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1
Ramadhani, Siti Hasdiyanti, Ni Luh Sri Suryaningsih, and Yosefina Mangera. "Analysis of Grain Yield and Quality of Rice Aromatic Inpago Unsoed 1." AGRICOLA 8, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/ag.v8i1.2098.
Анотація:
The purpose of the study was to determine the quality of the grainand rice are planted, the ricevarieties Inpago Unsoed 1. The research method use dis data collection, namely primary data andsecondary data. Primary data is used for observed in this research about grain moisturecontent,density of grain, foreign bodies, empty grains, grain crackedor broken, after the percentage ofgrain milled head of rice, broken rice, graing roats, grain limestone, yolk broken and milled rice yield.The results showed that during the observation the quality of grain varieties Inpago Unsoed 1 hasmilled at about 13,33% moisture content, grain density of 0,57g/ml, and grain weight is 27,60g/1000grain. The percentage point for the determination quality of head point is 73,49%, broken grainsabout 13,92%, and 12,34% graing roats. The quality of rice milled varieties inpago Unsoed 1 includelow. The lower of rice quality is due to the low of head rice percentage, while the percentage ofbroken grain sand high graing roats. Rice milled yield about 51,23%
2
Huang, Yun Hua, Yue Zhang, Hao Zhai, Cheng Zhou, and Jian He. "Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms of the Microalloying Non-Quenching and Tempering Steel." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.97.
Анотація:
The microstructure of a microalloying non-quenching and tempering steel developed recently was analyzed through OM, SEM and TEM, in order to find the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of the steel. All of the dislocations and subgrain boundaries in the grains, the martensite in the martensite-austenite islands of the grainy bainite structure, the dispersed phases in the grains and at the grain boundaries, and the grain size were observed and studied in our experiments. The results indicate that the strengthening results from phase transition, dislocation, subgrain structure, dispersion phase and fined grain, and the toughness relates with the ferrite matrix consisting of the grainy bainite and the grain size of the steel. The mechanisms between the hot-rolled-and-cooled and the tempered steel are slightly different.
3
Qiu, Hai, Rintaro Ueji, Yuuji Kimura, and Tadanobu Inoue. "Grain-to-Grain Interaction Effect in Polycrystalline Plain Low-Carbon Steel within Elastic Deformation Region." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081865.
Анотація:
A grain is surrounded by grains with different crystal orientations in polycrystalline plain low-carbon steel. The grain is constrained by its adjacent grains in the tension process. The interaction of the grain with the adjacent grains was investigated within the elastic deformation region. The following results have been obtained: (1) the Young’s modulus of a grain without consideration of grain-to-grain interaction is denoted as the inherent Young’s modulus; when the inherent Young’s modulus of a grain is equal to the Young’s modulus of the bulk material, there is almost no interaction between the grain and its adjacent grains; when a grain has a great difference between its inherent Young’s modulus and the Young’s modulus of the bulk material, its grain-to-grain interactions increase significantly; (2) the grain-to-grain interaction is mainly caused by the difference in the inherent Young’s modulus between the grain and its adjacent grains; the misorientation angle between the grain and its adjacent grains has almost no effect on the grain-to-grain interaction.
4
Bojarski, Stephanie A., Jocelyn Knighting, Shuai Lei Ma, William Lenthe, Martin P. Harmer, and Gregory S. Rohrer. "The Relationship between Grain Boundary Energy, Grain Boundary Complexion Transitions, and Grain Size in Ca-Doped Yttria." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.87.
Анотація:
The thermal groove technique has been used to measure relative grain boundary energies in two 100 ppm Ca-doped yttria samples. The first has a normal grain size distribution and the boundaries have a bilayer of segregated Ca. In the second sample, there is a combination of large grains and small grains. The boundaries around the large grains are known to have an intergranular film. The results show that the relative energies of boundaries in the sample with normal grain growth and the boundaries around small grains far from larger grains in the second sample are similar. Also, boundaries surrounding the largest grains and small grains immediately adjacent to them have the same and significantly lower energies. The results indicate that grain boundaries with an intergranular film have a lower energy than those with bilayer segregation and that the intergranular film extends beyond the periphery of the largest grains, but not throughout the entire sample.
5
Brdar, Milka, Borislav Kobiljski, and Marija Balalic-Kraljevic. "Grain filling parameters and yield components in wheat." Genetika 38, no. 3 (2006): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0603175b.
Анотація:
Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is influenced by number of grains per unit area and grain weight, which is result of grain filling duration and rate. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between grain filling parameters in 4 wheat genotypes of different earliness and yield components. Nonlinear regression estimated and observed parameters were analyzed. Rang of estimated parameters corresponds to rang of observed parameters. Stepwise MANOVA indicated that the final grain dry weight, rate and duration of grain filling were important parameters in differentiating among cultivars grain filling curves. The yield was positively correlated with number of grains/m2, grain weight and grain filling rate, and negatively correlated with grain filling duration. Correlation between grain weight and rate of grain filling was positive. Grain filling duration was negatively correlated with grain filling rate and number of grains/m2. The highest yield on three year average had medium late Mironovska 808, by the highest grain weight and grain filling rate and optimal number of grains/2 and grain filling duration.
6
Dennis, J., Pete S. Bate, and John F. Humphreys. "Abnormal Grain Growth in Metals." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.717.
Анотація:
Grain growth may occur in two forms, normal grain growth, characterized by a constant grain size distribution during growth, and abnormal grain growth, where one or more abnormally large grains may form in the microstructure. The presence of abnormally large grains in an otherwise uniform microstructure may be detrimental to the mechanical properties of a polycrystalline structure. Little is understood of the exact cause of abnormal grain growth. The annealing conditions leading to the onset of abnormal grain growth have been investigated via a series of grain growth experiments carried out on an Al-4wt%Cu alloy. The structure of which consisted of equiaxed grains (<8μ) pinned by a fine dispersion of sub-micron second phase particles, which may dissolve upon annealing. Minority texture components may experience accelerated growth due to a higher energy and mobility compared to the surrounding grain structure. The combination of these two events may result in the abnormal growth of some grains. SEM imaging and EBSD data has then made it possible to characterize the influence of particle dissolution and grain boundary misorientation on the onset of abnormal grain growth. The stability of ‘island grains’ found to exist internally in abnormally large grains has also been investigated in relation to the misorientation relationship and localized second phase volume fraction found there. There was only weak evidence of special misorientation relationships between the island grains and the abnormally large grains in which they exist, and although there was evidence of an enhanced fraction of pinning particles at island grain boundaries, this was also true of boundaries in general. The larger size of island grains is their dominant characteristic, and grains which become island grains may have been incipient abnormal grains.
7
Fouad Razzaq A., Al-Burki, Mohsin Haider Abdulhussein, and Sarheed Abdullah F. "Season Response of Bread Wheat Cultivars (Triticum Aestivum L.) to Different Planting Dates Under Samawa Desert Condition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 923, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/923/1/012089.
