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1
Korte, Chris J., Patrick Wilson, Brian Kearns, Glenn J. Fitzgerald, Joe F. Panozzo, Cassandra K. Walker, Brendan Christy, et al. "Potential impact of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change on Victorian wheat marketing grades and value." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 11 (2019): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The potential impact of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and future climate predicted for 2050 on wheat marketing grades and grain value was evaluated for Victoria, Australia. This evaluation was based on measured grain yield and quality from the Australian Grains FACE program and commercial grain delivery data from Victoria for five seasons (2009–13). Extrapolation of relationships derived from field experimentation under elevated [CO2] to the Victorian wheat crop indicated that 34% of grain would be downgraded by one marketing grade (range 1–62% depending on season and region) because of reduced protein concentration; and that proportions of high-protein wheat grades would reduce and proportions of lower protein grades would increase, with the largest increase in the Australian Standard White (ASW1) grade. Simulation modelling with predicted 2050 [CO2] and future climate indicated reduced wheat yields compared with 2009–13 but higher and lower grain quality depending on region. The Mallee Region was most negatively affected by climate change, with a predicted 43% yield reduction and 43% of grain downgraded by one marketing grade. Using 2016 prices, the value of Victorian wheat grain was influenced mainly by production in the different scenarios, with quality changes in different scenarios having minimal impact on grain value.
2
Humphries, Talia, and Singarayer Florentine. "Cultivation of low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa L. cultivation in Victoria, Australia: Do we know enough?" June 2019, no. 13(06) 2019 (June 20, 2019): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.06.p1669.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Late 2017, the ban on the cultivation and consumption of low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa L. in Victoria, was lifted by the Federal Government of Australia. Its legalization presents the opportunity for Victoria to become a leading producer and distributer of these economically valuable hemp products. However, as a novel crop to Victoria, there is little information available for obtaining economically viable yields. Therefore, the objectives of this review were to firstly, develop an understanding of the environmental requirements shared by C. sativa cultivars, and what conditions promote fibre and grain yields. Secondly, it seeks to identify what farming practices have been conducted throughout Europe, Canada and China, and to explore whether these practices could be adapted to Victoria. Thirdly, the review will assist in making recommendations regarding which cultivars would be ‘potential’ candidates for commencing trials under Victorian climates so to find out the varieties that can provide high yields for fibre, grain and dual-purpose production. This review notes that Victoria shares a similar climate to central Europe, and has an ideal climate for the development of a successful hemp industry, as it has suitable lengths of daylight throughout spring and summer months and meets the precipitation requirements. This review has thus strongly suggested that the properties and attributes of European varieties of C. sativa should be further researched for site-specific cultivation in Victoria for fibre, grain and dual-purpose production in order to maximise harvest yields.
3
Martin, PJ, and HA Eagles. "Effect of cultivars on changes in grain protein of wheat in Victoria between 1972 and 1988." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 6 (1991): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grain protein data from variety evaluation trials conducted in Victoria, together with proportional cultivar deliveries, were used to estimate the influence of cultivar on the average grain protein of Victorian wheat production.Soft-grained, standard height cultivars and the semidwarf Egret were all lower in protein than the hard grained cultivars which have largely replaced them. This replacement of cultivars has resulted in an average increase in protein of 0.02% per year for the period 1972-88. Any decline in average protein of the Victorian wheat crop is thus due to non-genetic factors.
4
Zenkina, K. V., and T. A. Aseeva. "Yield components of the triticale collection material in the environments of the Middle Amur region." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-3-41-48.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Development of new highly adaptable triticale cultivars with high yield potential and environmental resistance to adverse factors of the Middle Amur region requires a study of the collection material. One of the priorities of such research is to identify effective sources and donors among triticale accessions according to the main yield components and economically useful traits.Materials and methods. The material was represented by spring triticale cultivars from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR).Results. The following cultivars were identified as promising breeding sources: ‘AC Certa’, ‘Lana’, ‘Zolotoy Grebeshok’ and ‘Ulyana’ for their optimal yield in the Middle Amur region; ‘AC Certa’, ‘Zolotoy Grebeshok’, ‘Mykola’, ‘Korovai Kharkivsky’ and ‘Victoria’ for earliness; ‘Victoria’, ‘Rovnya’, ‘Kobzar’ (Ukraine), ‘Losinovske’, ‘Zgurivsky’ and ‘Sandio’ for plant height; ‘Lotos’, ‘Yarilo’, ‘ZG 186’, ‘Oberig Kharkivsky’, ‘Tleridal’ and ‘Sandio’ for ear length; ‘Lana’, ‘Ulyana’, ‘Lotos, ‘Yarilo’, ‘ZG 186’, ‘Pamyat Merezhko’, ‘Victoria’, ‘Kobzar’, ‘Oberig Kharkivsky’, ‘Tleridal’ and’ Sandio’ for the number of spikelets per ear; ‘AC Certa’, ‘Lana’, ‘Dagvo’, ‘Pamyat Merezhko’ and ‘Kobzar’ for the number of grains per ear; ‘Ukro’, ‘Lotos’, ‘Yarilo’, ‘Rovnya’ and ‘Kobzar’ for grain weight per ear; ‘Ukro’, ‘Skory’ and ‘Rovnya’ for grain size; ‘Ukro’, ‘Skory’ and ‘Rovnya’ protein content in grain; ‘Dagvo’, ‘Kobzar’ and ‘Sandio’ for lysine content in grain; ‘AC Certa’, ‘Lana’, ‘Skory’, ‘Lotus’, ‘Yarilo’, ‘ZG 186’, ‘Pamyat Merezhko’, ‘Victoria’, ‘Rovnya’, ‘Kobzar’, ‘Losinovske’, ‘Zgurivsky’, ‘Oberig Kharkivsky’, ‘Tleridal’ and ‘Sandio’ for resistance to lodging; ‘Lana’, ‘Pamyat Merezhko’, ‘Victoria Zgurivsky’, ‘Oberig Kharkivsky’ and ‘Tleridal’ for disease resistance.Conclusion. The selected accessions can be used in breeding programs of the Middle Amur region and other regions of the country.
5
Douglas, M. L., M. J. Auldist, J. L. Jacobs, M. C. Hannah, S. C. Garcia, and W. J. Wales. "Quantifying the ruminal degradation of nutrients in three cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) sampled during early spring and summer." Animal Production Science 60, no. 3 (2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context The Australian dairy industry is characterised by pasture-based feeding systems, where grazed pasture is commonly supplemented with cereal grain to increase milk production of dairy cows. Perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.) is the most commonly used pasture species, with a wide range of cultivars available. However, the nutritive characteristics and the degradation of nutrients in individual PRG cultivars grown in different environments in Australia are unknown, and significant variation between cultivars may impact on supplementary nutrient requirements. Aims The objective of this experiment was to quantify the extent of ruminal degradation of nutrients in three contrasting PRG cultivars (Bealey NEA2, Trojan NEA2 and Victorian SE) harvested during early spring and summer from Gippsland, northern Victoria and south-west Victoria in Victoria, Australia. Methods Degradation parameters were determined by in situ incubation in the rumens of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated Holstein–Friesian cows for 72 h using a nylon bag technique. Key results During both seasons, Bealey NEA2 had the greatest effective degradability of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre compared with Trojan NEA2 and Victorian SE. Cultivars harvested during early spring had greater effective degradability of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre, and a greater amount of rumen degradable protein compared with cultivars harvested during summer. Cultivars harvested from Gippsland had greater crude protein and neutral detergent fibre effective degradability, as well as a greater amount of rumen degradable protein, whereas cultivars harvested from northern Victoria had a greater amount of undegraded dietary protein. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the ruminal degradation of PRG cultivars declines with increasing maturity, and that there are differences between cultivars and regions; however, differences between seasons are of a greater magnitude and are more important to consider when formulating optimal supplementary grain rations. Implications This research has positive implications for farmers who will be able to understand the degradation of nutrients in PRG, and the amounts of rumen degradable protein and undegraded dietary protein available from pasture during each season. Farmers will be able to use this information to formulate supplementary grain rations that complement the nutrients from pasture and optimise milk production.
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Popovic, Vera, Milos Vidic, Djordje Jockovic, Jela Ikanovic, Snezana Jaksic, and Gorica Cvijanovic. "Variability and correlations between yield components of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]." Genetika 44, no. 1 (2012): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1201033p.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
NS soybean cultivars were assessed for variability of and correlations between yield components and the effect of genotype - environment interaction on yield, yield component and morphological characteristics. Experiments were carried out at Rimski Sancevi experiment field in 2009 and 2010. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height (cm), height of first pod (cm), 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (kg/ha) and the combined content of oil and protein in grain (%). Combined contents of oil and protein in grain soybean were determined by a non destructive method of near infrared spectroscopy on PERTEN DA 7000 (NIR/VIS Spectrophotometer). The studied characteristics varied significantly depending on genotype and year. The highest yield of 5273 kg/ha was obtained in 2009 with the genotype Victoria. Highest 1000-grain weights, 2009-2010, were achieved with the genotypes Valjevka and Victoria (149.27 g and 147.23 g). Maximum heights of first pod (19.40 cm) were recorded for the genotype Victoria, 2009-2010. Highest protein contents were obtained with the genotypes Valjevka and Victoria, 2009-2010, were and highest oil contents (21.73%) with the genotype Tea. Protein content was positively significantly correlated with 1000-grain weight and negatively significantly correlated with oil content, and negatively correlated with yield and the height of first pod. Oil content was positively correlated with the height of first pod. Thousand-grain weight was negatively highly significantly correlated with oil content in grain and negatively significantly correlated the height of first pod. The results of this study should facilitate further soybean breeding for improved seed yield and protein and oil contents.
