Статті в журналах: "Grain refrigerator"

1

Borghezan, Marcelo, Alan David Clauman, Douglas André Steinmacher, Miguel Pedro Guerra, and Afonso Inácio Orth. "In vitro viability and preservation of pollen grain of kiwi (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A. Chev.) A. Chev)." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (December 2011): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332011000400007.

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Kiwi is a dioecious plant species, requiring cross pollination for fruit production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro viability and shelf life of pollen grains of two kiwi varieties. Flowers of the cultivars Matua and Tomuri were collected and the pollen germinated in vitro, in culture medium containing agar (1 %), sucrose (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 %) and boric acid (0 and 50 mg L-1 H3BO3). Pollen grains were stored in a BOD incubator (25.0 °C), refrigerator (4.0 °C), freezer (-18.0 °C) and in liquid N2 (-196.0 °C), and evaluated after 0, 40, 120, 240 and 365 days. The culture medium enriched with 12 % sucrose and 50 mg L-1 H3BO3 was the most suitable. Pollen grains can be stored for a short period in the refrigerator or freezer, and cryopreserved for at least one year.

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MECHKAROVA, Tatyana, Yaroslav ARGIROV, Daniela SPASOVA та Aneliya STOYANOVA. "Structural Changes of Nitrogen Ferrite After Aging in Temperature Interval up to 100 °С". Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, № 1 (15 березня 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.1.04.

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This paper aims to determine the extent of aging of nitrogen ferrite at temperatures below 100 °C and the structural and strength changes that occur in the process. The tests are carried out on samples of technically pure iron (Armco). The specimens are pre-deformed by tension and re-crystallisation heating to achieve a large-grain ferrite structure. A large-grained structure has been chosen to more accurately track the change in micro-hardness of the individual grains during the aging process. Nitric ferrite results from gas carbonitriding and subsequent hardening. Upon hardening, the samples are stored in a refrigerator, and then the surface layer formed is removed through electrochemical corrosion. Afterwards, aging heat treatment at temperatures below 100 °C is undertaken. After the aging process, micro-hardness of the individual grains is examined and X-ray structural analysis is performed.

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Naeimi, Shahram, Vahid Khosravi, András Varga, Csaba Vágvölgyi, and László Kredics. "Screening of Organic Substrates for Solid-State Fermentation, Viability and Bioefficacy of Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2, a Biocontrol Strain Against Rice Sheath Blight Disease." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091258.

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The present study was undertaken to find the most suitable organic substrates for the biomass production, viability and efficacy of the biocontrol strain Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2 in the solid-state fermentation system. In total, 13 inexpensive, locally available substrates (agricultural wastes or by-products) were inoculated with the antagonist, and following one month of incubation at room temperature, all colonized substrates were air dried and ground to powder. The shelf life and viability of the Trichoderma strain were assessed as colony-forming units per gram (CFUs g−1) of each substrate on a monthly basis for up to one year at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and in the refrigerator (4 °C). In order to find out the effect of the substrate on the bioefficacy of T. harzianum AS12-2, the biocontrol potential of the formulations was evaluated against rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that the fungus colonized more or less all substrates after one month, although the degree of colonization and conidiation was different among the substrates, being especially high in broom sorghum grain, rice husk, rice straw, rice bran and sugar beet pulp. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the population in the substrates in “Month 0” showed that the effect of treatment was significant, and the means were significantly different. The maximum population was recorded for broom sorghum grain and rice straw (6.4 × 1010 and 5.3 × 1010 CFUs g−1, respectively). The population declined in all substrates after one year of incubation at room temperature. This decline was relatively smaller in broom sorghum grain, rice straw and rice husk. On the other hand, the population in the same substrate incubated in the refrigerator was decreased in a mild slope, and the final population was high. In addition, the results of greenhouse assay showed that all bioformulations were effective in controlling the disease, and there were no significant differences among the substrates. According to the results of this study, broom sorghum grain, rice husk, rice straw, sugar beet pulp and cow dung could be recommended as suitable fermentation media for the industrial-scale production of T. harzianum strains.

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El Mardi, M. O., L. AI-Kharousi, and O. S. AI-Mantheri. "Factors Regulating In Vitro Germination of Date Palm Pollen Grams After Storage." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol5iss1pp19-23.

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Dried pollen grains of three date palm (male) cultivars grown in Oman were stored either in a freezer (-18°C), a refrigerator (4 to 5°C), or at room temperature (23 to 25°C) for 6 or 12 months. The three cultivars include Khori, Medjahdil, and Bahlani. Germination percentage was determined after 6 hours incubation in aerated and non- aerated liquid media. The results showed that date palm pollen was better adapted to refrigerator storage than freezing for all three cultivars, while room temperature storage significantly reduced pollen germination. Aeration was found to enhance germination of refrigerator- and freezer-stored pollen, but decreased that of pollen stored at room temperature for 6 months. The results also indicated that refrigeration might have caused the inactivation of pollen germination. The latter could either be overcome by aeration or reversed if pollen is refrigerated for a longer period. Room temperature storage directly reduced viability and did not induce temporary inactivation of pollen.

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5

Amsah, Amirah, Raja Ili Airina Raja Khalif, Jakkhaphan Pitchayapipatkul, Nor Dini Rusli, Khairiyah Mat, and Mohammad Mijanur Rahman. "Effect of extender supplemented with date palm pollen grain on bovine semen qualities." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 8, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v8i2.629.

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Natural extract from plant-based has grown in popularity as protective properties in extender for preserving animal semen. Date palm pollen grain (DPPG) is commercially used for male fertility by enhancing sperm count, motility and DNA quality because DPPG contains flavonoids. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a) extender supplementation with different concentration of DPPG on sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity b) different preservation storage of chilled and frozen bovine semen after seven days. The semen was collected through electrical stimulation and assigned to four treatment groups. The semen were diluted in Tris citric fructose egg yolk (TCFY) diluent (control group; CG) or supplemented with DPPG with different concentration (G1 = 2%, G2 = 4% and G3 = 6% in 20 mg DPPG/40 mL of Tris citric fructose (TCF). Semen samples were chilled (experiment 1) in the refrigerator (4°C) for seven days and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (experiment 2) prior to dilution to four treatments. The samples were thawed in a water bath (37 °C) and analysed for motility, membrane integrity and viability by conventional laboratory methods. No significant difference was observed among treatment groups in experiment 1. However, in the second experiment, the addition of 6% DPPG resulted significantly higher (p<0.05) in sperm viability compared to control groups (71.25±1.04) vs (56.47±4.69). The supplementation of 6% DPPG showed the ability to protect the viability of bovine sperm, respectively.

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6

Laposha, O. A., S. A. Senin, S. V. Midyk, O. M. Iakubchak, T. V. Taran, I. V. Zabarna, L. М. Ishchenko, V. D. Ishchenko, and V. O. Ushkalov. "Determination Of T-2 And HT-2 Toxin In Wheat Grain By HPLC With Fluorescence Detection." Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis 15, no. 3 (2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/moca.2020.137-143.

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The procedure of the T-2 and HT-2 toxins determination in wheat grain was developed by high performance liquid chromatography according to the following criteria: specificity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), trueness (recovery), precision, stability. It was found that the correlation coefficient (R2) for T-2 and HT-2 toxin was 0.9999. Mean recoveries from (R, %) for T-2 and HT-2 toxin at the level of 50–150 μg·Kg-1 from wheat (sample blank) were 91 and 87 %, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD, %) of the measurement results under conditions of repeatability and intra-laboratory precision ranged from 0.23 to 3.93 %. The limits of quantification of the method for T-2 and HT-2 toxin was 2.2 and 1.2 μg·Kg-1, respectively. These data are within the range of acceptable minimum levels in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006. It is confirmed that the standards of T-2, HT2 toxins in solutions can be stored up to 7 days in a freezing chamber, a refrigerator and at room temperature in a tightly closed container without actual loss of concentration. It was found that T-2 and HT-2 in a solution cannot be stored in a lit place, because according to the data obtained, sunlight leads to the destruction of these mycotoxins by 52 % and 59 %, respectively.

