, preferential growth of cube oriented recrystallization nuclei, and the transformation of the {001}<110> recrystallization grains were considered to cause the development of cube texture during the 923K biaxial rolling.

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37

Nagahama, T., T. Manabe, I. Yamaguchi, T. Kumagai, S. Mizuta, and T. Tsuchiya. "Variation of orientation and morphology of epitaxial SrBi2Ta2O9 and SrBi2Nb2O9 thin films via the coating-pyrolysis process." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 3 (March 2000): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0112.

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Orientation-controlled epitaxial thin films of bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics, SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) and SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN), were prepared on single-crystal SrTiO3 (STO) substrates by the coating-pyrolysis process. Most of the SBT (SBN) films showed the (106) and (001) orientations on STO(110) and (001), respectively. The degree of orientation, in terms of the ratio of peak intensity to the background level in the x-ray diffraction φ-scan profile for the film, greatly increased with a decrease in the oxygen partial pressure, p(O2), of annealing atmosphere at 800 °C. Interestingly, coexistence of the (110)-oriented grains with the (106)-oriented ones on STO(110) [and the (100)-oriented grains with the (001)-oriented ones on STO(001)] was observed exclusively in the SBT films annealed at 700–750 °C under p(O2) of 10 Pa. Atomic force microscopy observations showed that the surface morphology of the SBT films remained almost unchanged, i.e., comprising round-shaped grains of submicrometer size, whereas that of the SBN films drastically changed, according to the variation in orientation of substrate surfaces or in annealing conditions, i.e., temperature, p(O2), and time.

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38

Paulik, S. W., M. H. Zimmerman, K. T. Faber, and E. R. Fuller. "Residual stress in ceramics with large thermal expansion anisotropy." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 11 (November 1996): 2795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0354.

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Residual stress was measured in sintered and heat-treated Fe2TiO5 samples with various grain sizes. The influence of texturing was assessed by comparing the residual stress states of samples having randomly oriented grains and highly oriented grains produced through magnetically assisted processing. The residual stress was measured with x-ray diffraction using Cr Kα radiation. Due to the significant texture and the consequential oscillations in the dφψ vs sin2ψ data, the residual stress was calculated using the Marion–Cohen method. Textured samples showed significantly lower residual stresses except when spontaneous microcracking accompanied grain growth in the randomly oriented systems. Elastic modulus measurements showed a direct correlation between the decrease in residual stress and the microcrack density.

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39

Martínez, O., J. Jiménez, D. Chambonnet, and C. Belouet. "Analysis of grain orientation and intergrain properties by micro-Raman spectroscopy in YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 5 (May 2000): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0154.

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Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) thin films grown by pulser-laser-assisted deposition were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy. This technique was used to estimate the epitaxial quality of the films in terms of the presence of c-axis- and a-axis-oriented areas. The advantage of micro-Raman spectroscopy is its high lateral resolution, and this was used to study the homogeneity of the films at submicrometric level. Local structural changes from a large number of intergrain regions were revealed by changes of the Raman parameters. For example, the aggregation of a-axis-oriented grains formed needle-shaped macrograins. Micro-Raman measurements suggest that these grains were seeded at large-angle grain boundaries in c-axis-oriented areas.

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40

Qin, Jing, Haibin Zhao, Dongsheng Wang, Songlin Wang, and Youwen Yang. "Effect of Y on Recrystallization Behavior in Non-Oriented 4.5 wt% Si Steel Sheets." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 4227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124227.

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4.5 wt% Si steel sheets with four different yttrium (Y) contents (0, 0.006, 0.012 and 0.016 wt%) were fabricated by hot rolling, normalizing, warm rolling and a final annealing process. Y addition greatly weakened the γ -fiber (⟨111⟩//ND) texture and enhanced the {001} ⟨130⟩ and {114} ⟨481⟩ texture components, and the magnetic properties were improved related to the effects of Y on the recrystallized grain nucleation. Y segregation at the grain boundaries inhibited the nucleation of {111} oriented grains at grain boundaries, which was beneficial to the nucleation and growth of other oriented grains elsewhere. At the same rolling reduction, Y2O2S inclusion caused more stress concentration than Al2O3 inclusion. Y2O2S in deformed grains with low energy storage provided more preferential nucleation sites for {001} ⟨130⟩ and {114} ⟨481⟩ grains. Strong {001} ⟨130⟩ and {114} ⟨481⟩ recrystallization textures due to the high mobility were obtained in samples containing 0.012 wt% Y.

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41

Zhang, Bo, Li Meng, Guang Ma, Ning Zhang, Guobao Li, Kun Liu, and Sheng Zhong. "Twinning Behavior in Cold-Rolling Ultra-Thin Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel." Crystals 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020187.