7
Archer, MJ, and L. O'Brien. "A comparative study of the quality status of Condor Wheat grown in Northern Victoria and Southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 3 (1987): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870465.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australian Wheat Board quality advisers had formed the opinion that Condor wheat (Trificum aestivum L.) grown in north-west Victoria possessed weaker dough properties than that grown in southern New South Wales, even at similar grain protein contents. Samples of commercially grown Condor wheat from north-west Victoria and southern New South Wales were collected by Australian Wheat Board field officers to objectively investigate this observation. Testing of these samples indicated Condor grown in north-west Victoria to have significantly weaker dough properties than that grown in southern New South Wales. Doughs were less tolerant to mixing in the farinograph and had reduced extensograph maximum resistance, even when there was no difference in protein content between the samples from the two regions. The reduced dough strength in the Victorian samples was associated with lower nitrogen: sulfur ratios and residue protein content and fewer rheologically important disuifide groups per 50 g of flour. These differences were presumed to have resulted from some aspect of the environment during plant growth and development.
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Bretag, TW, PJ Keane, and TV Price. "Effect of Ascochyta blight on the grain yield of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field experiments were conducted to determine the crop losses caused by ascochyta blight in different pea varieties grown in Victoria. For each variety, the reduction in yield associated with disease was determined by comparing grain yields in plots not sprayed with fungicide (disease present) and plots where the disease was controlled with fungicide sprays (no disease). There was considerable variation between pea varieties and lines in disease severity and crop losses. Individual varieties had different levels of tolerance to disease, and there were large differences between varieties in the percentage yield loss caused by the same level of disease. Disease severity was closely correlated with reductions in grain yield, and for most varieties there was a 5-6% reduction in grain yield for every 10% of stem area affected by disease (first 10 internodes on the main branch). Ascochyta blight caused substantial reductions in grain yield of all commercial pea varieties grown in Victoria but was usually most severe on the early-maturing varieties. For 15 varieties, empirical crop loss models to predict the relationship between disease severity and reduction in yield were developed. A disease survey of commercial crops was then conducted and estimates made of yield losses caused by ascochyta blight using the previously developed crop loss models. The estimated yield losses caused by ascochyta blight in commercial crops in Victoria in 1986 ranged from 3.1 to 26.4% and exceeded 15% in over three-quarters of crops surveyed. The results suggest that field pea production in Victoria is seriously retarded by ascochyta blight and that the development of effective strategies to control the disease should be given a high priority.
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Zhang, X., and P. M. Evans. "Grain yield production in relation to plant growth of wheat and canola following clover pastures in southern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 10 (2004): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The plant growth and grain yield of crops following a pasture phase in 1:1 pasture–crop rotations were studied in southern Victoria in 2001 (wheat and canola at Hamilton, and wheat at Streatham and Gnarwarre). Both the wheat and canola crops produced high grain yields with no application of nitrogen fertiliser. In experiment 1 (at Hamilton) where the crops were dependent on nitrogen input from subterranean clover pasture, canola produced 4.1 t/ha of grain and wheat averaged 6.0 t/ha. The 3 canola cultivars (Charlton, Mystic and Surpass 400) had similar grain yields. However, for wheat, the late-maturing spring wheat cv. Kellalac and the early-maturing spring wheat cv. Silverstar produced significantly higher grain yields (6.6 and 6.3 t/ha, respectively) than the late-maturing winter cv. Brennan (5.0 t/ha). The 3 cultivars of each crop differed markedly in their major yield components. The most striking differences were those shown by Silverstar, which had the highest yield, together with Kellalac, but had lower biomass and lower leaf area index than the 2 late-maturing wheats. Silverstar compensated by having 50% more grains per head than the late-maturing Brennan. While Silverstar flowered on average 34 days earlier than the 2 other wheats, it took some 3 weeks longer to mature after anthesis. In experiment 2, the wheat crop (cv. Silverstar) produced grain yields of 5.4 t/ha over 6 different treatments, with higher grain yields at Streatham (6.1 t/ha) than at Gnarwarre (4.7 t/ha). Across the 2 sites, the grain yields following clovers reached over 5.7 t/ha, in contrast with low grain yields from the continuous crop (3.7 t/ha) and fallow/crop treatments (3.7 t/ha). Grain yields were closely related to the herbage dry matter production of previous pasture legumes, indicating a positive crop response. This may, in turn, reflect the nutrient status of the treatments, particularly the nitrogen status.
10
Coventry, DR, TG Reeves, HD Brooke, A. Ellington, and WJ Slattery. "Increasing wheat yields in north-eastern Victoria by liming and deep ripping." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wheat grain yields, dry matter production and yield components were measured in a field experiment in north-eastern Victoria over 5 seasons where lime application and deep ripping had been carried out. The soil at the site was strongly acid (pHw 5.2 at 0-1 0 cm) and had a dense hardpan at 7.5- 17.5 cm depth. Grain yields (control yields 1981-85: 1.34, 0.25, 1.64, 2.36, 2.09 t ha-1) were increased each year by both lime (31-103% range) and deep ripping (11- 41% range), but the application of some lime was necessary to obtain benefit from deep ripping. The increased grain yield was mainly due to more heads per metre of row, although head size and grain weight were also increased by lime treatment. Lime increased the dry matter yield of roots and decreased the top to root dry matter ratio. Deep ripping increased the dry matter yield of roots at depth and also reduced root distortion where the hardpan had been shattered. In a drought season, deep ripping increased grain weight. Root disease was accentuated at the higher rates of lime.
11
McDonald, GK, and WK Gardner. "Effect of waterlogging on the grain yield response of wheat to sowing date in south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 in the Hamilton district in south-western Victoria, which examined, in 1983, the interaction of cultivars of different maturity with sowing date and, in 1984, the interaction of soil waterlogging with anthesis date. In the first experiment the grain yield of Isis and Condor were not significantly (P = 0.05) affected when sowing was delayed from 18 April to 13 May despite greater DM yield at anthesis of the April sown crops (44% with Isis and 8 1 % with Condor). Early sowing resulted in early flowering and in Condor 25% fewer grains per ear. When the effect of anthesis date on grain yield was examined in 1984 at a poorly drained site (Hamilton) and a nearby better drained site (Tabor), it was found that early flowering caused yield reductions of 46 and 25%, respectively. The reduced yield at Hamilton was caused by fewer grains per ear and a lower kernel weight. Grain yield was found to be associated with the severity of waterlogging during the 30 days before anthesis. For each 1% decline in the mean air-filled porosity of the surface soil at this time, yield was reduced by 0.29 t/ha (r2 = 0.83; P< 0.05). When the soils became waterlogged, nitrogen concentrations in the plant tops declined to low levels between stem elongation and anthesis. The need to avoid waterlogging damage during stem elongation in spring may necessitate anthesis being delayed beyond the time currently recommended for the district.
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Flood, R. G., and P. J. Martin. "Nitrogen accumulation and distribution at anthesis and maturity in ten wheats grown at three sites in north-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 4 (2001): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant nitrogen relationships were studied in 10 wheat cultivars sown at 3 sites (Horsham, Boort and Walpeup) in north-western Victoria by determining the nitrogen concentration and nitrogen content of plant components at anthesis and maturity. While the concentration of nitrogen varied in different plant components, whole plants at anthesis had a nitrogen concentration below the value required for maximum growth. The time to anthesis had an influence only on grain yield and grain nitrogen percentage at Horsham. Total assimilation of nitrogen at both anthesis and maturity was more strongly correlated to plant dry matter than plant nitrogen concentration. There was a significant negative correlation between grain nitrogen percentage and both nitrogen harvest index and harvest index. Grain yield was strongly correlated with total nitrogen accumulated at anthesis and more strongly correlated with total nitrogen accumulated at maturity. Grain yield was significantly correlated with nitrogen harvest index and more strongly correlated with harvest index. Grain yield was negatively correlated with grain nitrogen percentage. The negative association between grain nitrogen percentage and harvest index has important implications for the breeding of wheat with higher grain nitrogen percentage while maintaining or increasing grain yield. The results indicated that none of the measured parameters could be used for indirect selection aimed at improving grain nitrogen percentage.