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7

Masrufa, Sadia, Anisur Rahman, Md Hasanuzzaman, Taufika Islam Anee, Md Hazrat Ali, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Pre-Planting Hardening-Induced Variability in Yield Attributes and Yield of Inbreed and Hybrid Rice." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 19, no. 1 (October 9, 2016): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v19i1.29875.

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Short term hardening before transplanting may enhance the defence mechanism of rice seedlings against any stress during their establishment and contribute d to enhanced growth and yield. Thus, this study was conducted involving one local inbred (Pajam), one popular high yielding (BRRI dhan53) and one hybrid (BRRI hybrid dhan4) rice variety. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with two factors. Seedlings were transplanted directly to the main field as a control treatment and/or subjected to four different hardenings like seedlings storage in shade, open field under sunlight, float in water and cold air in refrigerator before transplantation. Hybrid variety out yielded both the local and inbred varieties due to their highest effective tillers, longer panicle length and 1000-grain weight. Pre-hardening of seedlings in open field under sunlight conditions enhanced the yield attributes and ultimate yield of rice compare to others. The best combination was pre-hardening seedlings in open field conditions with hybrid cultivar regarding to the yield attributes and final yields. It is suggested that hybrid variety and prehardening of seedlings before transplantation to the main field could be increase the rice yield productionsBangladesh Agron. J. 2016, 19(1): 87-97

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8

Hussein, Omaima S. "Comparative study on wheat grains produced from plants treated by irradiated sodium alginate and stored in refrigerator with newly planted on vitality, quality, and their resistance to lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica)." IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 6, no. 4 (2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0641219.

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9

SULZER. "Refrigerated grain storage units." International Journal of Refrigeration 10, no. 3 (May 1987): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(87)90017-x.

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10

Álvarez-Leal, Marta, Fernando Carreño, Alberto Orozco-Caballero, Pilar Rey, and Oscar A. Ruano. "High Strain Rate Superplasticity of WE54 Mg Alloy after Severe Friction Stir Processing." Metals 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121573.

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Friction stir processing (FSP) was used on coarse-grained WE54 magnesium alloy plates of as-received material. These were subjected to FSP under two different cooling conditions, refrigerated and non-refrigerated, and different severe processing conditions characterized by low rotation rate and high traverse speed. After FSP, ultrafine equiaxed grains and refinement of the coarse precipitates were observed. The processed materials exhibited high resistance at room temperature and excellent superplasticity at the high strain rate of 10−2 s−1 and temperatures between 300 and 400 °C. Maximum tensile superplastic elongation of 726% was achieved at 400 °C. Beyond 400 °C, a noticeable loss of superplastic response occurred due to a loss of thermal stability of the grain size. Grain boundary sliding is the operative deformation mechanism that can explain the high-temperature flow behavior of the ultrafine grained FSP-WE54 alloy, showing increasing superplasticity with increasing processing severity.

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11

Araújo, Digelma Camila Barros, Pollyana Cardoso Chagas, Edvan Alves Chagas, Elias Ariel Moura, Railin Rodrigues de Oliveira, Daniel Lucas Taveira, Maria Isabel Ribeiro, and Maria Luiza Grigio. "Flower stages, germination and viability of pollen grains of Annona squamosa L. in tropical conditions." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 43 (June 14, 2021): e51013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v43i1.51013.

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The success in the application of artificial pollination techniques, aspects of floral biology should receive special attention, especially regarding the viability studies of pollen grains. In this sense, two experiments were carried out, aiming to determine the floral stages: floral opening (anthesis), female, male and senescence stages of A. squamosa L flowers under tropical climate conditions, and to evaluate the germination and viability of pollen grains submitted to different storage conditions. In the first experiment, observations and data collection began when flowers were still closed. Readings were taken every two hours for 46 hours until all the flowers reached the senescence stage. For the second, the experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme, with 2 storage conditions (environment at 27 ± 2°C and refrigerated at 5 ± 2°C) and 7 pollen grain conditioning times (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours), with 4 repetitions for the analysis of pollen grain germination and 3 repetitions for the analysis of pollen grain viability, and each repetition consisted of one blade. The variables evaluated were percentage of viable and non-viable pollen grains and percentage of germinated and non-germinated pollen grains. For tropical climatic conditions, the flower anthesis (female stage) of the sugar-apple begins at 00:00 h, extending until 12:00h on the same day. The flowers of the tree reach a functionally staminate stage (male stage) from 6 a.m. the next day. Pollen grains stored at room conditions (27 ± 2°C) remain viable for up to 24 hours after collection, showing that storage in a cold environment at low temperatures (5 ± 2°C) is not necessary. Seed pollen grains have a germination percentage of 51.25% when stored under ambient conditions (27 ± 2°C) for up to 4 hours after collection.

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12

Alves, Emília, Epole N. Ntungwe, João Gregório, Luis M. Rodrigues, Catarina Pereira-Leite, Cristina Caleja, Eliana Pereira, et al. "Characterization of Kefir Produced in Household Conditions: Physicochemical and Nutritional Profile, and Storage Stability." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051057.

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Kefir, a traditional fermented food, has numerous health benefits due to its unique chemical composition, which is reflected in its excellent nutritional value. Physicochemical and microbial composition of kefir obtained from fermented milk are influenced by the type of the milk, grain to milk ratio, time and temperature of fermentation, and storage conditions. It is crucial that kefir characteristics are maintained during storage since continuous metabolic activities of residual kefir microbiota may occur. This study aimed to examine the nutritional profile of kefir produced in traditional in use conditions by fermentation of ultra-high temperature pasteurized (UHT) semi-skimmed cow milk using argentinean kefir grains and compare the stability and nutritional compliance of freshly made and refrigerated kefir. Results indicate that kefir produced under home use conditions maintains the expected characteristics with respect to the physicochemical parameters and composition, both after fermentation and after refrigerated storage. This work further contributes to the characterization of this food product that is so widely consumed around the world by focusing on kefir that was produced in a typical household setting.

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13

Petushenko, S. "Cooling System for Primary Low Temperature Processing and Storage of Grains of Small Frachioned." Refrigeration Engineering and Technology 53, no. 5 (November 2, 2017): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/ret.v53i5.852.

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The analysis of different aspects of grain refrigeration on elevators of Ukraine, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and in the world is carried out. The advantage of the refrigeration method is shown concerning the quality and of energy conservation. A comparative analysis of various types of refrigeration machines operating on ozone-friendly refrigerants has been carried out. It is shown that it is more profitable to use heat that is worked out from refrigerating machines.

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Putra, Adam Bramantara, and Erik Cahyono. "Pragilling Cooling Technique on Quality Characteristics of Milled Rice based on Cooling Temperature and Duration." AGARICUS: Advances Agriculture Science & Farming 1, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/agaricus.v1i3.2429.

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This study aims to determine the effect of temperature, duration of cooling, and physical quality of rice that is influenced by pragiling refrigeration technique. The resultsshowed a decrease of moisture content in the process of drying of impari varieties (22.4% -13.4%) and cisadane varieties (25% -14.3%). Dry shrinkage occurs due to the amount of water that evaporates during the drying process on the 16 kg varieties of impari and cisadane varieties of 21 kg. In addition to the varieties of grain milled rice varieties also affected by the characteristics of grain quality, the varieties of impari obtained average (52.40 ± 3.23%) while in cisadane varieties obtained average (54.54 ± 1.2%). Visual appearance, color degree measurement (Lab *) of milled rice with pragiling and non cooling cooling technique has no significant effect on the given treatment. In the analysis of quality characteristics of rice with pragiling cooling technique, the quality of rice produced is better than non-coolant treatment this is seen from the percentage of head grains, broken grains and groats that produced reached 87.68%. This is in accordance with the analysis data of variance where temperature has significant effect (0.00 <0.05) on the four temperatures used. The cooling time had a significant effect on the physical quality of rice produced with significance value (0.00 <0.05) at three time levels used.

