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Статті в журналах з теми "Government process and Maori"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 2 лютого 2022

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1

Watts, Darryl. "A year in Auckland." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 3 (March 1989): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.3.127.

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I had acquainted myself with the psychiatric services in New Zealand some years ago during my student elective. I wanted to return to experience further a system which was both similar and different to the NHS. The New Zealand hospital system was funded in a similar way to the NHS. One organisational difference was the managerial layer, which was still filled by medical superintendents. Another difference was the extensive no-fault accident compensation scheme through which settlements were made without resort to lawsuits. Thus doctors paid low medical defence fees and were rarely sued, but the Government had regularly to meet a large bill. The psychiatric services were in the process of moving from hospital-based to community-based, in line with prevailing clinical and public attitudes. This was fuelled by some headline-making scandals over patient care in the asylums. One cause for general alarm was the poor health of ethnic minorities, especially the indigenous Maori. This issue resonated with racial and political overtones.

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2

Zepke, Nick. "Thinking strategically in response to New Zealand's tertiary education strategy: The case of a Wānanga." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 1 (March 2009): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002911.

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AbstractThis paper describes commissioned research on how a Wānanga, a Maori focused post school institution in New Zealand, perceived its strategic options following the publication of the Labour-led government's Tertiary Education Strategy 2007–2012 and the Statement of Education Priorities 2008–10 (Ministry of Education 2006). The research used a Delphi panel process that looks for consensus answers to specific research questions: How should the Wānanga respond to the policies sketched in the Tertiary Education Strategy and the Statement of Education Priorities? What is the range of issues that may need to be addressed as a result of this new policy framework? What options does the Wānanga have in addressing these issues? The Delphi process enabled a clear set of priorities to be established: provide quality teaching and learning reflecting Māori values and practices; develop a consistent internal philosophy based on tikanga and āhuatanga Māori; and provide second chance education for Māori and other learners.

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3

Zepke, Nick. "Thinking strategically in response to New Zealand's tertiary education strategy: The case of a Wānanga." Journal of Management & Organization 15, no. 1 (March 2009): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.15.1.110.

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Анотація:

AbstractThis paper describes commissioned research on how a Wānanga, a Maori focused post school institution in New Zealand, perceived its strategic options following the publication of the Labour-led government's Tertiary Education Strategy 2007–2012 and the Statement of Education Priorities 2008–10 (Ministry of Education 2006). The research used a Delphi panel process that looks for consensus answers to specific research questions: How should the Wānanga respond to the policies sketched in the Tertiary Education Strategy and the Statement of Education Priorities? What is the range of issues that may need to be addressed as a result of this new policy framework? What options does the Wānanga have in addressing these issues? The Delphi process enabled a clear set of priorities to be established: provide quality teaching and learning reflecting Māori values and practices; develop a consistent internal philosophy based on tikanga and āhuatanga Māori; and provide second chance education for Māori and other learners.

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4

van Roon, M., and S. Knight. "Towards integrated catchment management, Whaingaroa, New Zealand." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0538.

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The paper examines progress towards integrated catchment management and sustainable agriculture at Whaingaroa (Raglan), New Zealand. Application of the Canadian “Atlantic Coastal Action Program” model (ACAP) has been only partially successful within New Zealand's bicultural setting. Even before the introduction of the ACAP process there existed strong motivation and leadership by various sectors of the community. A merging of resource management planning and implementation processes of the larger community and that of the Maori community has not occurred. Research carried out by Crown Research Institutes has clearly shown the actions required to make pastoral farming more sustainable. There are difficulties in the transference to, and uptake of, these techniques by farmers. An examination of the socio-economic context is required. There has been a requirement on local government bodies to tighten their focus as part of recent reform. This has occurred concurrently with a widening of vision towards integrated and sustainable forms of management. This (as well as a clear belief in empowerment of local communities) has lead to Council reliance on voluntary labour. There is a need to account for the dynamic interaction between social and political history and the geological and biophysical history of the area. As part of a re-examination of sustainable development, New Zealand needs to reconcile the earning of the bulk of its foreign income from primary production, with the accelerating ecological deficit that it creates. A sustainability strategy is required linking consumer demand, property rights and responsibilities.

