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Janssen Daalen, Jules M., Anouk den Ambtman, Mark Van Houdenhoven, and Bart J. F. van den Bemt. "Determinants of drug prices: a systematic review of comparison studies." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e046917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveIn this systematic review on drug price comparison studies, we report on recent determinants of drug prices in a national and international context to facilitate regulation of drug prices by purchasers and policymakers worldwide. Determinants of drug prices were divided into non-modifiable and modifiable and were categorised as pertaining to a country’s income level, pharmaceutical market system and its policies and government.Primary outcomeDeterminants of drug prices or price variance.DesignWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 22 July 2020 that reported an association of the primary outcome with one or more determinants. We performed a best-evidence synthesis of these associations for determinants covered in at least three studies.Results31 publications were included. Only one publication described net drug prices and 30 described retail drug prices. Five modifiable determinants were associated with lower retail prices: generic market portion, discounts, tendering policies, central (governmental) purchasing and pricing regulation schemes. The originators market portion and a system in which mark-ups are common were associated with higher retail prices. Retail prices were highest in the USA, even compared with other high-income countries. A positive association between national income level and drug retail prices could not be established among middle-income and high-income countries. Retail prices were highest in low-income countries when adjusted for purchasing power parity.ConclusionsLiterature on determinants of net drug prices is extremely sparse. Various healthcare system interventions, market-specific and governmental regulations are consistently associated with lower retail prices. Some interventions are easily implementable in developing or middle-income countries, such as tendering, central purchasing and fixed pricing regulation schemes. Net drug price comparison studies are needed to overcome the lack of price transparency and to quantify the effectiveness of policy measures on net drug prices.
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Ponomarenko, O. O., I. F. Lisna, and O. S. Lesnaya. "Assessing the Impact of Anti-Inflationary Instruments on Price Stability." Business Inform 1, no. 528 (2022): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-1-323-330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the peculiarities of theoretical-methodological and scientific-applied aspects of the formation of anti-inflationary policy as a component of economic stabilization in the current conditions of economic development. The results of the study show that the category of «anti-inflationary policy» most often appears in the context of the following categories: inflation, politics, governmental regulation, macroeconomic stability and macroeconomic policy. As a result of the decomposition of scientific and methodological approaches to the definition of anti-inflationary policy as an economic category, anti-inflationary policy is considered as a form of macroeconomic policy functionally aimed at regulating inflationary processes. Since achieving economic growth has economic stability at its foundation, anti-inflationary policies should be seen as an integral element of sustainable progress towards transformation, i.e. anti-inflationary policy is a stabilization measure at the macroeconomic level. A retrospective analysis of instruments for achieving price stability shows that the most common and efficient instrument for regulating the exchange rate are currency interventions. Regarding the regulation of consumer prices, it is possible to note the systematic use of currency exchange rate support instruments, a balanced change in prices for tariffs and services which is regulated by the administration
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Rintala, Annastiina, Jouni Havukainen, and Mariam Abdulkareem. "Estimating the Cost-Competitiveness of Recycling-Based Geopolymer Concretes." Recycling 6, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cement industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest, in both academia and business, in low-carbon concretes in which Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is partially or fully replaced with industrial side streams. However, the realization of the environmental benefits of such materials depends on how competitive they are in the construction market, where low costs are a major competitive factor. This is not straightforward, as many types of concretes exist. Raw material prices vary, and costs can be influenced by governmental regulations via carbon pricing. This study presents a case study estimating the cost prices of four different geopolymer concretes with different material compositions and carbon footprints, considering the raw material price variability and the potential impact of carbon emissions regulation (carbon price). The case study demonstrates how material mix cost comparisons can be made openly and systematically. The results imply that carbon pricing, at the rates currently applied, does not significantly change the cost price difference between traditional and geopolymer concretes. Instead, cost-competitiveness of low carbon concretes depends heavily on the material mix type and the availability of critical side streams.
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McCue, Michael J., James E. Pawlukiewicz, and Steve R. Eastaugh. "Effects of Price Regulation on Stock Returns of Publicly Traded Companies in the Healthcare Industry." Health Services Management Research 6, no. 3 (August 1993): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489300600306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the 1980s, governmental changes were enacted to suppress the rising costs of healthcare. The primary forms of legislation were the implementation of the Prospective Payment System (PPS), the passage of Deficit Reduction Act and the proposal to shift capital costs to a prospective payment system. The main emphasis of the study is to examine the price reaction of hospital management companies for the above governmental changes. Using an intervention analysis, the findings show that the market reacted negatively at the passage of PPS and the future proposal to implement capital costs on a prospective basis for hospital management companies. In addition, hospital management companies level of risk increased for all the key event dates.
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Chistyakova, Galina, Anastasia Rolgayzer, Evgeniya Bondareva, and Inessa Schlee. "International Practice of Environmental Challenges Regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910502024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern society needs to establish a balance between social and economic development and environment conservation. This target can be met through the integrated use of legislative, economic and administrative measures developed and implemented by various international, national and regional organizations. Environmental management can achieve the maximum efficiency only through the joint use of three environmental policy instruments: direct regulating, market-based instruments, and voluntary programs. Direct regulating is inherently directive in terms of establishing emission standards / discharge limits, industry product and process specifications, and transparency reporting requirements. The implementation of market-based instruments depends on the day-to-day use of private sector financial calculations. Economic methods include price-based instruments and property-based instruments. Voluntary programs, actively encouraged by governments, offer intangible rewards such as public recognition. The vast legislative framework and activities of governmental and public organizations encourage mining and processing enterprises to strictly conform to environmental rules and regulations. While multiple market-based instruments of environmental management and voluntary programs provides businesses with greater autonomy in choosing ways, means and terms of restructuring their environmental policies to meet pressing environmental challenges.
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Kochova, Emilija, Janis Vella Szijj, and Lilian M. Azzopardi. "Price of medicines in a small market country: a comparative approach." Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmab004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives Affordability and availability of medicinal products depend on governmental policies, healthcare budgets and pricing. Pharmaceutical price regulation can improve the accessibility and affordability of essential medicinal products. In Europe, medicinal product prices are assigned individually by each country. The study aimed to compare prices of medicinal products indicated for cardiovascular (n = 18) and respiratory disease (n = 9) available for retail in community pharmacies in five European countries. Methods Unit dose medicinal product prices in North Macedonia, Malta, Slovenia, Greece and the UK were compared. Key findings Malta had the highest unit dose prices for the majority (n = 11) of medicinal products used for cardiovascular disease and the majority (n = 8) of the medicinal products indicated for respiratory disease. Conclusion Variation in prices of commonly dispensed medicinal products exists. Having a more thorough knowledge about the prices of medicines in different countries can contribute to making policies that will ultimately make medicines more affordable and accessible to patients.
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Tarabusi, Claudio Casadio, and Graham Vickery. "Globalization in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Part II." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 2 (April 1998): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/b6vr-nnd7-46bl-py5g.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the second of a two-part report on the pharmaceutical industry. Part II begins with a discussion of foreign direct investment and inter-firm networks, which covers international mergers, acquisitions, and minority participation; market shares of foreign-controlled firms; international collaboration agreements (with a special note on agreements in biotechnology); and licensing agreements. The final section of the report covers governmental policies on health and safety regulation, price regulation, industry and technology, trade, foreign investment, protection of intellectual property, and competition.
