Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Goroka Valley"

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,411 databased specimens. The two previously named species are redescribed, and 130 new species are described. The species are placed in 32 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), scanning electron micrographs of representative species are given, and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Papua New Guinea Hydraena species are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond or swamp dwelling, and a few species are usually found in the hygropetric splash zone on stream boulders or on rocks at the margins of waterfalls. The geographic distributions of PNG Hydraena are compared with the Areas of Freshwater Endemism recently proposed by Polhemus and Allen (2007), and found to substantially support those areas. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, 1977 is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. The probable Australian origins of the PNG hydraenid genera Gymnochthebius and Limnebius are discussed. The origins of just a few species of PNG Hydraena appear to clearly be Australia, and of comparatively recent origin, whereas the origins of the remainder remain problematic because of lack of knowledge of the Hydraena fauna in Papua Province, Indonesia, and islands large and small to the west of New Guinea. No endemic genera of Hydraenidae are currently known for New Guinea, whereas 98% of the known species are endemic. New species of Hydraena are: H. acumena (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River), H. adelbertensis (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., below Keki), H. akameku (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. altapapua (Southern Highlands Province: Sopulkul, 30–35 km NE Mendi), H. ambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ambripes (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. ambroides (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. apertista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Lower Naho Valley, Hinggia), H. apexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. aquila (Madang Province: Simbai area), H. aulaarta (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. austrobesa (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. bacchusi (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. balkei (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. bicarinova (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. bifunda (Morobe Province: c. 7 mi. Lae–Bulolo road), H. biundulata (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. brahman (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. bubulla (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. buloba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. buquintana (Western Highlands Province: Mt. Hagen town area), H. carinocisiva (Eastern Highlands Province: Aiyura), H. carmellita (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. cavifrons (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. cheesmanae (Central Province: Kokoda), H. clarinis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. colorata (Morobe Province: 5 miles W of Lae, Buins Creek), H. confluenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Kainantu, Onerunka), H. copulata (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. cunicula (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. decepta (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. diadema (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa), H. dudgeoni (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. einsteini (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. essentia (Eastern Highlands Province: Sepik River Basin, stream beside milestone labelled G-99), H. exhalista (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. fasciata (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. fascinata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, nr. Moro), H. fasciolata (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. fasciopaca (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. fenestella (Morobe Province: Lae-Bulolo road), H. foliobba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. formosopala (East Sepik Province: Prince Alexander Mts., Wewak), H. funda (Central Province: Moitaka, 7 miles N of Port Moresby), H. fundacta (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., Sewan–Keki), H. fundapta (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. fundarca (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. fundextra (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap), H. galea (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 700 m), H. herzogestella (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Bundun), H. hornabrooki (East Sepik Province: Sepik, main river), H. huonica (Madang Province: Kewensa, Finisterre Range, Yupna, Huon Peninsula), H. ibalimi (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. idema (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Onerunka, Ramu River), H. impala (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. incisiva (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. incista (Western Highlands Province: Simbai, Kairong River), H. infoveola (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. inhalista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. inplacopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Waisa, nr. Okapa), H. insandalia (Eastern Highlands Province: Headwaters of Fio River, 0.5 km downstream of river crossing on Herowana/Oke Lookout path, ca. 4.5 km N of Herowana airstrip), H. intensa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. johncoltranei (National Capital District, Varirata NP), H. jubilata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. koje (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. koma (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, 100 m downstream of rattan bridge crossing, ca. 3.8 km S by E of Herowana airstrip), H. labropaca (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. lassulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. limbobesa (Gulf Province: Marawaka, near Ande), H. maculopala (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. manulea (Morobe Province: Lae, Buins Creek), H. manuloides (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. marawaka (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. mercuriala (Sandaun Province: May River), H. mianminica (Sandaun Province:May River), H. nanocolorata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nanopala (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nitidimenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, at rattan bridge crossing, ca. 2.6 km N by W of Herowana airstrip), H. okapa (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ollopa (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. otiarca (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. owenobesa (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. pacificica (Morobe Province: Huon Pen., Kwapsanek), H. pala (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Gurakor Creek), H. palamita (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. paxillipes (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. pectenata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. pegopyga (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 3 km N Brahman), H. penultimata (Sandaun Province: May River), H. perpunctata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. pertransversa (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. phainops (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. photogenica (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Mt. Gahavisuka), H. picula (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Daulo Pass), H. pilulambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. pluralticola (Morobe Province: c. 7 miles Lae–Bulolo road), H. processa (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. quadriplumipes (Madang Province: Aiome area), H. quintana (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Lae–Kainantu road, Erap R), H. ramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. ramuquintana (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. receptiva (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. remulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. reticulobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Moro), H. sagatai (Sandaun Province: Abau River), H. saluta (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. sepikramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, Sare River, 4 km N Brahman), H. sexarcuata (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. sexsuprema (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. spinobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. striolata (Oro Province: Northern District, Tanbugal Afore village), H. supersexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. supina (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. tarsotricha (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. tetana (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. thola (Central Province: Port Moresby– Brown River road), H. tholasoris (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap, c. 90 miles NW of Lae), H. thumbelina (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. thumbelipes (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. tibiopaca (Morobe Province: ridge between Aseki–Menyamya), H. torosopala (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. torricellica (Morobe Province: Torricelli Mts., village below Sibilanga Stn.), H. transvallis (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. trichotarsa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. tricosipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. tritropis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. tritutela (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. ulna (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. variopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. velvetina (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa).