Анотація:
Abstract A field experiment was carried out in Samawa desert (70 km west of Samawa city, Al-Muthanna governorate), during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 agricultural seasons, to study the response of three Iraqi cultivars of wheat (Tamooz2, Ibaa99, Abu Ghraib3) to three planting dates (November 15, 1st December and December 15) under Samawa desert conditions. The results showed the superiority of Tamooz2 cultivar in all traits of the yield components, it gave the highest averages of grain yield, which amounted 5.75 and 5.89 tons/ha−1, weight of 1000 grains, which amounted 29.79 and 31.06 gm, and the number of grains per spike, which amounted 73.02 and 73.76 for the 2019 and 2019-2020 seasons, respectively. The date of December 15th also surpassed in the traits of grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, number of spike grains, and the highest grain yield reached 5.62 and 5.58 tons/ha−1 for the two seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, respectively, and the combination (Tamooz 2 x December 15) gave superiority over the other combinations in terms of grain yield which amounted 6.05 tons ha−1 (2018-2019 season) and Ibaa99 × December 1 gave the highest grian yield about 6.10 tons ha-1 (2019-2020 season).
8
Bakker, W. T., W. G. M. Van Kesteren, and Z. H. Yu. "GRAIN-GRAIN INTERACTION IN OSCILLATING SHEETFLOW." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (January 29, 1988): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.53.
Анотація:
Viscous grain-grain interaction is an important aspect of the dynamics of oscillating sheetflow. This interaction between sand grains has been investigated qualitatively in a pulsating water tunnel. Furthermore, experiments concerning the interaction between neutrally buoyant spheres in a Couette flow have been carried out at a scale of 100:1 in a new developed ring shear apparatus, called " Carrousel." With respect to the dynamics of sheetflow, in-situ measuring devices for the sand concentration in the sheetflow ("Harp") and the bed load ("Swan") has been developed; some preliminary results are shown. For sand grains, the intrusion depth of sheetflow appears to be of the order of several mm. On high speed video recordings no lateral mixing between grain layers can be observed; for this some physical explanation is given. This supports the modelling of the sheetflow mechanism as moving grain layers.
9
Abdashimova, Khumora. "STUDYING THE WEIGHT OF 1000 GRAINS OF CEREALS AND LEGUMES." Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences 03, no. 02 (February 1, 2023): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ejmns-v03-i02-p1-20.
Анотація:
The mass of 1000 grains also evaluates the grain density, studying the influence of the mass of 1000 grains on the technological properties of production, the effect of the mass of 1000 grains on grain and seeds, grain consistency, grain hardness.
10
Hoang, Thiem. "Effects of Grain Alignment with Magnetic Fields on Grain Growth and the Structure of Dust Aggregates." Astrophysical Journal 928, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5408.
Анотація:
Abstract Dust grains drift through the interstellar medium and are aligned with the magnetic field. Here we study the effect of grain alignment and motion on grain growth in molecular clouds (MCs). We first discuss the characteristic timescales of alignment of the grain axis of maximum inertia ( a ˆ 1) with its angular momentum (J; i.e., internal alignment) and alignment of J with the magnetic field ( B ; i.e., external alignment). We determine the maximum grain size with efficient internal ( a max , aJ ) and external ( a max , JB ) alignment for composite grains. For the MC density of n H ∼ 103–108 cm−3, we find that external alignment can occur for very large grains, but internal alignment only occurs for grains smaller than a max , aJ ∼ 2 μ m . The presence of iron clusters within dust grains or suprathermal rotation increases a max , aJ to ∼10–50 μm. We then study the growth of aligned grains drifting through the gas. Due to the motion of aligned grains across the magnetic field, gas accretion would increase the grain elongation rather than decrease, as expected from the growth of randomly oriented grains. Coagulation by grain collisions also increases grain elongation, leading to the increase of elongation with the grain size. The coagulation of aligned grains forms dust aggregates that contain elongated binaries comprising a pair of grains with parallel short axes. Grains within dust aggregates in 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko obtained by Rosetta have the grain elongation increasing with the grain radius, implying that such dust aggregates might form from aligned grains.
11
Zhu, Ye Chao, Jiong Hui Mao, Fa Tang Tan, and Xue Liang Qiao. "A Role of Low Energy Grain Boundaries in the Abnormal Grain Growth in Fe-3%Si Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 127 (October 2011): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.127.89.
Анотація:
Low energy grain boundaries were considered to be important in abnormal grain growth by theoretical deduction. The disorientation angles and coincidence site lattice grain boundaries distribution of more than 20 Goss grains and their neighboring matrix grains in primary recrystallized Fe-3%Si alloy were investigated using an electron backscatter diffraction method. It was found that the frequency of low energy grain boundaries of Goss grains which are more likely to abnormally grow are higher than their neighboring matrix grains, which indicated that low energy grain boundaries play a dominant role in the abnormal grain growth of Fe-3%Si alloy. The result meets well with the abnormal grain growth theory.
12
Rios, Paulo Rangel, and Martin E. Glicksman. "Abnormal Grain Growth Topology and Kinetics." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2401.
Анотація:
One common point amongst extant theories of abnormal grain growth (AGG) is that they treat this phenomenon in terms of the relative grain size, or grain radius, of the abnormal grains. Topological and metrical quantities of abnormal grains, such as the number of their faces, or their grain boundary curvature, are taken into account only indirectly through the grain size itself. This paper, by contrast, treats AGG in terms of concepts, that include both the boundary curvature and the number of faces of the abnormal grain. Two cases are examined: 1) AGG, in which the matrix grains are fully pinned, so normal grain growth cannot occur; 2) AGG in which the matrix grains are free to evolve, so that normal grain growth ensues simultaneously in the matrix.
13
Kumano, Tomoji, and Yoshiyuki Ushigami. "Grain Boundary Characteristics of Isolated Grains in Conventional Grain Oriented Silicon Steel." ISIJ International 47, no. 6 (2007): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.47.890.
14
Shimoyanagi, Rikako, Mitsuru Abo, and Fumitaka Shiotsu. "Higher Temperatures during Grain Filling Affect Grain Chalkiness and Rice Nutrient Contents." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071360.
Анотація:
High temperature effects attributable to climate change can affect rice quality. The chalky area of rice grains is often used to evaluate of rice grain starch quality, but the overall effect of high temperatures on grain chalkiness and overall nutrient quality has not been fully clarified. Thus, in this study, we assessed high temperature effects on grain weight, chalkiness, and nutrient contents. Rice grains were classified into four groups on the basis of the chalky area in scanned grain images: P (0%), S (0–15%), M (15–40%), and L (≥40%). Then, the amylose, protein and mineral nutrient concentrations were assessed in each chalkiness classification. High temperatures during grain filling markedly decreased the grain weight and the amylose content of milled rice but increased the chalky area of the grains as well as protein content and the concentrations of most minerals. There were significant negative correlations between mineral contents and both grain weights and amylose contents of milled rice. These results indicate that increases in grain chalky areas due to high temperatures during grain filling also increase grain mineral contents.