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Li, Peng, Guo, and Tan. "Pricing Strategy of Construction and Demolition Waste Considering Retailer Fairness Concerns under a Governmental Regulation Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to investigate the issues of the recycling and remanufacturing of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), this paper develops a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer, and a recycler, considering both the retailer’s fairness concern psychology and governmental regulations. Four mathematical models are developed for the calculations, and the models are solved through game theory. In both the decentralized and centralized scenarios, the members’ strategies are discussed and the optimal values of decision variables are determined. A numerical study is carried out for sensitivity analyses to verify the accuracy of the theoretical conclusions. The results reveal that retailer fairness concerns lead to a decrease in the wholesale price of building materials and negatively affect manufacturers’ profits. Additionally, governmental regulations can effectively increase the recycling amount and improve the utilization rate of C&D waste, and promote a virtuous cycle of the recycling and remanufacturing of C&D waste.
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Dahlan, Dewi. "KEBIJAKAN TRANSPORTASI PEMERINTAH KOTA PADANG DALAM MENGATASI KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS DI KAWASAN BUNDARAN AIR MANCUR PASAR RAYA PADANG." Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v3i1.1464.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Density of traffic is increasing very quickly in Indonesia ending of the time and that’s problem making serious of traffic Jam. One of city experience that is Padang. One of the area experience that traffic is Bundaran air Mancur, Pasar Raya Padang. This research destination is to know and to description Padang Governmental to overcoming traffic Jam in Bundaran Air Mancur, Pasar Raya Padang. Location of this thesis is Bundaran Air Mancur, Pasar Raya Padang, using qualitative and descriptive method, and purposive sampling to choice the informan. This thesis using 8 method books, 19 theory books, 5 of journal and 8 websites. If we hooked the problem with aspect of transportation like Le Grand, Julian and Ray Robinson said in their book they said that four aspects of transportation to look city of transportation is availability, quality, accessibility, and price then Padang Governmental already take out some policy but that policy not yet to support aspect of transportation. From the result of this research can we make conclution that legitimate policy take out of Padang Governmental in just in sector price. Other aspect like availability, accessibility and quality not yet to be serious attention by taker of policy of transportation. Padang Governmental give autonomy for Communication Department to put in order operational transportation problems in Padang City included in Bundaran Air Mancur be based on Padang Mayor Regulation Number 31 years 2008, where Communication Department posess one of task to manage and traffic engineer. By based on that Communication Department have knit some special policy without Mayor and Indonesian Legislation Assembly agreement. Policy take out by Communication Depatment to solve traffic Jam in Bundaran Air Mancur is canalisation system.
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Sieg, Gernot, and Irem Batool. "Pakistan, Politics and Political Business Cycles." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i2pp.153-166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies whether in Pakistan the dynamic behaviour of unemployment, inflation, budget deficit and real GDP growth is systematically affected by the timing of elections. We cover the period from 1973-2009. Our results can be summarised as follows: (1) Unemployment tends to be lower in pre-election periods and tends to increase immediately after elections, perhaps as a result of politically motivated employment schemes. (2) Inflation tends to be lower in pre-election periods, perhaps as a result of pre-electoral price regulation. (3) We find increase in the governmental budget deficit, financed by heavy government borrowings from the central bank and banking sector during election year. (4) Real GDP growth and real governmental investment growth declines during pre and post election terms possibly as a result of inefficient resource allocation. JEL Classification: D72, D78, H50, H61, E51 Keywords: Opportunistic Political Business Cycle, Fiscal Policy, Macroeconomics, Elections, Pakistan
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Khoroshaylova, M. "The nature of fee charged for provision of public services." Law Enforcement Review 2, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2018.2(4).68-85.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject. This paper is devoted to the study of the legal nature of fees charged by the public authorities for the provision of public services.The main aim of the paper is to substantiate the answer on the question is this fee a price or a fiscal charge?The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) as well as particular academic methods (formal-legal method, interpretation of legal acts). The decisions of Russian Constitutional Court are also analyzed.The main results and scope of their application. The article focuses on analysis of the features and functions of the government, ratio of functions of the government and functions of the public authorities, their powers. State power is exercised by bodies of state power or specially authorized entities on behalf of the state and in the public interest. It excludes the exchange nature of the relations when these bodies and entities implement state power. The nature of the establishment and collection of the fee excludes the equivalence between the size of fee and the size of collection costs of the authorized entity. Therefore, there is no equivalence in the relations on payment of the fee, and therefore the fee has no compensatory character. In turn, the nature of the actions performed by the authorized entity on behalf of and in the interests of the public legal entity, excludes their absolute determi-nation by actions of the payer of the fee. The results of research may become a crucial point for future research of legal regulation of fees.Conclusions. If a public authority carries out activities related to implementation of governmental and authoritative powers, the fee is based on public law. If an activity can not be associated with implementation of governmental and authoritative powers, the fee can be subject to civil law regulation.
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Ribisl, Kurt M., Shelley Diane Golden, Jidong Huang, and Michelle Scollo. "Addressing lower-priced cigarette products through three-pronged comprehensive regulation on excise taxes, minimum price policies and restrictions on price promotions." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The prices that smokers pay out-of-pocket for their tobacco products ultimately influence their smoking behaviour. Although cigarette excise taxes are arguably the best and most used policy to increase cigarette prices, taxes are only one component of retail cigarette prices. The persistence of lower-priced products, disproportionately purchased by lower-income smokers, in jurisdictions with high excise taxes is an Achilles heel for tobacco tax policy. When governments raise excise taxes, the tobacco industry responds. The industry reduces tax pass-through to minimise the price increases for lower-priced brands and offers price discounts to retailers and coupons to consumers. In addition, smokers who do not quit after tax increases may downshift brands, purchase in bulk or substitute lower-priced tobacco product types. This may be particularly true for price-sensitive smokers, including those with lower incomes. We propose that raising excise taxes will be more effective in reducing the persistence of lower-priced products and income-based smoking disparities when taxes are designed to raise prices frequently and substantially for all products and are combined with (a) minimum price laws and (b) bans on coupons, discounts and other promotions. In combination, these three complementary policies restrict the tobacco industry’s ability to undermine the impact of higher excise taxes upon consumer prices. Very few jurisdictions have implemented comprehensive three-pronged tobacco price regulation, but doing so would likely address many of the limitations that come with a sole focus on raising excise taxes.