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15

Baker, Adrian, Vanessa de Aguiar Veloso, Adrian Baker, and Lucas Barros. "343 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed diets containing steam-flaked grain and corn silage from Enogen® Feed Corn." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.243.

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Abstract Enogen Feed Corn (EFC; Syngenta Seeds, LLC) is genetically modified to express high concentrations of amylase. Our objective was to evaluate EFC as corn silage and as steam-flaked corn in diets fed to finishing cattle. A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted with steers (n = 960; 388 ± 7.4 kg initial body weight), with factors consisting of silage source (Control or EFC) and grain source (Control or Enogen). Steers were blocked by initial body weight, assigned randomly within block to treatments, housed in 48 pens with 15 or 25 cattle per pen, and harvested after 138, 152, or 166 days on feed. Grains were steam flaked to densities of 360 or 386 g/L for Control and EFC, respectively. Diets (dry basis) consisted of 8% corn silage, 2% alfalfa hay, 74.5% flaked corn, 12% Sweet Bran, and supplement. Incidences of liver abscesses and carcass weights were recorded at harvest, and longissimus muscle area, 12th-rib subcutaneous fat thickness, marbling score, and USDA yield and quality grades were determined after 36 h of refrigeration. There were no interactions between grain source and silage source (P > 0.05) for feedlot performance. Cattle fed diets containing EFC silage consumed less dry matter (P < 0.01) and efficiency of gain was improved by approximately 5.3% (P < 0.01) compared to cattle fed Control silage. Average daily gain and dry matter intake were unaffected by grain source, but cattle fed EFC grain were less efficient (P = 0.02) compared to cattle fed control grain. Carcass weight was greater for cattle fed the combination of EFC silage and Control grain compared to other treatments (P < 0.05), but liver abscess incidence and other carcass measurements were unaffected by grain or silage source. Feeding Enogen Feed Corn as corn silage, but not as grain, improved feedlot performance of steers. Keywords: Enogen, corn silage, amylase

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Serediuk, Denys, Yuriy Pelikan, Oleksandr Bas, and Roman Manulyak. "CONTROLLED LIFTING THE BELL OF THE STATE PRIMARY GAS VOLUME AND VOLUME FLOW RATE STANDARD." ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ, no. 5 (June 13, 2021): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.04.06.2021.024.

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The article describes the implemented system of pneumatic lifting of the bell of the state primary standard gas volume and volume flow rate units. The system is composed of unified elements of industrial air preparation. There are elements for air purification in front of the compressor, dehumidifier, refrigerator dryer. With the use of a pneumatic system, the bell can be filled with prepared air with different values of excess pressure. The system is installed as a backup to the current to increase security. Pneumatic lifting of the bell allows you to connect a set of cylinders with pure inert gases or mixtures thereof to determine the impact on the gas meters metrological characteristics.

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Łopusiewicz, Łukasz, Emilia Drozłowska, Paulina Trocer, Paweł Kwiatkowski, Artur Bartkowiak, Annett Gefrom, and Monika Sienkiewicz. "The Effect of Fermentation with Kefir Grains on the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Beverages from Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) Seeds." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 5791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245791.

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Plant derived fermented beverages have recently gained consumers’ interest, particularly due to their intrinsic functional properties and presence of beneficial microorganisms. Three variants containing 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) of sweet blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. “Boregine”) seeds were inoculated with kefir grains and incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. After processing, beverages were stored in refrigerated conditions (6 °C) for 21 days. Changes in microbial population, pH, bioactive compounds (polyphenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid), reducing sugars, and free amino acids were estimated. Additionally, viscosity, firmness, color, and free radicals scavenging properties were determined. Results showed that lactic acid bacteria as well as yeast were capable of growing well in the lupin matrix without any supplementation. During the process of refrigeration, the viability of the microorganisms was over the recommended minimum level for kefir products. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides as well as increase of free amino acids was observed. As a result of fermentation, the beverages showed excellent DPPH, ABTS+·, ·OH, and O2− radicals scavenging activities with a potential when considering diseases associated with oxidative stress. This beverages could be used as a new, non-dairy vehicle for beneficial microflora consumption, especially by vegans and lactose-intolerant consumers.

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Curcio, Carmen, Elena S. Olivetti, Luca Martino, Michaela Küpferling, and Vittorio Basso. "Magnetocaloric Properties of MnBi Compound as a Function of Grain Size." Solid State Phenomena 257 (October 2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.257.143.

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MnBi is a magnetic material with many peculiar properties, interesting for different applications such as rare-earth-free permanent magnets and magnetic refrigeration. In this work the entropy change and the transformation kinetics of the magneto-structural transition are investigated, for two sets of samples with different grain size (“as-annealed” and “compacted pwd”). Both sets show a logarithm dependence on the temperature scan rate of the transition temperature upon cooling. This suggests that thermal activation effects are present. The estimated activation volume v0 of the magneto-structural transition corresponds to around 120 atoms.

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WANG Jun, LIU Zhenling, and Chen Yan. "Comparative Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Grain Storage by Solar Absorption Refrigeration." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 4, no. 14 (August 15, 2012): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol4.issue14.42.

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20

Chen, Cheng, Ling Han, Qun-Li Yu, and Ru-Ren Li. "Color stability and antioxidant capacity of yak meat as affected by feeding with pasture or grain." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 2 (June 2015): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-129.

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Chen, C., Han, L., Yu, Q.-L. and Li, R.-R. 2015. Color stability and antioxidant capacity of yak meat as affected by feeding with pasture or grain. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 189–195. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of pasture or grain on color stability and antioxidant capacity of M. longissimus lumborum (LL) from pasture-fed (PF) or grain-fed (GF) yaks. The color stability and metmyoglobin percentage (MetMb%) were determined during 9 d of aerobic refrigerated storage. The antioxidant capacity was estimated by the total phenolics content, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Compared with the GF group, the LL from the PF group showed significantly (P<0.05) higher redness (a* values), with lower decline rate in a* values (P<0.05) over 1 to 7 d of refrigerated storage. The LL from the PF group had a significantly (P<0.05) lower metmyoglobin accumulation rate. At the end of storage, the muscle's MetMb% of the PF and GF group were 46.33 and 56.66%, respectively. The PF group showed significantly higher total phenolics content (+23.94%; P<0.05) in muscles, resulting in greater TEAC and FRAP, which were 24.81 and 3.99% higher than the GF group (P<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the pasture enhanced antioxidant capacity of yak meat and contributed to improve the meat color stability.

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Buckle, Geoffrey, Elia J. Mmbaga, Alan Paciorek, Larry Akoko, Katrina Deardorff, William Mgisha, Beatrice Mushi, Julius Mwaiselage, Katherine Van Loon, and Li Zhang. "Factors Associated With Early-Onset Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania: A Case-Control Study." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 1 (March 2018): 29s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.23000.

