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Книги з теми "Graft infection"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

J, Bunt T., ed. Vascular graft infections. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Pub., 1994.

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2

Buckels, John Anthony Charles. The pathogenesis of vascular graft sepsis with special reference to bacteraemic infection. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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3

Jong-Tieben, Linda M. de. Human papillomavirus infection and skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Leiden: University of Leiden, 1998.

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4

1956-, Calligaro Keith D., and Veith Frank J. 1931-, eds. Management of infected arterial grafts. St. Louis, Mo: Quality Medical Pub., 1994.

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5

S, Moore Wesley, and Gelabert Hugh A, eds. Antibiotic-impregnated vascular grafts. Austin: R.G. Landes, 1992.

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6

Fialkov, Jeffrey Allan. The effect of infection on the viability and incorporation of membranous bone grafts in the presence and absence of rigid fixation. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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7

Auditor, Colorado Office of State. Colorado HIV and AIDS prevention grant program, Department of Public Health and Environment: Performance audit : July 2013. Denver, Colo: Colorado Office of State Auditor, 2013.

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8

Office, General Accounting. HIV/AIDS: Use of Ryan White CARE Act and other assistance grant funds : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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9

1947-, Kurtz Stanford R., Baldwin Michael L, and Sirchia Girolamo, eds. Controversies in transfusion medicine: Immune complications and cytomegalovirus transmission. Arlington, Va: American Association of Blood Banks, 1990.

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10

Albert, Balows, ed. Application of biotechnology to the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases: [proceedings of an international symposium supported by an educational grant from Marion Laboratories, and held at the Penina Golf Hotel, Portimao, Portugal, 16-19 September 1986]. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1987.

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11

Harber, Mark. Urinary tract infection in a patient with a kidney transplant. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0179.

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Urinary tract infection is the commonest bacterial infection and cause of septicaemia post kidney transplant, accounting for 40–50% of all infectious post-transplant complications. The risk of a urinary tract infection post transplant is very high with most studies recording at least 50%, and rates as high as 86% have been reported. Clinically overt urinary tract infections are a major cause of morbidity post transplant and are associated with worse graft outcome and increased mortality. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations, consequences, treatment, and prophylaxis of post-transplant urinary tract infections.

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12

Koehler, Philipp, and Oliver A. Cornely. Fungal infections in haemato-oncology. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0032.

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Invasive fungal infections on haemato-oncology wards present a major challenge. Patients at risk for invasive fungal infection usually have a compromised immune system due to bone marrow failure caused by underlying disease, prolonged neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy, or immunosuppression after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation to avoid graft-versus-host disease. Three major entities—invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and mucormycosis—account for the majority of fungal infections. Here, we describe specific host and therapeutic factors predisposing to invasive fungal infection in the haemato-oncology setting. Clinical presentation is highly variable and dependent on the underlying pathogen, organ involvement, and site of infection. Diagnosis is mainly based on radiographic imaging combined with microbiological and histopathological work-up. Various prophylaxis and treatment strategies have been developed, and the evidence for these is discussed.

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13

Wingard, John R. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0300.

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This chapter starts by explaining that the goal of allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the establishment of donor hematopoiesis and immunity in the recipient to treat an antecedent marrow failure disorder or to achieve a graft-versus-cancer effect to treat a neoplastic disease. The goal of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is very different from allogeneic HSCT. In autologous HSCT, the goal of the graft is simpler: it is to rescue the myelotoxic effects of high-dose chemotherapy. Neutropenia is shorter, cellular immunodeficiency is less profound, and immune reconstitution is quicker. Infectious exposures before transplant play an important role after transplant. Although an infection may be effectively treated and under good control before transplant, reactivation may occur after transplant. The search for risk factors that can identify individuals at greatest risk for various types of infection has led to the identification of neutropenia, lymphopenia (or low CD4+ cell counts), low levels of immunoglobulin, and GVHD, prior infection by organisms that may persist in the recipient or donor, and a number of other factors in certain situations. The chapter concludes that one of the biggest challenges is distinguishing infection from some other noninfectious etiology of a syndrome.

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14

Naicker, Saraladevi, and Graham Paget. HIV and renal disease. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0187_update_001.

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic has particularly affected the poorest regions of the world. HIV can directly or indirectly affect different aspects of renal function, and results in a variable expression of kidney disease.Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst HIV-infected patients is reported at 3.5–38% in different regions of the world. The complex interplay between the pheno- and/or genotypic variants of the virus, the genetic make-up of the host, and environmental factors determine the clinical manifestations of renal disease. The association of APOL1 gene variants G1 and G2 with the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis explains the high frequency of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) in populations of black ethnicity.Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is effective in preventing progression of HIVAN. Some of the drugs used in ART regimens are potentially nephrotoxic and require dose adjustment or even avoidance in CKD. Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in HIVAN has been reported to correlate with the extent of chronic damage quantified by renal biopsy.HIV-infected patients requiring dialysis, who are stable on ART, are achieving survival rates comparable to those of non-HIV dialysis populations. Similarly, HIV infection does not seem to adversely affect patient and graft survival rates after kidney transplantation, and there has been no increase in the prevalence of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients on effective ART.

