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Статті в журналах з теми "GRAAL model":
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VEGNA, V., V. BELLINI, J. P. BOCQUET, L. CASANO, A. D'ANGELO, R. DI SALVO, A. FANTINI та ін. "ω PHOTOPRODUCTION AT GRAAL". International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, № 05n06 (червень 2010): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310015734.
Анотація:
The study of meson photoproduction on the nucleon is a very important tool to complete the puzzle of baryon excited states. GRAAL aim is the measurement of cross sections and of beam asymmetries for all the photonuclear reactions accessible in the energy range from 600 MeV up to 1.5 GeV. In the following preliminary results of the Σ beam asymmetry for ω photoproduction on the free proton in Hydrogen and on the quasi-free nucleon in Deuterium are shown. GRAAL is the first experiment in which both the charged and the radiative decay of ω meson are studied. Since the beam asymmetry is independent of the decay mode, the comparison of the results from the two channel allows an important check on data consistency. Results on the free proton are in good agreement with theoretical prediction from Zhao model and confirm the presence of P13(1720) state. The analysis performed for the radiative decay is applied to the process of ω photoproduction on the quasi free nucleon in Deuterium.
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Tiator, L., M. Gorchtein, V. Kashevarov, K. Nikonov, M. Ostrick, M. Hadžimehmedović, R. Omerović, H. Osmanović, J. Stahov, and A. Švarc. "Eta and Etaprime Photoproduction on the Nucleon with the Isobar Model EtaMAID2018." EPJ Web of Conferences 199 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919901019.
Анотація:
The isobar model EtaMAID has been updated with new and high precision data for η and η′ photoproduction on protons and neutrons from MAMI, ELSA, GRAAL and CLAS. The background is described in a recently developed Regge-cut model, and for the resonance part the whole list of nucleon resonances has been investigated with 21 N* states contributing to η photoproduction and 12 N* states contributing to η′ photoproduction. Finally, the possibility of a narrow resonance near W = 1900 MeV is discussed, that would be able to explain unexpected energy and angular dependence of observables in p(γ, η′)p near η threshold.
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Rieke, Peter C., Sebastien Kerisit, Joseph V. Ryan, and James J. Neeway. "Adaptation of the GRAAL model of Glass Reactivity to accommodate non-linear diffusivity." Journal of Nuclear Materials 512 (December 2018): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.09.058.
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Frugier, P., S. Gin, Y. Minet, T. Chave, B. Bonin, N. Godon, J. E. Lartigue, et al. "SON68 nuclear glass dissolution kinetics: Current state of knowledge and basis of the new GRAAL model." Journal of Nuclear Materials 380, no. 1-3 (October 2008): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.06.044.
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Frugier, P., T. Chave, S. Gin, and J. E. Lartigue. "Application of the GRAAL model to leaching experiments with SON68 nuclear glass in initially pure water." Journal of Nuclear Materials 392, no. 3 (August 2009): 552–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.04.024.
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Drouet, J. L., and L. Pagès. "GRAAL: a model of GRowth, Architecture and carbon ALlocation during the vegetative phase of the whole maize plant." Ecological Modelling 165, no. 2-3 (July 2003): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(03)00072-3.
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Minet, Y., B. Bonin, S. Gin, and P. Frugier. "Analytic implementation of the GRAAL model: Application to a R7T7-type glass package in a geological disposal environment." Journal of Nuclear Materials 404, no. 3 (September 2010): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.07.015.
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Drouet, Jean-Louis, and Loïc Pagès. "GRAAL-CN: A model of GRowth, Architecture and ALlocation for Carbon and Nitrogen dynamics within whole plants formalised at the organ level." Ecological Modelling 206, no. 3-4 (August 2007): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.036.
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Lillington, Joseph N. P., Thomas L. Goût, Mike T. Harrison, Tajudeen M. Iwalewa, and Ian Farnan. "Assessing the effect of radioactive waste glass dissolution on early-stage radionuclide migration using simplified geological repository Monte Carlo transport models." MRS Advances 6, no. 4-5 (January 28, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43580-021-00009-0.
Анотація:
AbstractThe vitrification of radioactive waste within glass and subsequent disposal within a geological disposal facility (GDF) requires a comprehensive understanding of the effect of glass dissolution on GDF performance. This paper aims to analyse the effect of both high-level and intermediate-level waste (HLW and ILW) glass dissolution source terms on radionuclide release into the geosphere just above the disposal vault (the ‘crown’). Radionuclide migration was simulated in GoldSim for HLW in either granite or clay host rocks with a bentonite buffer using carbon steel or copper canisters, whereas ILW simulations considered either granite or clay host rocks, in either bentonite buffer or cement backfill, using concrete or cast-iron canisters. Glass dissolution source terms were varied by coupling GoldSim and MATLAB to modify the initial, residual, and resumption dissolution rates of the glass or by applying the analytical GRAAL model to glass dissolution. HLW glass results indicate no preference of granite over clay host rocks for a given canister type but that a copper canister is preferable to steel. ILW results suggest that a granite–bentonite–cast-iron environment yields lowest crown activities with cast-iron preferable to concrete as the canister, bentonite preferable to cement as the buffer/backfill, and granite preferable to clay as the host rock. Varying glass dissolution source terms (initial, residual, and resumption dissolution rates) had an understood effect on radionuclide migration, although changes were arguably insignificant considering peak crown activity for both HLW and ILW.
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Kankare, E., A. Efstathiou, R. Kotak, E. C. Kool, T. Kangas, D. O’Neill, S. Mattila, et al. "Core-collapse supernova subtypes in luminous infrared galaxies." Astronomy & Astrophysics 649 (May 2021): A134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039240.