We develop a unified near-field shaking intensity map for the 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake by synthesizing intensities derived from macroseismic effects that were determined by independent groups using a variety of approaches. Independent assessments by different groups are generally consistent, with minor differences that are likely due in large part to differences in spatial sampling. Throughout most of the near-field region, European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) intensities were generally close to 7 EMS. In the Kathmandu Valley, intensities were somewhat higher (6.5–7.5) along the periphery of the valley and in the adjacent foothills than in the central valley, where they were ≈6. The results are consistent with instrumental intensity values estimated from available data using a published relationship between peak ground acceleration (PGA) and intensity. Using this relationship to convert intensities to PGA, we estimate strong-motion PGA de-amplification factors of ≈0.7 in the central Kathmandu Valley, with amplification of ≈1.6 in adjacent foothills. The results support the conclusion that the Kathmandu Valley experienced a pervasively nonlinear response during the Gorkha main shock.

It remains elusive why there was only weak and limited ground shaking in Kathmandu valley during the 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake. Our spectral element numerical simulations show that, during this earthquake, surface topography restricted the propagation of seismic energy into the valley. The mountains diverted the incoming seismic wave mostly to the eastern and western margins of the valley. As a result, we find de-amplification of peak ground displacement in most of the valley interior. Modeling of alternative earthquake scenarios of the same magnitude occurring at different locations shows that these will affect the Kathmandu valley much more strongly, up to 2–3 times more, than the 2015 Gorkha earthquake did. This indicates that surface topography contributed to the reduced seismic shaking for this specific earthquake and lessened the earthquake impact within the valley.

Seven species of Loneura from natural areas of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are described and illustrated. The female of L. andina is described for the first time. Two additional species, known only from the National Natural Park Gorgona (Cauca), are also recorded in Valle del Cauca. The new species are assigned to the infrageneric groups known in the genus. An identification key to males of Loneura is included.

Many ground failures resulted from the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence, including landslides, rockfalls, liquefactions, and cyclic failures. And whereas the amount and extent of landsliding were relatively consistent with predictions for a Mw 7.8 main shock, the amount and extent of liquefaction were not. We present a summary of liquefaction field observations that we made as part of the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) investigations. The liquefaction that did occur in the Kathmandu Valley was limited in its spatial extent, and the postliquefaction deformations were small. Prior earthquakes in this region have been reported to have caused greater liquefaction-related failures, and liquefaction hazard–mapping studies predicted widespread liquefaction hazard from an event of this size. We explore two possible reasons at the regional scale for the limited liquefaction from this earthquake sequence: drawdown of the groundwater table and high near-surface shear wave velocity. Our study finds that pumping has depressed the groundwater table across the Kathmandu Valley by 13–40 m since 1980, thereby decreasing the amount of near-surface liquefiable material and increasing the nonliquefiable “crust” layer. The regional slope-based V S30 for the valley is on average higher than that for liquefaction sites in a global database of observed liquefaction. A global geospatial model for liquefaction occurrence shows low liquefaction potential in the Kathmandu Valley consistent with the observed patterns.