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Anggraeni, Dewi. "Prevention of Dumping Practice in Asean Free Trade China Free Trade Area (Acfta) Regarding Government Regulation Number 34 Year 2011." JURNAL CITA HUKUM 5, no. 1 (June 16, 2017): 135–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v5i1.6583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The practice of dumping is the practice of selling imported goods below the normal price of domestic products. This governmental regulation is logical consequence in implementing the dumping regulation on the framework of GATT. Govermental regulation No. 34 Year 2011 on Antidumping and Safeguard Measures Trade does not regulate the substance in detail. The Government Regulation more regulates about procedures. Whereas in Anti Dumping Agreement (ADA) is arranged detail. Currently, foreign products are easy to find in various shopping centers, especially imported goods from China, China's export activities to Indonesia unstoppable since the existing of ACFTA agreement. In the free trade dumping practice and allegation of dumping practice are problems that received big attention by various countries relating effort to realize fair trade practice Praktik dumping merupakan praktik penjualan barang impor di bawah harga normal produk domestik. PP ini wujud konsekuensi logis pemerintah Indonesia dalam melaksanakan ketentuan dumping dalam rangka GATT. PP No. 34 Tahun 2011 Tentang Tindakan Antidumping, Tindakan Imbalan dan Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan tidak mengatur substansinya secara detail. Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut lebih mengatur tentang prosedur. Padahal dalam Anti Dumping Agreement (ADA) diatur sedemikian detail. Saat ini produk-produk asing mudah sekali kita temukan diberbagai pusat pembelanjaan, terutama barang-barang impor dari Negara China, kegiatan ekspor China ke Indonesia semakin tidak terbendung tatkala sejak berlakunya perjanjian ACFTA.. Dalam perdagangan bebas praktik dumping dan tuduhan praktik dumping merupakan persoalan yang mendapat perhatian sangat besar oleh berbagai negara karena berkaitan dengan usaha untuk mewujudkan praktik dagang yang adil. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v5i1.6583
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Tan, Yanwen, and Huasheng Zeng. "Price transmission, reserve regulation and price volatility." China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-04-2017-0062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether Chinese pork reserve regulation policy fulfills its function in stabilizing market prices and simultaneously to theoretically and empirically analyze the causes leading to the failure of Chinese Government’s intervention in the market, especially in the context of asymmetric pork and hog price information transmission. Design/methodology/approach A modified Reserve-Cobweb model based on the competitive storage model developed by Muth in 1961 is employed to examine the transmission effect of hog and pork prices under the setting of Chinese Government’s pork reserve regulation policy, using the data on Chinese hog and pork prices from June 2009 to June 2015. Findings While the Reserve-Cobweb model provides theoretical insights, suggesting that the implementation of the government’s reserve policy tool to control price volatility actually leads to increased price volatility, the empirical results indicate that the policy induces hypercorrection and impels greater price volatility, especially in the context of existence of asymmetric price information transmission. Social implications The Chinese Government should reduce excessive pork price intervention and instead allow the market to play its role in the hog and pork markets. Originality/value This paper develops a modified Reserve-Cobweb model based on the price transmission effect on different links within the agricultural products supply chain, which is used to empirically validate the existence of asymmetric price information transmission between pork and hog price in China.
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Vanrykel, Fanny, Damien Ernst, and Marc Bourgeois. "Fostering Share&Charge through proper regulation." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 19, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591718809576.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article studies the emergence of Share&Charge, a German platform that organizes the sharing of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) and the billing for the energy transactions. Share&Charge follows a peer-to-peer fashion, enabling direct transactions between charging station owners and EV drivers. On the demand side, the platform, with its interactive map, makes it possible for EV owners to find a charging station in the most suitable location, for instance, at their place of work or where they live. On the offer side, Share&Charge enables station operators (private individuals or companies) to rent their charging stations and eventually to sell the electricity they produce. Charging tariffs within the charging station network are determined by the charging station operators themselves, but the platform provides indicative tariffs. Launched in September 2017, Share&Charge follows other initiatives, such as the French platforms Wattpop and ChargeMap, and the Swedish Elbnb. Share&Charge’s network is already proven to be successful with German citizens. Share&Charge adds certain elements of value at different stages of EV utilization. First, this model allows for a co-financing of charging infrastructures by individuals and businesses in the private sector by sharing the infrastructure costs among EV drivers. Besides the purchase price of EVs, the implementation of charging infrastructures and their financing represent a significant barrier to the rise of e-mobility. Share&Charge helps remove this obstacle without adding a further burden on the governmental budget. In addition, this approach follows the “user pays principle,” which engages in fair and effective financing. Second, the platform increases decentralized production value and facilitates its expansion. It also helps in avoiding grid congestion and energy loss, as well as increasing flexibility within the electricity market. Third, data use enables the optimization of energy demand and supply, and the optimal determination of tariffs, although these remain facultative. Models like Share&Charge could thus positively impact energy policy by tackling several upcoming obstacles associated with the development of EVs and decentralized energy production capacities. However, new forms of network structures (decentralized networks, sharing economy) and new actors (prosumers, platforms, etc.) also raise regulatory challenges. This article presents some of the legal issues associated with the development of models like Share&Charge. In particular, we study the tax framework applicable to this model, assuming that as such, it would be introduced into the Belgian market.
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Chen, Pian, and David D’Auria. "Measuring Antitrust Damages in the Presence of Foreign Government Regulation." Antitrust Bulletin 64, no. 2 (June 2019): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x19844627.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The U.S. Supreme Court on June 14, 2018, reversed the Second Circuit’s 2016 decision to vacate a $147 million judgment against two Chinese companies, who allegedly fixed vitamin C prices. The high court held that courts should give foreign governments’ statements “respectful consideration” but are not bound by another country’s description of its own laws. Going forward, courts will need to evaluate a foreign government’s statements when defendants claim a contradiction between U.S. law and foreign regulations as a defense. When government regulation and private cartelization overlap, complications arise because the foreign companies may be liable for their anticompetitive conduct that was beyond the requirement of and might even have influenced foreign government policies. Using two illustrative cases ( In Re Vitamin C Antitrust Litigation and Resco Products v. Bosai Minerals), we analyze the impact of the price floor and export quotas and propose a new, workable methodology for measuring antitrust damages attributable to the private cartel in the presence of foreign regulation.
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Guan, Xiaodong, Haishaerjiang Wushouer, Mingchun Yang, Sheng Han, Luwen Shi, Dennis Ross-Degnan, and Anita Katharina Wagner. "Influence of government price regulation and deregulation on the price of antineoplastic medications in China: a controlled interrupted time series study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e031658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031658.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundIn October 2012, the Chinese government established maximum retail prices for specific products, including 30 antineoplastic medications. Three years later, in June 2015, the government abolished price regulation for most medications, including all antineoplastic medications. This study examined the impacts of regulation and subsequent deregulation of prices of antineoplastic medications in China.MethodsUsing hospital procurement data and an interrupted time series with comparison series design, we examined the impacts of the policy changes on relative purchase prices (Laspeyres price index) and volumes of and spending on 52 antineoplastic medications in 699 hospitals. We identified three policy periods: prior to the initial price regulation (October 2011 to September 2012); during price regulation (October 2012 to June 2015); and after price deregulation (July 2015 to June 2016).ResultsDuring government price regulation, compared with price-unregulated cancer medications (n=22, mostly newer targeted products), the relative price of price-regulated medications (n=30, mostly chemotherapeutic products) decreased significantly (β=−0.081, p<0.001). After the government price deregulation, no significant price change occurred. Neither government price regulation nor deregulation had a significant impact on average volumes of or average spending on all antineoplastic medications immediately after the policy changes or in the longer term (p>0.05).ConclusionCompared with unregulated antineoplastics, the prices of regulated antineoplastic medications decreased after setting price caps and did not increase after deregulation. To control the rapid growth of oncology medication expenditures, more effective measures than price regulation through price caps for traditional chemotherapy are needed.