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15

Drake, Sarah, and Jonathan Sandoe. Fungal cardiovascular infections. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0021.

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Fungal cardiovascular disease can broadly be divided into four groups: infective endocarditis (including implantable cardiac electronic devices), mycotic aneurysms, vascular graft infections, and intravascular catheter-related infections. These conditions are rare but are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, which may be in excess of 80% in certain groups of patients. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. account for the majority of these infections, but rare fungi may also be involved, particularly in infective endocarditis, where they are responsible for approximately 25% of cases. This chapter will cover the epidemiology, causative fungi, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of these four fungal cardiovascular conditions.

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16

Retter, Andrew. Management of the bone marrow transplant recipient in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0375.

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Bone marrow transplants are an exciting and rapidly evolving area of haematology providing life-saving therapy to many patients and the number performed annually is increasing. Transplants are generally not considered as first line therapy due to their inherent toxicity and high rate of complications. The patients tend to have more heavily pre-treated disease with it attendant toxicities and a decreased physiological reserve. Admission rates vary between series from 15 to 30%. It is increasingly important that intensivists are aware of the basic principles of bone marrow transplantation and its’ possible morbidities. There are two types of transplant autologous transplants, where the patient’s own stem cells are returned to them and transplants from a donor. Only allogeneic transplants are associated with graft-versus-host disease. Allograft recipients also require immunosuppression to prevent transplant rejection. It is essential that this immunosuppression is continued when patients are admitted to intensive care. Transplant patients are always severely immunocompromised and prone to prolonged periods of neutropenia. They routinely receive antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial prophylaxis, which must be continued on their admission. They remain vulnerable to unusual infections presenting in an atypical fashion. It is essential to have both a very low clinical threshold of suspicion for infection and detailed local protocols established to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy. Although traditionally poor, the prognosis is slowly improving.

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17

Barnard, Matthew, and Nicola Jones. Intensive care management after cardiothoracic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0368.

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Management of the post-cardiothoracic surgical patient follows general principles of intensive care, but incorporates certain unique considerations. In cardiac surgical patients peri-operative ischaemia, arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction mandate specific monitoring requirements, and individual pharmacological and mechanical support. Suspicion of myocardial ischaemia should not only lead to pharmacological treatment, but also consideration of urgent angiography to exclude coronary graft occlusion. Ventricular dysfunction may be pre-existing or attributable to intra-operative myocardial ‘stunning’. Catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are the mainstay of therapy. Rarely, intra-aortic balloon pumping or ventricular assist devices are required. Significant bleeding (with potential cardiac tamponade), respiratory compromise, acute kidney injury, neurological injury, and deep sternal wound infection each occur in ~2–3% of cardiac surgical patients. Each of these has individual risk factors and specific management considerations. General guidelines for patients who have undergone thoracic surgery include early extubation, fluid restriction, effective analgesia, and protective lung ventilation. Thoracic patients are at risk of atelectasis, respiratory infection, bronchial air leak, and right ventricular failure. Positive pressure ventilation is avoided whenever possible particularly after pneumonectomy, but is sometimes necessary in compromised patients. Air leaks are common. Alveolopleural fistulae usually improve with conservative management,whereas bronchopleural fistulae are more likely to require surgical intervention. Lung surgery is high risk for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Patients with pre-existing elevated pulmonary vascular resistance may exhibit right ventricular dysfunction and may fail to cope with a further increase in pulmonary vascular resistance consequent to lung resection. Lung collapse and infection are constant risks throughout the entire post-operative period.

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18

Morris, Peter J., and Jeremy R. Chapman. The evolution of kidney transplantation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0275.

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The history of kidney transplantation starts in 1902 with Ullman transplanting kidneys between dogs, and Carrel’s development of vascular anastomotic techniques. The developments in the 1950s in Boston, Paris, and the laboratories of Medawar and others demonstrated both proof of the principle and some of the barriers to clinical kidney transplantation. The 1960s laid the groundwork for organ preservation, immunosuppression, and histocompatibility leading to the creation of transplant units in many countries. In the 1970s, there was steady progress in understanding the immunology of allograft rejection and its suppression. The advent of azathioprine used with steroids in the early 1960s resulted in 1-year graft survival rates of around 60% and patient survival of 90% in good units. However, with the introduction of ciclosporin in the early 1980s, renal transplantation became an even more reliable renal replacement option as there was a dramatic reduction in the incidence of irreversible acute rejection. The 1990s saw the introduction of both better immunosuppression and better infection prophylaxis, which further improved patient outcomes. The first decade of the twenty-first century has been characterized by the promise of new technologies in many areas, only some of which have delivered clinical benefit. Molecular human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing and detection of antibodies to HLA antigens, standardized immunosuppression and anti-infective prophylaxis, surveillance biopsy, and developing systems for increasing donation rates are delivering major benefits. Gene biomarkers, stem cell therapy, and tolerance protocols have yet to make an impact. This chapter describes the historical development of transplantation and how it has yielded the results delivered in clinical practice today.