The M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal main shock ruptured a segment of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) directly below Kathmandu Valley, causing strong shaking levels across the valley. Strong-motion data reveal an initial 6 s source pulse that was amplified and reverberated within the basin. One of the striking features of the observed ground motions in the valley was the exceptionally low energy of periods less than 2 s, which likely limited the extent and severity of structural damage in Kathmandu compared with alternative rupture scenarios of the same magnitude in the region. Isolated cases of liquefaction and lateral spreading of unconsolidated sediments were also observed, but have not yet revealed a systematic damage pattern. Initial analysis of available data suggests that several different factors, including source and path as well as site effects, were responsible for the unusual ground motions characteristics. In this paper, we provide a short description of the Kathmandu Valley geology and analyze available strong-motion records from the main shock and three strong aftershocks, with the intent to shed light on earthquake reconnaissance observations from this earthquake.

The Gorkha Earthquake occurred on the gently dipping part of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), close to the Main Central Thrust (MCT). This earthquake possibly occurred in the source zone of the 1833 Nepal Earthquake (Mw 7.6), which occurred after 182 years. The region between the 1905 Kangra Earthquake and 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake has not produced any great earthquake since the last 500 years and still remains a potential site for great earthquake(s) in future. The Kathmandu Valley witnessed moderate ground acceleration and comparatively large velocity as recorded at Kantipath during the Mw 7.8, Gorkha Earthquake. The analysis of the records show that high frequencies were damped and low frequencies were dominant over the sedimentary basin, which can be attributed to the response of the sediments underneath. Because of damping of high frequencies, the engineered, low storey buildings were less damaged and resisted the ground shaking comparatively well. However, on the other hand, the historical monument 'Dharahara' collapsed completely and the high rise apartment buildings suffered more because of the dominance of low frequencies.

Three related species of Loneura Navás, from Gorgona Island (Cauca, Colombia), are here described and illustrated. The types are deposited in the Entomological Museum of the Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV). A set of infrageneric groups within Loneura is proposed based on the structure of the male hypandrium and phallosome. The species of the genus are assigned to the groups recognized in this classification.

Hemingway is a very popular writer in Slovenia. One of my students in Ljubljana pointed out a very well known passage lin A Farewell to Arms about two refugee girls Frederic Henry and his driver, Aymo, pick up in Gorizia (Gorica) during the retreat from Caporetto (Kobarid). What interested many of my students about the episode was that the two girls seem to speak a dialect that neither Aymo, who is Italian, nor Frederic, who is fluent in Italian,' understands. My students belived that these girls are speaking Slovenian. The only Italian they seem to understand are the words in Italian for sexual intercourse, which makes them very upset, and virgin and sister, which calm them down. It is very likely that two Slovenian girls would know a little Italian, particularly if they came from Gorizia, which at the time of the first world war was predominantly Slovene.

