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1
Wang, G. L., Y. L. Ye, X. P. Chen, and Z. L. Cui. "Determining the optimal nitrogen rate for summer maize in China by integrating agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2014): 2639–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2639-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The concept of high yield with a goal of minimum environmental cost has become widely accepted. However, the trade-offs and complex linkages among agronomic, economic, and environmental factors are not yet well understood. In this study, reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses were estimated using an empirical model, and an economic indicator and an evaluation model were used to account for the environmental costs of different Nr losses after N fertilizer application. The minimum N rate to achieve the maximum yield benefit (agronomically optimal N rate), maximum economic benefit (economically optimal N rate: economic benefit was defined as yield benefit minus N fertilizer cost), and maximum net benefit (ecologically optimal N rate: net benefit was defined as yield benefit minus N fertilizer and environmental costs) were estimated based on 91 on-farm experiment sites with five N levels for summer maize production on the North China Plain. Across all experimental sites, the agronomically, economically, and ecologically optimal N rates (Nagr, Neco, and Necl, respectively) averaged 289, 237, and 186 kg N ha−1, respectively. Necl management increased net benefit by 31% with a 45% decrease in Nr loss intensity (44%, 60%, and 33% for N2O emission, N leaching, and NH3 volatilization, respectively) and maintained grain yield, compared to Nagr management. Compared to Neco management, Necl increased net benefit by 6%, with a 27% decrease in Nr loss intensity, and maintained economic benefit and grain yield. No differences in Necl were observed between soil types or years, but significant variation among counties was revealed. Necl increased with the increase in N-derived yield with an R2 of 0.80. In conclusion, Necl was primarily affected by N-derived yield and could enhance profitability as well as reduce Nr losses associated with the maize grain yield.
2
Wang, G. L., Y. L. Ye, X. P. Chen, and Z. L. Cui. "Determining the optimal nitrogen rate for summer maize in China by integrating agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects." Biogeosciences 11, no. 11 (June 11, 2014): 3031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3031-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The concept of high yield with a goal of minimum environmental cost has become widely accepted. However, the trade-offs and complex linkages among agronomic, economic, and environmental factors are not yet well understood. In this study, reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses were estimated using an empirical model, and an economic indicator and an evaluation model were used to account for the environmental costs of N fertilizer production and use. The minimum N rate to achieve the maximum yield benefit (agronomically optimal N rate), maximum economic benefit (economically optimal N rate: economic benefit was defined as yield benefit minus N fertilizer cost), and maximum net benefit (ecologically optimal N rate: net benefit was defined as yield benefit minus N fertilizer and environmental costs) were estimated based on 91 on-farm experiment sites with five N levels for summer maize production on the North China Plain. Across all experimental sites, the agronomically, economically, and ecologically optimal N rates (Nagr, Neco, and Necl, respectively) averaged 289, 237, and 171 kg N ha−1, respectively. Necl management increased net benefit by 53% with a 46% decrease in total environmental costs, and a 51% decrease in Nr loss intensity from N fertilizer use (47, 65, and 38% for N2O emission, N leaching, and NH3 volatilization, respectively) and maintained grain yield, compared with Nagr management. Compared with Neco management, Necl increased net benefit by 12%, with a 31% decrease in total environmental costs and a 33% decrease in Nr loss intensity from N fertilizer use, and maintained economic benefit and grain yield. No differences in Necl were observed between soil types or years, but significant variation among counties was revealed. Necl increased with the increase in N-derived yield with an R2 of 0.83. In conclusion, Necl was primarily affected by N-derived yield and could enhance profitability as well as reduce Nr losses associated with the maize grain yield.
3
Glauber, Joseph, and Simon Lester. "China – Tariff Rate Quotas for Certain Agricultural Products. Against the Grain: Can the WTO Open Chinese Markets? A Contaminated Experiment." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe US complaint about Chinese tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) on certain grain products helps illustrate several key issues in US–China trade relations and the effectiveness of WTO disputes. First, do international obligations based on transparency and fairness work in relation to an authoritarian country not known for the rule of law domestically? Second, can there be a disconnect between the legal aspects of a dispute and the underlying economic interests, with a DSB ruling sometimes not leading to improved trade flows? And third, given the bilateral trade war and ‘phase one’ trade deal between the United States and China, has the WTO been superseded in this trade relationship? This paper summarizes the facts and law of the China–TRQs dispute, and examines each of these questions in that context.
4
Zhang, Jian, Tao Tian, Jinying Cui, Gordon M. Hickey, Rui Zhou, Jianguo Liu, and Youcai Xiong. "Sustainability Evaluation on the Grain to Green Program in the Hexi Corridor of China: A Metacoupled System Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most previous studies aim to predict ecosystem sustainability from the perspective of a sole human or natural system and have frequently failed to achieve their desired outcome. Based on the coupled human and natural system (CHANS) and its interaction with other systems, we attempted to analyze the effectiveness of the Grain to Green Program and predict future trends in the Hexi Corridor, the hub of the ancient silk road of China. At different scales, we applied a metacoupling framework to investigate the flows, effects, and causes of the complex CHANS. Three typical inner river watersheds within the corridor at three different geographic scales (local, regional and national) were estimated and compared. The Telecoupling Geo App, additional models, and software tools were employed to evaluate the CHANS series of the focal system (Hexi Corridor, local), adjacent system (Gansu Province, regional), and distant system (China, national). The results showed that most flows can be screened and quantitatively analyzed across focal, adjacent and distant systems. The social and economic transformations in adjacent and distant systems could affect the possibility and whereabouts of labor transfer in the focal system. Moreover, the labor migration increased the implementation efficiency of the Grain to Green Program as a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) strategy, thereby improving its ecological benefits. For the first time, we established a metacoupled model to quantitatively evaluate aspects of ecosystem sustainability in China, providing insight to the theory and application of sustainability science.