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19

Kuypers, Dirk R. J., and Maarten Naesens. Immunosuppression. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0281_update_001.

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Combination immunosuppressive therapy produces excellent short-term results after kidney transplantation. Long-term graft survival has improved, but less dramatically. Death with a functioning graft remains the primary cause of graft loss. Dosing of current immunosuppressive therapy balances between careful clinical interpretation of time-driven immunological risk assessments and drug-related toxicity on the one hand, and the use of simple surrogate drug exposure indicators like blood/plasma concentrations on the other. The combined use of calcineurin-inhibitors (CNIs) with mycophenolic acids and corticosteroids has been fine-tuned over the last decade, based on empirically derived observations as well as on the results of large multicentre randomized clinical studies. Corticosteroid withdrawal and avoidance are feasible, at least in patients with a low immunological risk, but CNI-free protocols have had few long-term successes. Some minimization strategies have increased risk of developing acute rejection or (donor-specific) anti-HLA antibodies, with deleterious effects on the graft. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) have shown limited benefit in early CNI replacement regimens and their long-term use as primary drug is hampered by intolerance. In the setting of particular malignant disease occurring after transplantation, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and Kaposi’s sarcoma, mTORi seem promising. Induction agents (anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibodies, antithymocyte globulins) effectively diminish the risk of early immunological graft loss in recipients with moderate to high immunological risk but at the price of more infectious or malignant complications. While personalized transplantation medicine is only in its early stages of development, attempts are made to quantitatively measure the clinical degree of immunosuppression, to tailor immunosuppressive therapy more specifically to the patient’s individual profile, and to monitor graft status by use of invasive (e.g. surveillance renal biopsies) and non-invasive biomarkers. These scientific endeavours are a necessity to further optimize the current immunosuppressive therapy which will remain for some time to come.

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20

Provan, Drew, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, Johannes de Vos, and Hassan Al-Sader. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683307.003.0009.

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Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) - Indications for haemopoietic SCT - Allogeneic SCT - Autologous STC - Investigations for BMT/PBSCT - Pretransplant investigation of donors - Bone marrow harvesting - Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and harvesting - Microbiological screening for stem cell cryopreservation - Stem cell transplant conditioning regimens - Infusion of cryopreserved stem cells - Infusion of fresh non-cryopreserved stem cells - Blood product support for SCT - Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis - Acute GvHD - Chronic GvHD - Veno-occlusive disease (syn. sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) - Invasive fungal infections and antifungal therapy - CMV prophylaxis and treatment - Post-transplant vaccination programme and foreign travel - Longer term effect post-transplant - Treatment of relapse post-allogeneic SCT - Discharge and follow-up

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21

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Further clinical issues. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0012.

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The clinical challenges arising when a person with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, develops a cancer are surveyed. Delayed diagnosis and access to oncological treatment, factors contributing to reduced adherence, and the interruption of specialist community psychiatric care are discussed. Long-term psychotropic medication may complicate end-of-life care, and access to palliative care is usually limited for those in secure mental health inpatient units. The striking inverse relationship between neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer-type dementia) and proliferative disorders (cancers) is considered.Psychiatric aspects of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are reviewed, including psychopathology arising from drugs used to prevent graft-versus-host disease and from infections complicating chronic immunosuppression. Cognitive impairment and suicide after HSCT are considered.

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22

Goyal, Saurabh, Allon Barsam, and Stephen Tuft. External eye disease. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199237593.003.0001.

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This chapter covers corneal and conjunctival basic science, before covering clinical skills (history taking for anterior segment disease and examination of the anterior segment). The chapter then covers blepharitis, staphylococcal hypersensitivity disorders, dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, cicatrizing conjunctival disease, conjunctival degeneration, conjunctival neoplasia, corneal degeneration, infectious keratitis, interstitial keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, metabolic and drug-induced keratopathies, corneal dystrophies, contact lenses, corneal ectasia, keratoplasty, complications of keratoplasty and graft rejection, anterior uveal tumours, anterior segment trauma, chemical injury, and refractive surgery. Practical skills are then covered, including corneal glue, removal of corneal sutures, removal of corneal foreign bodies, corneal topography, and corneal pachymetry. The chapter concludes with three case-based discussions, on chemical injury, Herpes zoster keratitis, and bacterial keratitis.

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23

Kurtz, Sanford R., and Michael L. Baldwin. Controversies in Transfusion Medicine: Immune Complications and Cytomegalovirus Transmission. Amer Assn of Blood Banks, 1990.

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