15
Barrales-Mora, L. A., Jann Erik Brandenburg, and Dmitri A. Molodov. "Effect of Grain Boundary Geometry on Grain Rotation during Curvature-Driven Grain Shrinkage." Diffusion Foundations 9 (October 2016): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.9.73.
Анотація:
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the curvature-driven shrinkage of individual cylindrical grains with geometrically different boundaries in Al. Grains with <100> tilt and mixed tilt-twist boundaries with the misorientations 5.5°, 16.3°, and 22.6° were simulated. The results revealed that the shrinking grains with tilt boundaries concurrently rotate increasing the misorientation angles, whereas grains with the mixed boundaries did not rotate during their shrinkage. Apparently, the grain boundary geometry/structure has a crucial impact on the observed rotational behavior of the computed grains. The grains with tilt boundaries rotate due to the lack of effectively operating mechanisms for annihilation of edge dislocations, which compose such boundaries. In contrast, for the mixed boundaries composed of edge-screw dislocations the sufficiently fast operating mechanisms of dislocation elimination are available, which facilitates grain shrinkage without rotation.
16
Li, Yanfeng, Cuirong Liu, Zhibing Chu, Wei Li, Zhisheng Wu, Shan Gao, and Wenwu He. "Grain Growth of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Based on Three-Dimensional Cellular Automata." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7615643.
Анотація:
Based on the thermodynamic conversion mechanism and energy transition principle, a three-dimensional cellular automata model of grain growth is established from the aspects of grain orientation, grain size distribution, grain growth kinetics, and grain topology. Also, the effect of temperature on the three-dimensional grain growth process of AZ31 magnesium alloy is analyzed. The results show that the normal growth of three-dimensional grains satisfies the Aboav-weaire equation, the average number of grain planes is between 12 and 14 at 420°C and 2000 CAS, and the maximum number of grain planes is more than 40. Grains of different sizes are distributed normally at different times, most of which are grains with the ratio of grain diameter to average grain diameter R/Rm ≈ 1.0, which meets the minimum energy criterion of grain evolution. The grain of AZ31 magnesium alloy increases in size with the increase of temperature, and the number of grains decreases with the increase in time. The angle between the two-dimensional slices of three-dimensional grains is approximately 120°, which is consistent with that of the traditional two-dimensional cellular automata. The relative error of grain size before and after heat preservation is in the range of 0.1–0.6 μm, which indicates that the 3D cellular automata can accurately simulate the heat preservation process of AZ31 magnesium alloy.
17
Feng, Fan, Pengfei Dang, Xuan Pu, Xiaoxia Wen, Xiaoliang Qin, Yinglong Chen, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Contribution of Proximal and Distal Grains Within Spikelets in Relation to Yield and Yield Components in the Winter Wheat Production Region of China From 1948 to 2012." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120850.
Анотація:
Grain number and weight within a spikelet are major yield components which determine the grain yield in wheat. The objective of this study was to explore genetic gains in grain performance within wheat spikelets at the individual grain level and its effect on grain yield and evaluate genetic progress in stem internode length and other yield-related traits. We conducted field experiments across three growing seasons in the western Yellow and Huai Valley of China; incorporating 17 bread wheat cultivars released from 1948 to 2012. Yields were significantly correlated with year of release. Yield gains equated to 3.95 g m−2 yr−1 in response to increases in total grain weight per m2 (GW) in proximal (G1 and G2) and distal (G3 and G4) grains, despite a decline in the proportional contribution of proximal grains to yield and increase in the proportional contribution of distal grains to yield with year of release. Grain number per m2 (GN), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and harvest index (HI) increased with year of release, but plant height decreased. Both grain number per spikelet of proximal and distal grain contributed to the increase in total GN. However, the contribution ratio of GN in proximal grains to total GN declined, and the proportion in distal grains increased. Average single grain weight (SGW) increased linearly at G1, G2, G3, and G4 with year of release and contributed to the increase in TGW. The G3 and G4 grain positions had much lower individual grain weights but increased at a faster rate than G1 and G2. At G1, G2, and G3 grain positions, from bottom to top spikelets, the newly released cultivars had the heaviest grains and the old cultivars had the lightest grains. New cultivars had more spikelets than old cultivars and the number of grains (proximal and distal grains) in the apical spike increased with year of release. The length of five internodes decreased significantly with year of release, more so in the upper than lower internodes, all of which contributed to the decline in plant height. In summary, increasing the number and weight of distal grains could increase grain yield, TGW, and GN.
18
Wang, Tian Guo, Qun Qin, and Dong Jian Zhou. "Effect of Er2O3 on the Microstructure and Electrical Properties of (Er, Ta)-Doped Tio2 Capacitor-Varistor Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 216 (March 2011): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.216.563.
Анотація:
TiO2-based capacitor-varistor ceramics doped with Er2O3 were prepared and the microstructures and nonlinear electrical properties were investigated. The results show that there exist second phase Er2TiO3 on the surface of TiO2 grains. The grain size was found to decrease with increasing Er2O3 content. The addition of rare earth oxide Er2O3 leads to increase the nonlinear coefficient and the breakdown voltage. It was found that the nonlinear coefficient presents a peak of α = 4.5 for the sample doped with 1.1 mol% Er2O3, which isconsistent with the highest grain boundary in the composition. In order to illustrate the role of grain boundary barriers for TiO2-Ta2O5-Er2O3 varistors, a grian boundary defect barrier model was introduced.
19
Tolaba, Marcela P., Mercedes Peltzer, Natalia Enriquez, and Marı́a Lucı́a Pollio. "Grain sorption equilibria of quinoa grains." Journal of Food Engineering 61, no. 3 (February 2004): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0260-8774(03)00143-2.
20
Jellinger, Kurt A. "Dementia with Grains (Argyrophilic Grain Disease)." Brain Pathology 8, no. 2 (April 5, 2006): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00161.x.
21
Piot, David, Gilles Damamme, and Frank Montheillet. "Mesoscopic Modeling of Discontinuous Dynamic Recrystallization: Steady-State Grain Size Distributions." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.234.
Анотація:
A simple mesoscale model was developed for discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. The material is described on a grain scale as a set of (variable) spherical grains. Each grain is characterized by two internal variables: its diameter and dislocation density (assumed homogeneous within the grain). Each grain is then considered in turn as an inclusion, embedded in a homogeneous equivalent matrix, the properties of which are obtained by averaging over all the grains. The model includes: (i) a grain boundary migration equation driving the evolution of grain sizeviathe mobility of grain boundaries, which is coupled with (ii) a dislocation-density evolution equation, such as the Yoshie–Laasraoui–Jonas or Kocks–Mecking relationship, involving strain hardening and dynamic recovery, and (iii) an equation governing the total number of grains in the system due to the nucleation of new grains. The model can be used to predict transient and steady-state flow stresses, recrystallized fractions, and grain-size distributions. The effect of the distribution of grain-boundary mobilities has been investigated.
22
Zholobov, N. V., and K. V. Maishev. "Grain loss sensor for pneumatic separation systems of grain-cleaning machines." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 6 (June 15, 2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66174.