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Abstract 89 Purpose Previous studies have characterized geographic clusters of esophageal cancer (EC) in East Africa. Many of the epidemiologic features of EC in this context are shared globally with other clusters, including high rates, male predominance, and squamous cell histology. A unique feature in East Africa is the high proportion of young patients, with a recent case series reporting up to 24% of patients age < 45 years. The aim of the current study was to assess factors that are associated with early-onset EC in Tanzania (TZ). Methods We performed a secondary analysis of a previous case-control study. Patients with newly diagnosed EC were recruited at Muhimbili National Hospital and Ocean Road Cancer Institute in 2014 to 2016. Hospital controls were identified from patients with nonmalignant conditions and matched 1:1 for gender and age ± 10 years. Risk factors were assessed through interviews. Logistic regression was used to estimate age-specific odds ratios (ORs) of EC for exposures across age groups (30 to 44 years, 45 to 59 years, and ≥ 60 years) and for interactions with age. Results A total of 473 cases and 473 controls were enrolled. Median ages were 59 years (range, 30 to 91 years) for cases and 55 years (range, 31 to 88 years) for controls. Among cases, 102 patients (22%) were age 30 to 44 years, 144 patients (30%) were age 45 to 59 years, and 227 patients (48%) were age ≥ 60 years. High household income was protective for those age 30 to 44 years (OR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69) and 45 to 59 years (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.45), but not for those age ≥ 60 years (effect modification P = .047). Family history of EC was associated with a higher risk of EC among those age 45 to 59 years (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.02 to 14.47) and age ≥ 60 years (OR, 6.63; 95% CI, 1.50 to 29.37), with no effect among those age 30 to 44 years (effect modification P = .019). Second-hand smoke and infrequent teeth cleaning were also associated with early-onset EC, but did not differ significantly across age groups. Additional factors associated with EC risk across all ages were firewood use (cooking), kerosene use (lighting), work on a maize farm, and in-home grain and nut storage. Protective factors were the regular use of medication, surrogates of high socioeconomic status (TV, radio, refrigerator, indoor toilet, and electricity), and charcoal or gas cooking. Conclusion Multiple exposures were identified as risk factors for early-onset EC in TZ. In age-stratified analyses, household income, second-hand smoke, and poor dental hygiene emerged as possible risk factors, whereas family history of EC had strong associations among the older but not the young age group. Our results suggest that environmental factors may underlie the high incidence of young patients with EC in TZ. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.

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Zhou, Xiaoyu, Yafen Shang, Tian Luo, Yifeng Peng, and Hao Fu. "Large rotating magnetocaloric effect of textured polycrystalline HoB₂ alloy contributed by anisotropic ferromagnetic susceptibility." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 13 (March 28, 2022): 132401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088571.

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A large rotating magnetocaloric effect (RMCE) was always observed in the materials with anisotropic magnetisms, for example, ferromagnetism vs antiferromagnetism or paramagnetism, at different crystallographic directions. In this work, anisotropic ferromagnetic susceptibility is utilized to implement low-field (≤2 T) large RMCE in the textured polycrystalline HoB2 alloy. The x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microstructure results reveal that the arc-melted HoB2 exhibits preferred grain orientation along the solidification direction. The measured rotating magnetic entropy changes ( −Δ SR) and refrigeration capacity are 6.27 J/kg K and 73.7 J/kg, respectively, under the magnetic field change of 1 T. They are comparable with those of other materials contributed by anisotropic magnetisms. Our results suggest that the polycrystal HoB2 alloy is a promising material for practical application of magnetic refrigeration based on RMCE.

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Navarro-García, J. D., J. P. Camarillo-Garcia, F. Alvarado-Hernández, J. L. Sánchez Llamazares, and H. Flores-Zúñiga. "Elastocaloric and Magnetocaloric Effects Linked to the Martensitic Transformation in Bulk Ni55Fe11Mn7Ga27 Alloys Produced by Arc Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering." Metals 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020273.

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The investigation of caloric effects linked to first-order structural transitions in Heusler-type alloys has become a subject of considerable current interest due to their potential utilization as refrigerants in solid-state cooling devices. This study is mainly motivated by the possibility of developing refrigeration devices of improved energy efficiency with a reduced environmental impact. We produced partially textured and isotropic bulk samples of the Heusler-type magnetic shape memory alloy Ni55Fe11Mn7Ga27 by arc melting and spark plasma sintering (SPS), respectively. Their structural, microstructural, and phase transition characteristics and magnetocaloric and elastocaloric effects, associated with first-order martensitic transformation (MT), were studied. The elemental chemical compositions of both samples were close to nominal, and a martensitic-like structural transformation appeared around room temperature with similar starting and finishing structural transition temperatures. At room temperature, austenite exhibited a highly ordered L21-type crystal structure. The partial grain orientation and isotropic nature of the arc-melted and SPS samples, respectively, were revealed by X-ray diffraction and SEM observations of the microstructure. For the arc-melted sample, austenite grains preferentially grew in the (100) direction parallel to the thermal gradient during solidification. The favorable effect of the texture on the elastocaloric response was demonstrated. Finally, due to its partial grain orientation, the arc-melted bulk sample showed superior values of maximum magnetic entropy change (|ΔSM|max = 18.6 Jkg−1K−1 at 5 T) and elastocaloric adiabatic temperature change (|ΔTadme|max = 2.4 K at 120 MPa) to those measured for the SPS sample (|ΔSM|max = 8.5 Jkg−1K−1 and (|ΔTadme|max = 0.8 K).

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Dankwa, Adwoa, Jennifer Perry, and Lewis Perkins. "Assessment of Microbial Variation and Chemical Composition in Water Kefir Over Repeated Brewing Cycles and Refrigerated Storage." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab044_011.

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Abstract Objectives Water kefir is a fermented beverage with potential probiotic effects. Its production requires a starter culture known as ‘grains’ and a sweetened water substrate. These grains self-propagate for use in sequential brewing cycles. Changes in microbial composition and its metabolites with repeated grain usage and prolonged storage are unknown. This may result in loss of functional properties or reduced consumer acceptability. This study evaluates the stability and functional components of microbial communities and chemical compositions in water kefir products over repeated brewing cycles and during refrigerated storage. Methods Six cultures were obtained from commercial suppliers (n = 5) or homebrewers (n = 1). Each culture system was brewed following a simplified standard recipe for 20 repeated cycles. Samples were collected at pH 4 and stored at 4 oC for analysis at predetermined time points (2, 6 and 12 weeks). Samples were enumerated for total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and yeast on TSA, MRS, ABS, and APDA media respectively. HPLC was used for simultaneous detection of the major organic acids, sugars, and alcohol in water kefir. Data was subject to ANOVA, MANCOVA, and mapping for visualization. Results Microbial population and chemical profile of water kefir were significantly affected by both repeated brewing cycles and storage. All brewing cycles at the initial 2-week storage time did not significantly affect LAB (range: 5.5–5.7 Log CFU/g) or AAB (range: 5.2–5.4 Log CFU/g) populations. However, significant variations were seen at the 12-week storage in these populations resulting in a reduction of 1.8–2.1 Log CFU/g. Overall, the microbial communities and their metabolite concentration increased until the 10th brewing cycle and then declined to their lowest at the 20th cycle. Hydrolysis of sucrose into component monosaccharides decreased from weeks 2 to 12 for brewing cycles 1 and 10; and increased at brewing cycle 20 over all storage time. Ethanol concentration was significantly lower at the 10th and 20th brewing cycles. Conclusions This data suggests that repeated brewing beyond a certain threshold cycle adversely affects the stability and viability of the microbial culture. There is a need to limit the number of brewing cycles to achieve the optimum health benefits of water kefir. Funding Sources USDA-NIFA.

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Kostyuk, O., B. Dzundza, M. Maksymuk, V. Bublik, L. Chernyak, and Z. Dashevsky. "Development of Spark Plasma Syntering (SPS) technology for preparation of nanocrystalline p-type thermoelctrics based on (BiSb)2Te3." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.4.628-634.

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Bismuth antimony telluride is the most commonly used commercial thermoelectric material for power generation and refrigeration over the temperature range of 200–400 K. Improving the performance of these materials is a complected balance of optimizing thermoelectric properties. Decreasing the grain size of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 significantly reduces the thermal conductivity due to the scattering phonons on the grain boundaries. In this work, it is shown the advances of spark plasma sintering (SPS) for the preparation of nanocrystalline p-type thermoelectrics based on Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 at different temperatures (240, 350, 400oC). The complex study of structural and thermoelectric properties of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 were presented. The high dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT ~ 1 or some more over 300–400 K temperature range for nanocrystalline p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 was obtained.

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Udo, M. D., F. O. Ahamefule, J. A. Ibeawuchi, and J. S. Ekpo. "Lactating performance of West African dwarf does fed dietary levels of boiled rubber seed meal based diets." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.105.