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Sandu, I. S., and V. G. Bykov. "On the development of deep grain processing in Russia and abroad: an innovative aspect." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 6 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-6-24-31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of deep processing of corn and wheat in Russia and abroad – in the United States, the European Union, Brazil and China. It is emphasized that despite the presence of some constraining factors in recent years, the development of this direction in the grain complex has intensified in Russia. This is due to the commissioning of a number of large specialized factories for the production of new products with high added value: starch, gluten, glucose-fructose syrups, amino acids, and others, which reduces the cost of foreign currency funds for their import due to import substitution. The essence of the biotechnological process and its three main fractions in the production of deep grain processing products, as well as its economic component, are considered on the example of the design solution of a plant with a capacity of 500 t/day. Additional measures of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation to enhance support for the development of deep grain processing in the country and to increase the export of new products are presented.
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Yan, Zheng Hang, Yang Liu, Hong Yan Li, and Qiu Shan Li. "An Electronical Cereals Weight Measure System Using Vibrating Wire Pressure Sensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.533.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cereals is one fundamental factor about people's livelihood. Relatively abundant food production, to maintain a certain number, variety and quality of food reserves, directly related to national security, social stability and economic development. Maintain a certain amount, variety and quality food reserves, which is essential to ensure national food security measures. Cereals reserve and quantity monitor is a key element for food security strategy. However, most of the granaries were built many years ago, outdated facilities, technical means backward in China and many other countries. Access depends on the number of grain of experience and estimation. As different varieties of grain, place of origin, degree of packing, texture, moisture content and shelf life of different, the estimated cereals quantity data using traditional methods and real data usually have a large deviation. This restricts the development and implementation of national food security strategy. Fortunately, with the rapid development and wide application of modern information technologies, they are rapidly penetrated all aspects of grain fields and applications. Food safety system has been extended to modern technology, management and information technology and network support integrated system, and gradually developed into a warehouse as the mainstay and the main form of processing and production, related to transportation, storage, processing, circulation and consumption the whole process of information systems. Modern information technologies improve accuracy and reliability of cereals weight measure. In this paper, a cereals weight measure system combining of the new types sensors and communication technology is used in food granary. Vibrating wire pressure sensor is deployed in the bottom grain storage in advance, and then began to store grain silos. The sensor signals are sent to collection device or monitoring the background. Background calculates the weight of grain storage silos by the received data. Pressure sensor can accurately obtain the food and the weight of cereals can be scientifically obtained.
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Wang, Xiaofeng, Yuehao Li, Bingyang Chu, Shirong Liu, Dan Yang, and Junwei Luan. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Changes: A Case Study of the National Barrier Zone, China." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is of great significance to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ecosystem and explore the driving forces that affect change in the ecosystem in the National Barrier Zone (NBZ). Based on multi-source remote sensing data, this paper analyzed the change in the ecosystem in the NBZ from 2000 to 2015. Natural and social economic factors were selected as the driving factors, and the change mechanism of the ecological system in the NBZ area was analyzed by means of redundancy analysis and other methods. The results showed the following: (1) Between 2000 and 2015, the ecosystem changes in the NBZ are obvious. It is important to note that the grassland and urban ecosystem increased by 13,952 and 6720 km2, respectively; at the same time, the desert ecosystem significantly decreased by 4544 km2. (2) The human activity represented by gross domestic product (GDP) is the main factor in the change of ecosystem change in the NBZ with a contribution of 75%, especially in the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau with a GDP contribution rate of 83%. (3) The changes in the ecosystems are significantly influenced by multifactorial interactions, such as the joint contribution rate of the drought index (PDSI) and GDP reaching 0.11 in the ecological barrier of Qinghai–Tibet plateau. (4) The ecological protection projects, such as the Green for Grain Project in the NBZ, play a positive role, and the ecological environment is improving. The conclusions of this paper will be used as a basic theory to contribute to subsequent research on ecosystem services, policy making, and other aspects in the NBZ.
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Jarkova, I., J. Slepokurova, N. Alekhina, and A. Samokhvalov. "Ecological, biotechnological and economic aspects of wheat grain processing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 337 (November 16, 2019): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/337/1/012031.
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Kryukova, I., and A. Chebanenko. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAIN PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE: MODERN ECONOMIC AND ACCOUNTING ASPECTS." Аграрний вісник Причорномор'я, no. 94 (December 25, 2019): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The modern state of the development of grain production in Ukraine is analyzed in the article. Grain production is the basic sector of the agrarian and national economy of Ukraine, which largely determines the size and structure of the export potential and the place of Ukraine in the world agricultural market.It is determined that the share of grain in the export structure of the Ukrainian economy today is about 15%. In the ranking of countries participating in the global grain market, Ukraine takes 7th place. Some indicators of grain production and sales at the national and regional levels are analyzed here. Еру grain production in Ukraine is characterized by a clear tendency to increase in 2017 amounted to about 62 million tons with the potential of national grain production - about 80 million tons. The production of about 79% of all grain products in the country is concentrated in agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of management. The average yield in public sector enterprises is about 46c / ha, which is 20-23% higher than the level of households.Odessa region does not play a significant role in the structure of national grain production - its part is no more than 7%. The leading grain production areas in Ukraine are: Poltava, Vinnitsa, Dnipr and Kharkov regions. Among the main trends and problematic aspects of the development of domestic grain production, the following were identified: 1) incomplete land reform, 2) problems of functioning of the transparent grain market infrastructure, 3) slow response of agricultural producers to price challenges of the grain market, 4) trends in increasing concentration of agricultural production capital, 5) weak strategic component of agromanagement of most producers, 6) the presence of significant contradictions in national and world practice of accounting and analytical processes in grain production. The general features of state financial support for grain producers in Ukraine have been reviewed. The main problematic aspects of accounting for the costs of biological transformation of assets in grain production are investigated. The main ones are: inconsistency of methods and standards of accounting for biological assets in national and foreign practice.