Анотація:
One of the reasons of poor effectiveness of machines for postharvest grain handling is the difficulty of optimal modes setting under constantly changing input actions. Using of hardware check and technological process control instead of manual adjustment will reduce the costs and improve the quality of postharvest grain handling. A grain loss sensor for device of parameter checkout of technological process of pneumatic systems of grain-cleaning machines is developed. Its operation is based on the analysis of parameters of sound pressure signal, that arises when grains blowing together with impurities are hitting against a wall of settling chamber. The sensor design is developed on the basis of Soho T-1 low-cost piezometric transducer. The sensor is located on the outer side of a wall against which grains are hitting, and lies outside the air stream carrying the impurities and dust. Therefore, the reliability of the sensor increases, and the air stream structure in pneumatic separation system remains steady. The parameters of sound signal arising when grains are hitting against a wall of settling chamber are determined. The researches were conducted with the grains of wheat, rye, oats and barley; the grain moisture content was varied within the range from 12.6 to 35%. The dependencies between the parameters of sound signal arising when grains are hitting against a wall of settling chamber and the grain loss level have been obtained. The operational capability of the sensor was tested on an experimental model of pneumatic separator installed on postharvest grain handling line. The sensor can be adapted for operation in other pneumatic systems of grain-cleaning machines.
23
Li, Qiuping, Fei Deng, Yuling Zeng, Bo Li, Chenyan He, Youyun Zhu, Xing Zhou, et al. "Low Light Stress Increases Chalkiness by Disturbing Starch Synthesis and Grain Filling of Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 9153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169153.
Анотація:
Low light stress increases the chalkiness of rice; however, this effect has not been fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that low light resulted in markedly decreased activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the grains and those of sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase in the early period of grain filling. Furthermore, low light also resulted in decreased activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in the late period of grain filling. Therefore, the maximum and mean grain filling rates were reduced but the time to reach the maximum grain filling rates and effective grain filling period were increased by low light. Thus, it significantly decreased the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and grain weight and retarded the endosperm growth and development, leading to a loose arrangement of the amyloplasts and an increase in the chalkiness of the rice grains. Compared to the grains at the top panicle part, low light led to a greater decrease in the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and time to reach the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate at the bottom panicle part, which contributed to an increase in chalkiness by increasing the rates of different chalky types at the bottom panicle part. In conclusion, low light disturbed starch synthesis in grains, thereby impeding the grain filling progress and increasing chalkiness, particularly for grains at the bottom panicle part.
24
Suchowilska, Elżbieta, Marian Wiwart, Rudolf Krska, and Wolfgang Kandler. "Do Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum spelta L. Hybrids Constitute a Promising Source Material for Quality Breeding ofNew Wheat Varieties?" Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010043.
Анотація:
The aim of this two-year study was to determine whether the contents of macronutrients and macro and microelements in wheat grain can be increased by crossbreeding Triticum aestivum and T. spelta. The experimental material comprised the grains of F6 and F7 hybrids and their parental forms. The element content of grain was determined by ICP-SFMS. Hybrid grains had significantly higher ash contents than bread wheat grain (1.90% and 1.93% versus 1.62%). Crude protein content was lowest in bread wheat grain (11.75%) and highest in spelt grain (14.67%). Hybrid grains had significantly higher protein contents (12.97% and13.19%) than bread wheat grain. In both years of the study, the concentrations of P, S, Mg and Ca were highest in spelt grain, whereas their content in hybrids was lower than in spelt grain, but higher than in bread wheat grain. The concentrations of desirable microelements were highest in spelt grain, and the micronutrient profile of hybrid grains was more similar to bread wheat than spelt. Therefore, the hybrids can constitute promising source material for quality breeding in wheat.
25
Kuronen, Mikko, and Lasse Leskelä. "Hard-Core Thinnings of Germ‒Grain Models with Power-Law Grain Sizes." Advances in Applied Probability 45, no. 3 (September 2013): 595–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1377868531.
Анотація:
Random sets with long-range dependence can be generated using a Boolean model with power-law grain sizes. We study thinnings of such Boolean models which have the hard-core property that no grains overlap in the resulting germ‒grain model. A fundamental question is whether long-range dependence is preserved under such thinnings. To answer this question, we study four natural thinnings of a Poisson germ‒grain model where the grains are spheres with a regularly varying size distribution. We show that a thinning which favors large grains preserves the slow correlation decay of the original model, whereas a thinning which favors small grains does not. Our most interesting finding concerns the case where only disjoint grains are retained, which corresponds to the well-known Matérn type-I thinning. In the resulting germ‒grain model, typical grains have exponentially small sizes, but rather surprisingly, the long-range dependence property is still present. As a byproduct, we obtain new mechanisms for generating homogeneous and isotropic random point configurations having a power-law correlation decay.
26
Kuronen, Mikko, and Lasse Leskelä. "Hard-Core Thinnings of Germ‒Grain Models with Power-Law Grain Sizes." Advances in Applied Probability 45, no. 03 (September 2013): 595–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800006509.
Анотація:
Random sets with long-range dependence can be generated using a Boolean model with power-law grain sizes. We study thinnings of such Boolean models which have the hard-core property that no grains overlap in the resulting germ‒grain model. A fundamental question is whether long-range dependence is preserved under such thinnings. To answer this question, we study four natural thinnings of a Poisson germ‒grain model where the grains are spheres with a regularly varying size distribution. We show that a thinning which favors large grains preserves the slow correlation decay of the original model, whereas a thinning which favors small grains does not. Our most interesting finding concerns the case where only disjoint grains are retained, which corresponds to the well-known Matérn type-I thinning. In the resulting germ‒grain model, typical grains have exponentially small sizes, but rather surprisingly, the long-range dependence property is still present. As a byproduct, we obtain new mechanisms for generating homogeneous and isotropic random point configurations having a power-law correlation decay.
27
Hirashita, Hiroyuki, and Vladimir B. Il’in. "Evolution of dust grain size distribution and grain porosity in galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, no. 4 (November 27, 2021): 5771–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3455.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT The radiative properties of interstellar dust are affected not only by the grain size distribution but also by the grain porosity. We develop a model for the evolution of size-dependent grain porosity and grain size distribution over the entire history of galaxy evolution. We include stellar dust production, supernova dust destruction, shattering, coagulation, and accretion. Coagulation is assumed to be the source of grain porosity. We use a one-zone model with a constant dense gas fraction (ηdense), which regulates the balance between shattering and coagulation. We find that porosity develops after small grains are sufficiently created by the interplay between shattering and accretion (at age t ∼ 1 Gyr for star formation time-scale τSF = 5 Gyr) and are coagulated. The filling factor drops down to 0.3 at grain radii $\sim 0.03~ {\mu m}$ for ηdense = 0.5. The grains are more porous for smaller ηdense because small grains, from which porous coagulated grains form, are more abundant. We also calculate the extinction curves based on the above results. The porosity steepens the extinction curve significantly for silicate, but not much for amorphous carbon. The porosity also increases the collisional cross-sections and produces slightly more large grains through the enhanced coagulation; however, the extinction curve does not necessarily become flatter because of the steepening effect by porosity. We also discuss the implication of our results for the Milky Way extinction curve.