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Flood, RG, PJ Martin, and JF Panozzo. "Influence of sowing time on grain quality characters of wheat grown in north-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960831.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grain from sowing time experiments at 1 site in 1984 and 2 sites in 1986 and 1987 in northwestern Victoria were tested for several grain and flour characters. The tests included grain protein percentage, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume, particle size index, milling yield, test weight and Pelshenke wholemeal fermentation time, although not all tests were carried out in all years at both sites. The findings are reported without analysis of the underlying processes involved. The effect of sowing time on grain protein percentage was variable; at Dooen in 1984 there was a slight decrease, at Dooen and Walpeup in 1986 there was an increase but there was no change at Dooen in 1987, as sowing time was delayed. Sowing time had a significant effect on SDS at Dooen in 1984 and Dooen and Walpeup in 1986. There were no marked trends at Dooen in 1984, but significant differences between individual sowing times, and in 1986 there was an inconsistent increase as sowing time was delayed. At Walpeup in 1986 there was a substantial increase in values as sowing time was delayed. Partial correlation coefficients, however, indicated that at Dooen in both years and Walpeup in 1986, variation for SDS was due almost entirely to differences in grain protein percentage, although at Walpeup in 1986 there was a slight additional effect of sowing time. Particle size index was significantly affected by sowing time at both sites in 1986; at Dooen there was a decrease as sowing time was delayed and then an increase for the last sowing time, and at Walpeup there was an increase as sowing time was delayed. Although some effects of sowing time on milling yield and test weight were statistically significant, only one had commercial significance-milling yield at Walpeup in 1986. Pelshenke time was affected by sowing time at Dooen in 1984 and Walpeup in 1986, but there were no obvious trends. Sowing time x cultivar interactions have implications for quality testing of wheat crossbreds. Grain growers can be reassured that sowing crops over an extended period appears to have little or no detrimental effect on grain quality with respect to bread baking properties. In some seasons, however, there may be substantial increases in grain protein percentage in later sown crops, although this would generally be associated with lower yields.
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York, Alan C., Stewart M. Turner, and Ronald E. Jarrett. "Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) Response to Herbicides." Weed Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039300.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The response of ‘Florico,’ ‘Victoria,’ and 'Stan II’ triticale to 2,4-D, dicamba, 2,4-D plus dicamba, diclofop, and thifensulfuron plus tribenuron applied POST during the tillering stage was examined. At rates twice those recommended for application to wheat, Victoria and Stan II were not injured, and injury to Florico was less than 10%. None of the herbicides or combinations adversely affected plant height at maturity, tiller or spike production, grain weight/spike, kernel weight, kernels/spike, yield, or test weight of any cultivar. Cultivars varied in tiller production, height, yield, test weight, kernel weight, and kernels/spike.
15
Sale, Peter W., Jaikirat S. Gill, Renick R. Peries, and Caixian Tang. "Crop responses to subsoil manuring. I. Results in south-western Victoria from 2009 to 2012." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subsoil manuring is a practice that involves placing high rates of organic amendments in bands at the base of rip-lines that extend down into the subsoil to a depth of 30–40cm, in order to ameliorate poorly structured clay subsoils. The objective of this study was to determine whether the increases in crop yield from this practice, which occurred at one site in the high-rainfall zone in Victoria from 2005 to 2007, would occur at other sites and in other seasons in south-western Victoria. On-farm field experiments were therefore carried out at three sites in south-western Victoria between 2009 and 2012 to measure the yield responses to subsoil manuring. The study found that subsoil manuring with poultry litter resulted in consistent and recurring increases in estimated grain yield at these sites, with responses occurring with consecutive crops. Increases in estimated grain yield continued for 4 years, with average increases in hand-harvested yield of 3.5 t ha–1 for wheat, 1.6 t ha–1 for canola and 2.3 t ha–1 for faba beans. The estimated increases in grain yield were frequently associated with the increased extraction of deep subsoil water after anthesis. A treatment involving deep-banded nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisers and additional in-crop N, which matched the N and P in the poultry litter, yielded less than the full rate of subsoil manuring in seven of the eight site-years. This suggests that yield responses from subsoil manuring were not solely due to the release of N and P from the deep-banded poultry litter.
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Brown, JS. "Relationships between stripe rust severity and grain yield loss at Dooen, Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880563.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relationship between stripe rust severity and grain yield loss in wheat was studied in two field experiments. Wheat cultivars varying in response to the disease were used to produce epidemics of differing severity. Regression models were used to examine the relationship between disease severity and yield loss. The best estimator of yield loss was an estimate of disease severity at the end of anthesis-early berry growth stage. The relationship between per cent yield loss (YL) and per cent disease severity (DS) at that growth stage was established to be YL = 0.479DS + 0.84.
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Kenney, PA, and GB Roberts. "Productivity of ewes grazing lupin stubbles at mating in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870619.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The liveweight gains, lambing performances and wool production of Border Leicester x Merino ewes grazed on sweet narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) stubbles during mating in midsummer were compared with those grazed on annual pasture. Treatments and conditions varied during the 5 years of study. In years 1-3, the stubbles were stocked at rates of between 20 and 40/ha, in year 4, at 11 ewes/ha, and in year 5 at 24 ewes/ha. In the last year there was an additional pasture treatment when the ewes on dry pasture were divided, one half were given 400 g lupin grain/sheep daily and the remainder, none. Available dry matter on the pastures varied from 1.1 to 5.0 t/ha and lupin grain in the stubbles varied from 230 to 420 kg/ha. Vasectomised rams were joined with the ewes 1 week before they were put onto the lupin stubbles and, after 2 weeks, were exchanged for entire rams which remained with ewes for 17-33 days. As the stocking rates on stubbles increased there were decreases in liveweight gains, ewes lambing and lambs born per ewe joined. During the 5 years, ewes grazed on stubbles at less than 25/ha gained more weight (176 g/day more), had more lambs (0<26/ewe mated), while more of them lambed (0.07/ewe mated) than did ewes on pasture alone (P < 0.05). The ewes fed lupin grain at pasture in year 5 received less grain than those on the stubbles and their production was intermediate to those on pasture alone and stubbles. At the lowest stocking rate of ewes grazing stubbles (20/ha) average wool production increased by about 37% (years 2-3) and 58% (year 5) compared with ewes grazing pasture. We conclude that lambing percentages from a midsummer mating can be increased when crossbred ewes graze sweet lupin stubbles during mating.
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Bramley, E., I. J. Lean, W. J. Fulkerson, and N. D. Costa. "Feeding management and feeds on dairy farms in New South Wales and Victoria." Animal Production Science 52, no. 1 (2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11214.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Feeding practices in Australian dairy herds were recorded in 100 dairy herds in five districts of two states. A questionnaire about the feeding practices was completed and pasture samples were also collected, where applicable, for analysis. Data and pasture samples were collected once from each farm with visits to regions occurring at different times of the year. Diets were evaluated for nutritional adequacy using the CPM Dairy program. Average milk yield on the day of sampling was 22.8 L/day. The combination of grazed pasture with grain fed during milking was the most prevalent feeding system (54%) in all areas. This was followed by combination of pelleted grain/by-products combined with pasture grazing (25%). Only one herd in the study was not feeding any form of concentrates at the time of sampling. The estimated percentage of concentrate in the diet ranged from 25% ± 11.6 to 44% ± 12.0. Wheat, which was fed at up to 9.8 kg/cow.day DM was the most prevalent grain in all areas, except for Gippsland. The predominant sources of protein in all areas were canola meal, cottonseed meal and lupins. By-products were prevalent, with brewers grain and wheat millrun the most commonly used, fed at 2.8 and 1.6 kg/cow.day DM, respectively. Most farms (81/100) incorporated at least one type of ‘buffer’ in the ration, and limestone (67%) was the most prevalent mineral additive. Monensin and virginiamycin were fed in all areas, with a varying prevalence. Feeding or dose rates used for minerals and rumen modifiers were not always appropriate to those recommended for mineral needs or control of rumen function. This paper demonstrated that a wide variety of feeding systems are used in Australian dairy herds and provides information on nutritive characteristics of pastures.
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Pritchard, KE. "Yield and quality of irrigated summer fodder crops in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 6 (1987): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870817.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dry matter (DM) yield, in vitro digestibility (DMD%), and nitrogen (N) concentration were determined for 28 cultivars of millet (Echinochloa utilis), hybrid forage sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and maize (Zea mays), under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria. These summer fodder crops produced large amounts of digestible dry matter (DDM) under intensive irrigated management in northern Victoria, indicating their potential importance for animal production in irrigated warm temperate regions, where pasture dominates the present land use. Single harvest cultivars produced more DM and DDM than did multiple-cut types but with a lower N concentration and generally lower digestibility. Comparing the highest 3-year mean yields for each species, sweet sorghum cv. Honey drip produced more dry matter (273 t/ha) than did maize cv. XL77 (21.6 t/ha) but yields of DDM were similar (14.4 v. 14.0 t/ha). Both yielded more DM and DDM than grain sorghum cv. Pacific 303 (20.1 t DM/ha and 12.4 t DDM/ha). Maize had higher digestibility (65.0%) than grain sorghum (61.5%) or sweet sorghum (53.0% DMD) and higher N concentration (1.1%) than sweet sorghum (0.9%). All maize cultivars had similar dry matter yields but differed in grain yield. Echinochloa millet cv. Shirohie produced a similar amount of DM (16.3 t/ha) and DDM (10.8 t DM/ha) to sorghum x sudan grass hybrid cv. Sudax (17.1 t DM/ha and 10.7 t DDM/ha). This contrasts with their comparative performance at lower latitudes where sorghum hybrids have the higher yield. There was no difference in mean yield between cultivars of sorghum x sudan grass hybrid. Millet had a higher digestibility (65.9%) and nitrogen concentration (1.9%) than sorghum x sudan hybrids (63.3% DMD, 1.5% N). In this environment, maize and Echinochloa millet had similar DDM yield capacities to sorghum cultivars oftheir equivalent type but superior forage quality.