Анотація:
The fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) occurring in the central regions of galaxies is not well constrained at present. This is partly because large-scale transient surveys operate at optical wavelengths, making it challenging to detect transient sources that occur in regions susceptible to high extinction factors. Here we present the discovery and follow-up observations of two CCSNe that occurred in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) NGC 3256. The first, SN 2018ec, was discovered using the ESO HAWK-I/GRAAL adaptive optics seeing enhancer, and was classified as a Type Ic with a host galaxy extinction of AV = 2.1−0.1+0.3 mag. The second, AT 2018cux, was discovered during the course of follow-up observations of SN 2018ec, and is consistent with a subluminous Type IIP classification with an AV = 2.1 ± 0.4 mag of host extinction. A third CCSN, PSN J10275082−4354034 in NGC 3256, was previously reported in 2014, and we recovered the source in late-time archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on template light curve fitting, we favour a Type IIn classification for it with modest host galaxy extinction of AV = 0.3−0.3+0.4 mag. We also extend our study with follow-up data of the recent Type IIb SN 2019lqo and Type Ib SN 2020fkb that occurred in the LIRG system Arp 299 with host extinctions of AV = 2.1−0.3+0.1 and AV = 0.4−0.2+0.1 mag, respectively. Motivated by the above, we inspected, for the first time, a sample of 29 CCSNe located within a projected distance of 2.5 kpc from the host galaxy nuclei in a sample of 16 LIRGs. We find, if star formation within these galaxies is modelled assuming a global starburst episode and normal IMF, that there is evidence of a correlation between the starburst age and the CCSN subtype. We infer that the two subgroups of 14 H-poor (Type IIb/Ib/Ic/Ibn) and 15 H-rich (Type II/IIn) CCSNe have different underlying progenitor age distributions, with the H-poor progenitors being younger at 3σ significance. However, we note that the currently available sample sizes of CCSNe and host LIRGs are small, and the statistical comparisons between subgroups do not take into account possible systematic or model errors related to the estimated starburst ages.
Дисертації з теми "GRAAL model":
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Cagnon, Benjamin. "Etude fondamentale de la dissolution des silicates amorphes et cristallins : apport à la robustesse des modèles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU012.
Анотація:
La sureté du stockage géologique des déchets nucléaires de haute activité est un sujet au cœur des grands challenges scientifique et technologique de notre siècle. Ces déchets, issus des combustibles nucléaires, sont vitrifiés et entreposés sur les sites de production (La Hague, Marcoule) en attendant l’ouverture d’un site de stockage définitif. Leur durabilité chimique fait l’objet de nombreux travaux pour évaluer le devenir des radionucléides dans l’environnement. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette thématique et repose sur deux axes d'étude. Le premier se focalise sur l’effet du désordre structural sur la dissolution des silicates à 90°C, pH 1.5 et 3. Historiquement, deux mécanismes d’altération sont proposés : le mécanisme de dissolution – reprécipitation, attribué aux cristaux, et le mécanisme d’hydrolyse – recondensation, attribué aux verres. Cependant, des études récentes ont montré le besoin de revisiter cette dichotomie. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la dissolution d’un silicate amorphe, le verre albitique, et son équivalent cristallin, l’albite, au contact d’une solution marquée en 29Si. A travers l’incorporation de cet isotope dans la couche altérée, la contribution de la solution à la formation de la couche altérée a pu être quantifiée pour discuter du poids de chacun des mécanismes. De plus, un effet antagoniste de l’Al a été mis en évidence en fonction du désordre structural. En outre, la limitation des propriétés de transport au sein du gel était le phénomène clé contrôlant l’altération tout au long de l’expérience. Le deuxième axe concerne la dissolution d'un verre modèle (International Simple Glass – ISG) dans un environnement riche en Ca et Si. Parmi les scenarios à l’étude du site de stockage géologique, il en est un où une solution plus ou moins chargée en Si et Ca entrerait en contact avec la matrice silicatée. Afin de simuler cette matrice, le verre modèle ISG a été altéré dans une solution à 90°C, pH > 10. A travers l’évolution de la vitesse de dissolution, deux observations ont été faites : i) la vitesse d’altération est fortement corrélée à l’état de saturation de la solution par rapport à la silice amorphe et ii) la présence de phases secondaires, en particulier de silicate de calcium hydratée (CSH), n’a qu’un effet secondaire sur la vitesse d’altération à court terme (< 20 jours). Pour les expériences d’une durée plus longue, une reprise d’altération du verre a été observée entre 19 jours et 76 jours, correspondant à une période de croissance des CSH. Après cette période, une compétition entre la formation des CSH et celle des carbonates de calcium limite l’altération du verre.Enfin, l’effet du Ca et les propriétés diffusives du gel formé au cours des 20 premiers jours d’altération, a été étudié plus en détail. L’ajout de Ca dans la solution diminue la vitesse d’altération. Deux effets principaux sont discutés : le premier consiste en un effet catalytique du Ca sur la recondensation du gel et le second sur la formation d’une couche riche en Si et Ca qui passive le gel. Les coefficients de diffusions du gel estimés sur la base d’une expérience de traçage étaient systématiquement inférieurs de plusieurs ordres de grandeur à ceux basés sur l’épaisseur totale du gel. Si cette différence s’explique en partie par une différence de température, d’autres hypothèses telles que i) l’évolution des propriétés de diffusivité de la couche au cours de l’expérience, ii) une différence de diffusivité entre la pénétration et le relargage d’éléments au sein de cette couche ou encore iii) une restructuration post-mortem du gel, sont discutés.En conclusion, ces travaux apportent plusieurs contraintes pour la compréhension du continuum mécanistique existant entre la dissolution des silicates cristallins et vitreux, et sur la dissolution des verres dans des environnements chimiques pertinents pour le stockage géologique à long termeThe safety of high-level nuclear waste geological storage is a major scientific and technological challenges of our century. These wastes, inherited from nuclear fuels, are vitrified and stored on production sites (La Hague, Marcoule), waiting on the opening of a storage facility. Their chemical durability is the object of several studies to assess the impact of the release of radionuclides in the environment. Based on this background, this thesis relies on two axes.The first one focuses on the effect of structural disorder on the dissolution of silicates at 90°C, pH 1.5 and 3. Historically, two alteration mechanisms have been identified to explain silicate dissolution: the dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism, generally attributed to