Hemingway is a very popular writer in Slovenia. One of my students in Ljubljana pointed out a very well known passage lin A Farewell to Arms about two refugee girls Frederic Henry and his driver, Aymo, pick up in Gorizia (Gorica) during the retreat from Caporetto (Kobarid). What interested many of my students about the episode was that the two girls seem to speak a dialect that neither Aymo, who is Italian, nor Frederic, who is fluent in Italian,' understands. My students belived that these girls are speaking Slovenian. The only Italian they seem to understand are the words in Italian for sexual intercourse, which makes them very upset, and virgin and sister, which calm them down. It is very likely that two Slovenian girls would know a little Italian, particularly if they came from Gorizia, which at the time of the first world war was predominantly Slovene.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2007
Bibliografia: f. 103-105
A linguagem se tornou, no século XX, a questão central da filosofia, existindo vários tipos de abordagem, como por exemplo, a Hermenêutica, a Fenomenologia, a Filosofia Analítica, o Estruturalismo entre outras. Outro modo de analisá-la é por meio da relaç
The language became philosophy's main concern in the XX century, existing different types of approach such as, hermeneutics, phenomenology, analytic philosophy, structuralism among others. Another way to study it is by the relation with biological structu

У овој дисертацији су студиозно сагледане могућности унапређења туристичке понуде северозападне  Црне  Горе(општине  Жабљак,  Пљевља,  Плужине,  Шавник)  на  бази недовољно  искоришћених  природних  туристичких  вредности.  Управо  разноврстан, хоризонтално  и  вертикално  рашчлањен  рељеф  и  веома  сложен  геолошки  састав, специфичне климатске  карактеристике, потом реке и бројна планинска језера, те богат биљни и животињски свет, представљају оне природне вредности које потенцијално чине основу унапређења туристичке понуде овог дела Црне Горе базираног и на заштићеним природним добрима (Национални парк„Дурмитор“, Регионални парк„Пива“). Посебан акценат је дат у сагледавању и оцени нивоа искоришћености природних туристичких вредности,  као  примарних  туристичких  мотива  у  границама  истраживаног  простора. Истовремено су уз процену и вредновање ових ресурса предложене поједине активности за  њихово  квалитетније  уклапање  у  туристичку  понуду  северозападне  Црне  Горе.Реализација таквих активности би требала утицати на унапређење туристичке понуде које се може постићи, генерално само развојем туризма који је у сагласности са еколошким нормама, нарочито ако се имају у виду постојећа заштићена природна добра на територији подручја. Такође је у разматрању наведене проблематике презентовано актуелно стање постојеће укупне туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја која укључује или би требалаукључивато поједине антропогене вредности. Оне практично нису укључене у понуду локалних  туристичких  агенција,  с  обзиром  на  то  да  су  агенције  готово  искључиво   усмерене на програме валоризације природних вредности (рафтинг, планинарење и др.). Ове вредности јесу основа унапређења туристичке понуде подручја, али су антропогене вредности  њена  потенцијално  адекватна  допуна  која  уз  одговарајуће  активности надлежних  субјеката  може  утицати  једним  делом  на  садржајну  диверзификацију туристичке понуде подручја. SWOT анализом се кроз њене саставне факторе указало на значајне претпоставке у формирању туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја, као што се указало и на прагове ограничења, али и на могућности које могу послужити за умањење или  превазилажење  неких  од  њих.  За  реализацију  тих  могућности  је  потребна  свест локалне заједнице о томе да се резултати појединих негативних процеса на делу подручја (изразити пример НП„Дурмитор“) који су мотивисани краткорочним потребама морају са аспекта квалитета природних вредности, одразити на исте кроз дугорочне импликације.Осим  овом  анализом,  значајна  сазнања  су  добијена  и  из  анкетног  истраживања спроведеног  на  узорку  од200 случајно  изабраних  туриста  на  више  локација  унутар подручја.  Резултати  овог  истраживања  су  послужили  као  веома  валидан  индикатор предности  и  недостатака  актуелне  туристичке  понуде,  али  и  нивоа  задовољства анкетираних туриста чиме је такође указано на смернице унапређења појединих сегмената туристичке понуде. Наглашеним апликативним карактером овај део истраживања пружа одговарајући  информативни  допринос  надлежним  туристичким  субјектима  којим  сеуказује  на  анкетним  истраживањем  утврђен  степен  афирмативности  места,  односно подручја  у  целини.  