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Lim, Heesun, and Byeong-il Ahn. "Asymmetric price transmission in the distribution channels of pork: Focusing on the effect of policy regulation of Sunday sales by hypermarkets in Korea." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 11 (November 27, 2020): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/254/2020-agricecon.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we investigate whether there exists market inefficiency in the distribution channel of pork by estimating a developed partial adjustment model that captures the asymmetric price transmission from wholesale to retail prices. The estimation results show that market efficiency exists for the wholesale and two types of retail markets in the distributional channel of pork in Korea. The government's regulation on Sunday sales by hypermarkets plays a significant role in increasing market efficiency, forcing more competition among hypermarkets, and changing the structure of asymmetric price transmission from wholesale to traditional market prices. The results suggest that the policy goal has been achieved in the traditional market by leading to a more efficient price forming due to a lessened degree of asymmetric price transmission from the wholesale price. Although market inefficiency has been maintained in the distribution channel between wholesale market and hypermarket, the behavior of price setting by hypermarkets has not been influenced by the policy.
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Tomšík, Pavel, Pavel Žufan, and Jiří Sedlo. "Attractiveness of Czech winegrowing and wine-production in the stage of adaptation to the united market of the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 3 (2006): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654030101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper focuses on the viniculture sector in the Czech Republic in the stage of its adaptation to the united EU-market. The period before the entrance of the Czech Republic to the EU can be characterized by an effort to develop the necessary resources for its quantitative and qualitative growth at the maximum possible level. Evaluation of this period comes from analysis of: legislature and governmental and EU laws, directives and measures, development of the area of vineyards, human resources and businesses, wine market in the Czech Republic and the European Union, financial support of winegrowing and wine-production, structure of wine production, and price of grapes. Legislature for this sector had been changed in relation to the legislature of the EU – the main impacts being in registration of vineyards, the ban on new planting. Area of vineyards was enlarged by about 7 thousand hectares, and the main focus in the near future will be directed to their renewal – because of the age of the vineyards and bad heritage from the past in terms of low investments. The size structure of business subjects changed as well. Production potential is 19.3 thousand hectares of vineyard, there is filed more than 18 thousand wine-growers and nearly 600 wine producers. There is a potential for 20 thousand jobs in this sector, and considering the limited production area of vineyards, this projects into a high influence on the character, and development level of these areas. Consumption of wine is gradually increasing (16.5 litres per habitant per year, as yet). Prices, which were found, are relatively stable in the period of focus, with differences between white and blue varieties. Whereas the financial support of winegrowing was focused on enlarging the area of vineyards, in the pre-accession period, it is redirected to the restructuring of vineyards, integrated production of grapes, and reproduction of vines, in the current period. Wine imports constantly outweigh the exports in volume and value. Prices of grapes have been stable, in the past three years, but the price in 2005 was negatively influenced by wine imports. The analysis is summarized using the industry attractiveness evaluation matrix. It evaluates the selected influences with regard to the wine-production industry, which is evaluated as not very attractive, especially due to the low profitability of winegrowers, excessive regulation, and differences in financial support in different EU-member states.
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Hattori, Keisuke. "Environmental innovation and policy harmonization in international oligopoly." Environment and Development Economics 18, no. 2 (October 8, 2012): 162–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1200040x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper investigates firm incentives for developing environmentally clean technologies in a simple two-country model with international oligopoly and lack of regulatory commitment, and compares the incentives under price and quantity regulations with and without policy cooperation between governments. We examine whether policy coordination (choices of policy instruments or policy harmonization) encourages environmental innovation when firms have strategic innovation incentives that may influence future regulation. In a case where policies are non-cooperatively set by governments, quantity regulations yield a greater static benefit for countries; however, dynamically, price regulations encourage more innovation than quantity regulations when environmental damages are not so large. Under both price and quantity regulation regimes, cooperative policy harmonization necessarily enhances net benefits in each country, whereas it discourages firms' innovation incentives when environmental damages are not so small.
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Fiapshev, Alim B., Elena V. Travkina, and Vitaliy V. Poznyakov. "Transformation of the Structure of the Russian Banking Sector: The Impact on Regional Development." Engineering Technologies and Systems 28, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 695–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.113.028.202004.695-722.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Inconsistency of the governmental regulatory impact on the socio-economic processes is one of the destructive factors in the increasing asymmetry of regional development. The decisions taken in the sphere of financial market regulation have provoked large-scale structural and quantitative changes in the banking system. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the occurred transformation on regional development and to analyze the possibilities of reducing gaps in the volume of banking services provided in Russia’s regions as well as in the level of their socio-economic development. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of data from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Federal State Statistics Service. The results of the banking system transformation and the possible impact of the changes on regional development were assessed using the methods of scientific knowledge. When working with the empirical material, the methods of comparison, measurement and evaluation were used. Results. The authors have identified gaps in the level of socio-economic development of Russia’s regions. For a long time, a number of regions have demonstrated limited opportunities for self-development and to fulfil their potential. The acuteness of this problem can be smoothed out by the tools of bank regulation (e.g. lending). After the decrease in the number of regional banks, the banking services market has seen steady signs of oligopoly with a marked decline in price competition. Negative effects of this decline have been increasing at the regional level. Discussion and Conclusion. Regional socio-economic dynamics demonstrate high sensitivity to the reduction in the number of regional banks operating independently as well as to the decline in price competition in the banking services market. It is important that the regional component be taken into account in regulatory practices, including that applicable to the banking sector. Preservation of the regional segment of this system will help to solve a lot of problems at the local level and thus make a significant contribution to overcoming the gaps in the socio-economic development of the regions. The results of this study will be useful to managers of the Central Bank of Russia, as well as to regional and local authorities.
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Stühmeier, Torben. "Price Disclosure Rules and Consumer Price Comparison." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 815–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0053.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Search frictions are regarded as a major impediment to active competition in many markets. In some markets, such as financial and retail gasoline, governments and consumer protection agencies call for compulsory price reporting. Consumers could then more easily compare the firms’ offers. We show that for a given level of price comparison, mandatory price reporting indeed generally benefits consumers. Such regulation, however, feeds back into firms’ strategies, resulting in lower levels of price comparison in equilibrium. This effect may dominate so that the regulation leads to higher expected market prices.
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Wang, Xue Li, and Shan Hua. "Influence Factors of Chinese Real Estate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studied that the factors influencing Chinese real estate price. And that the land prices, the macroeconomic situation, the annual income of the households, the process of urbanization, the credit policy, the psychological expectations of consumers, the market investment or speculation, the governments regulation policy etc, Are all the influence factors of real estate prices. And the analysis results to develop appropriate policy recommendations for the healthy and sustainable development of the real estate market.
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Keh, Chia-Guan, Yan-Teng Tan, and Siu-Eng Tang. "COVID 19: GOVERNMENT RESPONSES TO OIL PRICE." Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 3, no. 7 (March 1, 2021): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbes.37001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) has aroused global interest and it had a significant impact on the global economy. The majority of the countries have implemented lockdown regulations and social distancing policies to prevent the spread of COVID-19, which has an unprecedented impact on the oil and gas market. Hence, this scenario motivated us to study how government responses aimed at banning the spread of COVID-19 affect oil prices? To answer this question, this study examines the Movement Control Order imposed by the government to responses the oil prices in Malaysia. The study emphasizes the period from the start of January 2020 to July 2020 when the coronavirus began spreading into Malaysia. We empirically investigate the impact of government responses on both BRENT and WTI’s oil prices. The findings report that the additional one-day stay at home requirements cause a reduction of 29% and 37% in the closing price for BRENT and WTI’s oil prices respectively. Workplace closing results in a 5.7% and 14.3% reduction in the closing price for BRENT and WTI correspondingly. In contrast, international travel controls, restrictions on gatherings, and debt or contract relief for households have a positive relationship with both oil prices of BRENT and WTI. The results of this study might assist the government and investors to understand the impact of Malaysia's government responses to COVID-19 on oil prices.