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5

Hayward, Janine. "Local Government and Maori: Talking Treaty?" Political Science 50, no. 2 (January 1999): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003231879905000204.

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6

Fleras, Augie. "From Social Control towards Political Self-Determination? Maori Seats and the Politics of Separate Maori Representation in New Zealand." Canadian Journal of Political Science 18, no. 3 (September 1985): 551–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900032455.

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AbstractThe principle of guaranteed parliamentary representation for the Maori remains a contentious feature of New Zealand's political structure. This concession originated in 1867 to solve the “Maori problem” by means consistent with the competing interests of government and Maori. But despite intrinsic drawbacks within the present system, neither Maoris nor the major political parties have initiated fundamental reforms in the design of Maori seats for fear of tampering with the status quo. Recently, with the resurgence of Maori assertiveness, developments have transpired aimed at redefining the status of separate representation. Whether or not this strategy for the political accommodation of minority groups can be transferred to other contexts—such as Canada—is open to debate.

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7

Parkinson, Phil. ""Strangers in the House": The Maori Language in Government and the Maori Language in Parliament 1840-1900." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 3 (August 4, 2001): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5874.

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Анотація:

The Treaty of Waitangi conferred upon Her Majesty's new subjects "all the rights andprivileges of British subjects" and that included, in theory, the right to be represented in the infantgovernment. In practice, however, the right of Maori to vote in elections was not taken seriouslyuntil 1858 and the presence of formally elected members in the House of Representatives was not achieved until August 1868. When they did speak in 1868 the first four Maori members spoke inMaori, and no adequate provision was made for the translation of their words, or for the words ofother members to be translated for them. The proceedings of the House were not printed in Maoriand the Maori members' speeches were not translated except when it suited the government of theday.Over the next few decades after 1868 there was only an irregular compliance with the standingorders of the House of Representatives and the Legislative Council that Bills and Acts be prepared inboth Maori and English for the better information of "Her Majesty's subjects of the Native Race".This study traces the extent of the use of the Maori language in the House and in the Council andpoints to a large number of extant Bills and Acts in Maori as well as to the large number whichhave not survived but which are referred to in the New Zealand parliamentary debates. These little-known texts deserve recognition as expressions of legislation in an indigenous tongue reflectingindigenous concerns but they have usually been disregarded in a European-dominated GeneralAssembly.

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8

Corson, David. "Restructuring Minority Schooling." Australian Journal of Education 37, no. 1 (April 1993): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494419303700104.

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This article looks at organisational and curricular responses to cultural diversity which are presently operating alongside one another in New Zealand schooling. It begins with a critique of the minimal curricular response now recommended for government schools: the incorporation of programs in taha Maori (things Maori) within the mainstream curriculum of schools. It then looks at two recent responses which are structural and curricular: the modification of existing schools to take account of Maori student presence within them; and the development of Nga Kura Kaupapa Maori (Maori culture and language immersion primary schools) which are founded upon organisational and pedagogical features which are consistent with Maori cultural values. Conclusions are drawn relevant to the education of ‘involuntary minority’ cultures in Australia whose structural values and mores are very different from the dominant culture. A comparison of the values of Koori and Maori lends support to the view that Australian education could borrow with profit from the New Zealand example.

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9

Niedzwiecki, Sara, and Jennifer Pribble. "Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile." Latin American Politics and Society 59, no. 3 (2017): 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/laps.12027.

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AbstractLatin America's “left turn” expanded cash transfers and public services, contributing to lower poverty and inequality. Recently, right-leaning candidates and parties have begun to win back seats in the legislature, and in some cases have captured the executive branch. This shift has sparked debate about the future of Latin America's welfare states. This article analyzes social policy reforms enacted by two recent right-leaning governments: that of Sebastián Piñera in Chile (2010–14) and Mauricio Macri in Argentina (2015–). It finds that contrary to neoliberal adjustment policies of the past, neither Macri nor Piñera engaged in privatization or deep spending cuts. Instead, both administrations facilitated a process of policy drift in some sectors and marginal expansion in others. Policy legacies and the strength of the opposition help to explain these outcomes, suggesting that Latin America's political context has been transformed by the consolidation of democracy and the experience of left party rule.

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10

Niedzwiecki, Sara, and Jennifer Pribble. "Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile." Latin American Politics and Society 59, no. 03 (2017): 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1531426x00010281.