Истовремено,  резултати  поменутог  истраживања  пружају,  између осталог, и значајне информације које се односе на остварен квалитет, као и на израженије преферирање неких сегмената туристичке понуде при чему исто може послужити делом и као полазна основа у прилагођавању појединих сегмената понуде потребама туриста. Истраживањем  у  оквиру  израде  дисертације  је  констатоватована  присутност  одређенедискоординације услед различитости у нивоима надлежности и неуједначености у погледу централизације/децентрализације управљања над појединим организационим субјектима. У вези са тим, а на основу резултата проистеклих из целокупно спроведеног истраживања кроз интердисциплинарни приступ дошло се до сагледавања потребе реализације више конкретних мера међу којима је једна од њих потреба формирања Регионалне туристичке организације  што  је  једна  од  предиспозиција  које  су  од  значаја  у  просецу  бољег позиционирања истраживаног подручја као туристичке дестинације.
U ovoj disertaciji su studiozno sagledane mogućnosti unapređenja turističke ponude severozapadne  Crne  Gore(opštine  Žabljak,  Pljevlja,  Plužine,  Šavnik)  na  bazi nedovoljno  iskorišćenih  prirodnih  turističkih  vrednosti.  Upravo  raznovrstan, horizontalno  i  vertikalno  raščlanjen  reljef  i  veoma  složen  geološki  sastav, specifične klimatske  karakteristike, potom reke i brojna planinska jezera, te bogat biljni i životinjski svet, predstavljaju one prirodne vrednosti koje potencijalno čine osnovu unapređenja turističke ponude ovog dela Crne Gore baziranog i na zaštićenim prirodnim dobrima (Nacionalni park„Durmitor“, Regionalni park„Piva“). Poseban akcenat je dat u sagledavanju i oceni nivoa iskorišćenosti prirodnih turističkih vrednosti,  kao  primarnih  turističkih  motiva  u  granicama  istraživanog  prostora. Istovremeno su uz procenu i vrednovanje ovih resursa predložene pojedine aktivnosti za  njihovo  kvalitetnije  uklapanje  u  turističku  ponudu  severozapadne  Crne  Gore.Realizacija takvih aktivnosti bi trebala uticati na unapređenje turističke ponude koje se može postići, generalno samo razvojem turizma koji je u saglasnosti sa ekološkim normama, naročito ako se imaju u vidu postojeća zaštićena prirodna dobra na teritoriji područja. Takođe je u razmatranju navedene problematike prezentovano aktuelno stanje postojeće ukupne turističke ponude istraživanog područja koja uključuje ili bi trebalauključivato pojedine antropogene vrednosti. One praktično nisu uključene u ponudu lokalnih  turističkih  agencija,  s  obzirom  na  to  da  su  agencije  gotovo  isključivo   usmerene na programe valorizacije prirodnih vrednosti (rafting, planinarenje i dr.). Ove vrednosti jesu osnova unapređenja turističke ponude područja, ali su antropogene vrednosti  njena  potencijalno  adekvatna  dopuna  koja  uz  odgovarajuće  aktivnosti nadležnih  subjekata  može  uticati  jednim  delom  na  sadržajnu  diverzifikaciju turističke ponude područja. SWOT analizom se kroz njene sastavne faktore ukazalo na značajne pretpostavke u formiranju turističke ponude istraživanog područja, kao što se ukazalo i na pragove ograničenja, ali i na mogućnosti koje mogu poslužiti za umanjenje ili  prevazilaženje  nekih  od  njih.  Za  realizaciju  tih  mogućnosti  je  potrebna  svest lokalne zajednice o tome da se rezultati pojedinih negativnih procesa na delu područja (izraziti primer NP„Durmitor“) koji su motivisani kratkoročnim potrebama moraju sa aspekta kvaliteta prirodnih vrednosti, odraziti na iste kroz dugoročne implikacije.Osim  ovom  analizom,  značajna  saznanja  su  dobijena  i  iz  anketnog  istraživanja sprovedenog  na  uzorku  od200 slučajno  izabranih  turista  na  više  lokacija  unutar područja.  Rezultati  ovog  istraživanja  su  poslužili  kao  veoma  validan  indikator prednosti  i  nedostataka  aktuelne  turističke  ponude,  ali  i  nivoa  zadovoljstva anketiranih turista čime je takođe ukazano na smernice unapređenja pojedinih segmenata turističke ponude. Naglašenim aplikativnim karakterom ovaj deo istraživanja pruža odgovarajući  informativni  doprinos  nadležnim  turističkim  subjektima  kojim  seukazuje  na  anketnim  istraživanjem  utvrđen  stepen  afirmativnosti  mesta,  odnosno područja  u  celini.  Istovremeno,  rezultati  pomenutog  istraživanja  pružaju,  između ostalog, i značajne informacije koje se odnose na ostvaren kvalitet, kao i na izraženije preferiranje nekih segmenata turističke ponude pri čemu isto može poslužiti delom i kao polazna osnova u prilagođavanju pojedinih segmenata ponude potrebama turista. Istraživanjem  u  okviru  izrade  disertacije  je  konstatovatovana  prisutnost  određenediskoordinacije usled različitosti u nivoima nadležnosti i neujednačenosti u pogledu centralizacije/decentralizacije upravljanja nad pojedinim organizacionim subjektima. U vezi sa tim, a na osnovu rezultata proisteklih iz celokupno sprovedenog istraživanja kroz interdisciplinarni pristup došlo se do sagledavanja potrebe realizacije više konkretnih mera među kojima je jedna od njih potreba formiranja Regionalne turističke organizacije  što  je  jedna  od  predispozicija  koje  su  od  značaja  u  prosecu  boljeg pozicioniranja istraživanog područja kao turističke destinacije.