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Savina, Natalia, and Yaroslav Tsetsyk. "THE ROLE OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE REGULATION OF THE PRICING OF THE VOLYN IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the features of the regulation on pricing policy of Volyn in the period of the early twentieth century. The role of local authorities in this process has been investigated. Found out that the bodies of municipal government during World War I tried to adjust the price of food and essential goods, but given the realities of the war, they were forced to their povyshat. An important element in this work city councils in Volyn was that they managed to avoid sharp jumps in prices for main groups of goods, to a certain extent weakened the social tension in the border areas. While the price review mechanism was used. The reasons for the revision of prices were handling the merchants with offers them to reconsider. So, these issues were dealt with at the local level and in different places the price could at one and the same product differ.
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Rachmawati, Dina. "THE AUTHORITY OF GOVERNMENT AND PT PERTAMINA ON THE PRICING OF 12-KG LPG." Hang Tuah Law Journal 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v2i2.70.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>In 2004, the price of 12-kg LPG in Indonesia fluctuated within a week. According to BPK report between 2011 and 2012, Pertamina lose 77 Trilion rupiahs in LPG sales. As a state-owned company, Pertamina decided to increase the LPG price up to 68% from the current price. The government acts to regulate the LPG price twice in a week resulting in a huge margin for agent and consumer. However, it is clearly interesting to see the boundaries of authority between PT Pertamina and Government in ricing 12-kg LPG for people. The Ministrial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Sesources No.26 year 2009 should be revised as it is against the above regulation or <em>‘lex posteriori derogat legi inferiori’</em>. The regulation against this regulation includes Act No. 22 year 2001, In accordance to all of the regulations mentioned here, government should regulate things with effect on many people needs in society. This research aims to analyze how is the government’s responsibility on public interest and people live. And basically, the state is responsible to concern on what its people need in order to conduct a competitive economy.</p>
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Vahanova, Liudmyla. "STRATEGIC PRIORITIES OF MEDICAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 298, no. 5 Part 1 (October 4, 2021): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-298-5(1)-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to deepening the theoretical foundations of medical tourism development in Ukraine and substantiation of the multiplier effect of medical tourism. To this end, the four main motives of medical tourism in the world are considered (lower cost of treatment and diagnosis in another country; more modern medical technologies abroad; highly qualified medical care and service; time factor (with a long wait for medical treatment in their country)) main directions of medical tourism (inbound medical tourism and outbound medical tourism). It is established that at this stage of development of our country there is no regulatory regulation of medical tourism. There are only certain non-governmental organizations whose activities are aimed at: 1) development of medical tourism and involvement in the field of medical tourism of doctors interested in its development: Medical Tourism Association (UAMT) (established in 2013); 2) search for a clinic for a potential patient and provide such clinics with proposals to attract the best price experience and conditions to solve a problem (Medical Tourism Exchange, established in 2015). The reasons for the rapid development of the medical tourism industry in Ukraine are presented, the structure of outbound tourism in Ukraine by service providers is studied. Trends in the development of inbound medical tourism are analyzed. The analysis of the state of outbound and inbound medical tourism helped to generalize and highlight the main trends in the medical tourism market in Ukraine and the prerequisites for further development of its own segment of medical tourism, as well as to identify existing limitations and issues. Identification of existing restrictions in the development of medical tourism contributes to the search for tools to eliminate them and identify important areas of regional economic development of Ukrainian cities, based on the manifestation of the multiplier effect of medical tourism, in particular: communication services and informat
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Matros-Goreses, Anna, and Richard Franceys. "The price-setting process and a potential role for economic regulation in a water scarce developing country." Water Supply 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Setting appropriate prices, as one of the most versatile tools of demand management, is increasingly being promoted to send out the proper signal that water is a valuable resource and should be used accordingly, especially where resources are limited. Setting prices is also critical to assure affordable access by lower-income households. The price-setting process, within the government's existing legal framework, given the challenge of growing water scarcity and skewed income distribution in Windhoek (capital of Namibia), is explored in this paper. Based on fieldwork undertaken in Namibia, the paper considers policies relevant to the price-setting process; the cost of service provision; affordability of services and perceptions about the benefits of a future economic regulatory system. The researchers found that the price-setting process, although successful relative to many lower-income countries, could be improved with respect to transparency of decision-making and clarity regarding the incorporation of the interests and needs of various stakeholders. Respondents saw the need for a more autonomous level of economic regulation in order to ensure sustainability of improved urban water and sanitation services for all in Namibia.
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Lusiana, Lusiana, and Gita Astrid. "THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT'S INTERVENTION IN MARKET PRICING (CEILING PRICE AND FLOOR PRICE) REVIEWED IN ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE." Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v20i1.6064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a country’s economy, government’s role is undebatable in theories or treasury of economic thought. Through various policies concerning the public sector, the government has a significant role in driving economic growth. One of them is the government’s role in Indonesia. The government’s role in Indonesia in the economic sector is key to a more prosperous society, and it is expected that Indonesia can become a developed and developing country. The economic magnitude and problems such as demand and supply cannot be given up to the market mechanism and free of economic forces. And how the government intervenes in price fixing when a market imbalance exists. Therefore, efforts to balance the growth of various economic sectors to supply must be in line with demand. It needs supervision and regulation by the State or government to obtain balanced economic growth. Thus, the researcher is interested to study government intervention in price fixing in the market and how it is viewed from Islamic economics. The results of this study show that the form of government intervention, both directly and indirectly in price fixing in the market is to protect consumers or producers through a price floor policy. Minimum price fixing or base prices performed by the government aims to protect producers. For instance, the price fixing of grain sold by farmers. And the maximum price fixing policy (price ceiling). The maximum price fixing policy is set to protect consumers. For instance, fix a maximum price for fuel oil, fertilizer, and medicines. In Islamic economics, government intervention is divided into two parts, including interventions that are forbidden or haram, involving government’s involvement in price fixing that are not based on applicable rules or do not consider overall market’s needs. Permitted interventions, including the involvement of the government in price fixing when an emergency occurs, where a third party is required in price fixing to create justice among market participants.
Keywords: Government intervention, price fixing, price ceiling and price floor
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Ruhullah, Mohammad Eisa, and Dyah Mutiarin. "The Roles of Alliances in Governments’ Relationships Between Bangladesh and Indonesia Epoch of H. E. Sheikh Hasina and H. E. Joko Widodo: The Case of Rohingya Refugees (2017-2020)." Jurnal Bina Praja 13, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.343-355.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indonesia is one of the first nations to formally acknowledging Bangladesh's independence that is in February 1972. However, there is lacking scientific study on both government relations. To solve the Rohingya crisis in Bangladesh from Myanmar. This study analyzes the roles of alliances in government relationships between Bangladesh and Indonesia in the epoch of prime minister Shaikh Hasina and President Joko Widodo, the Rohingya refugee (2017-2020). This qualitative research operates secondary data; Qualitative Descriptive (QD) is a form used in the qualitative study for comprehensive thoughts, expressly regulating the relevant phenomena. The research questions, what kind of challenges Indonesia and Bangladesh friendship faced on the Rohingya issue? How did both nations overcome, and what are the roles in their governmental alliances played? The study found that both countries have effective diplomatic administrative regulations. Indonesian government's efforts in the case of Rohingya are very active compared to other Asian countries. In reply to the Rohingya emigrant crisis and the maintaining of reciprocal settlement with the Bangladesh government in focusing of Indonesia diplomacy, is to find the arrangement of the refugee dilemma by approaching the root elements of the puzzle and intensifying the collaboration in determining the crisis. In short, the Bangladesh government appreciated the efforts of the Indonesian authority by mutual relationships even the friendship is upon the reciprocal agreement. It suggests that both governments should maintain an equal or more friendly bilateral settlement to keep these diplomatic relations effective and fruitful for both nations.