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Анотація:

AbstractLatin America's “left turn” expanded cash transfers and public services, contributing to lower poverty and inequality. Recently, right-leaning candidates and parties have begun to win back seats in the legislature, and in some cases have captured the executive branch. This shift has sparked debate about the future of Latin America's welfare states. This article analyzes social policy reforms enacted by two recent right-leaning governments: that of Sebastián Piñera in Chile (2010–14) and Mauricio Macri in Argentina (2015–). It finds that contrary to neoliberal adjustment policies of the past, neither Macri nor Piñera engaged in privatization or deep spending cuts. Instead, both administrations facilitated a process of policy drift in some sectors and marginal expansion in others. Policy legacies and the strength of the opposition help to explain these outcomes, suggesting that Latin America's political context has been transformed by the consolidation of democracy and the experience of left party rule.

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11

Potaka, Tama. "A Treaty for Local Governments." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i1.6046.

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There is a vast literature on the Treaty of Waitangi. However, a large number of constitutional issues such as who owes Treaty obligations and the nature and extent of these obligations are not clear. Instead, such issues are often obscured by the media sensationalising Treaty settlement processes, Maori fisheries, and Pakeha political assumptions about what Maori want. Amidst talk of fish, cash settlements and development, little Treaty jurisprudential thinking addresses the complex legal, cultural and economic issues surrounding local government and MÃ¡ori. It is the purpose of this article to expand Treaty jurisprudential thinking in the area of local government, and to advocate a direction for local government Treaty obligations.

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12

Sissons, Jeffrey. "Introduction: Anthropology, Maori Tradition and Colonial Process." Oceania 69, no. 1 (September 1998): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1998.tb02691.x.

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13

Goldsmith, Michael. "Who Owns Native Nature? Discourses of Rights to Land, Culture, and Knowledge in New Zealand." International Journal of Cultural Property 16, no. 3 (August 2009): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073910999018x.

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AbstractMichael Brown famously asked ‘Who owns native culture?’ This paper revisits that question by analyzing what happens to culture when the culturally defined boundary between it and nature becomes salient in the context of disputes between indigenous and settler populations. My case study is the dispute between the New Zealand government and Maori tribal groupings concerning ownership of the foreshore and seabed. Having been granted the right to test their claims in court in 2003, Maori groups were enraged when the government legislated the right out of existence in 2004. Though the reasons for doing so were clearly political, contrasting cultural assumptions appeared to set Maori and Pakeha (New Zealanders of European origin) at odds. While couching ownership of part of nature as an IPR issue may seem counter-intuitive, I argue that as soon as a property claim destabilizes the nature/culture boundary, IPR discourse becomes pertinent.

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14

Scheele, Sue. "Safeguarding seeds and Maori intellectual property through partnership." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i2.2015.4628.

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The Nagoya Protocol is a recent binding international instrument that articulates the need to recognise the rights of indigenous peoples regarding their biological resources and cultural knowledge and strengthens the mechanisms to do so. New Zealand has not signed this protocol because of the overriding importance of the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand’s domestic affairs, and the need to ensure that government options are not limited concerning the development of domestic policy on access to biological resources. In particular, policy makers and legislators are waiting for the government response to a 2011 Waitangi Tribunal report (Ko Aotearoa Tēnei) on a far-reaching and complex claim (WAI 262) concerning the place of Māori traditional knowledge, culture and identity in contemporary New Zealand law and government policies and practice. Especially pertinent to this paper is the report’s section on Māori rights relating to biological and genetic resources. In accordance with the recommendation within Ko Aotearoa Tēnei, the principle of partnership, built on the explicit Treaty premise of Crown and Māori as formal equals, is presented here as the overarching framework and mechanism by which government agencies and Māori can work together to safeguard such resources. Core concepts and values are elucidated that underpin the Māori relationship to indigenous flora and fauna and are integral to the protection of cultural knowledge of seeds and plants. Examples are given of plant species regarded as taonga (treasures) and how they are conserved, and a case study is presented of institutional stewardship of harakeke (New Zealand flax) weaving varieties. Seed bank facilities are also evaluated regarding their incorporation of Māori values and rights under the Treaty of Waitangi.