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The dissertation deals with the advancement possibilities of tourist offer in north western part of Montenegro (municipalities of Žabljak, Pljevlja, Plužine, Šavnik) based  on insufficiently utilised natural tourism values. Natural tourism values such as diverse, horizontally and vertically segmented relief, extremely complex geological formation, specific climate features, rivers and numerous mountain lakes, bio-diversity  of flora and fauna form the prospective ground for tourism offer advancement in this part of Montenegro jointly with protected natural assets (National Park Durmitor and Regional Park Piva). There is special emphasis on comprehension and evaluation of utilization level of natural tourism assets, as primary tourist motives within the boundaries of the researched area. Simultaneous to estimation and evaluation of the resources, certain activities have been proposed for their qualitative integration into the tourist offer of north western part of Montenegro. Realisation of the activities should impact the tourist offer advancement that can be achieved only by means of tourism development that is in concordance with ecology principles, especially related  to existing natural assets of this area. Moreover, the study of the issues describes the current condition of the total tourist offer which implies or should imply certain anthropogenic values of the researched area. In practice anthropogenic values were not included into the offer of the local travel agents. Instead, there was exclusive orientation towards the valorisation programmes of natural values (rafting, mountaineering, etc.). Natural values do create the basis for tourist offer advancement in the area, but anthropogenic values create prospective adequate complement to the  tourist offer which together with appropriateactivities of the subjects in charge may in return partly impact the content diversification of the tourist offer in the area. SWOT analysis by means of its constituent factors specifies the presuppositions in tourist offer creation of the researched area, identifies restriction factors and also the possibilities that may help to alleviate or surpass some of them. Furthermore, the realisation of the possibilities demands higher awareness of the local community on the issue that the results of certain negative processes in the part of the researched area (prominent example National Park Durmitor) motivated by short-termed needs must have long-termed impact on natural values in terms of quality. Apart from this analysis, important findings have been obtained by the questionnaire conducted on the sample of 200 randomly selected tourists on several locations within the area. The  results of the research serve as a valid indicator of strengths and weaknesses of the current tourist offer and the level of satisfaction of the respondents, which also indicates the directions for future improvement of certain segments within the tourist offer. This part of the research offers appropriate informative contribution to the tourism subjects by means of its highlighted applicative potential and defined level of affirmative features of the total area. At the same time the results of the research offer significant information on the achieved quality level and preferred segments of tourist  offer that may partly serve as the basisfor adaptation of certain segments within the offer to tourist needs. The research conducted for doctoral thesis highlighted certain discoordination due to differences  between the levels of responsibility and unevenly  entralised/decentralised management of organisational subjects. Related to this and based on the results of the research based on interdisciplinary approach several measures have been highlighted, among which the need to form Regional tourist organisation as one of the predispositions for the process of better positioning of the researched area as a tourist destination.