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Twinning behaviors in grains during cold rolling have been systematically studied in preparing ultra-thin grain-oriented silicon steel (UTGO) using a commercial glassless grain-oriented silicon steel as raw material. It is found that the twinning system with the maximum Schmid factor and shear mechanical work would be activated. The area fraction of twins increased with the cold rolling reduction. The orientations of twins mainly appeared to be α-fiber (<110>//RD), most of which were {001}<110> orientation. Analysis via combining deformation orientation simulation and twinning orientation calculation suggested that {001}<110> oriented twinning occurred at 40–50% rolling reduction. The simulation also confirmed more {100} <011> oriented twins would be produced in the cold rolling process and their orientation also showed less deviation from ideal {001}<110> orientation when a raw material with a higher content of exact Goss oriented grains was used.

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42

Song, Xiu Feng, Ren Li Fu, Hong He, and De Liu Wang. "Structure and Dielectric Properties of AlN Multilayered Film on Al Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1383.

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AlN multilayered films were deposited on Al substrates using RF reactive magnetron sputtering with Al targets under Ar and N2 atmosphere. Circles of deposition and annealing were repeatedly performed. Macrostructure observations, crystallographic analyses and dielectric property measurements were carried out. The grains of AlN film had a worm-like shape. When the number of layers (and cycles) increased, the (100) and (110) oriented grains weakened and the structure of film changed into (002) and (101) oriented. The capacity–frequency (C-f) curves of Cu-AlN-Al-Cu capacitors, measured at 100 Hz - 1 MHz, showed that the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of AlN decrease with increasing number of cycles, attributed to annealing processes that influences film microstructure and the orientation of worm-like shape grains.

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43

Park, Jong Tae, Hyun Seok Ko, Hyung Don Joo, Dae Hyun Song, Kyung Jun Ko, and No Jin Park. "Orientation of Island and Small Grains in Grain Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.530.

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Grain oriented electrical steels should have low core loss and high magnetic flux density. These properties are closely related with sharpness of {110} texture after secondary recrystallization. This Goss texture develops by abnormal grain growth during secondary recrystallization annealing. Based on experimental results, a general suggestion which estimates the magnetic properties after secondary recrystallization from a primary recrystallized texture can be made. For a material to have better magnetic properties after secondary recrystallization, its primary recrystallized texture should have not only larger number of ideal Goss grains, but also lower frequency of low angle grain boundary around those Goss grains.

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44

Xu, Ben, Youguo Li, and Yong Feng Gong. "The Precipitation of Copper in the Non-Oriental Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2279.

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The precipitation of copper in the non-oriental electrical steel was studied in this article. These precipitation particles, which influenced both the texture development and the magnetic properties of the steel sheets, appeared in the hot-rolling strips and grew up in the later normalization process. Their composition, morphology and crystallography had been investigated using TEM. Differed from the MnS and AlN that studied in the previous papers, these precipitate particles were found to be CuAl2. It suggested that these particles might stimulate the recrystallization nucleation of the {110} oriented grains and restrain the development of {111} oriented grains in the sheet of non-oriented electrical steel. This might be another explanation to the improvement on magnetic properties of the non-oriental electrical steel containing copper addition.

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45

Lau, J. W., R. D. McMichael, and M. J. Donahue. "Implementation of Two-Dimensional Polycrystalline Grains in Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 114, no. 1 (January 2009): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.114.005.

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46

Morawiec, A. "On abnormal growth of Goss grains in grain-oriented silicon steel." Scripta Materialia 64, no. 5 (March 2011): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.11.013.

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47

Dionne, Gerald F., and James F. Fitzgerald. "Magnetic hysteresis properties of BaFe12−xInxO19ceramic ferrites withc‐axis oriented grains." Journal of Applied Physics 70, no. 10 (November 15, 1991): 6140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350022.

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48

Varma, H. K., та S. Sureshbabu. "Oriented growth of surface grains in sintered β tricalcium phosphate bioceramics". Materials Letters 49, № 2 (червень 2001): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(00)00346-3.

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49

Fukuma, Koji, та David J. Dunlop. "Three-dimensional micromagnetic modeling of randomly oriented magnetite grains (0.03-0.3μm)". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111, B12 (грудень 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jb004562.

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50

Yang, Fan, Teruyuki Ikeda, G. Jeffrey Snyder, and Chris Dames. "Effective thermal conductivity of polycrystalline materials with randomly oriented superlattice grains." Journal of Applied Physics 108, no. 3 (August 2010): 034310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457334.

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