crystals, and the hydrolysis–recondensation mechanism, generally attributed to glasses. However, recent studies have shown the need to revisit this dichotomy. To address this point, the dissolution of an amorphous silicate, albite glass, and its crystalline equivalent, albite feldspar, in contact with a solution marked with 29Si was studied. Through the incorporation of this isotope into the altered layer, the contribution of the solution to the formation of the altered layer was quantified to discuss the significance of each mechanism. An antagonistic effect of Al was highlighted as a function of the amorphous and crystalline structure. Moreover, we suggested that the limitation of transport properties within the gel was the key phenomenon controlling the alteration throughout the experiment.The second axis concerns the dissolution of a model glass (International Simple Glass – ISG) in an environment rich in Ca and Si. One of the most likely scenarios for the geological storage site suggests that environmental fluids more or less concentrated in Si and Ca would come into contact with the glass. A 6-oxides glass simulating the nuclear glass was altered in a solution at 90°C, pH > 10. Literature shows that the presence of Ca can have antagonistic effects on the material's dissolution depending on the environment. Among these effects, calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) can precipitate and promote glass alteration.Through the evolution of the dissolution rate, two observations were made: i) the alteration rate is strongly correlated with the solution's saturation state with respect to amorphous silica and ii) the presence of secondary phases, especially CSH, has only a secondary effect on the short-term alteration rate (<20 days). For longer duration experiments, a resumption of glass alteration was observed between 19 days and 76 days, corresponding to a period of CSH growth. After this period, a competition between the formation of CSH and calcium carbonate limited the glass alteration. Finally, the effect of Ca and the transport properties of the gel formed during the first 20 days of alteration were studied in more detail. The addition of calcium to the solution reduces the alteration. Two main effects are discussed: the first consists of a catalytic effect on the recondensation of the gel, and the second on the formation of a (Si, Ca)-rich layer that passivates the gel. It was found that the gel diffusion coefficients based on the tracing experiment were systematically several orders of magnitude lower than those based on the total thickness of the gel. If this difference is partly explained by a variation in temperature, other hypotheses such as i) the evolution of the transport properties of the gel layer during the experiment, ii) a difference in diffusivity between the penetration and release of glass elements within this layer, or iii) a post-mortem restructuration of the gel, are discussed. In conclusion, this work brings several critical information to the understanding of the mechanistic continuum existing between the dissolution of crystalline and vitreous silicates, and of the glass dissolution in chemically relevant environments for long-term geological storage
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Viswanathan, Vishnu. "Improving the dynamical model of the Moon using lunar laser ranging (LLR) and spacecraft data." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEO005/document.
Анотація:
L'objectif principal de ce travail était d'améliorer le modèle dynamique de la Lune dans les éphémérides numériques INPOP et d’exploiter cette amélioration en vu d’une meilleure caractérisation de la structure interne de la Lune et d’effectuer des tests de la relativité générale. Dans un premier temps, un travail d’analyse des algorithmes nécessaires aux calculs des points normaux utilisés pour la construction des éphémérides lunaire a été effectué. Une analyse approfondie des procédures utilisées par l’équipe de Grasse montre l'impact du choix de l’algorithme sur le calcul de l'incertitude. L'importance de l'incertitude du point normal se reflète dans la méthode du moindre carré pondéré utilisée pour la construction des éphémérides. En particulier, l'absence d'un algorithme standardisé entre les différentes stations LLR introduit des biais dans l’estimation des incertitudes qu’il est important de prendre en compte. La thèse a également bénéficié d'un ensemble de données plus dense en raison des améliorations techniques et du passage de la longueur d'onde à l'infrarouge à la station de Grasse (Courde et al., 2017). Dans un second temps, afin de permettre des analyses multi-techniques combinant mesures SLR et LLR, la réduction des observations LLR a été introduite dans le logiciel de détermination d'orbites GINS du CNES. La modélisation suit les recommandations de IERS et été validée par une comparaison étape par étape avec les groupes d'analyse LLR de l’Observatoire de Paris et à Hanovre avec une précision de l’ordre de 1 mm. En outre, la correction des effets due au chargement hydrologique observé à la station Grasse a été mise en œuvre et a fait l’objet d’une première communication poster en 2016 (Mémin et al. 2016). Une version améliorée du modèle de réduction LLR a été intégrée à la dernière version distribuée du logiciel GINS par l’équipe de géodésie spatiale (GRGS) du CNES.Le modèle dynamique lunaire d’INPOP a d'abord été développé par Manche (2011). Cependant, en raison de l'absence du noyau fluide dans la version précédente (INPOP13c), les résidus obtenus après ajustement étaient au niveau de 5 cm pour la période moderne (2006). Une comparaison détaillée des équations dynamiques avec les éphémérides JPL DE430 a permis d'identifier les changements requis dans INPOP pour l'activation du noyau liquide lunaire. D'autres modifications ont permis l'utilisation d'un champ de gravité lunaire déterminé par la mission spatiale GRAIL. L'utilisation d'un algorithme de moindres carrés sous contraintes a aussi été utilisé afin de maintenir les paramètres connus dans des bornes compatibles avec leurs incertitudes. La nouvelle éphéméride (INPOP17a) produit un résidu de 1,4 à 1,8 cm, compatible avec (Folkner et al. 2014) et (Pavlov et al. 2016). INPOP17a est distribuée sur le site de l’imcce (www.imcce.fr/inpop) et une documentation a été publiée (Viswanathan et al. 2017) dans les notes scientifiques de l’imcce.En outre, en fournissant des contraintes plus sévères dans le modèle dynamique sur le champ de gravité lunaire à partir de l'analyse des données GRAIL, une signature caractéristique de libration lunaire avec une période de 6 ans a été révélée avec une amplitude de +/- 5 mm. Plusieurs pistes ont été étudiées pour l'identification de cet effet, impliquant des termes de marée et des composants de couple à plus haut degré. Cela reste encore un travail en cours, qui se poursuivra grâce à un contrat postdoctoral à Paris. Une publication est en cours de révision à ce sujet.Les résidus au niveau d'un centimètre permettent des tests précis du principe d'équivalence dans le système solaire. La valeur ajustée du paramètre caractérisant l'accélération différentielle de la Terre et de la Lune vers le Soleil a été