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Chalkidou, Kalipso, Gerard F. Anderson, and Ruth Faden. "Eliminating drug price differentials across government programmes in the USA." Health Economics, Policy and Law 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2010): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413310999034x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFederal agencies in the USA pay significantly different prices for the same prescription drugs because each agency uses a different approach to derive the payment rate. Because we do not identify any economic rationale or socially accepted moral reasoning that would justify the current level of price variation, we suggest that the federal government should pay a uniform price for each drug. Laws and regulations that give certain federal agencies the ability to earn rebates, use formularies, or permit other special arrangements would need to be eliminated in order to have a single payment rate. This could make some government agencies worse off than others; however, a uniform payment rate would not need to affect beneficiaries’ current financial contributions, access to drugs, benefits or overall public expenditures. At the same time, having a single rate would permit the government to adopt a more effective approach to purchasing drugs and send a consistent message to pharmaceutical companies concerning which types of drugs the government wants them to develop for government beneficiaries. How this single price would be derived and how it would compare with the lowest or highest prices currently achieved by government agencies would depend on a variety of policy issues including the government’s desire to encourage pharmaceutical research and development and the need to control health care spending.
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Tuzel, Y., A. Gul, O. Tuncay, D. Anac, N. Madanlar, Z. Yoldas, M. Gumus, I. H. Tuzel, and S. Engindeniz. "Organic cucumber production in the greenhouse: A case study from Turkey." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOrganic farming seems to be a solution in environmentally sensitive zones such as the protection zone of Tahtalı Dam, which supplies fresh water to Izmir, the third largest city in Turkey. Greenhouse vegetable production is the major agricultural activity in this area (Menderes Township). However, due to the pollution risk from agriculture, governmental authorities have issued a regulation discouraging the use of chemicals within the collection basin of the dam. An on-farm project was conducted in 2001 to introduce organic greenhouse vegetable production in the Tahtalı Dam preservation area and to serve as a model for other areas in Turkey facing similar ecological problems. Two irrigation levels and four organic fertilizers were tested on the growth of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus cv. Sardes). The four fertilizers were two rates of farmyard and poultry manure (30 and 50 tons ha−1) with and without two organic fertilizers based on either bacteria or algae. During the growing period, pests and diseases were monitored weekly and preparations allowed in organic agriculture were used when necessary. Plant diseases did not create any significant problem, but the pest population, in particular spidermites, increased. No significant differences in cucumber yield were found between the fertilizer and irrigation treatments tested. However, it should be noted that yields from the addition of 30 tons ha−1 of farmyard or poultry manure and organic fertilizers were the same as those for 50 tons ha−1 of manure alone. The average total yield was 13 kg m−2, within an acceptable range for short-term crop production in this region, but 55% lower than a conventional substrate culture trial nearby. However, due to reduced production costs and a price premium for organic products, the organic produce yielded a net return of US$1.12–1.79 per m2 whereas that for conventional bag culture produce was US$0.55 per m2. Our results indicate that, under present conditions, organic greenhouse cucumber production has less environmental impact and is more economic than conventional bag culture, due to reduced chemical input and reduced operating and initial investment costs.
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Feng, Yangang, Jiaxin Shen, and Xiaomei Li. "Pricing and Carbon Emission Reduction Decisions in a Supply Chain with a Risk-Averse Retailer under Carbon Tax Regulation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (January 3, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5351867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon tax is an emission regulation, which widely used to curb the carbon emissions generated from firms. In the context of carbon tax policy, firms need to determine an optimal carbon reduction level and optimal product prices. To address firms’ decision-making challenges, this paper considers a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer under carbon tax policy; it establishes a Stackelberg game model with a risk-averse retailer and a risk-neutral manufacturer who is the leader of the game. The paper studies the influence of the government’s carbon tax policy and retailer’s risk-averse attitude on the optimal decision of the supply chain. The result shows that when the retailer is risk aversion, the degree of risk aversion of the retailer is positively correlated with the wholesale price of the manufacturer and unit carbon emission reduction, and within a certain range of carbon emission reduction cost coefficient, it is positively correlated with the price of products; with the increase of the carbon tax rate imposed by the government, the retail price of unit products, the wholesale price of the manufacturer, and the carbon emission reduction of unit products also increase. Finally, the results are verified by numerical examples.
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Rahimi, Mina, Ashkan Hafezalkotob, Sobhan Asian, and Luis Martínez. "Environmental Policy Making in Supply Chains under Ambiguity and Competition: A Fuzzy Stackelberg Game Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the substantial efforts of governments in promoting sustainable development, there exists considerable debate regarding the environmental policy making approach under information ambiguity and competition. This study investigates market competition between a green and a non-green supply chain (SC) under two government regulation policies, namely, selling price and production quantities. To tackle the policy making challenges, a fuzzy game theoretical model was employed in a centralized and decentralized SC setting. The results revealed that SCs always achieve a higher expected profit under a decentralized structure, regardless of the type of the governments intervention policy. Also, the government’s policy making success was found to be highly dependent on the channel leadership, market competition, and the SC structure. Our findings suggest that the policy makers’ objectives in reducing environmental pollution and increasing revenue are highly achievable, without risk of losing channel coordination and maximum level of efficiency.
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Jarman, Stephen, and Deniz D. Karaman Örsal. "The regulation of zero-price markets by the competition authorities in the USA and the EU." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 21, no. 4 (August 19, 2020): 315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591720943756.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The modern economy is flooded with products that have no monetary price. However, it is becoming something of an established fact that many zero-price products are not ‘free’ but rather incur costs for consumers in other ways. Many governments intervene in markets when consumers are not being given a fair price for their products. If the costs to consumers for some products are not monetary however, how can governments evaluate whether the costs that consumers are incurring are too high? We seek to answer this question by assessing the approaches of the US and the EU to zero-price markets as informed by their legal and ideological traditions. We offer potential policy solutions while outlining the difficulties that accompany government intervention in zero-price markets and the obstacles when it comes to measuring non-monetary forms of consumer cost.