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Coventry, DR, TG Reeves, HD Brooke, and DK Cann. "Influence of genotype, sowing date, and seeding rate on wheat development and yield." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930751.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 3-year study was conducted to measure the effect of sowing time and seeding rate on the development and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under high-yielding conditions in north-eastern Victoria. A range of wheat cultivars with different development responses, including 'winter' types, was used in 2 experiments in each season. High grain yields for dryland wheat were measured in the first 2 seasons (1985-86), and in 1985, near-optimal water use efficiencies (>18 kg/ha. mm effective rainfall) were obtained. In the third season (1987) grain yield was limited by adverse climatic conditions-in the me- and post-anthesis period. In each season, grain yield declined with delay in sowing time. In 1985 there was a loss of 200-250 kg grain/ha for each week's delay in sowing time. In 1987, yield loss with delayed sowing was 50-110 kg grain/ha. In each season, cultivars with late or midseason maturity development gave the highest mean yields, and the use of these maturity types allowed earlier sowing, in mid April. However, with late sowing of wheat there was a trend for early maturity types to give higher yields, and so the use of 2 wheat cultivars with distinct maturity development responses to climate is recommended. If only 1 wheat cultivar is to be used, then a late maturity type is recommended. Higher wheat yields were also obtained as spike density increased, as a result of higher seeding rates. Our data suggest that in the higher rainfall region of north-eastern Victoria, a spike density of about 500 spikes/m2 is required to optimise wheat yields.
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Mares, DJ, K. Mrva та JF Panozzo. "Characterization of the high α -amylase levels in grain of the wheat cultivar BD 159". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, № 5 (1994): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
TThe advanced wheat breeding line BD 159, from Victoria, exhibited a wide variation in falling number values at trial sites in 1990 when corresponding values for standard cultivars were uniformly high. The variable and unpredictable behaviour of BD 159 appears to be typical of a number of advanced lines and parental stocks from Australian breeding programs. The grain samples of BD 159 with low falling numbers had elevated levels of a-amylase which was distributed evenly in the proximal and distal halves of the grains. This distribution pattern, which was quite distinct from the steep gradient in a-amylase activity typical of germinated grains, and the absence of any evidence of sprouting indicated that the anomalous behaviour of BD 159 is a new and different form of the late maturity a-amylase syndrome previously described in wheat varieties such as Spica and Lerma 52. The high levels of a-amylase were reproduced at Narrabri in northern New South Wales when plants were transplanted from the field and allowed to ripen in a cool temperature glasshouse. Plants which were left to ripen in the field produced grain with a very low a-amylase activity.
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Owen, Mechelle J., Neree J. Martinez, and Stephen B. Powles. "Herbicide resistance in Bromus and Hordeum spp. in the Western Australian grain belt." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 5 (2015): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14293.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Random surveys conducted in the Western Australian (WA) grain belt have shown that herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum and Raphanus raphanistrum are a widespread problem across the cropping region. In 2010, a random survey was conducted to establish the levels of herbicide resistance for common weed species in crop fields, including the minor but emerging weeds Bromus and Hordeum spp. This is the first random survey in WA to establish the frequency of herbicide resistance in these species. For the annual grass weed Bromus, 91 populations were collected, indicating that this species was present in >20% of fields. Nearly all populations were susceptible to the commonly used herbicides tested in this study; however, a small number of populations (13%) displayed resistance to the acetolactate synthase-inhibiting sulfonylurea herbicides. Only one population displayed resistance to the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides. Forty-seven Hordeum populations were collected from 10% of fields, with most populations being susceptible to all herbicides tested. Of the Hordeum populations, 8% were resistant to the sulfonylurea herbicide sulfosulfuron, some with cross-resistance to the imidazolinone herbicides. No resistance was found to glyphosate or paraquat, although resistance to these herbicides has been documented elsewhere in Australia for Hordeum spp. (Victoria) and Bromus spp. (Victoria, South Australia and WA).
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Hunter, R. A., P. M. Kennedy, and E. J. Sparke. "Impact of grain-based ethanol production on the cattle feedlot industry in eastern Australia: grain supply." Animal Production Science 59, no. 4 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Statistical data from the years 1998–2005 were used to investigate the capacity of the grain industry in eastern Australia to supply the grain necessary for inclusion of 10% ethanol in petrol (E10), in addition to the demands of grain for feedlot cattle. Evidence is provided that the variations in grain yields and grain consumption by cattle in these years are representative of the on-going situation and that interpretations and conclusions have continuing relevance. During 1998–2005, annual production of cereal grains in eastern Australia varied between 10 and 25 million tonnes. Similar fluctuations (11 and 27 million tonnes) in annual grain yields were observed between 2006 and 2014. The Australian potential requirement for E10 ethanol is ~2500 ML annually, with a grain usage of 6.1–7.6 million tonnes depending on the grain sources used. Established national grain demand for ruminant and monogastric livestock, human consumption and other domestic uses is ~7.5 million tonnes per year. In years of average or higher grain yields in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, the combined grain surpluses are more than sufficient for E10 ethanol to be produced domestically. In the years of the lowest grain yields, the surplus over more traditional usages is sufficient to satisfy only 50% of potential demand for E10. The greatest densities of feedlot cattle are in south-eastern Queensland, northern New South Wales and in the Murrumbidgee region of southern New South Wales. On a regional basis, the grain surplus to feedlot demand in most years in south-eastern Queensland is not sufficient to satisfy requirement for ethanol production without competition for grain. In years of highest yields, the grain surplus was sufficient for a 240-ML ethanol plant. Northern New South Wales could support at least two 400-ML plants in years of average and above yields, once established grain demands are met. The grain shortfall in years of lowest yield for one 400-ML plant is about half a million tonnes. Grain surpluses in average years in the Murrumbidgee region are sufficient to support at least one 400-ML plant. In years of lowest yield, only a 160-ML plant could be supported without competition for grain.
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Oliver, DP, KG Tiller, MK Conyers, WJ Slattery, AM Alston, and RH Merry. "Effectiveness of liming to minimise uptake of cadmium by wheat and barley grain grown in the field." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 7 (1996): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of soil pH on cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat and barley grain were determined from 8 field experiments in the Rutherglen (Victoria) and Wagga Wagga (New South Wales) regions of south-eastern Australia. Generally, raising soil pHc, from 4.0 to 5.0 using lime decreased Cd concentration in the grain. However, the response was variable between sites and years, with the greatest variation occurring between years. At those sites where there were statistically significant decreases in Cd concentration with increasing pH, the rate of decrease was small. The Cd concentration exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 0.05 mg/kg in barley grain at 3 sites and in wheat at 1 site. In some cases, raising soil pHCa, to 6.0 was not sufficient to decrease Cd concentration in grain below the MPC and raising soil pH above this value would not be considered economically viable in many areas.
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DAVID, Monica, Cristina-Magdalena CIOBOTEA, Mădălina F. BĂNUȚĂ, Gina NEDELEA, Ramona STAN, Andrei TIŢA, and Ionela D. SĂRDĂRESCU. "Genetic differences as estimators of osmotic adjustment and source-sink balance in grapevine hybrid elites." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 11250. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14211250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study deals with the best responses of a diverse collection of grapevine genotypes to osmotic stress associated with source-sink balance responses given by an estimator such as leaf area to fruit ratio. ‘Centennial Seedless’, a drought tolerant cultivar, was selected as control. The cultivars, ‘Victoria’ and ‘Argessis’, were chosen as a repetition from previous research dealing with pollen grain test, two years ago. Ten genotypes were hybrid elites in first and second hybrid generations. Three cultivars ‘Victoria’, ‘Centennial Seedless’, and ‘Argessis’ were grown under field conditions in containers, and in the soil under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were found between genotypes for both responses to osmotic stress and source-sink balance. ‘Centennial Seedless’ and ‘BP9’ hybrid showed the best responses of induced osmotic adjustment; results confirmed the compensatory potassium uptake theory. ‘Victoria’ and ‘Argessis’ had almost the same average values as ‘Centennial Seedless’ osmotic estimator for induced osmotic adjustment. ‘Victoria’ and ‘HR7’ hybrid showed an increase in osmotic stress in the cell, after application of polyethylene glycol solutions without potassium cation and a lower source-sink ratio, which could be associated with higher photosynthesis rates. No correlations were identified between the mechanisms expressed by the analyzed estimators, indicating that they are activated and functional separately from each other, sometimes only compensatory.
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Stoddard, FL, and DR Marshall. "Variability in grain protein in Australian hexaploid wheats." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grain protein content and grain yield data were collected from 11 Interstate Wheat Variety Trials (IWVT) and other sources. The level of variation in grain protein content beyond that attributable to covariation in environment and yield was estimated using a generalized linear model. A range of almost 4% in corrected protein content was found among 204 lines tested in IWVT. The Western Australian cv. Tincurrin was approx1% lower in grain protein content than any other line, while Shortim, Sun 43A, QT2200-20, QT2612-1 and Sun 92A were all 1.4-1.7% higher than the pooled mean of 4 control cultivars (Cook, Eagle, Halberd and Oxley). Accessions did not vary significantly in protein content with change in yield. Results from a range of other independent trials confirmed those from IWVT. Wheats genetically capable of producing a higher concentration of protein in their grain at a given yield level came principally from the Sydney University and Queensland breeding programmes, and those producing a lower concentration principally from Victoria and Western Australia. Grain hardness was independent of grain protein content and many low protein hard wheats entering the IWVT fell well outside current international market requirements.