obtenue et les résultats sont conformes aux travaux antérieurs (Williams et al 2012, Hofmann et al. 2016). Une interprétation en terme de théorie du dilaton est proposée. Une publication est en cours de finalisationThe main goal of the Ph.D. thesis of Vishnu Viswanathan was to improve the dynamical model of the Moon within the numerically integrated ephemeris (INPOP) and to derive results of scientific value from this improvement through the characterization of the lunar internal structure and tests of general relativity.At first, raw binaries of LLR echoes obtained from the Grasse ILRS station was used to analyze the algorithm used by the facility, for the computation of a normal point from the full-rate data. Further analysis shows the dependence of the algorithm on the reported uncertainty contained within the distributed LLR normal points from Grasse. The importance of the normal point uncertainty is reflected in the weighted least square procedure used for parameter estimation, especially in the absence of a standardized algorithm between different LLR ground stations. The thesis also benefitted in terms of a more dense dataset due to technical improvements and the switch of operational wavelength to infrared at the Grasse LLR facility (Courde et al. 2017).The reduction of the LLR observations was carried out on GINS orbit determination software from CNES. The modeling follows the IERS 2010 recommendations for the correction of all known effects on the light-time computation. The subroutines were verified through a step by step comparison study using simulated data, with LLR analysis groups in Paris and Hannover, maintaining any discrepancies in the Earth-Moon distance below 1mm. Additionally, correction of effects due to hydrological loading observed at the Grasse station has been implemented. An improved version of the LLR reduction model was submitted to the space geodesy team of CNES (GRGS).The lunar dynamical model of INPOP was first developed by Manche (2011). However, due to the absence of the fluid core within the previous version of INPOP (13c), the residuals obtained after a least-square fit were in the level of 5cm for the modern day period (2006 onwards). A detailed comparison of the dynamical equations with DE430 JPL ephemeris helped to identify required changes within INPOP for the activation of the lunar fluid core. Other modifications allowed the use of a spacecraft determined lunar gravity field within the dynamical model. The use of a bounded value least square algorithm during the regression procedure accounted for variability to well-known parameters from their reported uncertainties. The resulting iteratively fit solution of INPOP ephemeris then produces a residual of 1.4-1.8 cm, on par with that reported by Folkner et al. 2014 and Pavlov et al. 2016. The new INPOP ephemeris (INPOP17a) is distributed through the IMCCE website (www.imcce.fr/inpop) with a published documentation (Viswanathan et al. 2017) in the scientific notes of IMCCE.Furthermore, on providing tighter constraints on the lunar gravity field from GRAIL-data analysis within the dynamical model, a characteristic lunar libration signature with a period of 6 years was revealed with an amplitude of +/- 5mm. Several tracks were investigated for the identification of the unmodelled effect, involving higher degree tidal terms and torque components. This remains as a work in progress, which will be continued through a postdoctoral contract in Paris. A publication is under revision on this subject.Residuals at the level of a centimeter allow precision tests of the principle of equivalence in the solar system. The fitted value of the parameter characterizing the differential acceleration of the Earth and the Moon towards the Sun was obtained with numerically integrated partial derivatives. The results are consistent with the previous work by Williams et al (2009, 2012), and Hofmann et al. (2010, 2016). An article on this work is in preparation
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Grahl, Mara [Verfasser], Dirk-Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] Rischke, and Bengt [Akademischer Betreuer] Friman. "Low-energy effective models for two-flavor quantum chromodynamics and the universality hypothesis / Mara Grahl. Gutachter: Dirk-Hermann Rischke ; Bengt Friman. Betreuer: Dirk-Hermann Rischke." Frankfurt am Main : Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105184844X/34.
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Buligon, Lidiane. "Solução semianalítica para o perfil vertical do vento na camada limite planetária." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3883.
Анотація:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorIn the present study, using the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT), we derive a semi-analytical solution of the Navier-Stokes equation to obtain the mean wind profile in the atmospheric boundary layer. The technique combines series expansion and an integration employing an inverse-transform pair. The PBL is discretized into N sub-intervals in such manner that inside each sub-region the eddy diffusivity is the average value, this allows the use of realistic eddy diffusivity profiles, which depend on the physical characteristics of the energy-containing eddies. The nonlinear terms are written in terms of kinematical properties of the flow, such as divergence and vorticity, allowing the solutions to be interpreted in terms of large-scale synoptic conditions. The model results are compared to observed wind profiles obtained from the classical Wangara experiment. In addition, the results obtained by the proposed model are compared with the unidimensional model solved by the method of discretization, the model of two layers, with the logarithmic law and the Ekman model. The method used was efficient for the problem studied, since it has presented results consistent with those available in literature.
No presente estudo, usando a Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada (GITT), deriva-se uma solução semianalítica para as Equações de Navier-Stokes aplicada à Camada Limite Planetária (CLP). A técnica combina uma expansão em série com uma integração por meio de um par de transformada-inversa. A CLP é discretizada em N subintervalos de maneira que, dentro de cada sub-região, os coeficientes de difusão assumam valores médios, o que nos permite utilizar perfis mais realísticos para o coeficiente de difusão e que dependem das características dos turbilhões mais energéticos. Os termos não-lineares são escritos em função das propriedades cinemáticas do escoamento, como divergência e vorticidade, permitindo que a solução seja interpretada em termos das condições sinóticas de grande escala. O desempenho do modelo estudado foi comparado com dados experimentais de vento medidos durante os experimentos de Wangara. Adicionalmente, os resultados obtidos através do modelo proposto são comparados com o modelo unidimensional resolvido pelo método de discretização, com o modelo de duas camadas, com a Lei Logarítmica e com o modelo de Ekman. O método empregado mostrou-se eficiente para o problema estudado, uma vez que apresentou resultados coerentes com os disponíveis na literatura.