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White, Gordon. "Political Aspects of Rural Economic Reform in China." IDS Bulletin 18, no. 3 (July 1987): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1987.mp18003011.x.
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Xiao, Xiaoyong, Qingsong Tian, Shuxia Hou, and Chongguang Li. "Economic policy uncertainty and grain futures price volatility: evidence from China." China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 642–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2018-0224.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on China’s grain futures prices. Related literature has discussed several factors contributing to the dramatic boom and bust in China’s grain futures prices, but has overlooked the influence of EPU. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a newly developed time-varying parameter vector autoregressive model to study and contrast the impact of different types of uncertainty on China’s grain futures prices. The directional volatility spillover index is used to measure the impact of EPU on China’s grain futures prices and compare the differences among commodities. Findings The results show that EPU affects China’s grain futures prices significantly. The 2008 global financial crisis had stronger influence on China’s grain futures prices than other types of uncertainty. Furthermore, EPU has smaller influence on wheat futures price than on maize and soybean. The Chinese Government interventions may be the reason for this difference. Originality/value This study addresses the lack of empirical investigation on the influence of EPU on China’s grain futures price volatility.
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Prakoso, Septyanto Galan, Andriyansyah Perdana Murtyantoro, and Meisya Putri Intan Cahyani. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China's Strategic Ambition." JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL 18, no. 1 (November 23, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jis.18.2.2019.81-92.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
China’s Silk Road concept known as Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) by Xi Jinping aims at strengthening China’s economic power. One part of the initiative is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Using a qualitative descriptive method, we attempt to explain how China and Pakistan integrate themselves in several aspects such as economic, military and politics. The CPEC establishment falls under the intention of both countries to gain more advantage in several aspects. The main objective of this journal is to explain non-economic and also economic interests behind China and Pakistan relations especially China’s strategic and geopolitical interests. This journal also analyzes Chinese counter-measures against Indian influence in the Indian Ocean. The conclusion of this research shows that China gain more benefits from CPEC especially after the deployment of China’s Navy into the Gwadar Sea Port.
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Harlamova, Julia. "CHINA: GEO-ECONOMIC SCENARIO IN CENTRAL ASIA." Central Asia and The Caucasus 22, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.1.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses China’s geo-economic presence in the Central Asian region and analyzes the history and causes of this phenomenon in the form of a detailed discussion of the interaction between China and the Central Asian countries in the energy and transportation spheres. It notes the special role of Kazakhstan in the realization of Belt and Road Initiative and pays particular attention to certain aspects of China’s crediting and investment policy.
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ZHOU, ZHANG-YUE. "Grain Marketing Systems in China and India: A Comparative Perspective." Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (May 1998): 459–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x98002960.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has long been noticed that there is a lack of comparative studies of the economies of China and India. Bardhan (1970) points out that, in numerous textbooks on comparative economic systems, the reader can hardly find any mention of a China-India comparative study, which should be a very important part of any discussion on comparative economic systems in the present world. One reason for this may be the unavailability and unreliability of data, particularly from China. This situation is now changing. A statement prepared by a Delhi-based China Study Group in 1988, clearly points out that ‘it has become possible to secure more reliable data on China, data that can be checked from various sources and collected through field observation’ (Bhattacharjea, Deshingkar, Deshpande, Gupta, Huang, Mohanty, Rao, Tan and Uberoi, 1988).
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Захарова, Galina Zakharova, Амирова, and Elmira Amirova. "METHODICAL BASIS OF INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF GRAIN PRODUCTS SYSTEMS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14743.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with theoretical aspects of methodological approaches of formation and development of the national grain products complex, taking into account the impact of external factors. The paper presents different points of view on the essence of the concept of “institutional and economic mechanism”.
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Lyu, Jie, and Xiaolei Li. "Effectiveness and Sustainability of Grain Price Support Policies in China." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092478.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We evaluated the effectiveness and sustainability of the grain price support policies in China using the structural break regime switching model. Based on the rice, wheat, and corn monthly price data from 1987 to 2017, we provide strong evidence that the Chinese grain price support policies have been effective in stabilizing the domestic grain price. A structural change occurred in grain price patterns in 2004 when the price support policies were established. Since then, Chinese grain prices have followed a regime with significantly lower volatility. We documented several problems challenging the sustainability of the Chinese grain price support policies in the future, including high economic costs that can trigger high support prices, high public stock level, and high grain import pressure. Our findings shed new light on the functioning of the grain pricing policies and provide useful implications for the market-oriented reforms in the Chinese grain market.
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Lositska, Tetyana. "Methodical aspects of determining the efficiency of grain production in modern conditions." Economics ecology socium 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2019.3.3-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The pace of development of the agro-food market of Ukraine is extremely volatile, due to the determinants of the external environment and internal factors. In the context of accelerated integration processes, the potential of free trade areas and regional trade associations have an impact on the structure of the internal market as a whole and the agro-food market in particular. Given the leading position of the agro-food sector in the national economy and the significant share of grain exports in total exports of Ukraine, the problem of ensuring the efficiency of grain production is of particular relevance for the domestic economy.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of this paper is is to systematize the methodological bases for determining the efficiency of grain production in modern conditions. According to the stated purpose, the main objectives of the study are: to generalize the instrument of production efficiency estimation in the market of agro-food products and to identificate the determinants of influence on efficiency of grain production in the conditions of increasing openness of national economies.