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Burnett, V. F., P. J. Newton, and D. R. Coventry. "Effect of seed source and seed phosphorus content on the growth and yield of wheat in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 2 (1997): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed was grown at 2 locations differing in phosphorus (P) status (low and high) in north-eastern Victoria (36°S, 146°E), with applied superphosphate (kg P/ha: 0, 12, 24, 100 and 200), to produce seed of different P content. This seed was used in field and glasshouse experiments in 1993 and 1994 to investigate the effects of seed source and P content on the growth and yield of wheat. Wheat seed grown at the low P status site was smaller than seed grown at the high P status site, irrespective of the amount of applied P. Seed from the low P status site produced less early dry matter in both field and glasshouse experiments in 1993, but there was no effect of seed source on grain yield in either experiment. High seed P content either had no effect or reduced seedling emergence in the field experiments. In the glasshouse, low P content in seed from the low P status site resulted in reduced emergence. Increases in dry matter production and grain yield with higher seed P content were only observed in the drought season of 1994. Application of P resulted in increased emergence, dry matter production and grain yield at most seed P content levels but there were no significant interactions between seed P content and applied P. Application of N did not affect dry matter production in either year, but increased grain protein in both years and grain yield in 1993. Seed from low P status environments can affect early seedling growth but in average growing seasons, or in glasshouse conditions, wheat growth compensates so that differences in grain yield are not observed. However, in order to avoid risk of poor early seedling growth and possible yield penalties when the crop is stressed, wheat seed should be collected from adequate soil P status sites.
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Erskine, Wayne D., Lisa M. Turner, and Teresa A. Rose. "Sedimentological and geomorphological effects of the 1997 and 1998 flood sequence on the Lower Snowy River, Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, no. 2 (2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three floods with flood peak ratios (peak discharge/mean annual flood) ranging between 0.65 and 5.35 occurred on the lower Snowy River in Victoria between June 1997 and August 1998. The June 1998 flood was the largest event downstream of the Rodger River junction where the flood peak ratio was >4. Pre- and post-flood investigations were carried out at the three Snowy River benchmarking sites in Victoria (McKillops Bridge, Sandy Point and Bete Bolong) to determine the impact of the floods on channel-boundary sediments and morphology. Few significant changes in graphic grain-size statistics for channel-boundary sediments were found at McKillops Bridge and Sandy Point. At Bete Bolong, there were many significant changes in the grain-size statistics of both the bed material and bank sediment. The variance and mean of a number of benchfull and bankfull channel morphologic parameters (width, area, mean depth, maximum depth, width‒maximum depth ratio) did not change significantly at McKillops Bridge and Sandy Point. At Bete Bolong, benchfull mean depth and area increased significantly due to bed degradation. Floods with a flood peak ratio of at least 4 are important for mobilising channel-boundary sediments and hence modifying channel morphology on the lower Snowy River.
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Salvador Escalante Estrada, José Alberto, María Teresa Rodríguez González, and Yolanda Isabel Escalante Estrada. "Root System, Phenology and Yield of Sunflower in Relation to Nitrogen and Phosphorus." Helia 38, no. 63 (December 1, 2015): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2014-0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSunflower is a crop of world interest that is acquiring economic importance in Mexico. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the growth of the root system and its relationship with the canopy dry matter and yield and its components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The planting of cv. Victoria was conducted in Montecillo Mex., of temperate climate in a vertisol under conditions of seasonal rainfall on 16 May, with population density of 5 plants per m2. Treatments consisted in supply 0–200 kg ha−1 of N and P. The time to phenological stages was similar between treatment. The N and in minor degree the P increased grain yield (GY) and oil yield (OY) by increases in the grains number (GN), capitulum area (CA), canopy dry matter (CDM) and radical area (RA). In contrast, the P increase RDM but decrease the CDM/RDM relation. The effect of the interaction N * P on GY, OY indicates it is necessary to seek the best combination of N and P for increased the production of sunflower. The size grain and oil content in the grain did not change with N and P. The growth cycle was 122 days, with a seasonal ETc of 207 mm and 1,369°C d (Heat unit, HU).
30
Nuttall, J. G., G. J. O'Leary, N. Khimashia, S. Asseng, G. Fitzgerald, and R. Norton. "‘Haying-off' in wheat is predicted to increase under a future climate in south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 7 (2012): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under a future climate for south-eastern Australia there is the likelihood that the net effect of elevated CO2, (eCO2) lower growing-season rainfall and high temperature will increase haying-off thus limit production of rain-fed wheat crops. We used a modelling approach to assess the impact of an expected future climate on wheat growth across four cropping regions in Victoria. A wheat model, APSIM-Nwheat, was performance tested against three datasets: (i) a field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW; (ii) the Australian Grains Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (AGFACE) experiment at Horsham, Victoria; and (iii) a broad-acre wheat crop survey in western Victoria. For down-scaled climate predictions for 2050, average rainfall during October, which coincides with crop flowering, decreased by 32, 29, 26, and 18% for the semiarid regions of the northern Mallee, the southern Mallee, Wimmera, and higher rainfall zone, (HRZ) in the Western District, respectively. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperature over the four regions increased by 1.9 and 2.2°C, respectively. A pair-wise comparison of the yield/anthesis biomass ratio across climate scenarios, used for assessing haying-off response, revealed that there was a 39, 49 and 47% increase in frequency of haying-off for the northern Mallee, southern Mallee and Wimmera, respectively, when crops were sown near the historically optimal time (1 June). This translated to a reduction in yield from 1.6 to 1.4 t/ha (northern Mallee), 2.5 to 2.2 t/ha (southern Mallee) and 3.7 to 3.6 t/ha (Wimmera) under a future climate. Sowing earlier (1 May) reduced the impact of a future climate on haying-off where decreases in yield/anthesis biomass ratio were 24, 28 and 23% for the respective regions. Heavy textured soils exacerbated the impact of a future climate on haying-off within the Wimmera. Within the HRZ of the Western District crops were not water limited during grain filling, so no evidence of haying-off existed where average crop yields increased by 5% under a future climate (6.4–6.7 t/ha). The simulated effect of eCO2 alone (FACE conditions) increased average yields from 18 to 38% for the semiarid regions but not in the HRZ and there was no evidence of haying-off. For a future climate, sowing earlier limited the impact of hotter, drier conditions by reducing pre-anthesis plant growth, grain set and resource depletion and shifted the grain-filling phase earlier, which reduced the impact of future drier conditions in spring. Overall, earlier sowing in a Mediterranean-type environment appears to be an important management strategy for maintaining wheat production in semiarid cropping regions into the future, although this has to be balanced with other agronomic considerations such as frost risk and weed control.
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EMEBIRI, L. C., and D. B. MOODY. "Potential of low-protein genotypes for nitrogen management in malting barley production." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 3 (June 2004): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nitrogen (N) levels in the soil and N fertilization are among the major factors that affect grain protein concentration (GPC) in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The use of inherently low protein cultivars might be an advantage in conditions of excessive soil N or in situations where N is applied to maximize yield. In the present study, eight malting barley genotypes were grown under dryland and irrigated conditions to compare their response to four rates of nitrogen (N) application (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg/ha). The trials were carried out in 1998 and 1999 at a site in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia, which has a Mediterranean-type environment. Seasonal differences accounted for a large proportion of the observed variation in GPC, but had little influence on variation in grain yield. Nitrogen application significantly increased grain yield and GPC, and decreased kernel weight and plumpness. The rate of response for grain protein was higher under dryland than irrigated conditions, but the genotype-by-nitrogen interaction was not significant under both conditions. To further characterize genotypic response, the method of pattern analysis was used to identify groups of genotypes showing a similar pattern in their response to N application and to relate the patterns to available knowledge about the inherent GPC of their grains. The eight genotypes were clustered into three entry groups, corresponding to low, moderate and high-protein genotypes. There was little difference among groups in the rate of response to N application. However, the genotype group with inherently low GPC maintained the lower protein over those with higher grain protein at the different rates of N application. Under dryland conditions, the low-protein genotypes tended to have less plump kernels with increasing rates of N application than the respective high-protein group.
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Newton, Philip J. "Effect of long-term stubble management on yield and nitrogen-uptake efficiency of wheat topdressed with urea in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 8 (2001): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Use of urea fertiliser for cereal cropping in south eastern Australia has increased rapidly in recent years to arrest a general decline in grain protein and to increase yields. In conservation cropping systems, crop stubbles provide a source of carbon, which has the potential to retain a portion of the fertiliser nitrogen in the soil. The impact of fertiliser nitrogen was compared under 4 stubble management regimes for efficiency of nitrogen uptake by a wheat crop in a long-term cereal–grain legume rotation. The experiment was established on a duplex red-brown earth in 1985 to compare stubble retention (standing, shredded, incorporated) with stubble burning. In 1995, wheat following a failed lupin crop was topdressed with urea fertiliser at 50 kg nitrogen per hectare to split plots of each stubble treatment at the third-leaf stage of growth. The urea significantly increased nitrogen uptake by wheat grown on burnt stubbles and increased grain yield by 1 t/ha. Nitrogen applied to wheat grown on stubbles retained above-ground increased yield by 0.5 t/ha, whereas there was no significant yield increase from nitrogen when stubble was incorporated due to less transfer of dry matter to grain. Efficiency of urea-nitrogen uptake in grain was reduced under stubble retention. The total grain nitrogen uptake in response to stubble burning increased by 17.6 kg/ha, which was equivalent to a conversion efficiency of 35%, compared with only 26, 24 and 16% of the applied 50 kg nitrogen per hectare for stubble standing, shredding and incorporation treatments, respectively. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen levels were 1 and 0.1%, respectively, irrespective of stubble treatment. Added urea increased microbial decomposition of cellulose in calico cloth buried beneath stubbles retained above-ground by 30%, compared with stubble incorporated or burnt treatments. These results suggest that where low levels of available nitrogen exist in cropping systems that use stubble retention, higher nitrogen inputs may be needed, due to less efficient uptake of nitrogen from urea fertiliser.