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Renard, Frédéric. "Étude de la structure du nucléon via la photoproduction de mésons pseudoscalaires à GRAAL : mesure des sections efficaces et des asymétries de faisceau des réactions [gamma]+p->p+[pi]°et [gamma]+p->p+[éta] pour E[nu] compris entre 550 et 1100 MeV." Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10270.
Анотація:
L'experience graal est consacree a la comprehension de la structure dynamique du nucleon et de ses etats excites, les resonances baryoniques. L'etude experimentale des reactions de photoproduction de mesons sur le nucleon est accomplie a l'aide d'un faisceau de photons polarises et d'un multi-detecteur 4. Le faisceau est produit par retrodiffusion compton de photons laser sur les electrons de 6 gev du synchrotron europeen a grenoble (l'esrf). Cette these porte sur l'analyse des premieres donnees acquises par la collaboration graal. Apres la caracterisation du faisceau et le calcul de la dose de photons etiquetes, l'analyse decrit les techniques d'identification des reactions de photoproduction des mesons 0 et. Les performances du systeme de detection, resolutions et efficacites, sont determinees a partir des mesures experimentales et des simulations. Les prises de donnees realisees en 1997 ont permis d'etudier les reactions p 0p et p p dans une gamme d'energie des photons allant de 550 a 1100 mev. L'analyse complete de ces deux canaux a ete effectuee et des resultats finaux pour la section efficace d/d et l'observable de polarisation ont ete obtenus. L'ensemble des corrections aux donnees ainsi que l'evaluation des erreurs systematiques sont presentes en detail. L'asymetrie faisceau obtenue avec une polarisation lineaire des photons, a ainsi ete mesuree pour la premiere fois dans la production du. La section efficace du meme processus et les mesures obtenues pour la production de 0 ameliorent grandement la precision et la couverture cinematique de la base de donnees existante. Les observables de polarisation sont sensibles a des contributions tres petites, difficiles a discerner dans les mesures de section efficace. Ainsi, le rapport de branchement de la resonance n*(1520) dans le canal a pu etre determine avec une bonne precision: b = / t o t = (0,08 0,01)%. Ces resultats sont selectifs pour les modeles des hadrons et contribuent ainsi a l'amelioration de notre connaissance des baryons et des mesons.
Книги з теми "GRAAL model":
1
Thakrar, Shailen. Hypertext browsing system based on a GRAIL model. Manchester: University ofManchester, Department of Computer Science, 1995.
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1939-, Kidd John B., and Richter Frank-Jürgen, eds. Development models, globalization and economies: A search for the Holy Grail? Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
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Sturges, Robert Stuart. Medieval interpretation: Models of reading in literary narrative, 1100-1500. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991.
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Baptist, M. J. Modelling floodplain biogeomorphology: Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft ... Delft, Netherlands: DUP Science, 2005.
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Emmerling, Sonja. Geschlechterbeziehungen in den Gawan-Büchern des "Parzival": Wolframs Arbeit an einem literarischen Modell. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 2003.
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Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn. Weaving a Tapestry from Biblical Exegesis to Romance Textuality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795148.003.0006.
Анотація:
This study examines how the particular character of Grail romances follows from the incongruous meeting of courtly and Christian discourses, combined for the first time in LeConte du Graal, Chrétien de Troyes’s last, unfinished romance. The romancer’s unsettling inclusion of religious issues within Arthurian narrative coincides with a new turn toward the Bible’s literal and historical sense observable in both Christian and Jewish biblical exegesis. By investigating features shared by romance and exegesis, we can glimpse how a number of issues involving representation and interpretation disseminate through later Grail stories, as the romancer’s inaugural gestures structure how rewriters negotiate the complexities of their enigmatic model. Divided into three sections, the chapter first treats the littera’s historical aspects and its arrangements (order, sequence, context). The second section examines the shifting relation between literal and allegorical senses, in order to explore the exegetical surprises of Chrétien’s prologue in the third.
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III CISP Conference «AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SCIENCE MODERNIZATION: METHODS, MODELS AND MULTIDISCIPLINARITY». European Scientific Platform & LLC «International Centre Corporative Management», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.29.04.2022.
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Richter, Frank-Jürgen, and John B. Kidd. Development Models, Globalization and Economies: A Search for the Holy Grail? Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2005.
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Richter, Frank-Jürgen, and John B. Kidd. Development Models, Globalization and Economies: A Search for the Holy Grail? Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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Richter, F., and J. B. Kidd. Development Models, Globalization and Economies: A Search for the Holy Grail? Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Частини книг з теми "GRAAL model":
1
Slama, Dirk. "Predictive Maintenance for Hydraulic Components (Bosch Rexroth)." In The Digital Playbook, 371–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88221-1_30.
Анотація:
AbstractPredictive Maintenance has long been the holy grail of the IoT. However, experience has also shown that successfully implementing predictive maintenance for industrial use cases is harder than one might think, from finding a sustainable business model to actually delivering the technical implementation. This case study provides an account of a successful predictive maintenance implementation for hydraulic systems from the perspective of Bosch Rexroth, a leading supplier in this field (Fig. 33.1).
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Barron, Ann E., Bernd Dahn, Tricia Jones, Christen Krogh, Markus Latzina, Nigel Oxley, and Lara Stefansdottir. "A Model of Interaction: In Search of a Holy Grail." In Automating Instructional Design: Computer-Based Development and Delivery Tools, 581–601. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57821-2_24.
3
Hinterhuber, Andreas, and Michael Nilles. "Digital transformation, the Holy Grail and the disruption of business models." In Managing Digital Transformation, 120–26. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003008637-11.
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Clauss, Thomas. "In Search for the Holy Grail in Management Research: A Review of the Benefits of Business Model Innovation." In Debating Innovation, 103–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16666-2_6.