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15

Joyce, Peter R. "Focus on psychiatry in New Zealand." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 5 (May 2002): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.5.468.

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New Zealand has been inhabited by the indigenous Maori people for more than 1000 years. The first European (Pakeha) to see the country, in 1642, was the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. But the English explorer James Cook, who landed there in 1769, was responsible for New Zealand becoming part of the British Empire and, later, the British Commonwealth. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between Maori leaders and Lieutenant-Governor Hobson on behalf of the British Government. The three articles of the Treaty gave powers of Sovereignty to the Queen of England; guaranteed to the Maori Chiefs and tribes full, exclusive and undisturbed possession of their lands, estates, forests and fisheries; and extended to the Maori people Royal protection and all the rights and privileges of British subjects.

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16

Williams, David V. "Ko Aotearoa Tenei: Law and Policy Affecting Maori Culture and Identity." International Journal of Cultural Property 20, no. 3 (August 2013): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739113000143.

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AbstractIn July 2011 what is commonly known as the Wai 262 Report was released. After a protracted series of hearings, dating back to 1997, the New Zealand Waitangi Tribunal has at last reported on the some of the wide range of issues canvassed in those hearings. Three beautifully illustrated volumes contain a large number of recommendations in what is described as a whole-of-government report. This article notes earlier comments on Wai 262 in this journal and reframes what is often known as the ‘Maori renaissance’ from which this claim emerged in 1991. The Tribunal decided not to discuss historical aspects of the evidence presented, except for the Tohunga Suppression Act 1907, as this was not ‘an orthodox territorial claim’ allowing the Crown to negotiate with iwi for a Treaty Settlement. Of great significance for this readership, the Tribunal staunchly refused to entertain any discussion of ‘ownership’ claims to Maori cultural property. Rather, the Tribunal focussed on ‘perfecting the Treaty partnership’ between the two founding peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand. Its report is concerned with the future and with the Treaty of Waitangi when the nation has moved beyond the grievance mode that has dominated the last quarter century. The partnership principles are pragmatic and flexible. Very seldom indeed can Maori expect to regain full authority over their treasured properties and resources. The eight major topics of the chapters on intellectual property, genetic and biological resources, the environment, the conservation estate, the Maori language, Maori knowledge systems, Maori medicines and international instruments are briefly summarised. The author is critical of this Tribunal panel's timidity in refusing to make strong findings of Treaty breach as the basis for practical recommendations—the approach usually adopted in previous Tribunal reports on contemporary issues. The article then notes that the Wai 262 report featured significantly in 2012 hearings on Maori claims to proprietary rights in freshwater resources. It featured not to assist the freshwater claimants, however, but as a shield wielded by the Crown to try to deny Maori any remedy.The low bar of partnership consultations encouraged by the Wai 262 report was congenial for Crown counsel seeking to undermine Maori claims to customary rights akin to ‘ownership’ of water. The 2012 Tribunal panel, under a new Chief Judge, restrictively distinguished the Wai 262 report and found in favour of Maori rights to water. In conclusion, the article notes the irony of a government following neo-liberal policies in pursuing a privatisation strategy and yet relying on ‘commons’ rhetoric to deny Maori any enforceable rights to water; and of indigenous people arguing for ownership property rights to frustrate that government's policies.

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17

Gilling, Bryan. ""Vexatious and an Abuse of the Process of the Court": The Assets Company v Mere Roihi Cases." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 35, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v35i1.5632.

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The history of the Assets Co v Mere Roihi decision, a well-known early Privy Council authority on indefeasibility of title under the Torrens system of land registration, illustrates the vulnerability of Maori to irregular land acquisition methods during the late 19th century. It also highlights the inadequacies of the Native Land Court system at the time. The author argues that the policy demands for legal certainty created a hidden and undue cost on the Maori participants: as a result of the case, Maori lost their main opportunity to gain redress for effectively or actually fraudulent dealings in their lands, and for mistakes made by the Land Court.

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18

Durie, Mason. "Mental Health and Maori Development." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 1 (February 1999): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00526.x.