Results. The results of the study of theoretical foundations of problems of ensuring the efficiency of agricultural production from the standpoint of economic and socio-economic approach made it possible to identify the determinants of increasing the efficiency of grain farming in the context of natural and climatic conditions, biological and organizational and technological features of its production. Based on the generalization of indicators of economic efficiency of placement and specialization of grain production, it is determined that the efficiency of grain production can be calculated on the basis of indicators in the context of quantitative and qualitative indicators.
Conclusions. Given the prospect of maintaining its strategic importance not only in agriculture, but in the Ukrainian economy as a whole, grain will continue to remain dominant in the development of the agro-industrial complex, both in terms of the need to provide food security and in view of the potential for increasing export potential in Ukraine in this area. Forecasts of future world trade trends by major agricultural commodities are favorable for Ukraine in the medium term, given the potential of domestic grain exports. Prospects for further study of this issue are to identify the ways of strengthening the export orientation of Ukrainian enterprises in the grain market.
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Lichen, Niu. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF LAND USE IN AGRICULTURE OF CHINA." Agrosvit, no. 11 (June 21, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6792.2019.11.65.
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Ostrovskiy, Andrey V. "Social Aspects of Economic Reforms in State-owned Enterprises in China." China Report 39, no. 1 (February 2003): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944550303900104.
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Niu, Lichen. "Organizational and economic aspects of land use in agriculture of China." Агросвіт, no. 11, червень (2019): 65–73.
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21
Alrmizan, Mohammed. "Turkey and China: Political, Economic, and Strategic Aspects of the Relationship." Asian Affairs 52, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 722–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2021.1943957.
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Seliverstova, Yulia A. "Socio-economic aspects of human capital development in Russia and China." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080013534-4.
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Borokh, O. N. "China in Quesnay’s doctrine: Interpretations, translations, cultural aspects." Journal of the New Economic Association 50, no. 2 (2021): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-50-2-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper analyzes the Chinese influences on the doctrine of the French physiocrat François Quesnay from the perspective of the cultural specifics of the perception of economic and political ideas. The approaches of Chinese researchers were impacted by Marxist methodology, sinocentric views and fragmentary use of primary sources. The application of the Marxist concept of socio-economic formations supported the arguments that feudal Confucianism could not influence the views of physiocrats, which reflected the emergence of capitalist relations. In the 18th century opponents of the physiocrats used the comparison of the Tableau Économique with the scheme of the Chinese Book of Changes to disqualify Quesnay’s doctrine. For Chinese researchers this comparison became a confirmation of the value of the Tableau Économique and an incentive to search for the ideas of circular flows and equilibrium in both tables. The study of Despotism in China content confirms its connection with the actual historical China. It is concluded that Chinese scholars seek to interpret the historical precedent of the influence of Confucian thought on Quesnay’s doctrine in the context of plans to increase the global clout of China’s social sciences.
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Moiseev, Victor V., and Arkady V. Moiseev. "Organizational and economic aspects of selection and seed production of the South of Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research is to analyze the seed market, selection and seed production in Krasnodar Territory. Effective sales of seed products are becoming a competitive advantage for developing companies. In modern economic conditions, the development of market relations in the grain industry and the seed market has disrupted the selection process, leading to a sharp drop in grain production of individual crops. It was reflected in the increase in the sowing of the grain crop area with low quality seeds and seeds of mass reproductions, reducing the volume of harvested seeds for the state resources, the suspension of seed circulation and violation of the seed renovation, the ordinary transition of farms to provide seeds of their own production. Conclusions are made and forecasts for domestic agricultural producers are determined based on the current market dynamics. The guidelines for state support of the industry are indicated to solve the problems which the Ministry of Agriculture has developed as a Strategy of the development of selection and seed production of major agricultural crops until 2020. The necessity of cooperation between business, educational and scientific institutions of agricultural profile in solving the problem of providing high-quality seeds to agricultural producers is substantiated.
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Zheng, Zhihao, and Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "An Analysis of Food Grain Consumption in Urban Jiangsu Province of China." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42, no. 2 (May 2010): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003497.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The impacts of economic and demographic variables on the demand for food grain commodities in urban Jiangsu province of China are estimated, using both the QUAIDS and the AIDS models. Results show that the demands for wheat flour and coarse grains are price-elastic while the demands for rice and grain products are price-inelastic. Certain demographic variables show as having a significant impact on food grain demand. Finally, a decomposition of causes of changes in rice consumption over the period of 1995-2007 is performed.
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Sutyrin, S., and V. Kovalenko. "China-Pakistan economic corridor: state and prospects." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2008-05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the main aspects of the most important joint project with the people’s Republic of China to create the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) in the modern history of Pakistan. The transformation of China into an economic superpower, as well as the gradual strengthening of its geopolitical capabilities, has led to the need to form a belt of States loyal to China, ensuring its uninterrupted supply of raw materials, as well as providing Beijing with its transport infrastructure to ensure its unhindered access to the world market. In many ways, Pakistan is an exemplary partner for the middle Kingdom. More than half a century of interaction between the two countries in the political and economic spheres, against the background of the gradual reduction of Pakistan’s dependence on the United States in the 1990s, has led to the fact that the PRC has become a key partner for Islamabad. The implementation of such a large-scale project is not only of great importance for the participating countries, but is also of great interest in the geopolitical context.
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Yang, Xi, La Zhuo, Pengxuan Xie, Hongrong Huang, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu. "Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021.