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Frangioni, Marina. "A New Tool for Supporting Innovation in Biotech Co-Innovation and the Role of Economic Developers." In Comparative Approaches to Biotechnology Development and Use in Developed and Emerging Nations, 238–50. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1040-6.ch008.
Анотація:
Biotech companies have been perceived has the Saint-Graal for economic development since a few years. But the economic downturn and a misunderstanding of the shift in innovation process, from a stage gate process to a user driven process placed, impairs biotech companies. Economic developer, which aims is to foster innovation to induce economic development asked themselves how to help innovation in the biotech sector to reach the market more rapidly and more efficiently. This book chapter present an overview in the innovation shift from the supply side to the demand side and propose a new model of intervention for economic developers in this new context of co-innovation.
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Brownlee, Kevin. "René d’ Anjou and His Textual Models." In Allegory and the Poetic Self, 62–94. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069517.003.0004.
Анотація:
This essay considers in detail the numerous and diverse ways in which two literary model texts, the Quête du Saint Graal and the Roman de la Rose, function in the Livre du Cœur. René-author uses both the Quête and the Rose as key points of departure, while at the same time, consistently emphasizing the essential differences between them and his own (hybrid) masterwork. René’s text thus appears as a significant continuation of these two French canonical texts: a 15th-century rewriting of the two 13th-century authoritative literary model texts in the vernacular. This status is elaborated by the Livre du Cœur’s references to a key set of 15th-century French authors and texts: Alain Chartier (d. 1430), the Hôpital d’Amour of Achille Coulier (c. 1425-41), and to René himself, who is identified in multiple “biographic” ways that seem to contradict both the courtly and the chivalric ideals embodied in the Cœur. Finally, there is the literarily self-conscious inscription of a set of (tri-lingual) model authors: Ovid, Machaut, Boccaccio, Jean de Meun, Petrarch, and Alain Chartier. René is placing himself at the culmination of this line.
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Brock, Amanda. "Business and Revenue Models and Commercial Agreements." In Open Source Law, Policy and Practice, 329—C16.P294. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862345.003.0016.
Анотація:
Abstract This chapter explores how revenue is generated in businesses based on open source licensed software. Open source may be many things, beyond its legal categorisation, but open source software is not of itself a business model nor was it ever intended to be one. Generating revenue and finding a suitable business model for businesses based on open source licensed software, is, therefore, the ‘holy grail’ to many interested in open source. In light of this, the chapter first defines what open source is and what it is not. A consideration of possible revenue and business models is then provided. Next, the chapter discusses recent business issues in open source. Finally, the chapter covers commercial contracts.
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Motulsky, Harvey, and Arthur Christopoulos. "Complex dose-response curves." In Fitting Models to Biological Data Using Linear and Nonlinear Regression, 290–95. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195171792.003.0044.
Анотація:
Abstract The standard (Hill) sigmoidal dose-response model is based on the assumption that the log(dose) vs. response curve is symmetrical around its midpoint. But some dose-response curves are not symmetrical. In a recent study, Van der Graaf and Schoemaker (J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Meth., 41: 107-115, 1999) showed that the application of the Hill equation to asymmetric dose-response data can lead to quite erroneous estimates of drug potency (EC50). They suggested an alternative model, known as the Richards equation, which could provide a more adequate fit to asymmetric dose-response data. Here is the Richards model shown both as an equation and as computer code.
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Seoane-Pardo, Antonio Miguel, and Francisco José García-Peñalvo. "Pedagogical Patterns and Online Teaching." In Online Tutor 2.0, 298–316. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5832-5.ch015.
Анотація:
This chapter summarizes the experience collected after years of researching and experiencing on teaching and learning online in the form of an eLearning pattern-architecture. In this architecture, based upon the leading role of the human factor (according to the vision of the eLearning by GRIAL Group), the whole processes occurring within any training activity is represented, from the institutional planning to the evaluation of the whole process, technological decisions, teaching activity, interaction with students, and so forth. This model is briefly presented after the explanation of the notion of pattern (and its application to the pedagogical context), as a prerequisite for understanding the scope of the use of this methodology in the field of online training.
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"4. Romancing Religion: Competing Modes of Vision on the Grail Quest." In Vision and Gender in Malory's <I>Morte Darthur</I>, 118–47. Boydell and Brewer, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781846158919-007.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "GRAAL model":
1
Delcroix, Maxime. "Modelling method for glass alteration with graal2 model." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.16701.
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Cone, Kim, Stephen M. Elardo, Richard M. Palin, Frank Spera, Wendy A. Bohrson, and Daniel F. Astudillo Manosalva. "WHY DO LUNAR MAGMA OCEAN COOLING MODELS STRUGGLE TO REPRODUCE A GRAIL-ERA CRUSTAL THICKNESS?" In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-379822.
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Kaluzny, Bohdan L., R. H. A. David Shaw, Ahmed Ghanmi, and Beomjoon Kim. "An optimisation model for airlift load planning: Galahad and the quest for the ‘holy grail’." In 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Security and Defense Applications (CISDA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisda.2009.5356562.
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Mitrevski, Pece, and Ilija Hristoski. "Evaluation of Business-Oriented Performance Metrics in e-Commerce using Web-based Simulation." In CARMA 2016 - 1st International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2016.2016.2915.
Анотація:
The Web 2.0 paradigm has radically changed the way businesses are run all around the world. Moreover, e-Commerce has overcome in daily shopping activities. For management teams, the assessment, evaluation, and forecasting of online incomes and other business-oriented performance measures have become ‘a holy grail’, the ultimate question imposing their current and future e-Commerce projects. Within the paper, we describe the development of a Web-based simulation model, suitable for their estimation, taking into account multiple operation profiles and scenarios. Specifically, we put focus on introducing specific classes of e-Customers, as well as the workload characterization of an arbitrary e-Commerce website. On the other hand, we employ and embed the principles of the system thinking approach and the system dynamics into the proposed solution. As a result, a complete simulation model has been developed, available online. The model, which includes numerous adjustable input variables, can be successfully utilized in making ‘what-if’-like insights into a plethora of business-oriented performance metrics for an arbitrary e-Commerce website. This project is, also, a great example of the power delivered by InsightMaker®, free-ofcharge Web-based software, suitable for a collaborative online development of models following the systems thinking paradigm.