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Анотація:

Objective: The objective of this paper is to illustrate trends in Maori health, examine earlier health policies and to suggest avenues for improved mental health. Method: Several sources of historical and contemporary data have been reviewed and there has been some analysis of mental health policies as they relate to Maori. The interplay between culture, socioeconomic circumstances and personal health has been used as a context within which strategic directions are discussed. Results: Five strategies are highlighted: the promotion of a secure cultural identity, active Maori participation in society and the economy, improved mental health services, workforce development, autonomy and control. It is recommended that mental health services should be more closely aligned with primary health care, Maori youth, Maori-centred frameworks, and evidence-based practices. Conclusions: Improvements in Maori mental health require broad approaches which are consistent with Maori aspirations and coordinated across the range of sectoral and disciplinary interests. Active Maori participation in the process and the retention of a cultural base will be critical if the current trends are to be reversed.

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19

Tennant, Margaret. "Welfare Interactions: Maori, Government and the Voluntary Sector in New Zealand." History Australia 2, no. 3 (January 2005): 80.1–80.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/ha050080.

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20

Boast, Richard. "Maori Fisheries 1986-1998: A Reflection." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 30, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v30i1.6023.

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Анотація:

In this article Richard Boast considers the statutory settlements of Maori fishing claims made in 1989 and 1992. These settlements are seen as examples of a distinctive method of dealing with Maori grievances routinely used in the New Zealand legal and political system. He also considers the aftermath of the legislation, and the extent to which the recent claims of Urban Maori authorities have questioned the entire settlement process as it has evolved to date.

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21

Nash, Mary. "Their stories – our history: John Fry, President of the Association 1972-4." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 26, no. 2-3 (May 14, 2016): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol26iss2-3id41.

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Анотація:

This article is based on an interview with John Fry, one-time President of the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers of which he is now a Life Member. It describes, often in his own words, one man’s contribution over a 40-year period, to the social work profession and to the communities with which he worked. He is able to describe the early periods of urban drift, especially for Maori, and was respectfully working with traditional Maori communities in ways that challenged the dominant colonial attitudes present in the government institutions of the day.

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22

Anderson, Ian. "May the People Live: A History of Maori Health Development, 1900-1920, and: Maori Health and Government Policy, 1840-1940 (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 75, no. 3 (2001): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0106.

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23

Roberts, Mere, Waerete Norman, Nganeko Minhinnick, Del Wihongi, and Carmen Kirkwood. "Kaitiakitanga: Maori perspectives on conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 1 (1995): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc950007.

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Анотація:

Maori, like other indigenous peoples, are increasingly involved in attempts to provide appropriate cultural responses to environmental issues. These include efforts to translate and incorporate isolated parts of their language and traditional practises into the prevailing culture. Major problems with this process are the incommensurability of such attempts whereby the real meaning of a custom or word is frequently debased and divorced from its traditional cultural setting, so that its proper functioning is impaired. Added to this is the ignorance on the part of many concerning the conceptual world view, traditional beliefs and practices of the Maori ? or, if knowing these things, a lack of respect for their validity. On the other hand there are some, especially among the modern conservation movement, who have a more empathetic attitude towards indigenous ecological knowledge, but who thereby assume that their environmental ethics and those of indigenous peoples are motivated by similar philosophies and share similar aims. Not only is this assumption often wrong, it may also contribute to the inability of the western conservation movement to properly serve the needs of, and to fully empower, indigenous conservation aspirations as guaranteed to Maori under the Treaty of Waitangi. This paper addresses some of these issues by providing Maori perspectives on an increasingly important environmental concept: that of kaitiaki, and kaitiakitanga.

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24

Kēpa, Mere. "Discussion of Ormond: Who Determines What Story is Told? Silenced Voices and Narratives of Marginalisation." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.2.1.43.

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Анотація:

AbstractDevelopment or transformation can be understood as an active process. The process has confronted and mobilised Maori people since our ancestors departed Hawai'iki to settle Aotearoa-New Zealand. In coming to understand the land the ancestors called ‘Aotearoa’, we changed. And as we changed, our internal and external symbionts and parasites also changed with us. Maori people have endured disease, climatic change, natural disasters, human made disasters, political disasters, economic disasters, educational disasters, and linguistic disasters for nearly two centuries. And as the indigenous people of Aotearoa we continue to be changed by and to change the prevailing assumptions on development (and sustainability) to become healthier and more imaginative people.