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Diyanchyk, M. V., and L. A. Vilchynska. "Use of the collection of the buckwhears genus in breeding programs." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 27 (September 1, 2020): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v27.1330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim. Using the hybridization method on the basis of the ecological and geographical principle of parental pairs selection, to create a new source material in the selection of buckwheat and conduct a comprehensive assessment of it. Methods. Testing, material evaluation, analysis of plants, yield and grain quality were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methods of the State variety testing. Results. A new source material was created and evaluated in the selection of buckwheat based on the attraction to the hybridization of samples from the collection of the buckwheat genus, in particular, varieties Snezhen, Botansoba, Nokheda, Prymorska 7, collection sample No. 4013, Victoria Podilska, Belorussian early ripening, Arosa. Hybrid samples are compared with the Victoria standard variety. It was revealed that direct and reverse hybrids of the first generation from crossing varieties: Botansoba and Snezhen, Snezhen and Victoria Podilska, Nokheda and Snezhen are characterized by higher yields by 0.38–0.80 c/ha compared to the standard. Conclusions. We plan to continue testing the best breeding numbers in the following nurseries of the breeding process. Better with biometric and yield indicators, we plan to use breeding numbers in the breeding programs of the Scientific Research Institute of Cereal Crops of the PDATU.
Keywords: hybridization, growing season, biometric parameters, yield.
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Holland, J. E., R. E. White, and R. Edis. "Improved drainage and greater air-filled porosity of raised beds in south-western Victoria." Soil Research 46, no. 4 (2008): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Crop production in south-western Victoria has historically been constrained by waterlogging. As a result raised beds have recently become a popular tillage method on soils prone to waterlogging. Soil water properties, air-filled porosity, plant dry matter, and grain yield were compared for raised beds and conventional cultivation treatments during 2003 and 2004. Although rainfall was less than the long-term average, over the whole period the raised beds had consistently lower water content and drained faster than the conventional cultivation. Air-filled porosity was greater and above the critical value of 10% for longer in the raised beds (e.g. in 2004 air-filled porosity was >10% for 69 days longer in the raised beds). Benefits on the raised bed soil (such as greater soil aeration) were probably due to the increased depth to the B horizon and the soil surface topography created by regular furrows. No waterlogging was observed in 2003 and the crop on the conventional cultivation produced significantly more dry matter. Although visible waterlogging of the crop on the conventional cultivation was observed in 2004, the crop on the raised beds was not affected. Despite the different response in growth for each treatment, there was no significant difference in grain yield in either year. Nevertheless, it is predicted that raised beds should provide a well-drained and aerated soil that maintains crop productivity under average or greater rainfall in south-western Victoria.
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DRAGOV, Rangel. "Gene action for grain protein content in durum wheat." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.2050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to determine the gene action and combining ability of durum wheat for grain protein content. During the three year period a diallel cross was carried out with five modern parents of durum wheat – ‘Victoria’, ‘Deni’, ‘Superdur’, ‘Progres’ and ‘Predel’. Ten hybrid combinations and the parents were grown in the experimental field of the Field Crops Institute, Chirpan. The experiment was performed by the randomize block method design in three replications. It was found that in the inheritance of grain protein content dominance and overdominance in positive and negative directions were observed. Statistical processing of the results showed that both additive and non-additive genetic effects have influenced on inheritance. Non-additive gene effects (SCA) had a greater role in inheritance. This suggests that an effective selection for this trait could begin in later generations. The combining ability analysis has identified two good general combinators (Predel and Superdur varieties) that could be used as donors to increase the values of the trait protein content in grain. Several crosses showing positive and significant SCA effects have also been identified, suitable for achieving reliable transgressive genotypes.
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Riffkin, P. A., P. M. Evans, J. F. Chin, and G. A. Kearney. "Early-maturing spring wheat outperforms late-maturing winter wheat in the high rainfall environment of south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this experiment was to identify suitable cultivars and sowing times for winter and spring wheat types in the high rainfall environment of south-western Victoria. Spring and winter wheat cultivars with a range of flowering times were sown at 3 (April–June) and 6 (April–September) sowing times in 1997 and 1999, respectively, at Hamilton. Strong cultivar × sowing time interactions occurred. Grain yields ranged from 0.3 t/ha for a winter wheat (cv. Declic) sown in September to 8 t/ha for a spring wheat (cv. Silverstar) sown in June. The early-maturing spring wheat cultivar Silverstar, initially bred for the lower rainfall Mallee environment, produced the highest yields in both years from all sowing times except April. Our data indicate that higher yields are achieved from crops that flower earlier than is currently recommended. The optimum flowering period in south-western Victoria needs to be redefined, especially since many crops are now sown on raised beds.
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Borstlap, Sylvia, and Martin H. Entz. "Zero-tillage influence on canola, field pea and wheat in a dry subhumid region: Agronomic and physiological responses." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field trials were conducted over 4 site-years in southern Manitoba to compare the response of Katepwa wheat, Westar canola and Victoria field pea to zero tillage (ZT). The experimental design was a split plot with tillage system as the mainplot (ZT vs. conventional tillage (CT)) and crop species as the subplot. All crops received protection from insect, weed and disease pests. Tillage system had only a limited impact on crop dry matter accumulation or grain quality. Where differences were observed, crop performance was enhanced under ZT. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was either reduced or unaffected by ZT, while ET efficiency (ETE: kg ha−1 mm−1 ET) was either increased or unchanged by the shift from CT to ZT. Higher ETE under ZT was attributed to less soil water evaporation. Significant tillage system × crop species (T × S) interactions for growth parameters, ET and ETE indicated that field pea often benefitted more than wheat or canola from ZT. A significant T × S interaction at one of the four sites indicated that water extraction between 30 and 90 cm was higher for pea and canola in the ZT compared with CT treatment, while soil water extraction by wheat was reduced under ZT. At a second site, lower ET for all three crops under ZT was attributed to reduced water use between 90 and 130 cm. Despite some effects of ZT on crop growth and water use, no significant tillage, T × S, or site × tillage interactions were observed for grain yield. It was concluded that under the conditions of this study (i.e. precipitation and temperature conditions close to the long-term average), Westar canola, Victoria field pea and Katepwa wheat were, for the most part, equally suited to ZT production. Key words: Soil water extraction, evapotranspiration efficiency, crop quality, grain yield, canopy development
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Coventry, DR, GR Morrison, TG Reeves, JR Hirth, and KKH Fung. "Mineral composition and responses to fertilizer of wheat grown on a limed and deep-ripped soil in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The nutrient requirements of wheat grown on a soil ameliorated with lime and deep ripping were studied in a field experiment over 5 seasons in northeastern Victoria. Phosphorus (P) fertiliser was required when this soil was limed, although the lime treatment may have increased P uptake (P x lime interaction). The nitrogen (N) concentration in wheat foliage was increased with both lime and deep ripping. It is likely that the availability of N will be the most important factor for sustaining high yields following soil treatment. Molybdenum (Mo) fertiliser (62 g Mo ha-1) increased grain yield in 2 seasons. Molybdenum fertiliser increased grain weight by an average of 4.4% over 3 years, and also the N content of grain in the absence of lime, indicating that a deficiency of available Mo in the soil was affecting the assimilation of N in the wheat. The magnesium (Mg) concentration in the wheat foliage was very low (0.07-0.10%) without soil treatment, but there was no grain yield response when Mg fertiliser (10.5 kg Mg ha-1) was applied in the absence of lime. Lime and ripping both resulted in big increases in manganese (Mn) concentrations in the foliage. Calcium (Ca) and copper (Cu) concentrations were little affected and zinc (Zn) was not affected by lime (Ca, 0.35-0 55%; Cu, 7-20 �g g-1; Zn, 50-60 �g g-1 at 50 days after emergence), and each nutrient appeared to be adequate for wheat. The concentration of Mn in the foliage was high without lime, but did not approach published figures for critical toxicity concentrations. Liming the soil greatly reduced the manganese concentration.