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Animal milk has been an outstanding balanced food for man, and a very good source of protein to man. The bulk of milk consumed in Nigeria is imported. An experiment was conducted with twelve lactating West African dwarf does that were at their second parity using graded levels (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) of boiled rubber seed meal to investigate their colostrum and normal milk yield and proximate compositions. The rubber seeds were boiled for 30 minutes, dehulled and dried for three days before being milled and used alongside cassava peels, brewer dried grain, palm kernel cake, bone meal and salt to formulate boiled rubber seed meal based diet. The twelve does were individually housed in a well ventilated cement floored pen with wood shaving as bedding material. 1 kg of the concentrate diet designated as A, B, C and D were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups. The diets were supplied to the does in wooden feeding trough at 0800 hour in the morning while 2 kg of Panicum maximum was fed to the does by 1400 hours daily. The does were fed with the concentrate diet at the beginning of their last month of pregnancy and through to the 55th day of post-partum. The kids were weighed on their first day of parturition. Colostrum was collected, weighed and samples stored at -5oC in a refrigerator for constituent analysis, but certain sample of colostrum was also used for lactose analysis daily. The lactating does were hand milked once in the morning and a constant 0.6596 was used as a weighing factor on the morning yield using S=M+0.6596M as correcting factor. Prior to each day milking, kids were separated from the dams from 1800 hour and fed with the aid of feeding bottle. Colostrum and normal milk samples were analysed for crude protein, (Nx6.38), lactose, total solids, solid-not-fat, butterfat, ash and energy. Lactose was analysed using Marier and Boulet procedures. Butterfat was determined by Kjeldahl and Markhaps apparatus while solid-not-fat was obtained from the differences between butterfat and total solids. Energy was computed using multiple regression equation. AOAC method was used to determine the proximate composition of the experimental diets. There was no significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment groups (A, B, C, D) in their colostrum yield (66.75, 77.69, 73.67 and 69.33), total solids (17.24, 17.39, 16.47 and 16.99) and butterfat (4.90, 4.90, 4.88 and 4.85) respectively. But CP, SNF, lactose, ash and energy had significant differences (P>0.05) in their colostrum with treatment D having superior value (6.87%) compared to A (6.58%), B (6.50%) and C (6.44%). The CP value increases as the BRSM increases in diet. All parameters in normal milk were statistically similar in their values, but treatment B (10% BRSM) expressed superior value among the treatment groups. In this study, 30%BRSM promoted least milk yield while 10%BRSM promoted highest milk yield. Therefore, 10% inclusion level of BRSM is recommended for lactating WAD does for high milk yield.

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Łopusiewicz, Łukasz, Emilia Drozłowska, Paulina Siedlecka, Monika Mężyńska, Artur Bartkowiak, Monika Sienkiewicz, Hanna Zielińska-Bliźniewska, and Paweł Kwiatkowski. "Development, Characterization, and Bioactivity of Non-Dairy Kefir-Like Fermented Beverage Based on Flaxseed Oil Cake." Foods 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2019): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8110544.

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Flaxseed oil cake (FOC) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the production of a novel kefir-like fermented beverage. Three variants containing 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) of FOC were inoculated with kefir grains and incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. After processing, beverages were stored in refrigerated conditions (6 °C) for 21 days. Changes in microbial population, pH, acidity, levels of proteins, polyphenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and reducing sugars were estimated. Additionally, viscosity, firmness, color, and antioxidant properties were determined. Results showed that lactic acid bacteria as well as yeast were capable of growing well in the FOC without any supplementation. During refrigerated storage, the viability of the microorganisms were over the recommended minimum level for kefir products. As a result of fermentation, the beverages showed excellent antioxidant activity. Because of the functional characteristics conferred to the FOC beverages, the use of kefir grains showed adequate potential for the industrial application. Therefore, this beverages could be used as a new, non-dairy vehicle for beneficial microflora consumption, especially by vegans and lactose-intolerant consumers.

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ZAGORUIKO, MIKHAIL G., and SERGEY A. PAVLOV. "USE OF THE S-40 DRYER IN TWO-STAGE DRYING OF CORN GRAIN." Agricultural engineering, no. 3 (2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-3-69-73.

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The paper provides rationale for safe modes and methods for calculating a two-stage drying technology with partial recirculation of grain, in which the grain is under-dried by 2…3% to the standard humidity in a grain dryer, and the hot grain is cooled by active ventilation with outside air, while drying it to the standard humidity. The safe mode of two-stage drying in S-40 provides for partial recirculation of grain with moisture removal close to the standard, and the moisture content of the recirculated mixture not exceeding 18%. The recirculation coeffi cient calculated based on this condition is used to determine the temperature of the recirculating grain mixture, taking into account the reversible component in the shaft dryer. The minimized recirculation ratio provides for the permissible unevenness in drying and minimal fracturing. The recirculation drying process was analyzed according to the standard method, but with the adjusted values of moisture removal and temperature of the grain mixture. Economic tests of the S-40 dryer were carried out using a two-stage technology on corn grain. It has been experimentally established that the S-40 dryer with a recirculation coeffi cient of 2 and a moisture pick-up of 4% per cycle when drying corn grain with a moisture content of 23.5 to 15.6%, at a drying agent temperature of 95°C, provides a throughput of 10 t/h (without refrigeration). Cooling was carried out in the warehouse. No signifi cant changes in the quality of dried and cooled grain have been established: the starch content and fracturing practically did not change; the unevenness of the dried seeds did not exceed the original requirements. The expediency of using the S-40 direct-fl ow dryer in the recirculation mode has been experimentally established.

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Carvalho, D. R., I. S. Santos, G. Vargas, M. A. Martins, and A. P. S. Ferreira. "UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN GAS FOR REFRIGERATION AND ATMOSPHERE MODIFICATION IN GRAIN STORAGE: A SIMULATION STUDY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1008 (October 2013): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.1008.16.

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Dobrzański, L. A., and M. Król. "Structure and Properties Investigation of MCMgAl12Zn1 Magnesium Alloy." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0002.

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Abstract This work presents an influence of cooling rate on crystallization process, structure and mechanical properties of MCMgAl12Zn1 cast magnesium alloy. The experiments were performed using the novel Universal Metallurgical Simulator and Analyzer Platform. The apparatus enabled recording the temperature during refrigerate magnesium alloy with three different cooling rates, i.e. 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4°C/s and calculate a first derivative. Based on first derivative results, nucleation temperature, beginning of nucleation of eutectic and solidus temperature were described. It was fund that the formation temperatures of various thermal parameters, mechanical properties (hardness and ultimate compressive strength) and grain size are shifting with an increasing cooling rate.

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Kotov, Boris, Roman Kalinichenko, Yuri Pantsir, Igor Gerasimchuk, and Volodymyr Hryshchenko. "Mathematical Model of Heat Pump Cooling System of Material After Drying and Heat Treatment." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 51 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2021.51.3-14.

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The article considers the issue of increasing the efficiency of coolers of the material heated during drying by using a heat pump unit to produce artificial cold. The scheme of use of a thermal pump in a complex with the drying installation and the portable cooler of material is offered. A mathematical description of the stationary modes of operation of the drying unit, material cooler and heat pump elements on the basis of a steam compressor refrigeration unit is formulated. At creation of physical and mathematical models of heat and mass transfer in the course of drying and cooling of material (grain) the following conditions are accepted simplifying the mathematical description, but without changing real process: moisture from the material is removed according to Dalton's evaporation law, while the moisture in the material evaporates and is removed simultaneously; moisture content and temperature in the volume of the material are evenly distributed, heat and mass transfer occurs only between the surface of the material and the drying agent; the effects of radiation and contact heat transfer are taken into account by heat transfer coefficients; stationary fields of temperature and moisture content are assumed to be one-dimensional, which vary according to the coordinate calculated in the direction of movement of the material; when cooling the moisture removal material is not taken into account for low residual moisture; the size of the surface of the material in the process of drying and cooling does not change; the heat exchange equipment of the heat pump is an object with concentrated parameters. Using the obtained mathematical dependences, graphical dependences of changes in grain and air temperature are constructed, which allow to evaluate the expediency of using a heat pump. The formulated mathematical model of stationary modes of the heat pump drying unit with artificial cooling of the dried material can be used to evaluate the feasibility and energy efficiency of the used refrigeration machines for grain cooling, especially after high-temperature processing. The obtained analytical dependences in the form of a closed system of equations can be used to optimize the parameters of the heat pump drying unit by the criterion of minimizing energy consumption.