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Zdorovega, Marjana, and Olga Ivasechko. "Activities of international non-governmental organizations to ensure the gender equality principle." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 27 (2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-27-116-126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the specifics of the activities of international non-governmental organizations to ensure the gender equality principle. Attention is drawn to the practice of activities of such international non-governmental organizations as: «Gender and Development Network» (GADN), Equality Now, Promundo, which directly fulfill the mission of advocating for women's interests, guaranteeing their equal opportunities with men in all spheres of public life. Women's international non-governmental organizations are best known for two different but often interrelated activities: firstly, it is the provision of services for women in need, and secondly, it is the organization of informational outreach activities and public campaigns to implement the social transformations needed to achieve gender equality. INGOs are important partners of national governments in ensuring gender equality; act as experts, diplomats, advocates for specific issues or groups, protesters and activists; they are involved, for example, in the development of international rules, standards and regulations; use their experience and special authority to inform societies and national governments on particular issues and raise people's awareness about specific problems; promote new ideas and encourage governments to implement them; can act as representatives of national governments in times of crisis; awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for «spreading authoritative information and raising public awareness». Ukraine's positioning in the leading international rankings, which consider gender equality as an integral component, the basis of a democratic society, is examined. It is about such reports as the Human Development Index, the Freedom House Report, the Global Gender Gap Report. It is concluded that, according to the 2020 Global Gender Gap Report, in Ukraine a positive dynamics is observed compared to a similar report for 2014, however, the worst is the situation with the political component (women's participation in decision-making) – 83th place with a value that is almost approaching zero, that is, continuous gender inequality.
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Праневич, Алла Александровна. "GLOBAL DIGITAL SPACE MONOPOLIZATION: GROWING THREATS TO THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE WAYS FOR ITS OVERCOMING." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Экономика и управление, no. 4(52) (December 23, 2020): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/2219-1453/2020.4.149-157.
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Цель исследования - обобщение опыта развивающихся стран и оценка возможностей Республики Беларусь по смягчению угроз роста цифрового неравенства и эффективной интеграции в глобальное цифровое пространство. В статье определены источники, формы и угрозы проявления монополистических тенденций в современной мировой экономике. Показано, что технологическое развитие, формирование новых инновационных рынков и бизнес-моделей, порождают принципиально новые источники монополистической власти, тем самым создавая условия для усиления цифрового неравенства стран, связанного с их дифференциацией по доступу к цифровой инфраструктуре, возможностями организации цифровой торговли, ростом неконтролируемого влияния цифровых платформ в силу обладания большими массивами данных и использования методов ценовой дискриминации. Доказано, что значительность технологического неравенства и цифровых разрывов, конфликтность их последствий вызывает необходимость государственного и наднационального регулирования экономических и конкурентных процессов. Определено, что в отсутствии у Республики Беларусь достаточного ресурсного, институционального, финансового, технологического обеспечения для цифровой трансформации в новом ключе необходимо рассматривать возможности развития международного сотрудничества и использования преимуществ консолидации форм экономического пространства для создания конкурентоспособных платформенных компаний, национальных и региональных промышленных экосистем, роста через цифровую трансформацию конкурентоспособности экономического пространства. The research defines sources, forms and threats to monopolization in the modern world economy. The goal of the investigation is to combine developing countries experience and to assess the Republic of Belarus opportunities to mitigate threats of digital inequality and successful integration into the global digital space. It is shown that technological development, new innovative markets and business models development are resulted in completely new sources of monopolistic authority. That creates the conditions for the rise in countries digital inequality related to the differentiation in the digital infrastructure access, opportunities e-commerce settlement through big data possession and the use of price discrimination methods. It has been proved that the significance of technological inequality and digital divide, the conflict nature of their consequences necessitates governmental and supranational regulation of economic and competitive processes. It has been determined that in the absence of sufficient resource, institutional, financial, technological support for digital transformation in the country, the possibilities of developing international cooperation should be regarded in its new capacity. It is necessary to take the advantages of various forms of economic space consolidation through the digital transformation of the economic space competitiveness to create competitive platform companies, national and regional industrial ecosystems and insure rapid growth.
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Watson, Matthew. "Headlong into the Polanyian Dilemma: The Impact of Middle-Class Moral Panic on the British Government's Response to the Sub-prime Crisis." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 11, no. 3 (August 2009): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2009.00379.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article focuses on the discursive construction in Britain of a middle-class moral panic occasioned by the distress caused to self-styled ‘responsible mortgage borrowers’ by falling house prices. In the context of the move towards asset-based welfare the sub-prime crisis manifested itself most obviously in the popular consciousness as a threat to housing market wealth. The Labour government used the political space opened up by the narrative of middle-class moral panic in order to protect banks' balance sheets from the consequences of their own failed investments in mortgage-backed securities. The ensuing arrangements immunised banks from the implications of market self-regulation in the first-phase response to the sub-prime crisis while simultaneously allowing them to continue to impose the experience of market self-regulation on their customers. An increasingly asymmetric approach to banking regulation has arisen analogous to that which Karl Polanyi associated with the contradictory co-existence of market and non-market forms.
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Carter, Colin A. "Government Rail Car Regulation and the Price of Canola." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78, no. 3 (August 1996): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243285.
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Shen, Liang, and Yu Yan Wang. "The Limit Price Strategy Analysis of Integrated Medicine Supply Chain Based on Government Regulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 2553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.2553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Considering the integrated medicine supply chain, and introducing the government limit pricing and subsidy mechanism, the pricing strategy of integrated medicine supply chain was studied in this paper. And the optimal strategy in the face of market fluctuations caused by unconventional emergencies based on government regulation was given. The study shows that, under different subsidy levels, the optimal production volume, retail price and profit of the supply chain are related to production cost, market size, government regulation and government subsidy; governments limit price regulation on medicines is welfare for both consumers and retailers, and it is favorable for medicine supply chains normal development.
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Misra, Manoj. "Does Government Intervention Matter? Revisiting Recent Rice Price Increases in Bangladesh." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 11, no. 1 (2012): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914912x620770.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The specter of food crisis is haunting the world again in 2011. This comes after a short period of decline in food prices since they peaked in the summer of 2008. The addition of seven point five million people during the 2007-08 food crisis with the estimated food insecure population of sixty-five point three million in Bangladesh (FAO/WFP 2008) underlines the magnitude of food insecurity in the country. In this article I trace the volatility in Bangladesh’s rice market since the 2007-8 food crisis in terms of the country’s deregulation of agricultural sector and the gradual elimination of market regulatory mechanisms. I demonstrate that despite Bangladesh’s relatively minor dependence on the international rice market and a steady domestic supply, the lack of strong government regulation and monitoring of the market resulted in irrational rice-price increases. I argue that the alleged connections between the domestic and the international rice markets are largely hypothetical, and therefore the domestic price increases must be analyzed in terms of internal management of the market. The methodology of this article involves critical review of literature and data collected from secondary sources. Referring to Stiglitz I conclude that the Bangladesh rice market is far from developed and thus warrants a strong regulatory regime.
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Mandal, Pratap Chandra. "Public Policy Issues in Pricing." International Journal of Applied Management Theory and Research 1, no. 2 (July 2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamtr.2019070102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Companies adopt pricing policies which maximize their revenues and profits generated. Sometimes, those pricing policies are not fair. The major public policy issues include unfair pricing practices within distribution channel levels such as price-fixing and predatory pricing, and across distribution channel levels such as retail price maintenance, deceptive pricing, and discriminatory pricing. Companies also set dynamic pricing. They set high prices for products to cover distribution costs, advertising and promotion costs, and excessive markups to generate extra revenues. Companies try adopting fair pricing policies. Laws and regulations are enforced to ensure it and that customers are benefited. However, sometimes it is difficult to ensure the legal and ethical aspects of pricing practices. Both governments and companies should be aware about the social goods used by customers and their pricing implications. Proper understanding and implementation of pricing policies will benefit both companies and customers and help in developing long-term customer relationships.