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Frischke, Alison J., James R. Hunt, Dannielle K. McMillan, and Claire J. Browne. "Forage and grain yield of grazed or defoliated spring and winter cereals in a winter-dominant, low-rainfall environment." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14273.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, Australia, there is very little grazing of crops that are intended for grain production. The success of dual-purpose crops in other regions in south-eastern Australia with higher and more evenly distributed rainfall has driven interest in assessing the performance of dual-purpose cereals in the region. Five experiments were established in five consecutive years (2009–13) in the southern Mallee to measure the forage production and grain yield and quality response in wheat and barley to grazing by sheep or mechanical defoliation. The first three experiments focused on spring cultivars sown from late April to June, and the last two on winter cultivars planted from late February to early March. Cereal crops provided early and nutritious feed for livestock, with earlier sowing increasing the amount of dry matter available for winter grazing, and barley consistently produced more dry matter at the time of grazing or defoliation than wheat. However, the grain-production response of cereals to grazing or defoliation was variable and unpredictable. Effects on yield varied from –0.7 to +0.6 t/ha, with most site × year × cultivar combinations neutral (23) or negative (14), and few positive (2). Changes in grain protein were generally consistent with yield dilution effects. Defoliation increased the percentage of screenings (grains passing a 2-mm sieve) in three of five experiments. Given the risk of reduced grain yield and quality found in this study, and the importance of grain income in determining farm profitability in the region, it is unlikely that dual-purpose use of current cereal cultivars will become widespread under existing grazing management guidelines for dual-purpose crops (i.e. that cereal crops can be safely grazed once anchored, until Zadoks growth stage Z30, without grain yield penalty). It was demonstrated that early-sown winter wheat cultivars could produce more dry matter for grazing (0.4–0.5 t/ha) than later sown spring wheat and barley cultivars popular in the region (0.03–0.21 t/ha), and development of regionally adapted winter cultivars may facilitate adoption of dual-purpose cereals on mixed farms.
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Ortegón, Alfredo S., and Arturo Díaz. "Respuesta de cultivares de girasol a la densidad de población en dos ambientes." Agronomía Mesoamericana 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v10i2.17929.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two hybrids of sunflower (Dekalb G-100 G101) and two varieties of free pollination (Rib-77 and Victoria), in three densities of population (31.250, 41.660 62,500 plants/ha) were evaluated. The objective was to determine differences among varieties under climatic conditions of the northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. In 1994 the plantation was established in a cycle considered as “late”; in 1995 a second plantation was established in a cycle considered as “late”. It was used a divided block design in a randomized block distribution with four repetitions. The greater plot corresponded to the cultivars and the minor parcel to the densities of population. Results obtained in the “late” cycle showed a grain yield average of 1.678 kg/ha and in the “early” cycle of 2.170 kg/ha, these results were consistent with the cycles x cultivars interaction. Hybrids and Rib-77 variety were statistically equal in each cycle for grain yield. Hybrids overcame cultivars in oil content. For the densities it was found that for a lower density population produced a higher grain weight, stem diameter, and weight of 100 seeds.
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NASCENTE, Adriano Stephan, and Ruby KROMOCARDI. "Genotype selection and addition of fertilizer increases grain yield in upland rice in Suriname." Acta Amazonica 47, no. 3 (July 2017): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201603374.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The upland rice farmers in Suriname use local varieties and low level technologies in the field. As a result, the upland rice grain yield is low, at about 1 000 kg ha-1. Our objective was to evaluate the use of upland rice cultivars from Suriname and Brazil, and the effect of nitrogen, N, phosphorus, P, and potassium, K, fertilizers on cultivation variables. We undertook four field trials in the Victoria Area, in the Brokopondo District, using a randomized block design each with four replications. The most productive rice varieties were BRS Esmeralda (grain yield 2 903 kg ha-1) and BRS Sertaneja (2 802 kg ha-1). The highest grain yield of 2 620 kg ha-1 was achieved with a top dressing application of 76.41 kg N ha-1 20 days after sowing. For P, the highest grain yield of 3 085 kg ha-1 was achieved with application of 98.06 kg ha-1 P2O5 applied at sowing. An application rate of 31.45 kg ha-1 of K2O at sowing achieved the highest grain yield of 2 952 kg ha-1. Together, these application rates of N, P and K resulted in rice grain yield of about 3 000 kg ha-1, which is three times greater than the national average for upland rice. We demonstrate that the use of improved rice varieties matched to the local conditions, and application of appropriate fertilizers, are management practices that can result in significant increases in rice grain yield in Suriname.
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Randall, PJ, JR Freney, CJ Smith, HJ Moss, CW Wrigley, and IE Galbally. "Effect of additions of nitrogen and sulfur to irrigated wheat at heading on grain yield, composition and milling and baking quality." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 1 (1990): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900095.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of adding nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Matong) at heading on the concentrations of nutrients in the plant, on grain and flour composition and milling and baking quality were studied. The crop was grown on a red- brown earth in the Goulburn Valley irrigation area of northern Victoria. There were 2 application rates of urea, 0 and 50 kg N/ha combined factorially with 2 application rates of calcium sulfate, 0 and 20 kg S/ha.Additions of N increased the concentrations of both N and S in the grain and increased protein level, but grain N:S ratio remained unaffected. Sulfur application had no effect on grain composition or on flour or dough properties. A standard range of baking tests showed that the extra protein synthesised was functional protein contributing to the dough properties in an additive manner. The N treatment lowered the hot paste viscosity and the brightness of the cold paste suggesting that there was a qualitative effect on the starch component as well as a lowering of starch content as the protein increased. There was no indication of any deleterious effects on quality arising from the late application of N as has been found by other workers.
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Harris, Robert H., Roger D. Armstrong, Ashley J. Wallace, and Oxana N. Belyaeva. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser management on soil mineral nitrogen, nitrous oxide losses, yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat growing in waterlogging-prone soils of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some of the highest nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions arising from Australian agriculture have been recorded in the high-rainfall zone (>650mm) of south-western Victoria. Understanding the association between nitrogen (N) management, crop N uptake and gaseous losses is needed to reduce N2O losses. Field experiments studied the effect of N-fertiliser management on N2O emissions, crop N uptake and crop productivity at Hamilton and Tarrington in south-western Victoria. Management included five rates of urea-N fertiliser (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200kgN/ha) topdressed at either mid-tillering or first-node growth stages of wheat development; urea-N deep-banded 10cm below the seed at sowing; and urea coated with the nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) was either topdressed or deep-banded. Pre-sowing soil profile chemical properties were determined before static chambers were installed to measure N2O losses, accompanied by wheat dry matter, crop N uptake and grain yield and quality, to measure treatment differences. N2O losses increased significantly (P≤0.10) where urea-N was deep-banded, resulting in a 2–2.5-fold increase in losses, compared with the nil N control. The high N2O losses from deep-banding N appeared to result from winter waterlogging triggering gaseous or drainage losses before wheat reached peak growth and demand for N in spring. Despite the high losses from deep-banding urea-N, grain yields were largely unaffected by N management, except at Hamilton in 2012, where topdressed wheat growing in a soil with large reserves of NO3–-N, and later experiencing post-anthesis water deficit resulted in a negative grain yield response. All sites had high concentrations of soil organic carbon (>2.8%) and the potential for large amounts of N mineralisation throughout the growing season to supplement low N fertiliser recovery. However, topdressed urea-N resulted in significant enrichment of crop tissue (P≤0.004) and associated positive response in grain protein compared with the deep banded and nil N treatments. 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)-coated urea provided no additional benefit to crop yield over conventional urea N. Our study highlighted the importance of synchronising N supply with peak crop N demand to encourage greater synthetic N uptake and mitigation of N2O losses.
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Sadina, B., A. Amoding, R. Amayo, and M. Biruma. "Integrating Soybean Residues With Nitrogen Fertilizer for Improved Maize Production in Eastern Uganda." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 8 (June 15, 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n8p206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soybean has become one of the dominant crops in Ugandan farming systems; however the contribution of its residues to improve soil and crop productivity is less known. To investigate the role of soybean residues to enhance crop productivity, researcher-managed experiments were conducted for two seasons (2011B and 2012A) in Namayingo and Tororo districts, representing the L. Victoria crescent, and South-eastern L. Kyoga basin agro-ecological zones, respectively. Factorial treatments of three levels of soybean residues (0, 2 and 4 t ha-1) and four levels of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 N) in form of urea were applied in maize fields in a randomized complete block design so as to; determine the optimum nutrient combination for maize, and establish the added yield benefits, if any, of using soybean residues with N fertilizer in maize production. Site yields varied significantly (p < 0.001), with higher maize yields obtained in Namayingo compared to Tororo. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher maize grain yields were obtained with the highest nutrient input combinations of 2 t ha-1 residue and 60 kg ha-1 N (yield increment of 71.72% above the control) in Namayingo district and 4 t ha-1 residue combined with120 kg ha-1 N increased maize grain yield by 140.69% above the control in Tororo. The added maize grain yield benefits ranged from 2540 kg grain ha-1 to 3250 kg grain ha-1 in Namayingo and from 2000 kg grain ha-1 to 2310 kg grain ha-1 in Tororo. Combined use of soybean residue with N fertilizer has been found to have agronomic yield benefits to maize production.
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Eagles, HA, AG Bedggood, JF Panozzo, and PJ Martin. "Cultivar and environmental effects on malting quality in barley." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950831.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Improvements in malting quality are important if barley from south-eastern Australia is to remain competitive on export markets. Grain is desired that will produce high levels of malt extract and diastatic power but has moderate levels of grain protein. To examine cultivar and environmental effects, especially nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on levels of malting quality parameters and their correlations, seven cultivars of barley were grown in a fallow and pea stubble rotation with five levels of N fertilizer in the Wimmera region of Victoria in 1990 and 1991. The first season was relatively dry and warm, while the second was wetter and cooler. Grain yield and malt extract were markedly lower in 1990 than 1991, and grain protein concentration, grain screenings and diastatic power were significantly higher. Grain protein and diastatic power increased almost linearly with increasing N application, with a higher rate of increase in 1990 than in 1991. Malt extract declined almost linearly with increasing N application, but the change in rate of decline between seasons was less than the change of rate of increase of grain protein. Environmental correlations between protein concentration and malt extract, and between malt extract and diastatic power, were negative. They were close to -1.0 when the environmental factor varying was restricted to N fertilizer, but were of a smaller absolute magnitude when seasons and rotations were also allowed to vary. In contrast, genotypic correlations were of intermediate magnitude. Broad-sense heritabilities for malt extract and diastatic power were relatively high, even with such contrasting seasons. This indicates that it should be possible to develop cultivars for south-eastern Australia which have high malt extract and high diastatic power at low protein levels. However, applications of N fertilizer that raise grain protein concentration will reduce malt extract, with the effect much greater in drier, warmer seasons.