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Abstract. A core goal of sustainable agricultural water resources management is to implement a lower water footprint (WF), i.e. higher water productivity, and to maximize economic benefits in crop production. However, previous studies mostly focused on crop water productivity from a single physical perspective. Little attention is paid to synergies and trade-offs between water consumption and economic value creation of crop production. Distinguishing between blue and green water composition, grain and cash crops, and irrigation and rainfed production modes in China, this study calculates the production-based WF (PWF) and derives the economic value-based WF (EWF) of 14 major crops in 31 provinces for each year over 2001–2016. The synergy evaluation index (SI) of PWF and EWF is proposed to reveal the synergies and trade-offs of crop water productivity and its economic value from the WF perspective. Results show that both the PWF and EWF of most considered crops in China decreased with the increase in crop yield and prices. The high (low) values of both the PWF and EWF of grain crops tended to cluster obviously in space and there existed a huge difference between blue and green water in economic value creation. Moreover, the SI revealed a serious incongruity between PWFs and EWFs both in grain and cash crops. Negative SI values occurred mostly in north-west China for grain crops, and overall more often and with lower values for cash crops. Unreasonable regional planting structure and crop prices resulted in this incongruity, suggesting the need to promote regional coordinated development to adjust the planting structure according to local conditions and to regulate crop prices rationally.
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DUERKOP, Colin. "Turkey and China: Contemporary Political, Economic and Strategic Relations." East Asian Policy 12, no. 02 (April 2020): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930520000185.
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Turkish–Chinese relations are of growing relevance for both countries as well as at a global level. This relationship is steadily becoming more significant and multifaceted in Turkish foreign policy, despite several thorny issues still remaining between the two countries. Nevertheless, many other aspects such as increasing trade and intensified intergovernmental dialogues characterise this bilateral relationship. This article analyses the broader status and fluctuations of Turkey–China relations in the areas of politics, economics and strategic outlook.
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Zhang, Xiaobo, Timothy D. Mount, and Richard N. Boisvert. "The Demand for Food Grain in China: New Insights into a Controversy." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 30, no. 1 (April 2001): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000496.
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There is a substantial controversy in the economics literature over the magnitude of the expenditure elasticity for food grain in China that is caused, to a large extent, by whether time-series or cross-section data are used in the analysis. A set of reasonable elasticities for a complete demand system is estimated by using a panel of county level data in Guangdong Province for the last ten years. The results show that food grain has a small positive income elasticity, implying that food grain is not an inferior good in China. The reason that consumption per capita has not increased during a period of rapid economic growth in income is that the relative prices of the food and non-food substitutes for food grain have decreased.
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LUO, Yong. "Green Transformation in China." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (December 2013): 1350005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s234574811350005x.
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China's economic and social development not only faces common challenges in the stage of growth, but also has to address the special resource and environmental challenges. In the future, China should demonstrate the greenness of economic and social development, and carry out holistic green transformation of all aspects including the social system and thinking. In the course of industrialization and urbanization, China should promote ecological harmony and social progress and enhance the greenness of the whole economy. Environmental conditions should be improved according to people's will. China should explore new social management modes, alleviate the resource and environmental pressure brought by the high-consumption lifestyle, and realize green social progress. The government, industrial and commercial enterprises and the public should implement the concept of green development in economic strategies, policies and actions unswervingly and persistently.
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Ash, Robert. "Squeezing the Peasants: Grain Extraction, Food Consumption and Rural Living Standards in Mao's China." China Quarterly 188 (December 2006): 959–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000518.
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At the end of Mao's life farmers still accounted for some 80 per cent of China's population. Its declining share in GDP notwithstanding, agriculture continued to carry a heavy developmental burden throughout the Mao era. The production and distribution of grain – the wage good par excellence – held the key to fulfilling this role. But despite a pragmatic response to the exigencies of famine conditions in 1959–61, state investment priorities never adequately accommodated the economic, let alone the welfare needs of the farm sector. Thanks to the mechanism of grain re-sales to the countryside, the Chinese government's extractive policies were less brutal in their impact than those pursued by Stalin in the Soviet Union. Even so, a detailed national, regional and provincial analysis of grain output and procurement trends highlights the process of rural impoverishment which characterized China's social and economic development under Maoist planning.
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TOKENOVA, S. M. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN GRAIN SUB-COMPLEX OF KAZAKHSTAN." Problems of AgriMarket 4 (December 15, 2020): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.21.
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Grain farming is a historically basic and strategic sector of the agricultural sector of the economy of Kazakhstan - the main producer of food products and the main source of livelihood of the population, on the dynamic sustainable development of which the food security of the country depends. The article analyzes grain sub-complex of Kazakhstan, investigates the problems of production and consumption of grain products as a backbone segment of the agro-industrial complex and the basis for solving food problem. The dynamics of the gross harvest of wheat in the country as a whole is analyzed, including in Akmola region - the leader in the ranking of grain yields. The tendencies of changes in the volumes of commercial grain production in the region are revealed. Method of comparative assessment of the main economic indicators of grain industry before and after the introduction of innovative technologies is proposed, recommendations on the expediency of their implementation are given. Summarizing the above, we can come to the following conclusion: the innovative development of grain industry can be the most effective in systemic complex of directions, priorities and tasks. The innovation process in the country's grain production has a number of positive aspects: carrying out work on reproduction of soil fertility, preventing their degradation; the use of various cultivation techniques, incl. energy and resource saving technologies for production, storage and processing of grain; elaboration and development of State innovation policy at the level of the entire AIC and grain cluster.