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Kennedy, David. "Generalizing the Geometrical Factor Theory." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0001.
Анотація:
Archie developed his model based upon trends observed in formation resistivity factor - porosity and resistivity index-water saturation plots. The trends appear when the data is plotted on log-log graph pa-per. The trends are apparently straight lines on log-log paper, which means that they are “power laws” of the form F = 1/φm and I = 1/Swn where m and n are observed to distribute themselves around m and n = 2. Archie did not attempt to connect his empirical discovery to any physical first principles, nor did he discuss alternative trends that might have fit the data. However, Archie’s model filled a void in formation evaluation, and works well. Four decades would pass before researchers began to attempt to connect conductivity in rocks as described by the Archie model to first principles. Since 1980 several attempts to connect the Archie model to first principles were, and continue to be, made. There has been no generally accepted success in the attempts. Waxman and Smits (following M. R. J. Wyllie, 1952) changed the focus of attention from resistivity to conductivity in 1968. This was a step in the right direction, but they retained Archie’s model reformulated in conductivity terms; in that sense there was no change in thinking. The first rethinking of the problem appeared in 1993 by positing three first principles: bulk rock conductivity is proportional to (1) brine conductivity; (2) fractional volume of brine in the rock; (3) a geometrical factor. Brine conductivity and fractional volume of brine (i.e., porosity) are directly measurable, and the geometrical factor can be estimated from measurable quantities. From these “first principles” a model relating bulk rock conductivity to water saturation can be derived. The model, called the geometrical factor theory (GFT), is different from the Archie model, but the Archie model is contained within it as a limiting case. In 2007 a different model based upon a different formulation of the first principles, known as a pseudo-percolation threshold theory (PPTT), was developed. Although different from the GFT, PPTT also contains the Archie model as a limiting case. Since GFT and PPTT are different, it seems as if one of them must be wrong. However, I show that neither is wrong, but both are special cases of a more general model. Whereas Archie analyzed his data in terms of formation resistivity factor versus porosity and deduced a power law, an alternative analysis in terms of formation conductivity factor would have revealed that Archie’s data for both formation factor vs. porosity and resistivity index vs. water saturation is fit, arguably better, by a quadratic function. The quadrat-ic function follows directly from first principles, whereas Archie’s power law does not. I call the new model the Generalized GFT (GGFT), and show that it subsumes the GFT, PPTT, and Archie’s model as special cases. Interestingly, the shaly sand models can also be accommodated in GGFT. As an explanation of the Archie model from first principles has long been a Holy Grail of petrophysics, this is of significant interest.
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Schrage, Daniel. "The Search for an Ideal Bearingless Main Rotor (BMR) Design." In Vertical Flight Society 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16735.
Анотація:
The Main Rotor Hub is the design centerpiece for helicopters and other forms of rotorcraft. It has been a very complex mechanical system design in the past, especially for fully articulated rotor systems. Two major efforts have been made to reduce this complexity. First, was the introduction of elastomeric bearings and dampers which have freed articulated rotor hubs from liquid lubrication and extreme mechanical complexity. This has made them economically feasible for designers and manufacturers of articulated helicopters, such as Boeing and Sikorsky in the U.S; Airbus and Leonardo in Europe; and MIL in Russia. However, the major progress in main rotor hubs has been the continuous movement "and search" toward the ideal hingeless and/or bearingless main rotor hubs. Designing the "Ideal Bearingless Main Rotor (BMR)" hub has been akin to seeking the "holy grail." One outside critic of the progress made toward the "Ideal BMR" over the years has been Thomas A. Hanson, who was involved in early designs of the Lockheed hingeless and bearingless rotor hubs in the 1960s. Having tried to go on his own after Lockheed failed and abandoned their hingeless and baringless rotor hubs, e.g. the XH-51A and the AH-56A Cheyenne, Tom revisited the status of rotorcraft hub design in the 1990s. However, due to the "not invented here" syndrome no major helicopter/rotorcraft manufacturer picked up on his innovative solutions. Helicopter/rotorcraft design engineers, especially those addressing aeroelasticity and dynamics, are a very small element in industry and government engineering organizations. The author of this paper was one of these and has been involved in developing, assessing and evaluating helicopter/rotorcraft designs for almost 50 years, e.g. UTTAS, AAH, AH-1 IRB, CH-47D, MDX, OH-58D, and LHX/RAH-66, along with accident investigations. He has also been the Georgia Tech Rotorcraft Design Professor from 1984 to 2019, where he taught and evaluated student design teams. In addition, his D.Sc. research and dissertation thesis under Dr. David A. Peters in 1978 (Schrage, D.P., "Effect of Structural Parameters on the Flap-Lag Forced response of a Rotor Blade in Forward Flight") shed new light on the tradeoffs between rotor loads and stability by developing an eigenvalue and modal decomposition approach. This included the evaluation of the Boeing and Sikorsky UTTAS bearingless tail rotors. This paper will review this search for the Ideal BMR and identify the importance it will play in future BMR designs which will be Cyber Physical Vehicle Systems (CPVS) to meet and satisfy the safety and design requirements of these new complex electrical, mechanical and adaptive control systems.