Maxim Gorky was one of the key figures of the twentieth century. In many coun- tries of the world: in the USA and Canada, Italy and Germany, China and Japan — Gorky is not only considered a world-class writer, but is also called one of the intel- lectual leaders of his time, whose voice the whole world listened to. In this work on an unknown archival material disclosed the global value of the writer’s personality and work, the influence of his philosophical and aesthetic views on the literature of other countries, his diverse ties with foreign writers, politicians, philosophers and artists. Gorky’s life and work are presented on a broad historical and philosophical background, which allows a new interpretation of such cardinal problems of the cen- tury as the assessment of wars and revolutions, social movements and literary move- ments. On the 150th anniversary of the birth of M. Gorky. The book is intended for philologists, historians, cultural scientists, as well as for a wide range of readers.

Chapter 3 presents a literary and linguistic historiography of the Svasthānīvratakathā textual tradition from the earliest extant manuscript of 1573 CE to the present. The chapter maps out major shifts as the text navigates seismic movement in Nepal’s dynamic linguistic and literary landscape when the Sanskrit cosmopolis of South Asia in the first millennium became the stomping ground for the vernacular languages of Newar and later Nepali in the second millennium. It argues that the shift from Sanskrit to Newar to Nepali is not a uniformly linear, downward vernacularization. The chapter further demonstrates the degree to which the textual shifts in the Svasthānīvratakathā both gave expression to and challenged the policies of the ruling elite regarding language, literature, and religious identity for their Newar and high-caste hill subjects alike following the political upheaval of the Gorkha conquest of the historically Newar Nepal Valley in the late eighteenth century.

The volume is based on the reports of the International scientific conference Merezhkovskys’ Circle: On the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary of Z.N. Gippius, hosted in December 2019 by A.M. Gorky IWL RAS in cooperation with the Library-Museum “A.F. Losev House.” Over 30 researchers from Russia, the USA, France, Montenegro, Poland, Lithuania and Japan, specializing in literary history of the late 19th and early 20th century, have participated in the conference. The collection includes three thematic sections. The first one contains articles on the poetry of Z. Gippius, the second concerns her prose fiction and egodocumental works. The third section considers the personality and legacy of Z. Gippius in a broad cultural, religious, theological and sociopolitical context. The publication of unknown and forgotten works and letters by Z. Gippius gives particular value to the collection, and in the appendix is a significantly expanded description of the Merezhkovskys’ home library in Paris. Previously unknown materials are introduced.

This book continues to introduce the reader to Russian-German literary relations in the 20th century. The results of the first stage of the research were presented in the collective work Russia — Germany: Literary Encounters (1918–1945) published by A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2017 with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant no. № 17-04-16003. The present study analyzes mutual influences, intersections, typological similarities, receptive projections and imagological concepts occurring at the borders of the cultural spaces of Germany and Russia in the second half of the 20th and the first third of the 21st century. The aim of this work is to complement or amend the existing knowledge of the literary and cultural interactions of the two countries after 1945. Like in the first book, special attention is paid to identifying the mechanisms of the perception of a foreign literature in the context of national regulatory language usage paradigm. The book studies direct and indirect contacts between the two literatures and helps isolate single elements of critical reflection in the field of meaning-making and on the level of the formation of motific, aesthetic and stylistic models of the text. This work, which includes the articles written by thirty Russian researches, is of theoretical and practical value and appeals to specialists in comparative studies, intercultural communication, history of German and Russian literature, as well as to a wide audience interested in these problems.