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Mandal, Pratap Chandra. "Pricing and Public Policy Issues." International Journal of Business Strategy and Automation 2, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbsa.20211001.oa2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Companies adopt pricing policies to maximize the revenues and profits generated. Some of the policies are not fair. Major public policy issues in pricing include unfair pricing practices within distribution channel levels such as price-fixing and predatory pricing, and across distribution channel levels such as retail price maintenance, deceptive pricing, and discriminatory pricing. Companies set dynamic pricing and high prices for products to cover distribution costs, advertising and promotion costs, and excessive mark-ups. Companies try adopting fair pricing policies. Nevertheless, laws and regulations are enforced to ensure that the policies are followed and customers are benefited. Sometimes, it is difficult to ensure that the practices are legal and ethical. Governments and companies should also be aware about the pricing implications of the social goods used by customers. Proper understanding and implementation of pricing policies will benefit both companies and customers and help in developing sustainable strategies and long-term customer relationships.
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Chadwick, Anna. "REGULATING EXCESSIVE SPECULATION: COMMODITY DERIVATIVES AND THE GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 66, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 625–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589317000136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractEvidence suggests that commodity derivatives speculation contributed to extraordinary patterns of grain price volatility that led to a global food crisis in 2007–11. People in countries throughout the world are increasingly dependent on international commodity markets for access to food. Almost everywhere, now, the value of food is determined by a single condensed symbol of its worth—its price. Persuaded of the need to ensure that this measure of value is not put at risk of distortion in the pursuit of financial profit, governments in the US and in the EU are now implementing new regulations designed to curb ‘excessive’ levels of speculation in derivative markets. Carrying out an analysis of these regulatory measures, the article demonstrates that both sets of reforms suffer from a critical limitation: They are predicated on an inaccurate understanding of how activity in commodity derivative markets can impact on underlying food prices. If the new regulations for commodity derivative markets are not up to the task, as this article argues that they are not, a more fundamental revision of global economic structures may be required if the basic needs of human beings are not to be subsumed to the interests of financial capital in the years to come.
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Nakaizumi, Takuya. "Hold-up Problem in Price Cap Regulation with Limited Ability of Commitment in High Inflation." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.947-953.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, we examine the hold-up problem under price cap regulation in developing economies characterised by high inflation that have a limited ability to commit. The governments of developing countries are unable to modify the exact inflation rate. If high inflation is brought about by unexpected monetary expansion after the initial average price is fixed, the insufficient ability to show exact inflation causes a lack of commitment to adjust the initial fixed price to the modified price. The study’s findings show that those that have a limited ability to commit cause a hold-up problem if inflation is sufficiently high for a firm to stop production at the initial price, while the hold-up problem does not occur if inflation is lower and the initial fixed price generates a sufficient profit for the first-best investment for the firm. JEL Classification: D86, L14, L43,L51 Keywords: Price Cap Regulation, Hold-up Problem, Limited Ability of Commitment, Inflation Adjustment
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Marichova, Aneta. "Efficiency of the construction market and need for government regulation." Ovidius University Annals of Constanta - Series Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ouacsce-2017-0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract For a long time in economic theory and practice, regulation is only linked to the need for state intervention in monopolistic markets, by developing uniform, simple regulatory rules to limit and control the monopoly power, the monopoly price, mergers and acquisitions between companies in the same industry and others. In recent years the prevailing opinion that government regulation is particularly necessary in oligopolistic markets where there are several leading, dominant companies that can influence the price, quantity and quality of the product offered. However, this regulatory policy should not apply to common rules and taking into account the specifics of the market/industry, market structure (concentration level) of the various market segments and the relevant economic activity. The aim of the study: 1) Evaluation of the efficiency of the construction market, 2) Demonstrate the need for government intervention, 3) Guidelines for the implementation of the regulatory function of the government.
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Scollo, Michelle, and J. Robert Branston. "Where to next for countries with high tobacco taxes? The potential for greater control of tobacco pricing through licensing regulation." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056554.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Optimising the taxation of tobacco products should be among the highest priorities for health and hence economic policy in every country. The WHO Technical Manual on Tobacco Tax Policy and Administration released in April 2021 provides invaluable advice, including 26 best practice recommendations on policy design, administrative efficiency and addressing industry tactics to circumvent tobacco tax increases. Introducing and increasing tobacco taxes is the most important tobacco control measure for any jurisdiction. The effects of simple tax structures, high tax levels, and frequent above-inflation increases in specific excise duties can be enhanced through strict controls on packaging (including pack size), product design, and discounting. However, even with such measures, tobacco companies can continue to undermine the effectiveness of tax policy by offering some products in their ranges at very low prices, as well as gradually and selectively increasing the prices of some but not all products after tax increases. This paper is aimed at policymakers in countries that have already adopted best practice tax policy. It explores the idea of wholesale price capping combined with retail licensing to address the problems of brand proliferation, dispersion of prices, cushioning and strategic under/overshifting of tax increases, thereby radically and sustainably increasing the effectiveness of tobacco tax policy while also raising additional tax revenue for governments by reducing industry profitability.
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Dearden, Nick. "Is shifting to US-style deregulation the inevitable consequence of Brexit?" Soundings 75, no. 75 (September 1, 2020): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.75.05.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A US trade deal is a crucial part of Johnson's post-Brexit drive towards deregulation. The deal is seen as a golden opportunity to import an American-style lax approach to regulation. For the US negotiators, any imposition of regulations and standards on imported goods is seen as creating unfair barriers for trade. This is the cause of headlines about chlorinated chickens, but will also affect public services - which are regarded as unfair competition. Price regulation - as, for example, for drugs used by the NHS - is also seen as interference. A deal is also likely to include clauses binding the settlement into the 'corporate courts' system, which allows businesses to prosecute governments for 'discriminating' against them. In the EU Britain was protected against such demands from bigger states, and its MEPS could vote on treaty terms. However UK MPs do not have oversight over such deals. A wide coalition has been formed to oppose the deal, which may be able to reach beyond the 'Brexit divide'.
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Zhang, Huan, Xinxin Xu, Jianli Jiang, and Meimei Zhang. "Carbon Tax and Trading Price on Power Plant with Carbon Capture and Storage under Incentive Regulation Theory." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (January 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8509834.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates how the government can develop subsidies or tax policies to incent power plants to effectively carry out carbon capture to reduce carbon emissions. According to the government’s incentive model for carbon capture power plants, the regulation mechanism is developed when government controls carbon emission. When regional or national carbon emission quota is tense, significant effect can be obtained when regulators make regulations to take off low efficiency power plants. In addition, it is verified that the regulators should not blindly pursue a reduction in carbon emissions regardless of the cost. Therefore, regulators need to pay more attention to control the costs of carbon capture equipment and technology. Finally, by parametric and numerical analyses, the conditions of the power plant to maximize corporate surplus are further studied.
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Gu, Jian Ya. "Analysis of Government Regulation on China's Energy Management." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2992.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, China's steady and fast economic development has promoted energy production and consumption growth. In the circumstances of global warming and low carbon economy, our country is under the pressure of the energy market reform and energy saving and emission reduction, so effective energy management is critical. Though China has made energy management reforms for several times, there are still many problems in government regulation in the aspects of the concept, system, method, etc. In the increasingly fierce international energy competition, in order to solve the problem of energy management effectiveness, it is important to further improve the legal norms of government regulation, set up independent regulatory agencies to strengthen supervision, and integrated use scientific and effective regulation means such as price regulation, incentive measures and mandatory measures.