28
Ye, Liyan, Bizhou Mei, and Liming Yu. "Modeling of Abnormal Grain Growth that Considers Anisotropic Grain Boundary Energies by Cellular Automaton Model." Metals 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101717.
Анотація:
A new cellular automaton (CA) model of abnormal grain growth (AGG) that considers anisotropic grain boundary energies was developed in this paper. The anisotropic grain boundary energy was expressed based on two types of grains, which correspond to two components of different crystallographic orientation in textured materials. The CA model was established by assigning different grain boundary energies and grain-growth-driven mechanisms to four types of grain boundaries formed by two types of grains. The grain boundaries formed by different kinds of grains adopted the lowest energy principle, while the grain boundaries formed by the same kind of grains adopted the curvature-driven mechanism. The morphology calculated by the CA model shows the characteristics of AGG. Then, the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) model was fitted to predict the growth kinetics. By analyzing the fitting results, the JMA model is capable of predicting the growth kinetics of AGG. The Avrami exponent p decreases from about 1.5 to 1 with the initial number of Type II grains increasing. The investigation of the Hillert model and grain size distribution further indicates that the microstructure evolution is consistent with AGG. Therefore, the analysis of morphology and kinetics indicates that AGG can be fairly well-simulated by the present CA model.
29
Akter, Khaleda, S. H. Habib, M. K. Bashar, and A. M. Nurunnabi. "GENETIC ANALYSIS AND SELECTION CRITERIA IN ADVANCED BREEDING LINES OF DEEP WATER RICE." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i1.17024.
Анотація:
Thirty advanced breeding lines of deep-water rice were evaluated during T. Aman season (rainfed ecosystem) with a view to finding out variability and genetic association for grain yield and its component characters. All the tested characters showed significant variation. The highest genetic variability was obtained in filled grains/panicle followed by plant height. Panicles/plant, filled grains/panicle and grain yield had high genetic coefficient of variation and heritability in broad sense coupled with high genetic advance in percentage of mean. Panicle length, panicles/plant, plant height, filled grains/panicle and harvest index showed significant positive association with grain yield. Path coefficient analysis also revealed maximum positive and direct contribution of filled grain to grain yield followed by panicles/plant, 1000-grain weight and flag leaf area. Moreover, plant height had the highest indirect effect on grain yield through filled grains/panicle. Flag leaf area, harvest index and panicle length also had higher positive indirect effect on grain yield through filled grains/panicle.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i1.17024
30
Rios, Paulo Rangel, Martin E. Glicksman, and Daniel Lewis. "Advances in Grain Growth Theory." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.211.
Анотація:
The theoretical description of grain growth was based for many years on the so-calledspherical model. The spherical model represents a polyhedral grain with N faces and a volume, V ,by a sphere with an equal volume having the equivalent grain radius, R. That model leads to severalinteresting results concerning normal and abnormal grain growth as well as grain size distribution.Nevertheless, representation of grains by spheres entails a fundamental limitation: namely, all topo-logical information of the polyhedral grain is forsaken. The rich variety of grain shapes occurringin three-dimensional polycrystalline networks, however, makes their energetic and kinetic analysesextremely difficult. To simplify analyses of isotropic polycrystals, average N-hedra and generalizedN-hedra ANHs or GNHs .N D 3; 4; 5;1/ were created as a set of regular polyhedra, consisting ofN identical faces that act as topological proxies for analyzing irregular grains containing N mixedfaces. The adoption of ANH/GNH as representations of polyhedral grains led to further progress inour understanding of grain growth, particularly those aspects related to topological behavior. This pa-per summarizes some recent advances of representing polyhedral grains by ANHs/GNHs rather thanby spheres.
31
PERWEEN, SHAHINA, NISAR AKHTAR, KRISHNA PRASAD, SURYA PRAKASH, and EKHAQUE AHMAD. "Correlation Studies of three different F Population 2in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." JOURNAL OF AGRISEARCH 9, no. 03 (September 3, 2021): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i03.11004.
Анотація:
This study was performed to determine the assosiation between seventeen agronomic traits of three Fpopulation viz;Dhanrashi x Wita-12, Dhanrashi x Shyamala and Sahbhagidhan x 2Birsamati in riceat Birsa Agricultural University , Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkand in 2019. Sixteen characters were assessed in this study viz days to flowering, plant height, panicles per plant, panicle length, primary branches per panicle, secondary branches per panicle, spikelets per panicle, grains per panicle, 100 grain weight, total yield per plant, grain yield per plant, unfilled grains per plant, grains per plant, spikelets per plant, grain length and grain breadth. Results showed that all the characters except days to flowering and 100 grain weight were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield per plant and grains per panicle in all F2 populations. grain yield per plant was negatively and less assosiated with grain length and L/B ratio in both Dhanrashi x Wita-12and Sahbhagidhan x Birsamatiwhere as in Dhanrashi x Shyamalagrain yield is negatively associated with only L/B ratio.
32
He, Zhenghua, Yuhui Sha, Ning Shan, Yongkuang Gao, Fan Lei, Fang Zhang, and Liang Zuo. "Secondary Recrystallization Goss Texture Development in a Binary Fe81Ga19 Sheet Induced by Inherent Grain Boundary Mobility." Metals 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121254.
Анотація:
Secondary recrystallization Goss texture was efficiently achieved in rolled, binary Fe81Ga19 alloy sheets without the traditional dependence on inhibitors and the surface energy effect. The development of abnormal grain growth (AGG) of Goss grains was analyzed by quasi-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The special primary recrystallization texture with strong {112}–{111}<110> and weak Goss texture provides the inherent pinning effect for normal grain growth by a large number of low angle grain boundaries (<15°) and very high angle grain boundaries (>45°) according to the calculation of misorientation angle distribution. The evolution of grain orientation and grain boundary characteristic indicates that the higher fraction of high energy grain boundaries (20–45°) around primary Goss grains supplies a relative advantage in grain boundary mobility from 950 °C to 1000 °C. The secondary recrystallization in binary Fe81Ga19 alloy is realized in terms of the controllable grain boundary mobility difference between Goss and matrix grains, coupled with the orientation and misorientation angle distribution of adjacent matrix grains.
33
Yang, Xu Yue, Masayoshi Sanada, Hiromi Miura, and Taku Sakai. "Effect of Initial Grain Size on Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of Magnesium Alloy AZ31." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.223.
Анотація:
Hot deformation and associated structural changes were studied in compression of a magnesium alloy AZ31 with initial grain sizes (D0) of 22 µm and 90 µm at a temperature of 573K. D0 influences significantly the flow curve and the kinetics of grain refinement during hot deformation. For D0 = 22 µm, grain fragmentation takes place due to frequent formation of kink bands initially at corrugated grain boundaries and then in grain interiors in low strain, followed by full development of new fine grains in high strain. For D0 = 90 µm, in contrast, twinning takes place in coarser original grains, and then kink bands and new fine grains are formed mainly in finer ones at low strains. Then new grains are formed in necklace along the boundaries of coarse original grains, followed by their development into the grain interiors. Grain refinement in the Mg alloy can be concluded to result from a series of deformation-induced continuous reactions, they are essentially similar to continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX).