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Tokenova, S. M. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN GRAIN SUB-COMPLEX OF KAZAKHSTAN." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grain farming is a historically basic and strategic sector of the agricultural sector of the economy of Kazakhstan - the main producer of food products and the main source of livelihood of the population, on the dynamic sustainable development of which the food security of the country depends. The article analyzes grain sub-complex of Kazakhstan, investigates the problems of production and consumption of grain products as a backbone segment of the agro-industrial complex and the basis for solving food problem. The dynamics of the gross harvest of wheat in the country as a whole is analyzed, including in Akmola region - the leader in the ranking of grain yields. The tendencies of changes in the volumes of commercial grain production in the region are revealed. Method of comparative assessment of the main economic indicators of grain industry before and after the introduction of innovative technologies is proposed, recommendations on the expediency of their implementation are given. Summarizing the above, we can come to the following conclusion: the innovative development of grain industry can be the most effective in systemic complex of directions, priorities and tasks. The innovation process in the country's grain production has a number of positive aspects: carrying out work on reproduction of soil fertility, preventing their degradation; the use of various cultivation techniques, incl. energy and resource saving technologies for production, storage and processing of grain; elaboration and development of State innovation policy at the level of the entire AIC and grain cluster.
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Kalirajan, K. P., and Yiping Huang. "An alternative method of measuring economic efficiency: The case of grain production in China." China Economic Review 7, no. 2 (September 1996): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-951x(96)90009-7.
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ROEHNER, BERTRAND M., and CAROL H. SHIUE. "COMPARING THE CORRELATION LENGTH OF GRAIN MARKETS IN CHINA AND FRANCE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 07 (October 2000): 1383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918310000122x.
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In economics, comparative analysis plays the same role as experimental research in physics. In this paper, we closely examine several methodological problems related to comparative analysis by investigating the specific example of grain markets in China and France respectively. This enables us to answer a question in economic history which has so far remained pending, namely whether or not market integration progressed in the 18th century. In economics as in physics, before any new result being accepted, it has to be checked and re-checked by different researchers. This is what we call the replication and comparison procedures. We show how these procedures should (and can) be implemented.
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Sarker, Md Nazirul Islam, Most Nilufa Khatun, and GM Monirul Alam. "Islamic banking and finance: potential approach for economic sustainability in China." Journal of Islamic Marketing 11, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 1725–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-04-2019-0076.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the unique aspects of Islamic finance and its role in economic development. It also explores the suitability of Islamic finance in China. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores the potential of Islamic banking and finance for economic sustainability in China. This study adopts the content analysis approach and focuses on various aspects of finance. Moreover, a critical investigation has been done by using various indicators of a new finance system adoption by considering the economic, cultural, religious and political aspects of China. Findings The study reveals that China already tested Islamic finance on a pilot basis in Ningxia, China. China is suitably positioned to adopt Islamic finance for its economic development. It also reports that Islamic finance will be more helpful to implement One Belt One Road initiative of China, as the Gulf and Arab Islamic finance-based countries are the major partners of China. This study analyzes Islamic micro-finance literature and proposes suitable measures for adoption in China. Practical implications Despite some limitations, the findings have a large implication on Islamic financing in general. It will be helpful to researchers and practitioners to understand the Islamic finance model for implementing it in a new environment. Social implications This study analyzes the demand, rules and regulations, related challenges and potential of launching Islamic banking and finance in China. Originality/value This study analyzes the demand, rules and regulations, related challenges and potential of launching Islamic banking and finance in China. The paper fills a gap to the existing literature on Islamic finance uniqueness, challenges and opportunities from the perspective of a non-Muslim country.
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Li, Yuee, and Jingdong Li. "How Does China’s Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect the Sustainability of Its Net Grain Imports?" Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126899.
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China is a considerable grain importer in the world. However, the sustainability of China’s grain imports has been greatly challenged by its increasing economic policy uncertainty (EPU).This paper constructs the indicators of economic and environmental sustainability of China’s net grain imports and analyzes the impact of its EPU index on these indicators with a Time-Varying Parameter Stochastic Volatility Vector Autoregression (TVP-SV-VAR) model to explore how China’s EPU affects the sustainability of its net grain imports. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) The sustainability of China’s net grain imports fluctuated from 2001 to 2019. (2) China’s EPU has a negative impact on the economic sustainability of its net grain imports. A higher EPU index leads to a lower net import potential ratio and higher trade cost. (3) China’s EPU has a significant negative impact on the environmental sustainability of its net grain imports. It has the greatest negative impact on virtual water imports and smaller impact on virtual land imports and embodied carbon emission. Therefore, China’s EPU affects the sustainability of its net grain imports negatively through its impact on its net grain import potential ratio, trade cost, and virtual land, virtual water, and embodied carbon emissions in net grain imports.
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Vo, Duc Hong, Anh The Vo, and Chi Minh Ho. "Does Financial Integration Enhance Economic Growth in China?" Economies 8, no. 3 (August 13, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
China is a fascinating country in Asia, the second-largest economy in the world, with incredible economic growth and development in the last two decades. In addition, China has dramatically enjoyed a disciplined and successful financial integration with the region and the world in the same period. As such, it is interesting to examine a potential link between economic growth and financial integration in this most populous country. This paper was conducted to identify whether financial integration fosters Chinese economic growth. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model is selected, utilizing the most updated data on a globalization (or integration) index. Two distinct aspects of financial integration, the de facto (proxied for economic activities) and the de jure (proxied for the Government policies leading to integration), are considered in this paper. We apply an econometric technique, using yearly aggregated data, to examine a long-term co-integration and a causal relationship between financial integration and economic growth in China. Findings from this paper indicate a long-term co-integration between financial integration de facto and economic growth in China. The bidirectional causality between financial integration and economic growth in China is also confirmed using the Granger causality test.