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25

Young, Susan. "The Patentability of Maori Traditional Medicine and the Morality Exclusion in the Patents Act 1953." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 1 (March 5, 2001): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v32i1.5898.

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Анотація:

Many indigenous peoples, including Maori, are offended by third parties 'appropriating' their traditional knowledge by means of intellectual property rights, such as patents. The author first surveys international debate about indigenous intellectual property rights in connection with the patenting of traditional indigenous medicine. The author examines the role of morality in New Zealand patent law and how this fits in with New Zealand's international obligations under the World Trade Organisation's TRIPs agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The author examines whether the patenting of Maori traditional medicine can be prevented under the morality exclusion in the Patents Act 1953 and outlines five arguments which might be used to justify various levels of intervention in the patenting process in order to protect Maori control over their traditional knowledge.

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26

Stephens, Māmari. "Kaumātua, Leadership and the Treaty of Waitangi Claims Settlement Process; Some Data and Observations." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 33, no. 2 (September 2, 2002): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v33i2.5842.

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Анотація:

This article presents the results of a survey dealing with the role of Kaumätua in Treaty of Waitangi Claims. The author raises a number of concerns – most importantly whether enough olderMäori feel confident or knowledgeable enough to contribute to the process. The survey also revealsthat tensions exist from the exclusion of younger Maori from the process.

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27

Nixon, Joseph, and Olinda Timms. "Il dibattito legale ed etico sul divieto di commercio della maternità surrogata in India / The legal and moral debate leading to the ban of commercial surrogacy in India." Medicina e Morale 66, no. 4 (October 11, 2017): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.504.

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Le tecniche di riproduzione assistita (ART) offrono la possibilità di una maternità surrogata alle coppie sterili o senza figli. Alla fine degli anni ‘80, specialisti qualificati in India hanno approfittato della disponibilità di madri surrogate e dell’assenza di regole per creare un mercato di maternità surrogata per i clienti sia indiani sia esteri. Il Ministero della Salute è intervenuto con le linee guida solo dopo forti proteste di gruppi di donne e cittadini, facendo seguito alle storie su ostelli surrogati, bambini abbandonati e sfruttamento. Nel frattempo, le cliniche dell’infertilità si sono moltiplicate, offrendo gameti di donatori, fecondazione in vitro e maternità surrogata ad un costo molto inferiore rispetto ai paesi occidentali. Dai primi anni del 2000, l’India è divenuta la destinazione più popolare per la pratica della maternità surrogata. In risposta alle proteste e consapevole del divieto di accordi di maternità surrogata negli altri paesi, il Governo indiano ha emanato le linee guida ART che erano via via restrittive; ma tali disposizioni non sono state in grado di arginare il business ormai florido. Infine, nel 2016, il governo ha proposto un disegno di legge per porre fine alla maternità surrogata commerciale. Il regolamento Bill 2016 considera esclusivamente gli accordi di maternità surrogata, non considerando tutti gli altri aspetti della riproduzione assistita e delle cliniche coinvolte. La legislazione è stata rivolta principalmente alle questioni sociali e agli elementi di sfruttamento della maternità surrogata commerciale, più che al processo tecnico. Se approvata, tale legge vieterà efficacemente maternità surrogata commerciale in India. ---------- Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) offer the possibility of unrelated surrogacy arrangements to infertile couples and childless human relationships. In the late 80s, qualified specialists in India took advantage of the availability of willing surrogates and the absence of regulations, to create a market in commercial surrogacy for clients from within the country and abroad. The Ministry of Health stepped in with guidelines only after strong protests from women’s groups and citizens, following media stories of surrogate hostels, abandoned children and exploitation. Meanwhile, ‘infertility’ clinics mushroomed, offering donor gametes, in-vitro fertilization and surrogacy services at a fraction of the cost in western countries. By early 2000s, India had emerged as the most popular destination for commercial surrogacy arrangements. In response to protests from doctors, citizens and human rights groups, and mindful of the ban on commercial surrogacy arrangements in most developed countries, the Government issued ART guidelines that were progressively restrictive; but these did not have the teeth to rein in the lucrative business that commercial surrogacy had transformed into. Finally, in 2016, the Government proposed a Bill that would bring an end to commercial surrogacy. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2016 addressed surrogacy arrangements exclusively, taking it out of proposed ART Bill that was aimed at comprehensively regulating all other aspects of assisted reproduction and the clinics involved. The legislation was directed mainly at the social issues and exploitative elements specific to commercial surrogacy arrangements, rather than the technical process. If passed, the Surrogacy Bill will effectively ban commercial surrogacy in India.