34
Gudepu, Sandhya, Damodar Raju Chennamadhavuni, and Sumalini Katragadda. "Variability and association studies for yield and yield contributing traits in long grain rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 59, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2022.59.4.3.
Анотація:
Thirty accessions of long grain rice with grain length > 6.2mm including two checks viz., KNM 118 and IR 64 were evaluated to study variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and yield attributing traits. High range of variation, PCV and GCV were observed for number of effective tillers per plant, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for number of effective tillers per plant, plant height, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, kernel length, kernel L/B ratio, grain length, grain L/B ratio and grain yield per plant. Among all the entries tested KPS 6363 and KPS 3272 were found promising with higher grain yield per plant. Correlation analysis revealed that plant height, panicle weight, grain breadth exhibited a significant and positive association with grain yield per plant. Path analysis revealed that among quantitative traits number of effective tillers per plant, plant height, panicle weight and number of grains per panicle and quality traits kernel breadth, kernel L/B ratio, grain length and kernel L/B ratio had shown positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by kernel breadth, plant height, panicle weight, grain length and number of grains per panicle and these traits can be used as selection indices for development of high yielding rice varieties coupled with quality.
35
Ko, Kyung Jun, Pil Ryung Cha, Jong Tae Park, Jae Kwan Kim, and Nong Moon Hwang. "Phase Field Model Simulation of Grain Growth in Three Dimensions under Isotropic and Anisotropic Grain Boundary Energy Conditions." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1101.
Анотація:
Phase-field model (PFM) in multiple orientation fields was used to simulate the grain growth in three-dimensions (3-D) for isotropic and anisotropic grain boundary energy. In the simulation, the polycrystalline microstructure was described by a set of non-conserved order parameters and each order parameter describes each orientation of grains. For isotropic grain boundary energy, the simulation showed the microstructure evolution of normal grain growth. For anisotropic grain boundary energy, however, the simulation showed that certain grains which share a high fraction of low energy grain boundaries with other grains have a high probability to grow by wetting along triple junctions and can grow abnormally with a growth advantage of solid-state wetting. The PFM simulation shows the realistic microstructural evolution of island and peninsular grains during abnormal grain growth by solid-state wetting.
36
Lee, Sang-Hyun, Jeong Sik Choi, and Duk Yong Yoon. "The Dependence of Abnormal Grain Growth on Initial Grain Size in 316 L Stainless Steel." International Journal of Materials Research 92, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2001-0126.
Анотація:
Abstract When 316 L stainless steel specimens are compressed to 30% and annealed at 1300 °C, primary recrystallization rapidly occurs and grains grow normally during further annealing treatment. Thus by annealing for various periods at 1300 °C, specimens with varying average sizes with identical normalized grain size distributions are obtained. When these specimens are heat-treated again at temperatures below 1150 °C, abnormal grain growth (AGG) occurs depending critically on the initial grain size.With decreasing initial grain size, AGG begins earlier during the heat-treatment, and if the initial grain size is large, only slow grain growth occurs without any distinct AGG for periods up to 48 and 96 h. It is observed that AGG occurs by faster growth of large grains with their velocities expected to increase nonlinearly with the driving force arising from the size difference. Because the AGG structure develops gradually, there is not really a well defined incubation time. With the same initial grain size the initiation ofAGGis slower at lower temperatures. A step heat-treatment experiment shows that if there are large grains embedded in the matrix of fine grains, they can grow abnormally under the condition where no AGG occurs with a narrow grain size distribution. The extremely slow grain growth with initially large average grain sizes is attributed to the low grain boundary velocity limited by the boundary step nucleation or growth. It is proposed that the same boundary step mechanism is qualitatively consistent with abnormal growth of the large grains with singular grain boundaries at low temperatures.
37
Zhang, Jiarui, Fan Yang, Yaping Liu, Zheng Zhong, and Jinfeng Zhao. "On the deformation-induced grain rotations in gradient nano-grained copper based on molecular dynamics simulations." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0010.
Анотація:
Abstract In this paper, the mechanical behavior of gradient nano-grained copper under uniaxial deformation was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The stress response was found to be different in the regions with different grain sizes, which was attributed to the different dislocation activities due to the dislocation-grain boundary synergies. The phenomenon of grain rotation was observed and a program was developed to accurately evaluate the grain rotation and explore its dependence on the grain size and the initial crystal orientation. It is found that all grains tend to rotate to the 30° orientation, consistent with the activation theory of the slip systems under the uniaxial deformation. The rotation magnitude is larger for larger grains, but the rotation rate is more diversely distributed for smaller grains, indicating more disturbance from grain boundary mechanisms such as the grain boundary sliding and the grain boundary diffusion for smaller grains. The effect of temperature on the grain rotation is also investigated, showing an increase of the dispersion of grain rotation distribution with the increase of temperature. This paper aims at providing insights into the synergistic deformation mechanisms from dislocations and grain boundaries accounting for the exceptional ductility of the gradient nano-grained metals.
38
Likhayo, Paddy, Anani Y. Bruce, Tadele Tefera, and Jones Mueke. "Maize Grain Stored in Hermetic Bags: Effect of Moisture and Pest Infestation on Grain Quality." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (November 4, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2515698.
Анотація:
Maize (Zea mays) is an important staple food crop produced by the majority of smallholder farmers that provides household food security through direct consumption and income generation. However, postharvest grain losses caused by insect pests during storage pose a major constraint to household food security. Hermetic storage technology is an alternative method that minimises postharvest losses by depleting oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide levels within the storage container through metabolic respiration of the grains, insects, and microorganism. Maize grain was stored for 180 days in hermetic bags or open-weave polypropylene bags to compare quality preservation when subject to initial grain moisture contents of 12, 14, 16, and 18 percent and infestation by Sitophilus zeamais. The moisture content of grain in hermetic bags remained unchanged while in polypropylene bags decreased. Dry grains (12% moisture content) stored well in hermetic bags and suffered 1.2% weight loss while for equivalent grains in polypropylene bags the weight loss was 35.8%. Moist grains (18% moisture content) recorded the lowest insect density (7 adults/kg grain) in hermetic bags while polypropylene bags had the highest (1273 adults/kg grain). Hermetic and polypropylene bags recorded the lowest (0–4 adults/kg grain) and highest (16–41 adults/kg grain) Prostephanus truncatus population, respectively. Discoloured grains were 4, 6, and 12 times more in grains at 14, 16, and 18 than 12 percent moisture content in hermetic bags. Grains at 18% moisture content recorded significantly lower oxygen (10.2%) and higher carbon dioxide (18.9%) levels. Holes made by P. truncatus in the hermetic bags were observed. In conclusion, storage of moist grains (14–18% moisture content) in hermetic bags may pose health risk due to grain discolouration caused by fungal growth that produces mycotoxins if the grains enter the food chain. The study was on only one site which was hot and dry and further investigation under cool, hot, and humid conditions is required.