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Chang, Yen-Chiang, and Mehran Idris Khan. "China–Pakistan economic corridor and maritime security collaboration." Maritime Business Review 4, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-01-2019-0004.
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Purpose This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan are significant and what the Chinese concerns are. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyse a growing Pak–China bilateral interests, particularly at Gwadar, to achieve the geostrategic objectives of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a qualitative means to discuss the significance of China’s ambitions towards the CPEC project concerning strategic deep-sea management and maritime regulations in the region, with a particular focus on the Gwadar Port. Findings The paper concludes that the Gwadar Port is a critical element for maritime security in the whole region. The study also provides an analysis of national and international, security and legal challenges associated with CPEC. Originality/value Most of the potential outcomes have already been discussed in public, though a limited academic discussion is available on the legal aspects. It is particularly so with regard to the development and capacity building in the maritime sector of Pakistan under this project. This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan is significant and what the Chinese concerns are.
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Lyons, Thomas P. "Grain in Fujian: Intra-provincial Patterns of Production and Trade, 1952–1988." China Quarterly 129 (March 1992): 184–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000041291.
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Over the past 20 years, studies of grain production and use in China have figured prominently in debates concerning economic efficiency, income disparities and the contours of the Maoist development strategy. Virtually all analysts now agree that grain production in China exhibited a strong tendency toward provincial self-sufficiency and that the inter-provincial grain trade declined during the Maoist era (from the 1950s to 1978), that provincial self-sufficiency obstructed efficient allocation of agricultural resources and contributed to the persistence of poverty, and that the tendency toward selfsufficiency is attributable partly to a policy of “grain first,” which promoted concentration upon grain production in every province regardless of comparative advantage. Recent studies point to significant changes in the pattern of grain production and trade since 1978 and trace these changes to relaxation of “grain first” and introduction of institutional reforms affecting the grain sector.
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Mullen, J. D. "Domestic grain market reform in china: the contribution of economic policy research funded by ACIAR." Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2005): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14765280500040815.
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Ishaque, Waseem, Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman, and Imran Ashraf. "Global Strategic Management: China-US Transitional Paradigm of Convergence." Global Regional Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2017(ii-i).08.
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The study focuses on the China US relations since Cold War and then after its impacts till recent appearance of China as second greatest economic power of the world, which not only influences the strategic, but also economic and social aspects. The tragedy of 9/11 and the resultant impact on Middle East in the form of destabilization jolted the world scenario. China and US have larger share of military and economic powers, the stability and peace relies on both of them. The research has been developed containing five sub parts. The first part covers the significance of issue to US-China relations, the second part deals with US Interests and US perspective of Chinese interests and social aspects, the third part is related to Chinese interests and Chinese perspective of US interests, the fourth part covers the areas of convergence with recommended cooperative initiatives and last part deals with areas of divergences with recommended mechanism to manage the tension and crises.
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Shi, Qingling, Yingzhi Lin, Enpei Zhang, Haiming Yan, and Jinyan Zhan. "Impacts of Cultivated Land Reclamation on the Climate and Grain Production in Northeast China in the Future 30 Years." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/853098.
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China, as a large agricultural country as well as a major country with great demand for grain, has played a more and more important role in the international grain market. As Northeast China is one of the major commodity grain bases in China as well as one of the regions with the highest intensity of human activities, it plays an important role in influencing the global food security. This study first generally analyzed the cultivated land reclamation and the climate change of temperature and precipitation in Northeast China during 2000–2010. Then, on the basis of these data, the climatic effects of cultivated land reclamation in Northeast China during 2030–2040 were simulated by the weather research forecast (WRF) model. Finally, the possible effects of the climate change on the grain yield and the potential influence on the food security were analyzed. The simulation result indicated that the temperature in Northeast China would be increasing on the whole, while the precipitation would be decreasing. The result of this study can provide some theoretical support to the agricultural economic development in Northeast China and serve the national macropolicy and food security strategy of the whole China.
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Musundire, L., J. Derera, S. Dari, and P. Tongoona. "Genetic Variation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Introgressed Maize Inbred Lines for Economic Traits." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 17 (October 15, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n17p135.
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Knowledge of the effects of introgressing temperate maize germplasm in tropical elite inbred lines on genetic variation and relationship between grain yield and its components is limited. In this study, the objective was to evaluate introgressed maize inbred lines for selected economic traits. Field evaluation was carried out on 122 inbred lines comprising sets of introgressed lines from three selection environments, parental inbred lines and two common checks. Genetic variation was significant (P < 0.05) for all the major economic traits among inbred lines within and across sets. Heritability estimates ranged from low (0.21%) to high (91%) for stalk lodging and silking days, respectively. Comparison of means of inbred lines sets illustrated that environmental effect had influence on grain yield of introgressed lines. Grain yield and ear prolificacy performance across sets also illustrated that introgression of temperate germplasm in tropical elite inbred lines was effective. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis on grain yield and ear prolificacy highlighted correlation between selection environments. Correlation among traits demonstrated that grain yield had significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation with plant and ear aspects, plant height, root and stalk lodging, ear prolificacy and grain moisture content at harvest. Further, decomposing of correlation using path coefficient analysis showed significant (P < 0.05), and moderate direct effects of ear prolificacy and plant height on grain yield; indicating that these traits had the highest contribution towards grain yield. Generally indirect effects of secondary traits on grain yield potential of inbred lines was negligible. Therefore, direct selection of plant height and ear prolificacy will be emphasised during introgression of temperate germplasm in tropical elite inbred lines.