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28

Lavine, Thelma Z. "The process of government." Society 32, no. 2 (January 1995): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693293.

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Jayasinghe, Kelum, Christine M. Kenney, Raj Prasanna, and Jerry Velasquez. "Enacting “accountability in collaborative governance”: lessons in emergency management and earthquake recovery from the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquakes." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 439–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-09-2019-0143.

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PurposeThe paper illustrates how accountability of collaborative governance was constituted in the context of disaster managerial work carried out by the Government, local authorities, and Maori community organisations, after the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes in New Zealand.Design/methodology/approachA case study detailing the communitarian approach to disaster recovery management by a nationalised Maori earthquake response network is contrasted with the formal emergency management infrastructure's response to the Canterbury earthquakes.FindingsCritical analysis of the effectiveness and failures of these approaches highlights the institutional and cultural political issues that hinder the institutionalization of collaborative and accountable governance in the fields of disaster risk reduction and emergency management.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper contributes to the accountability research and practice in general and disaster accountability in particular by addressing a more multifaceted model of ‘accountability combined with collaborative governance’ as a way to build on and critique some of the seemingly more narrow views of accountability.Originality/valueThe study presents rare insights on the interactions between formal and community level accountability and collaborative governance in the context of New Public Governance (NPG).

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30

MacDonald, Charlotte. "Between religion and empire: Sarah Selwyn’s Aotearoa/New Zealand, Eton and Lichfield, England, c.1840s-1900." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 19, no. 2 (July 23, 2009): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037748ar.

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Abstract Taking the life of Sarah Selwyn (1809-1907), wife of the first Anglican bishop to New Zealand, the article plots the dynamics of geographic movement and varying communities of connection through which the mid-19thC imperial world was constituted. Negotiating empire and religion, mission and church, high church and evangelical, European and indigenous Maori and Melanesian, Sarah’s life illuminates the intricate networks underpinning – and at times undermining – colonial governance and religious authority. Sarah embarked for New Zealand in late 1841 at a high point of English mission and humanitarian idealism, arriving into a hierarchical and substantially Christianised majority Maori society. By the time she departed, in 1868, the colonial church and society, now European-dominated, had largely taken a position of support for a settler-led government taking up arms against “rebellious” Maori in a battle for sovereignty. In later life Sarah Selwyn became a reluctant narrator of her earlier “colonial” life while witnessing the emergence of a more secular empire from the close of Lichfield cathedral. The personal networks of empire are traced within wider metropolitan and colonial communities, the shifting ground from the idealistic 1840s to the more punitive later 19thC. The discussion traces the larger contexts through which a life was marked by the shifting ambiguities of what it was to be Christian in the colonial world: an agent of empire at the same time as a fierce critic of imperial policy, an upper class high church believer in the midst of evangelical missionaries, someone for whom life in New Zealand was both a profound disjuncture and a defining narrative.

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31

Attwood, Bain. "Difficult Histories." Public Historian 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2013.35.3.46.

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In recent decades many democracies around the world have tried to meet growing political demands to make amends for past wrongs by showing their troubling pasts. Museums, especially new national museums, have performed a crucial role in this historical work. In this article I examine the attempt of one of these, the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, to stage an exhibit about a historic agreement between the indigenous Maori people and the British government that had come to be regarded as the nation’s founding constitutional document at the same time as it remained the subject of much controversy and enormous contestation.

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32

Iyer, Lakshmi S., Rahul Singh, Al F. Salam, and Fergle D'Aubeterre. "Knowledge management for Government-to-Government (G2G) process coordination." Electronic Government, an International Journal 3, no. 1 (2006): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/eg.2006.008490.

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33

Jordan, Grant. "The Process of Government and the Governmental Process." Political Studies 48, no. 4 (September 2000): 788–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00283.