39
Habib, S. H., K. M. Iftekharuddaula, M. K. Bashar, Khaleda Akter, and M. K. Hossain. "GENETIC VARIATION, CORRELATION AND SELECTION INDICES IN ADVANCED BREEDING LINES OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 20, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i1.17015.
Анотація:
Forty advanced breeding lines of rice were studied during T Aman season (rainfed ecosystem) for finding out selection indices, variability and character association for grain yield and its components. All the tested characters were found showing significant variation. The highest genotypic, environmental and phenotypic variances were found in filled grains/panicle followed by plant height. High heritability associated with high genetic advance were obtained in panicles/hill, plant height, filled grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. Genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients in most of the cases. Panicle length, panicles/hill and filled grains/panicle showed significant positive correlation with grain yield. Path analysis revealed that filled grains/panicle, panicles/hill and 1000-grain weight had positive and highest direct effects on grain yield. Moreover, panicle length had highest indirect effect on grain yield through filled grains/panicle. Discriminant function analysis revealed that a progressive increase in the efficiency of selection was observed with the inclusion of additional character in the selection index. Among the single variable indices, filled grains/panicle showed maximum relative efficiency over the straight selection for grain yield. The highest relative efficiency was observed with index involving seven characters, days to maturity + panicle length + panicles/hill + plant height + filled grains/panicle + 1000-grain weight + yield (t/ha). However, some of 3-traits, 4- traits, 5- traits, and 6- traits indices were also equally good.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i1.17015
40
Rios, Paulo Rangel, and G. S. Fonseca. "Measuring and Modeling Grain, Grain Boundary and Grain Edge Average Curvature and their Application to Grain Growth." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2530.
Анотація:
Alongside volume fraction, VV, and area per unit of volume, SV, the integral interface curvature per unit of volume, MV, or the average interface curvature, H, are important microstructural descriptors. For grain growth, the grain boundary curvature is of special importance because, in addition to its geometrical significance, it is also the driving force for boundary migration. Notwithstanding its importance, curvature has been seldom measured and utilized in the analysis of polycrystals. Geometrical models were derived for the average curvature of individual grains, of grain boundaries and of grain edges, as a function of the mean intercept length. These models show good agreement with curvature measurements in an Al-1mass%Mn alloy. Furthermore, this work shows how grain boundary curvature measurement can be applied to normal grain growth as well as to the effect of particles on grain boundary pinning.
41
Feil, Boy, and Dario Fossati. "Mineral Composition of Triticale Grains as Related to Grain Yield and Grain Protein." Crop Science 35, no. 5 (September 1995): 1426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500050028x.
42
Mirosavljević, Milan, Sanja Mikić, Ankica Kondić Špika, Vesna Župunski, Rong Zhou, Lamis Abdelhakim, and Carl-Otto Ottosen. "The effect of heat stress on some main spike traits in 12 wheat cultivars at anthesis and mid-grain filling stage." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 2 (February 5, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/457/2020-pse.
Анотація:
High temperature decreases winter wheat grain yield by reducing the grain number and grain weight. The effect of heat stress on spike grain distribution and weight of individual grains within spike and spikelets was less studied. Our aim is to identify influence of high temperatures during different phenological stages on spike grain distribution and weight and to explore genotypic variation of the studied wheat cultivars. Within this study, a controlled experiment was conducted with 12 different winter wheat cultivars under heat stress at anthesis and mid-grain filling stage. The results showed that spike grain weight, thousand-grain weight and grain number per spike decreased moderately in treatments with individual heat stress at anthesis and mid-grain filling period, respectively, which decreased severely in the multiple heat stressed plants at both stages compared with the control treatment. Heat stress decreased number of spikelets with grains. Grain weight at the G1, G2 and G3 positions had a positive relationship with spike grain weight. Among the studied Serbian wheat cultivars Subotičanka and Renesansa were identified as the most heat tolerant and sensitive, respectively. Heat tolerance of the studied cultivars should be based on the cultivar capacity to retain higher grain weight, and to maintain production of distal spikelet grains.
43
Wang, Shun Cheng, Zheng Hua Huang, Wen Jun Qi, and Kai Hong Zheng. "Effect of Al-5Zr-1.1B Grain Refiner on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 816 (April 2015): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.816.337.
Анотація:
An Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner was prepared by in-situ synthesis from Al melt and K2ZrF4+KBF4 mixed powder. The microstructure of Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner was analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS. The effect of Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied. Results show that a large number of fine ZrB2 particles were observed in the Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner and the ZrB2 particles could act as the heterogeneous nuclei of α-Mg grains. With the increase of the addition amount of Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner, the α-Mg grains of AZ91D magnesium alloy were refined from coarse dendrites to equiaxed grains. When the addition amount of Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner increased to 0.6%, the α-Mg grains of AZ91D magnesium alloy were refined to fine equiaxed grains with an average diameter of 45 μm, and the tensile strength and elongation of AZ91D magnesium alloy were improved to 195.3 MPa and 3.94%, respectively. The α-Mg grains average diameter of AZ91D magnesium alloy decreased by 73.5% and the tensile strength and elongation improved by 25.9% and 27.9% compared with that of AZ91D magnesium alloy without adding the Al-5Zr-1.1B grain refiner. It is concluded that the Al-5Zr-1.1B is an effective grain refiner to refine the α-Mg grains of AZ91D magnesium alloy.
44
Doverbratt, Isa, and Helena Alexanderson. "Transferring Grains from Single-Grain Luminescence Discs to SEM Specimen Stubs." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2040087.
Анотація:
The grain transfer protocol presents a step-by-step guide on how to successfully transfer positioned grains from a single-grain luminescence disc to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) specimen stub and how to transport them between laboratories. Single-grain luminescence analysis allows the determination of luminescence characteristics for individual sand-sized grains. By combining such luminescence data with other grain properties such as geochemical composition, shape, or structure also at single-grain level, it is possible to investigate factors controlling luminescence signals or study other material properties. The non-luminescence properties are typically measured in another instrument; thus, grains need to be transferred between machines and sample holders, and sometimes also between laboratories. It is then important that the position of each grain is known and stable so that the properties from the same grain are compared. By providing an easily observable orientation marker on the specimen stub, the hundred numbered grains from the single-grain disc can be transferred and later identified when analyzed in the SEM.
45
Qu, Ying Dong, Rong De Li, Yan Hua Bai, Qiang Li, Hong Wang Yang, and Rui Chun Wang. "Simulation of Grain Growing Process of Zinc-Aluminium Alloy under High Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.228.