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Петушенко, Сергей Николаевич, and Александр Сергеевич Титлов. "Development of refrigeration system for the primary low-temperature processing and storage of small-seeded crops grain." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 8(75) (June 29, 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2015.44251.

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Ferreira, Márcia Pires, Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira, José Marcos Gontijo Mandarino, Josemeyre Bonifácio da Silva, Elza Iouko Ida, and Mercedes Concórdia Carrão-Panizzi. "Changes in the isoflavone profile and in the chemical composition of tempeh during processing and refrigeration." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 46, no. 11 (November 2011): 1555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2011001100018.

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The objective of this work was to analyze changes in the isoflavone profile, determined by high performance liquid chromatography, at different processing stages and after refrigeration of tempeh. For tempeh production, clean soybean grains from cultivars BR 36 (low isoflavone content) and IAS 5 (high) were dehulled, and the separated cotyledons were hydrated and then cooked in boiling water for 30 min. Spores of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus were inoculated in the cooked and cooled cotyledons, and incubated at 32ºC for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours in perforated polypropylene bags, for fermentation. The resulting tempeh was stored at 4ºC for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. After 24-hour fermentation, isoflavone glucosides were 50% reduced, and the aglycone forms in the tempeh from both cultivars was increased. The malonyl forms reduced 83% after cooking. Less than 24 hours of refrigeration did not affect the isoflavone profile of tempeh from either cultivar, which is a good indicator of its quality. The tempeh maintains the high and low isoflavone content of the cultivars, which indicates that cultivar differences in this trait should be considered when processing tempeh.

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Campos, Raquel Pires, Angela Kwiatkowski, Carolina Dario Tonhi, and Edmar Clemente. "Physical-chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Organic Strawberries Conserved with Biofilms and Refrigeration." Journal of Food Research 1, no. 3 (July 24, 2012): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n3p247.

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Biodegrabable and edible coatings were applied on fresh strawberries (<em>Fragaria </em>x <em>ananassa Duch</em>), ‘Camarosa cultivar’, produced in organic system and stored at 10ºC for nine days. Color, mass loss, incidence of rottenness and chemical analyses contents was evaluated. Suspension of cassava starch and grains of kefir milk reduced evolution of fruit coloration when compared uncoated fruits. Treatment associated cassava starch and kefir liquid resulted in a lower rottenness incidence and less mass loss of the fruits, is therefore recommended for postharvest organic strawberries. Anthocyanin and titrable acidity contents increased during storage, regardless of the treatments in general.

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Fernández-Fernández, Manuel V., Victor Marcelo, José B. Valenciano, F. Javier López, and Pablo Pastrana. "Spain’s national network of silos and granaries: architectural and technological change over time." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): e0205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020183-16250.

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Aim of study: To analyse the 670 silos in Spain’s NNSG (National Network of Silos and Granaries), along with the changes in typologies and degree of mechanisation taking place over time.Area of study: Spain.Material and methods: Research began in 2014, collecting NNSG grain storage data across Spain further to the methodology developed by the authors. In a first stage the information was gathered from the FEGA’s general archives in Madrid and the archives of the departments of agriculture in the 13 regions where silos were built. In the second stage of the study, 665 silos were explored in situ. Photographs were taken and information was gathered on their characteristics (general features; architectural features; technological facilities).Main results: This paper discusses the architectural and typological changes taking place over time, from the earliest small, local, richly adorned brick silos to larger, more modern and austere reinforced concrete structures. The machinery with which they are fitted is also addressed, with the progression from basic grain storage to more sophisticated equipment designed to clean, refrigerate or disinfect the grain. Some facilities were used exclusively to select and condition seed for subsequent sowing. The most modern structures, known as macrosilos, are highly mechanised affairs.Research highlights: Spain’s national network of silos and granaries was 41 years in the building. The inventory of the 665 existing silos identified 20 types or subtypes. Early richly adorned units gradually gave way to more austere, functional structures. The machinery in place in silos varied with type/purpose and period of construction.

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De Sousa Pereira, Caíke, Victor Virginio de Sousa e Silva, Jardel Alves da Costa, Renato Santos Rocha, Wagner Rogério Leocádio Soares Pessoa, and João Victor Da Silva Martins. "Avaliação Microbiológica de Feijão-Caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.) Imaturo Sob Diferentes Tratamentos Pós-Colheita." Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde 25, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2021v25n1p50-54.

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A valorização de vegetais frescos, como o feijão-caupi imaturo, tem demonstrado um crescimento nos últimos anos, favorecendo o aumento gradativo na aquisição destes produtos pelos consumidores. No entanto, tais alimentos não são livres de micro-organismos, sendo necessários processos que priorizem a segurança microbiológica e o controle restrito da temperatura. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ação de diferentes tratamentos pós-colheita e tempo de armazenagem sobre os micro-organismos presentes em grãos imaturos de feijão-caupi da variedade sempre-verde. Sendo os tratamentos: T1 acondicionamento em embalagem (testemunha); T2 acondicionamento em embalagem + refrigeração; T3 condicionamento em embalagem + vácuo + refrigeração; T4 acondicionamento em embalagem + branqueamento + refrigeração; T5 acondicionamento em embalagem + branqueamento + vácuo + refrigeração. Realizaram-se as análises microbiológicas aos 10, 20 e 40 dias de armazenamento, em que para cada época, quatro repetições foram aleatoriamente amostradas e avaliadas, por tratamento, e os resultados obtidos foram expressos sob a forma de tabela. Foram realizadas as observações da incidência de bactérias, e a identificação de fungos via microscópio óptico comum. Conforme os resultados. o pré-tratamento de branqueamento em T4 e T5 apresenta uma maior redução da diversidade de micro-organismos nos grãos imaturos de feijão-caupi após armazenagem, no entanto, não é capaz de eliminar completamente fungos produtores de micotoxinas e bactérias. Palavras-chave: Feijão-Verde. Conservação Alimentar. Segurança Alimentar. Abstract The appreciation of fresh vegetables, such as immature cowpea, has shown a growth in recent years, favoring the gradual increase in the purchase of these products by consumers. However, such food is not free of microorganisms, requiring processes that prioritize microbiological safety and restricted temperature control. Given the above, the objective of this work was to evaluate the action of different post-harvest treatments and storage time on microorganisms present in immature cowpea grains of the evergreen variety. The treatments: T1 packaging in packaging (control); T2 packaging in packaging + refrigeration; T3 packaging conditioning + vacuum + refrigeration; T4 packaging in packaging + bleaching + refrigeration; T5 packaging in packaging + bleaching + vacuum + refrigeration. Microbiological analyzes were performed at, 10, 20 and 40 days of storage, where for each season, four replications were randomly sampled and evaluated, per treatment, and the results obtained were expressed in the form of a table. Observations of bacteria incidence were carried out, as well as the fungi identification using a standard optical microscope. According to the results, the bleaching pretreatment in T4 and T5 presents a greater reduction in the diversity of microorganisms in immature cowpea grains after storage, however, it it is not able to completely eliminate mycotoxin-producing fungi and bacteria. Keywords: Green Beans. Food Conservation. Food Security.

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Montanuci, Flávia Daiana, Tatiana Colombo Pimentel, Sandra Garcia, and Sandra Helena Prudencio. "Effect of starter culture and inulin addition on microbial viability, texture, and chemical characteristics of whole or skim milk Kefir." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (November 13, 2012): 580–865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000119.