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Pink, Anthony, Adam Patterson, and Karl Erik Thoresen. "Building a System to Solve the Challenges of Drilling Hot Hard Rock for Geothermal and Oil and Gas." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212438-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract Objective Scope Geothermal energy is gaining attention worldwide as an attractive and vastly underutilized renewable energy source due to its abundance, baseload capability, resiliency, and reliability. While there are many types of geothermal energy concepts, the holy grail of geothermal – that would enable geothermal drilling and production in most places in the world – is hard rock or superhot rock concepts. Developing these systems requires drilling into granitic basement formations, often at temperatures exceeding 300º C. There are two main technological challenges associated with hard, hot rock concepts. Firstly, very hard rock, such as granite or basalt, limits the rate of penetration (ROP). Secondly, the temperature of the drilling system exceeds the operational limits of electronic tools like measurement while drilling (MWD) and Rotary Steerable. This paper discusses the modeling, design, and testing of a drilling system that solves both challenges. Methods Our approach to the ROP problem was to optimize the drilling system for drilling cold hard rock from 0º to 175º C and optimize the system for drilling hot hard rock where temperatures exceed 175º C. We will discuss the design and performance of both PDC drill bits and Hybrid Particle Impact/PDC bits in hard rock formations and the best application of the two methodologies moving forward. Our approach to the temperature problem was to model the entire wellbore and drillstring and investigate the effects of, but not limited to, the starting temperature of the fluid, flow rate of the fluid, type of fluid, impact of the thickness, type of insulation on the inside of the drillpipe, the diameter of the pipe, and continuous circulation. The objective of the modeling was to understand the relative impact of changes to the system on the temperature of the drilling fluid and the most cost-effective way to deliver a 150º C fluid to the bottom of the hole. Results, Observations and Conclusions This paper will discuss the results, observations, and conclusions of testing and running PDC drill bits and Particle Impact Drilling/PDC hybrids in hard formations. The results will derive from lab testing and geothermal drilling projects. The paper will also discuss the field testing and running of components of a drilling system optimized to deliver as cool a fluid as possible to the bottom of the wellbore. Novel/Additive Information The results shown in this paper suggest that we have solved, or are very close to solving, two of the major challenges which prevent geothermal energy from being economically viable worldwide and not just restricted to the small geographic areas where you have very high temperature gradients associated with volcanic activity. The results would also have significant benefits for oil and gas wells where the bottom hole temperatures exceed 175º C.
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Mondal, Somnath, Ashan Garusinghe, Sebastian Ziman, Muhammed Abdul-Hameed, Rakesh Paleja, Matthew Jones, Jan Limbeck, et al. "Efficiency and Effectiveness - A Fine Balance: An Integrated System to Improve Decisions in Real-Time Hydraulic Fracturing Operations." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209127-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is a key driver of well productivity and field development planning, in addition to being the most significant portion of capex in shales. Recent breakthroughs in connectivity and digital technologies have enabled the monitoring and analyses of frac operations in real-time. However, most of the digitalization effort to date has been focused on increasing operational efficiency to reduce cost. Without an equal consideration for creating effective fracture geometries, this may lead to poor resource recovery and leave significant value behind. In this paper, we - 1) demonstrate the need to balance between optimizing fracture efficiency and effectiveness; 2) present an integrated system for frac optimization using real-time, historical data along with organizational knowledge; and 3) discuss the challenges of setting up such a system and key considerations, along with examples of large, untapped potential that can be unlocked with data science to deliver real value. Currently, several service providers exist to stream frac data with interactive analytics dashboards. While they offer some customizability, most do not provide a true frac optimization platform that goes beyond frac monitoring and analytics geared towards efficiency and cost indicators. We are still dependent on an individual operator's experience and rules of thumb to make job decisions during a frac stage. In this paper, a real-time optimization workflow is presented that uses advanced data science and statistical techniques to interpret and predict time-series treatment data, integrate historical and contextual information, and honor basin-specific knowledge that has been gathered and tested over the years. Examples are presented from diagnostic pads that highlight the need for balancing stimulation effectiveness with efficiency. We demonstrate a platform to host and execute an ensemble of models and visualizations that communicate actionable insights to an operator within minutes of identifying an event, gather feedback, and learn. Results from field testing show that our system accelerates the learning curve, enables consistent decision making by operators, and can generate significant cost savings. Finally, we share learnings from our digitalization journey. Completion and stimulation expenses account for approximately half of an unconventional well cost. Automated decision making for real-time fracture treatment is the holy grail of digital completions in shales. However, a blind pursuit of efficiency may lead to sub-par fracture treatments and significant value erosion for shale assets. We present an integrated framework that connects real-time data and organizational knowledge to guide an operator to pump the best frac stage while reacting to formation response within a set of constraints. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to describe the general architecture and demonstrate the viability of such a system that relies only on standard wellhead measurements during fracturing.
Звіти організацій з теми "GRAAL model":
1
Sinclair, Samantha, and Sally Shoop. Automated detection of austere entry landing zones : a “GRAIL Tools” validation assessment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45265.
Анотація:
The Geospatial Remote Assessment for Ingress Locations (GRAIL) Tools software is a geospatial product developed to locate austere entry landing zones (LZs) for military aircraft. Using spatial datasets like land classification and slope, along with predefined LZ geometry specifications, GRAIL Tools generates binary suitability filters that distinguish between suitable and unsuitable terrain. GRAIL Tools combines input suitability filters, searches for LZs at user‐defined orientations, and plots results. To refine GRAIL Tools, we: (a) verified software output; (b) conducted validation assessments using five unpaved LZ sites; and (c) assessed input dataset resolution on outcomes using 30 and 1‐m datasets. The software was verified and validated in California and the Baltics, and all five LZs were correctly identified in either the 30 or the 1‐m data. The 30‐m data provided numerous LZs for consideration, while the 1‐m data highlighted hazardous conditions undetected in the 30‐m data. Digital elevation model grid size affected results, as 1‐m data produced overestimated slope values. Resampling the data to 5 m resulted in more realistic slopes. Results indicate GRAIL Tools is an asset the military can use to rapidly assess terrain conditions.
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Einstein, J. R., R. J. Mural, X. Guan, and E. C. Uberbacher. Computer-based construction of gene models using the GRAIL Gene Assembly Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7160076.
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Einstein, J. R., R. J. Mural, X. Guan, and E. C. Uberbacher. Computer-based construction of gene models using the GRAIL Gene Assembly Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176476.