Анотація:
Under high pressure of more than 1GPa, the grain growing process of Zinc-Aluminium (ZA) alloy is difficult observed by experimental method, therefore numerical simulation method is used to observe grain growing process of ZA alloy. Pressure as a important variable is leading-in thermodynamic parameters of ZA alloy, then solute diffusion and redistribution model, grain nucleating and growing model are present, and dendrite growth module is applied to describe grain growth. The simulation results of grain growth process under high pressure are demonstrated: In the initially solidification stage, grains are equiaxed growing process, after 15s solidification time, dendrite arm size are not equal, the reason is there are nonhomogeneous temperature fields around grains, which make some grains appear fast growing velocity, even it can be observed that dendrite arm of different grains are meet each other at 25s solidification time. Comparing simulated microstructure with experimental microstructure under 2GPa high pressure, it shows both grain size and grain distribution are similar, proving that the grain growing process can be well observed by simulation method.
46
Damamme, Gilles, David Piot, Frank Montheillet, and S. Lee Semiatin. "A Model of Discontinuous Dynamic Recrystallization and its Application for Nickel Alloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2543.
Анотація:
A simple mesoscale model was developed for discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. The material is described on a grain scale as a set of (variable) spherical grains. Each grain is characterized by two internal variables: its diameter and dislocation density (assumed homogeneous within the grain). Each grain is then considered in turn as an inclusion, embedded in a homogeneous equivalent matrix, the properties of which are obtained by averaging over all the grains. The model includes: (i) a grain boundary migration equation driving the evolution of grain size via the mobility of grain boundaries, which is coupled with (ii) a dislocation-density evolution equation, such as the Yoshie–Laasraoui–Jonas or Kocks–Mecking relationship, involving strain hardening and dynamic recovery, and (iii) an equation governing the total number of grains in the system due to the nucleation of new grains. The model can be used to predict transient and steady-state flow stresses, recrystallized fractions, and grain-size distributions. A method to fit the model coefficients is also described. The application of the model to pure Ni is presented.
47
Hodge, Rebecca A., Hal Voepel, Julian Leyland, David A. Sear, and Sharif Ahmed. "X-ray computed tomography reveals that grain protrusion controls critical shear stress for entrainment of fluvial gravels." Geology 48, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46883.1.
Анотація:
Abstract The critical shear stress (τc) for grain entrainment is a poorly constrained control on bedload transport rates in rivers. Direct calculations of τc have been hindered by the inability to measure the geometry of in situ grains; i.e., the shape and location of each grain relative to surrounding grains and the bed surface. We present the first complete suite of three-dimensional (3-D) grain geometry parameters for 1055 water-worked grains, and use these to parameterize a new 3-D grain entrainment model and hence estimate τc. The 3-D data were collected using X-ray computed tomography scanning of sediment samples extracted from a prototype scale flume experiment. We find that (1) parameters including pivot angle and proportional grain exposure do not vary systematically with relative grain size; (2) τc is primarily controlled by grain protrusion, not pivot angle; and (3) larger grains experience larger forces as a result of projecting higher into the flow profile, producing equal mobility. We suggest that grain protrusion is a suitable proxy for assessing gravel-bed stability.
48
Ameenuddin, Md, Bavireddy Vishwanth Kumar, Soma Yashwanth, Kushal Sahu, and Ganjikunta Teja. "Quality Testing of Rice Grains Using Image Processing Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47468.
Анотація:
Abstract: Quality Testing of Rice Grains is testing of grain to evaluate the planting value and the authenticity of the certified lot. There are certain limitations to human eye to observe the Grain. So, the electronic world helps us to separate the faulty Grains from quality Grains. The specific target to be achieved is the development of a rice quality detection system that can assess the quality of rice using digital image processing. The evaluation of the rice grains on the basic grain size and shape using image processing edge detection algorithm is used to find the region of boundaries in each grain. Grain testing is done mainly for moisture, germination and physical purity of Grains. The performance of Image Processing reduces the time of operation.
49
PELTONEN-SAINIO, P., S. MUURINEN, M. VILPPU, A. RAJALA, F. GATES, and A. M. KIRKKARI. "Germination and grain vigour of naked oat in response to grain moisture at harvest." Journal of Agricultural Science 137, no. 2 (September 2001): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001228.
Анотація:
Naked oat grain, which is free from lemma and palea, has high nutritional quality, but the unprotected grain is prone to mechanical damages caused by combine harvesting. Naked oats were grown for 3 years in southern Finland, at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki (60° 13′N) to produce seed material for laboratory tests that evaluated: (1) genotypic differences of naked oat in sensitivity to damage during harvesting at grain moisture varying from c. 10% up to 50%, (2) the effect of mechanical damage on germination and grain vigour, and (3) grain characteristics contributing to susceptibility to reduced grain viability. In 1997, one naked (Rhiannon) and husked oat cultivar (Salo) were harvested, and in 1998–1999 additional four naked cultivars (Bullion, Lisbeth, Neon, SW 95926) were included. One large plot (14 m×10 m) was sown per cultivar. Two sowing times were used. Fully ripened grains were combine harvested on several occasions for each plot to obtain differences in grain moisture at harvest. Simultaneously, panicle samples were collected, dried and threshed by hand (controls). Grain moisture at each sampling and harvesting was monitored. About 3 months after harvesting, germination tests on blotting paper were carried out. Proportions of normally developed seedlings, seedlings lacking either radicle or hypocotyl, damaged coleoptiles, dead grains and lethally fungus-infected grains were recorded from combine harvested and hand threshed samples on different cultivars and harvest moistures. Tests on seedling elongation, seedling emergence through sand (2 cm and 5 cm depth), and ion leakage were applied to evaluate grain vigour. Groat weight, diameter, length, roundness, hardness and protrusion of embryo were determined.Our results indicated that naked cultivars were far more prone to mechanical damages than husked Salo, but differences among naked cultivars in susceptibility occurred. When targeting germination of [ges ] 75%, grain moisture at harvest should not exceed 19–26% depending on cultivar. Abnormal seedlings appeared irrespective of grain moisture at harvest, but the higher the grain moisture, more dead grains were found in harvested grains after storage. Seed vigour did not alter parallel to germination ability. High proportion of small grains in harvested yield and softer groats contributed to decreased sensitivity to mechanical damages.
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Wang, Guang Zong, Da Quan Li, and Qiang Zhu. "Investigation on the Physical and Chemical Grain Refinement of the Mg-10Sm Alloy." Materials Science Forum 816 (April 2015): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.816.459.
Анотація:
In this paper the physical and chemical grain refining of the Mg-10Sm alloy was investigated. Physical grain refinement was achieved by strongly shearing the melt above the liquidus temperature using a twin-screw string device and then cast at the near liquidus temperature. Chemical grain refiner was added into Zr master alloy in the melt. Casting the Mg-10Sm alloy at 730°C produced an extremely coarse microstructure consisting of huge dendritic grains. The physical grain refinement greatly refined the dendritic grains to smaller rosette grains, being reduced from several millimeters to about 200μm. Chemical grain refinement produced fine and equiaxed grain structure with size of approximated 111μm. Combination of the physical and chemical grain refinement creates more significant refining effect than either of the two methods.