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The effect of inulin addition and starters (Kefir grains or commercial starter culture) on the microbial viability, texture, and chemical characteristics of Kefir beverages prepared with whole or skim milk was evaluated during refrigerated storage. The type of starter did not influence microbial viability during the storage of the beverages, but the chemical and textural changes (decreases in pH, lactose concentration, and inulin and increased acidity, firmness, and syneresis) were more pronounced in the formulations fermented with grains than those fermented with the starter culture. The addition of inulin did not influence acidity or viability of lactic acid bacteria, but in general, its effect on the survival of acetic acid bacteria, Lactococcus and yeasts, firmness, and syneresis depended on the type of milk and starter culture used. Generally, the yeast, acetic acid bacteria, and Leuconostoc counts increased or remained unchanged, while the total population of lactic acid bacteria and Lactococcus were either reduced by 1 to 2 logs or remained unchanged during storage.

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Warzoha, Ronald J., Nicholas T. Vu, Brian F. Donovan, Elena Cimpoiasu, Darin J. Sharar, Asher C. Leff, Adam A. Wilson, and Andrew N. Smith. "Grain growth-induced thermal property enhancement of NiTi shape memory alloys for elastocaloric refrigeration and thermal energy storage systems." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 154 (June 2020): 119760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119760.

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39

Qiu, Shuang, Alireza Abbaspourrad, and Olga I. Padilla-Zakour. "Prevention of the Retrogradation of Glutinous Rice Gel and Sweetened Glutinous Rice Cake Utilizing Pulsed Electric Field during Refrigerated Storage." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091306.

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Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing is an emerging non-thermal technology that shows the potential to improve food quality and maintain stability. However, the attributes and retrogradation properties of food products made of PEF-treated rice grains are still unknown. In the current study, glutinous rice gels (GR-G) and sweetened glutinous rice cakes (GR-C) made of PEF-treated rice grains were prepared and investigated during 14 days of storage at 4 °C. The hardness values of both the GR-G and GR-C-control samples, respectively, increased from 690 g to 1423 g and from 720 g to 1096 g; the adhesiveness values of the GR-G-control and GR-C-control samples decreased to the range of −7.2 g s to −10.0 g s during storage. PEF-treated samples (3 kV/cm, 400 pulses) resulted in preventing effects against retrogradation, resembling the original textural values of the freshly prepared control samples. The high intensity of imposed PEF treatment (300–400 pulses) significantly reduced the gelatinization enthalpy values of both GR samples to 0.3–0.7 J/g. The diffraction patterns of PEF-treated GR samples were analogous to the amorphous peak of fresh-made rice gel. FTIR results indicated that PEF-treated rice grains presented fewer crystalline regions and a lesser extent of the organized double helices after refrigerated storage.

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40

Selvaraj, Divya, Lalith Nadimuthu, and Kirubakaran Victor. "Monitoring and simulation of parabolic trough collector powered vapor absorption refrigeration system for rural cold storage." Thermal Science 26, no. 2 Part A (2022): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201110298s.

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India is one of the largest contributors to the world?s agricultural products. The majority of people?s livelihood in India depends on agriculture and its allied sec-tors. According to an economics survey in the agricultural year of 2019-2020, India is estimated to have produced around 292 million tonnes of food grain. The share of agriculture in India?s GDP is 19.9%. Even though India is an active participant in global agricultural trade, the total agricultural product export is only 2.5%. Agricultural produce is easily perishable and the quality gets affected which will then affect their market value. To meet the future food demands, agricultural produce must be able to store for a longer amount of time for round the year availability. The traditional food storage practices cannot satisfy that condition. These perishables need a proper cold supply chain to increase the shelf life. In this paper performance of a parabolic trough collector integrated vapor absorption refrigeration system was developed and studied. Renewable integrated cold storage would open door to the sustainable energy future.

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41

de Melo Costa, Ana Cristina Figueiredo, Lucianna Gama, M. R. Morelli, and Ruth Herta Goldsmith Aliaga Kiminami. "Nickel Ferrite: Combustion Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.618.

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Nanosized spinel nickel ferrite particles have attracted considerable attention and efforts continue to investigate them for their technological importance to the microwave industries, high speed digital tap or disk recording, repulsive suspension for use in levitated railway systems, ferrofluids, catalysis and magnetic refrigeration systems. Nanosize nickel ferrite powders (NiFe2O4) have been prepared by combustion reaction using nitrates and urea as fuel. The resulting powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed nanosize nickel ferrite powders with high specific surface area (55.21 m2/g). The powders showed extensive XRD line broadening and the crystallite size calculated from the XRD line broadening was 18.0 nm. The samples were uniaxially compacted by dry pressing, sintered at 1200°C/2h and characterized by bulk density, SEM and magnetic properties measurements. The samples showed uniform microstructures with grain size of 4.45 μm, maximum flux density of 0.18T, field coercive of the 488 A/m, and hysteresis loss of 47.58 W/kg.

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42

Li, Airan, Chenguang Fu, Xinbing Zhao, and Tiejun Zhu. "High-Performance Mg3Sb2-xBix Thermoelectrics: Progress and Perspective." Research 2020 (November 15, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1934848.

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Since the first successful implementation of n-type doping, low-cost Mg3Sb2-xBix alloys have been rapidly developed as excellent thermoelectric materials in recent years. An average figure of merit zT above unity over the temperature range 300–700 K makes this new system become a promising alternative to the commercially used n-type Bi2Te3-xSex alloys for either refrigeration or low-grade heat power generation near room temperature. In this review, with the structure-property-application relationship as the mainline, we first discuss how the crystallographic, electronic, and phononic structures lay the foundation of the high thermoelectric performance. Then, optimization strategies, including the physical aspects of band engineering with Sb/Bi alloying and carrier scattering mechanism with grain boundary modification and the chemical aspects of Mg defects and aliovalent doping, are extensively reviewed. Mainstream directions targeting the improvement of zT near room temperature are outlined. Finally, device applications and related engineering issues are discussed. We hope this review could help to promote the understanding and future developments of low-cost Mg3Sb2-xBix alloys for practical thermoelectric applications.

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43

Mendonca, Lozil Denzil, M. S. Murari, and Mamatha D. Daivajna. "Thermomagnetic Correlation in La0.85-xBixNa0.15MnO3 Soft Ferromagnet due to Nonmagnetic Bi3+ Substitution." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 34, no. 8 (June 9, 2021): 2067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-021-05887-x.

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AbstractWe report the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Bismuth (Bi)-substituted manganite La0.85-xBixNa0.15MnO3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3). X-ray diffraction data implicates the rhombohedral structure with $$ R\overline{3}c $$ R 3 ¯ c space group. Bi2O3 has helped in ensuring phase pure, densified compounds even at low sintering temperature and hence avoiding the evaporation of volatile sodium. The increase in grain size and decrease in magnetic transition temperature (TC) are due to the Bi chemical activity and electronic structure. The samples have shown indirect magnetic transformation from soft ferromagnet to canted ferromagnet/antiferromagnet with Bi. Griffiths phase-like behavior in the inverse magnetic susceptibility was observed for x=0.1; with further increase in Bi, the samples are found to develop the antiferromagnetic competing phase. The phenomenological model was used to model the thermomagnetic behavior of all the samples. The sample with x=0.1 shows an increase in magnetic entropy change upon Bi substitution and the maximum of magnetic entropy change is seen at 275K emphasizing its potential in room temperature magnetic refrigeration.

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44

de Evan, Trinidad, Almudena Cabezas, Jesús de la Fuente Vázquez, and María Dolores Carro. "Feeding Agro-Industrial By-Products to Light Lambs: Influence on Meat Characteristics, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Profile." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091572.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with by-products (BYP concentrate; 18% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 18% dried citrus pulp, and 8% exhausted olive cake) on the meat characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of fattening light lambs. Two groups of 12 Lacaune lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to 26.0 kg of body weight. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.130) between groups in the pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters and in the estimated proportions of pigments in the longissimus dorsi. Feeding the BYP concentrate reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage (unmodified atmosphere), probably due to the greater polyphenol content in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat and the subcutaneous fat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated FA content as well as greater n-6/n-3 FA. In summary, feeding a blend of corn distiller dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake did not change the composition of the meat but improved its antioxidant status and FA profile.