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Riffkin, Penny, Brendan Christy, Garry O'Leary, and Debra Partington. "Contribution of phase durations to canola (Brassica napus L.) grain yields in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 4 (2016): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) of southern Australia, long-season winter canola types have been commercially available only since 2011. Experiments in this region show that these varieties can provide improvements in grain yield over spring types of >20% because of their ability to make better use of the longer growing season. However, within this longer crop duration, the optimum length and timings of the critical growth phases to maximise grain production are unknown. Data from eight field experiments conducted between 2010 and 2014 at Hamilton, in the HRZ of south-western Victoria, were analysed to determine whether different phases within the crop’s life cycle vary in their contribution to grain yield and, if so, how this is influenced by climatic conditions. The dataset provided 536 genotype–environment–management combinations including 60 varieties ranging in total crop duration from 186 to 236 days. Over the 5 years, seasons were highly variable with annual rainfall ranging between 479 and 981 mm and spring rainfall (September–November) between 84 and 199 mm. The range of crop maturity types (i.e. winter and spring types) and environmental conditions provided a wide spread in growth, development and grain yield. The analysis showed a positive association between longer duration from flowering to maturity and grain yield, and showed that the duration was influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Pre-flowering reserves made an important contribution to grain yield, and remobilisation of reserves from the pre-flowering period was greatest for winter types, presumably due to less favourable conditions for growth during grain-filling. Optimising flowering to produce sufficient pre-flowering reserves for remobilisation while ensuring that environmental conditions post-flowering are such that the grain-filling duration is maximised may provide a strategy to increase yields in this environment.
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Walker, G. P., R. Williams, P. T. Doyle, and F. R. Dunshea. "Seasonal variation in milk production and cheese yield from commercial dairy farms located in northern Victoria is associated with pasture and grazing management and supplementary feeding practices." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 5 (2007): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study of irrigated pasture-based commercial dairy farms that made use of split calving (two distinct periods of calving; autumn and spring) was undertaken between April 2001 and March 2002 in northern Victoria, to examine associations between herd nutrition, time of year and season of calving and the production and composition of milk. On average, herds that had access to higher digestibility pasture or were fed more cereal grain-based concentrates produced more milk. However, the average marginal yield of 4% fat corrected milk/kg cereal grain-based concentrates was less than responses achieved under experimental conditions in northern Victoria. Herds that calved in autumn had different production characteristics to those that calved in spring, in that they did not show an early lactation peak in milk yield and produced milk with lower average concentrations of crude protein, casein and fat. Despite this, herds that calved in autumn had greater persistency of milk yield in mid to late lactation, when they tended to be better fed on pasture, so that yields of milk solids over a notional 310-day lactation were similar for both calving groups (523 v. 529 kg fat + protein; autumn v. spring, respectively), but herds that calved in autumn produced milk with a lower potential to yield cheddar cheese (10.2 v. 10.6 kg cheese/100 kg milk; P < 0.01). Farms that produced milk in the lowest quartile for potential to yield cheddar cheese differed from the top quartile in that they: (i) milked fewer cows (175 v. 250); (ii) fed less supplements (5.6 v. 9.4 kg DM/cow.day); (iii) walked their herds shorter distances between pasture and the dairy (2.2 v. 3.2 km/day); (iv) allocated lower herbage allowances (33 v. 43 kg DM/cow.day); and (v) grazed pastures at a mass low enough to have restricted pasture intake (< 3 t DM/ha), about twice the frequency of farms (0.40 v. 0.17) in the top quartile. Greater productivity of the dairy industry in northern Victoria could be achieved through better grazing and pasture management and supplementary feeding practices on farms.
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Stockdale, C. R. "Effects of cereal grain, lupins-cereal grain or hay supplements on the intake and performance of grazing dairy cows." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 7 (1999): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary. Three experiments of 5 weeks duration, using 32 Friesian cows per experiment, were conducted in northern Victoria during 1994–95. Experiment 1 was conducted during spring (October–November), experiment 2 was carried out in summer (January–February), and experiment 3 was in autumn (April–May). In each experiment, there was a pasture only treatment and 3 treatments in which 5 kg dry matter (DM)/cow of different supplements were offered in 2 equal feeds each day. The supplements were either pelleted cereal grain (75% barley and 25% wheat), pelleted mixed grains (50% lupins, 25% barley, 25% wheat) or hay. The hay used in experiment 1 was made from lucerne (Medicago sativa), while that used in experiments 2 and 3 originated from irrigated annual and perennial pastures, respectively. Cows strip-grazed irrigated pasture at a herbage allowance of about 30 kg DM/cow.day in each experiment. There were 4 cows per treatment and treatments were replicated twice. All supplements significantly (P<0.05) increased milk production. The lupins–cereal grain supplement resulted in the greatest response and the hay the smallest response, both in terms of absolute level of production and the marginal return to additional total DM consumed (1.4, 1.7 and 0.9 kg of extra milk for each additional kg DM of total intake associated with the cereal grain, lupins–cereal grain and hay supplement treatments, respectively). However, the marginal response to each kg of a supplement varied (P<0.05) with the time of the year. There were no differences between supplements in spring whilst in summer and autumn, the cereal grain and lupins–cereal grain supplements were better (P<0.05) than hay. Milk solids yield responded in a manner similar to milk yield. This was principally due to the fact that none of the supplements affected (P>0.05) milk protein content and, although milk fat content was reduced (P<0.05) by both concentrate supplements, the effects were not biologically large (a difference of about 0.05 percentage units). The cereal grain and lupins–cereal grain supplements also improved (P<0.05) the body condition of cows relative to those that were unsupplemented or were supplemented with hay. Levels of substitution were similar across types of supplement, averaging 0.28 kg DM reduction in pasture intake for each kg DM of supplement eaten. It was concluded that, at low pasture allowances (high stocking rates) with moderate supplementation, large differences in substitution between readily fermentable concentrate supplements, such as cereal grain or lupins–cereal grain, and hay are unlikely. Hence, responses in milk will largely be based on the energy content of the supplement. At higher pasture allowances and/or higher levels of supplementary feeding, variations in substitution will probably play an important role in determining the responses observed.
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Coventry, DR, and JF Kollmorgen. "An association between lime application and the incidence of take-all symptoms on wheat on an acid soil in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of lime, deep ripping and fertiliser treatments on the occurrence of take-all symptoms in wheat in north-eastern Victoria, was studied in a field experiment. Large wheat grain yield increases had previously been obtained at this site from both liming and deep ripping of the soil. Symptoms typical of take-all (Gaeumannomyces grarninis var. tritici) were observed on plants in all plots in the 1985 season. There were no differences in numbers of dead heads in wheat grown on unlimed soil and where the soil was treated with 0.5 and 1.0 t lime ha-l. However, 20 and 30% of the heads were dead heads where the soil was treated with 2.5 and 5.0 t lime ha-1 respectively. Plants with dead heads were severely lesioned. Where disease was most severe, 1000-grain weight was reduced. Although liming the soil increased the damage by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and perhaps other pathogens, the overall grain yields were not reduced because of the countering effect of lime promoting yield. Lime also altered the composition of grasses in pasture plots, resulting in more brome grass and barley grass. The control of take-all by crop rotations and controlling grassy weeds in pasture could be a necessary adjunct to liming if maximum yield benefits are to be obtained.
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Ali, SM. "Register of Australian grain legume cultivars. Lens culinaris (lentil) cv. Northfield." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 8 (1995): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lens culinaris subsp. microsperma cv. Northfield was selected, from the ICARDA breeding line ILL5588 (originally collected from Jordan), for uniform height, maturity, seed type, colour and freedom from symptoms of Ascochyta lentis. Growth habit is erect becoming trailing during flowering. Plant height at maturity is slightly shorter than Aldinga but Northfield matures several days earlier. Northfield is less likely to lodge at maturity than many other cultivars making harvesting easier. Pods are bivalved, rhomboid and 2-seeded. Seeds are biconvex with a uniform red testa without marbling or speckling. Seed size is small (2.5-3.5 g per 100 seeds). It was evaluated in field trials in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia over 4 years. Mean yields (1.18 t/ha) were 19% less than Aldinga (1.4 t/ha) but exceeded that of Kye (0.93 t/ha). Northfield has field resistance to A. lentis with lower levels of seed infection (1%) than Aldinga (24-48%). This results in seeds being free of blemishes, an advantage when seed is marketed whole and for seed purposes. Seed protein content of Northfield (22.2-25.2%) is similar to that of Aldinga. Northfield is less prone to seed cleaning damage than similar cultivars.