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Peng, H., G. Cheng, Z. Xu, Y. Yin, and W. Xu. "Social, economic, and ecological impacts of the “Grain for Green” project in China: A preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwest China." Journal of Environmental Management 85, no. 3 (November 2007): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.09.015.
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Su, Hai Min, and Ai Xia He. "Dynamic Change Analysis of Grain Yield and Factors Based on Gray System in Northern Anhui Province." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.934.
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Considering some grain yield conditions of China, we considered that grain yield security in particular regard the sustainable development strategy is a pivotal position. Based on the statistical data from 1991 to 2010, grain problem in Northern Anhui Province is discussed in three aspects. With the help of the theory and method of grey system we found: The grain per unit area yield was primary element of grain yield, whose grey correlation degree was sort in the first; The grain-sown area and water conservancy facilities were main factors of which grey correlation degrees were respective sort in the second and third; However, the influence of natural disaster and net income of farmer per capita should not be ignored.
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Ali, Syed Ahtsham, Jahanzaib Haider, Muhammad Ali, Syed Irfan Ali, and Xu Ming. "Emerging Tourism between Pakistan and China: Tourism Opportunities via China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." International Business Research 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2017): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n8p204.
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Background: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a mega-project worth more than 54 billion US dollars, as a result of which bilateral relations between Pakistan and China reached new heights. The CPEC is designed to facilitate the establishment of links between Pakistan and the road network, railways and pipelines in conjunction with energy, industrial and other infrastructure projects to ensure the critical energy shortage necessary to enhance the economic growth in Pakistan.Objective: The main purpose of this article is to shed light on promotion of mutual understanding on China's initiative for the revival of the Silk Road and the benefits and challenges for the tourism industry which the CPEC can bring to the neighboring countries, especially Pakistan. A very new project will give us plenty of room to develop a number of innovative points greatly to improve the quality of services and the overall tourist experience in these new tourist destinations.Methodology: Qualitative research and analysis with the help of online research and data collection; the study of excellence in individual scenarios tourist sites, focusing on the aspects of service and policy will be useful to improve tourism on both sides via the Silk Road. Authors also collected data from tourist websites and recommend top rated tourist attractions on Silk Road from Khunjrab pass (border between china and Pakistan) to Gawadar, Pakistan. These tourists’ attraction are hints for tourists, travel agents and new researchers.
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Kashin, V. B., V. A. Smirnova, and I. V. Aksenov. "Political Aspects of COVID-19 Epidemic Crisis in China." Journal of International Analytics 11, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-1-27-41.
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The global spread of coronavirus infection has given States the task of taking decisive measures to respond quickly and on a large scale to the challenge of existing management systems. China has demonstrated successful mobilization mechanisms to combat the negative effects of the pandemic: the necessary measures have been taken to inform the population and stop panic, control and prevent coronavirus, and mitigate the impact on the economy. However, the weak side was the inability to take priority measures in the face of uncertainty, which did not prevent the development of the epidemic at its initial stage. This provoked a search for those responsible among the Chinese leadership, becoming another source of tension in relations between China and the West. Despite the relative success of the measures taken, the situation in China itself remains tense: it faces challenges to prevent a re-outbreak of infection and to restore the economy in the face of information and economic pressure from the United States. In this context, the authors analyze the features of information support for measures taken in China to combat the spread of coronavirus infection and their impact on the domestic and foreign policy situation.
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Krishnamurthy, Mekhala. "Reconceiving the grain heap." Contributions to Indian Sociology 52, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966717743382.
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This article returns to what was once an ethnographic staple in the sociology of India: the post-harvest grain heap. Having long occupied centre stage in analyses of a moneyless, redistributive transactional order widely known as the jajmani system, it has also been the subject of influential critique, where it has been argued that the misconceived heap sustained a powerful anthropological fiction. Moving beyond these positions, which seem to have left the heap grounded in the past, the grain heap in this work is reconceptualised as a critical entry point and analytic for the study of contemporary commodity markets. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in an agricultural market (mandi) in Madhya Pradesh, it finds that it is along the seams or internal margins of the market, at routine sites of physical transfer and exchange, assembly and dispersal, integration and disruption, that heaps of agricultural produce materialise. An analysis of critical aspects of the heap—its position, composition, measurement and distribution—provides sharp insights into the changing dynamics of the market and its complex relationships. In the process, it also reveals important yet often unnoticed shifts in the sources and distribution of economic and social margins, and their diverse and differentiated effects on market life and livelihoods.
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Spyros, Roukanas. "Measuring Economic Development and the Impact of Economic Globalisation." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0053.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to measure economic development and the impact of economic globalisation under the prism of global political economy. Global political economy is a field of study that has its roots in international relations. The growth of world economic transactions after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s created the need for a new field of study, in order to explain the interdependence between politics and economics on the international level. Global political economy is the field of study that also examines the implications of economic globalisation for national economies and for the global economy. The concept of economic development is broader than economic growth, which is related to GDP growth. The concept of economic globalisation has changed the prospects of economic development for certain developed and developing economies. The main changes of economic globalisation are closely related to the following aspects of national economies: trade, finance, and production. The analysis of this article will reveal the effects of economic globalisation on different aspects of economic development. These aspects are studied under the prism of indexes such as Financial Development Index, openness to trade, Human Development Index, the GINI Index and other inequality indexes. The aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2007-2008 placed at the epicentre the interdependence of national economies and the issue of economic inequalities. The study of the aforementioned indexes will highlight the alterations that have occurred from the manifestation of the global economic crisis until today. The article is focusing on the following countries: China, Germany, Greece, and the United States for the last decade (2009-2019), on the basis of the available data.