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34

Huriwai, Terry, Paul J. Robertson, Delaraine Armstrong, Te Pare Kingi, and Paraire Huata. "WHANAUNGATANGA – A PROCESS IN THE TREATMENT OF MAORI WITH ALCOHOL- AND DRUG-USE RELATED PROBLEMS." Substance Use & Misuse 36, no. 8 (January 2001): 1033–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ja-100104488.

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35

Choudrie, Jyoti, and Vishanth Weerrakody. "Horizontal Process Integration in E-Government." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 3, no. 3 (July 2007): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2007070102.

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36

YUASA, Yoichi. "Policy Making Process in “Government Failure”." Annual review of sociology 2002, no. 15 (2002): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.2002.275.

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37

Taleb-Bendiab, A., K. Liu, P. Miseldine, S. Furlong, and W. Rong. "Process-Aware E-Government Services Management." International Journal of Cases on Electronic Commerce 3, no. 3 (July 2007): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcec.2007070104.

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38

Slack, Stephen. "Synodical Government and the Legislative Process." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 14, no. 1 (December 5, 2011): 43–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x11000755.

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This article reviews the exercise of the legislative function of the General Synod of the Church of England over the last 25 years. Beginning with a summary of the principles of synodical government in the Church of England, it goes on to describe the establishment of the Synod, its composition and its functions. The different forms of legal provision available to the Synod in exercise of its legislative function are then considered, followed by an account of the impact of the Human Rights Act, the procedures applicable to the conduct of legislative business and the role of Parliament in the legislative process. After an assessment of the general pattern of synodical legislation over the last 25 years, the main areas of legislative change during that period are reviewed. The article ends with an assessment of possible areas for future legislative activity.

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39

Irani, Zahir, and Muhammad Kamal. "Transforming Government: People, Process, and Policy." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 10, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-03-2016-0016.

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40

Bennett, Pamela. "Pounamu: Bridging two worlds in the interview process the psychiatric assessment and Maori in primary care." Journal of Primary Health Care 1, no. 1 (2009): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09063.

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41

Scholl, Hans J. "E-Government-Induced Business Process Change (BPC)." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 1, no. 2 (April 2005): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2005040102.

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42

Kennedy, Aileen, Joseph P. Coughlan, and Carol Kelleher. "Business Process Change in E-Government Projects." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 6, no. 1 (January 2010): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2010102002.

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This research investigates one of the first e-Government services launched as part of Ireland’s Information Society program, the Irish Land Registry’s implementation of their award winning Electronic Access (EAS) project. In-depth enquiries into how public sector organizations manage IT-enabled transformations have remained relatively limited and this case contributes to this emerging body of literature. The analysis highlights that the implementation of e-Government initiatives beyond basic service levels necessitates business process change in order to reap rewards. This study fulfils an identified need for research in Business Process Change (BPC) in the implementation of e-government initiatives. In this way the research attempts to add to, and complement, the existing pool of studies exploring e-Government induced change. The conclusions from the research stress the importance of planning for process change and the support of top management in the achievement of the efficiency gains and improved customer experience that are outcomes of e-Government.

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43

Modlin, Steve. "Rationalizing the Local Government Decision-Making Process." Public Performance & Management Review 33, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 571–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pmr1530-9576330403.

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44

Ryoon, Oh Myeong, and Sangwook Kim. "DBR-Based Process Management for Local Government." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8, S8 (April 1, 2015): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8is8/70525.

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45

Sinnott, John. "The local government review ‐ an inept process." Local Government Studies 23, no. 3 (September 1997): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003939708433878.

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46

Lee, Frank. "Government Publications and the Decision-Making Process." Public Library Quarterly 7, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j118v07n03_06.

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47

Suárez‐Barraza, Manuel F., Juan Ramis‐Pujol, and Xavier Tort‐Martorell Llabrés. "Continuous process improvement in Spanish local government." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2009): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566690910945895.

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48

SMITH, MARTIN J., DAVID MARSH, and DAVID RICHARDS. "CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AND THE POLICY PROCESS." Public Administration 71, no. 4 (December 1993): 567–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1993.tb00992.x.

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49

YASUI, Hiroki. "Divided Government and Legislation Process in Germany." Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association 60, no. 1 (2009): 1_303–1_321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7218/nenpouseijigaku.60.1_303.

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50

Golder, Sona N. "Bargaining Delays in the Government Formation Process." Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 1 (July 30, 2009): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414009341714.

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