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45

Łopusiewicz, Łukasz, Natalia Śmietana, Daria Paradowska, and Emilia Drozłowska. "Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seed Press Cake as a Novel Material for the Development of New Non-Dairy Beverage Fermented with Kefir Grains." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020300.

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest from the food industry in new products that are increasingly desired by consumers because of the functional ingredients they contain. This category certainly includes fermented plant-based beverages, which combine the properties of plant substrates with the beneficial effects of fermentation on human health. In our study, two trial variants containing 20% and 30% black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed press cake (BCPC) were inoculated with kefir grain cultures and then incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. The resulting beverages were stored under refrigeration (6 °C) for 28 days. During storage, pH, total free amino acids, reducing sugars, changes in the microbial population, viscosity, textural parameters, and color were measured on days 1, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Throughout the storage period, the number of lactic acid bacteria, as well as yeasts, exceeded the recommended minimum level. Numerous changes in product parameters were observed in the tested beverages as a result of fermentation compared to non-fermented products. This study indicates the possibility of using BCPC as a valuable matrix for the production of a functional kefir-like beverage.

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46

de Oliveira Tavares, Romayana Medeiros, Cristiane Fernandes de Assis, Patrícia de Oliveira Lima, Paulo Douglas Santos de Lima, Roberto Rodrigues Cunha Lima, and Karla Suzanne Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno. "Blanching Effect on the Quality and Shelf-Life Characteristics of Fresh Cowpea Grains [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091295.

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The high perishability of fresh cowpeas impairs its commercialization. Thus, this study aims to determine the temperature–time binomial for blanching fresh cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] by evaluating the effects of heat treatment and kinetic behavior on the peroxidase (POD) activity and on the physical characteristics (firmness, color, mass gain). A factorial design (3 × 6) with temperature (70, 80, and 90 °C) and time (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) was implemented. Physicochemical, microbiological, and enzymatic (POD) changes, in addition to photographic monitoring, were evaluated throughout the storage period (4.90 °C). With regard to the effects of the independent variables and the first-order kinetic model, it was determined that 70 °C for 4 min of blanching maintained and/or improved the physical characteristics of the raw material. The pH and the acidity of the blanched fresh cowpea changed little during the storage period; the microbiological load and POD activity reduced with blanching and remained stable until the eighth day of storage, and provided an increase of 5 days in shelf-life under refrigeration when compared to non-blanched. Blanching is shown as an alternative for improving fresh cowpeas, favoring an economic increase in production with guaranteed quality and safety attributes.

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Proni, Cecilia Tereza Weishaupt, Leandro Cássio de Paula, Luis Vanderlei Torres, and Eugênio José Zoqui. "Evaluation of Al-5wt%Si-5wt%Zn as Raw Material for Semisolid Forming." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.339.

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Designing new alloys for semisolid processing is key to the success of semisolid materials technology. While aluminium-silicon and aluminium-zinc alloys have been tested as potential raw materials, ternary aluminium alloys containing silicon and zinc have yet to be tested. As such alloys may exhibit the rheological behaviour required for semisolid forming and the excellent final mechanical properties of Al-Zn alloys, we investigated the thermodynamic aspects of the solid-liquid transition of Al-5.5wt%Si-5wt%Zn alloy, the morphological stability of this alloy in the semisolid temperature range and the corresponding rheological behaviour. Thermo-Calc® simulation software was used to evaluate the solid-to-liquid transition and identify the semisolid temperature range within which the liquid-fraction sensitivity is low and the process is therefore controllable. Based on the results of the simulation, a target temperature of 588 °C was chosen. This is sufficient to produce a liquid fraction of 55 % and a corresponding liquid-fraction sensitivity (dfl/dT) of 0.009 C-1. The Al-5wt%Si-5wt%Zn alloy was prepared by conventional casting in a refrigerated copper mould without grain refining, and the alloy was characterized to determine the stability of the microstructure after heating to 588 °C and holding at this temperature for holding times of 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s. The same temperature and holding times were used to evaluate the rheological behaviour in hot compression tests. A grain size of 170 μm, globule size of 100 μm and circularity of 0.6 were achieved, leading to a maximum apparent viscosity of 2 x 105 Pa.s, which rapidly decreased to 3 x 104 Pa.s after a shear rate of 9 s-1 was reached.

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Dmitriev, A. N., V. P. Perepechaev, and Yu A. Chesnokov. "Influence of Elements Oxides Microadditives with Major Cationic Radius on Properties of Silicate Bundle." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.1295.

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For the agglomerates of the Kachkanar deposit iron ore the role of elements with ionic radius larger than for magnesium and calcium in the formation of the strength characteristics and parameters of the viscous-plastic state of iron-ore materials is shown. The strength characteristics of high-quality sinters are largely defined by the low stressed state of a silicate bundle which is formed in the cake cooling-down period. The diffusion processes at the glasses recrystallization at the cakes refrigeration can be reduced by injection of the elements impeding these processes and having low -strength cation-oxygen connections, that, apparently, should ¬ hinder in formation of the crystals with their participation. From these positions the stabilizing additions are the cations of heavy elements having major radius and remote from the valence electrons¬. It according to the theory of the stressed state of the oxide ¬ systems is accompanied by the grain refinement, decrease of the microstresses ¬ and fissurings of the glass matrix and therefore the defectiveness of cake structure. On the basis of the mathematical model leaning on the results of the dilatometric explorations the positive influence of the microadditives of the barium oxide on increase of temperature of beginning and narrowing of the softening range of sinters is revealed.

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Meyer, Theresa K., Alexis Pascaris, David Denkenberger, and Joshua M. Pearce. "U.S. Potential of Sustainable Backyard Distributed Animal and Plant Protein Production during and after Pandemics." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095067.

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To safeguard against meat supply shortages during pandemics or other catastrophes, this study analyzed the potential to provide the average household’s entire protein consumption using either soybean production or distributed meat production at the household level in the U.S. with: (1) pasture-fed rabbits, (2) pellet and hay-fed rabbits, or (3) pellet-fed chickens. Only using the average backyard resources, soybean cultivation can provide 80–160% of household protein and 0–50% of a household’s protein needs can be provided by pasture-fed rabbits using only the yard grass as feed. If external supplementation of feed is available, raising 52 chickens while also harvesting the concomitant eggs or alternately 107 grain-fed rabbits can meet 100% of an average household’s protein requirements. These results show that resilience to future pandemics and challenges associated with growing meat demands can be incrementally addressed through backyard distributed protein production. Backyard production of chicken meat, eggs, and rabbit meat reduces the environmental costs of protein due to savings in production, transportation, and refrigeration of meat products and even more so with soybeans. Generally, distributed production of protein was found to be economically competitive with centralized production of meat if distributed labor costs were ignored.

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Jo, Hyung Ho, Duck Young Hwang, and Hoon Cho. "Characteristic Evaluation of Extrusion Parameters on Direct Extrusion Process of 3003 Al Alloy Used for Automotive Condenser Tubing." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.386.

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Environmental regulations in the refrigeration technology make the harmful refrigerants such as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and HCFCs (hydro-chlorofluorocarbons) replaced by eco-refrigerants such as CO2 , and the substitution of CO2 increases the pressure of multi-void condenser tube. As a result, the stiffness of the conventional 1000 series Al alloys can be open to question. The present study is mainly aimed at developing a direct extrusion process and neocondenser tube material for the application of eco-friendly refrigerants with higher working pressure than the conventional CFC and HCFCs refrigerants. The mechanical properties and burst strength for condenser tube were greatly affected by the large grains formed by brazing condition. As a result of the burst testing, 3003 Al alloy proved to be more suitable than 1100 Al alloy for the application of condenser tube to eco-friendly refrigerant usage because 3003 Al alloy can be durable in the heat exchanger required high pressure of working. Furthermore, optimum dies design has to be introduced for control metal flow and metal welding during direct extrusion process.

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