The study of the image of Vilnius in fiction literature distinguishes two most important components of the urban landscape, its architectural appearance and visual presentation – Castle Hill with Gediminas’ Tower and Christian churches. Poems by Fyodor Tyutchev, Valery Bryusov, poetic and prose works by Alexander Zhirkevich, Ilya Ehrenburg, Andrey Klyonov and other authors of the late 19th and 20th centuries act as a research material. Remains of the castle with the tower on a hill in the historical heart of Vilnius remind us of its original nature as a capital city, sovereign greatness, and twists and turns of history. Gothic, and mainly Baroque temples, express imperishable Christian values. Mostly Catholic temples are complemented by Orthodox churches. This combination reflects the complex interaction of Western and Eastern cultural worlds, in the borderlands of which Vilnius is located.

In the article the linguistic image of the terms “homeland”, “nation” and “freedom” in Jacek Kaczmarski’s songs has been analysed. The image of these values in the poet’s texts reflects his attitude to the communist homeland, as well as to the country, which has changed as a result of democratic transformations. The disappointment with the home country, nation living there and questionable freedom are expressed in Jacek Kaczmarski’ engaged poetry through characteristic words or expressions. The analysis of the linguistic image of the world consists in capturing lexemes and phrases being an interpretation of an average language user. This a tool for cognitive linguistics research. It has helped to demonstrate the poet’s negative opinion about the homeland, nation and freedom. The image of these values left by Jacek Kaczmarski dispels the myth of “the bard of Solidarity” which accompanied the poet from the beginning of his career. Captivity is shown by means of lexemes connected with dog’s life: kennel, chain, belonging to a certain group of people (we) in which the uniqueness of an entity disappears, as well as the fact that freedom needs guards. The homeland described by the poet is red, that is communist. According to the lyrical subject appearing in Jacek Kaczmarski’s songs, Poland is an illegitimate child of Versailles or gentry’s private patrimony. As regards nation, it has been divided for centuries as can be seen from the division of Polish people by axis they-we which was used by the poet. The soldier of Armia Krajowa [the Home Army] is not able to trust the representative of Armia Ludowa [the People’s Army] in spite of the fact that they have the same enemy. Jacek Kaczmarski also presents the megalomania of Sarmatians who describe other nations with pejorative and stereotypical expressions. The linguistic image of the world as a set of subjective judgements about the world is a linguistic interpretation of understanding words or sentences by an average language user. Studying the image of the world created by poets is useful in an analysis of social concerns of a given epoch, as well as in the interpretation of individual linguistic signs, which is necessary in cognitive research into language.

The Municipality of Kranjska Gora was chosen as a Pilot Action Region (PAR) due to its location in the Slovenian Alpine area, its extensive forest cover and its important role in tourism and sport activities. As an example of best practice in the implementation of ecosystem-based risk management, the environmentally-friendly construction of the new Nordic center in the Planica Valley is presented, with an emphasis on the role of various stakeholders in the fields of forestry, environmental protection and natural hazard management. The article also presents the forest and forestry in Slovenia and in the PAR, as well as the role of protective forests and other forest functions.

This chapter discusses the importance of evaluating ecosystem services by showcasing the Protected Areas Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT), which has been applied in seven Dinaric Arc countries, and has gathered information on a range of values and benefits that protected areas provide. The PA-BAT results presented here include data for protected areas in Serbia (national parks Tara, Djerdap, Fruška gora and Kopaonik, Landscape of exceptional features of Vlasina and Special Nature Reserve of the Upper Danube) and economic assessment of 22 protected area values with special reference to tourism and recreation. This chapter gives a brief overview of other analyzes and initiatives for assessing the value of ecosystem services related to protected areas in Serbia. This chapter aims to contribute to a better understanding and promotion of the concept of ecosystem services in tourism and other sectors using PA-BAT and other methods of evaluation of protected area services.

The present chapter has the aim to considerate the most significant aspects of chlorophyll (Chl) applications in the ecological study of fresh waters on the example of the Volga River reservoirs. Throughout the cascade of seven large reservoirs, Chl varied in wide range from 2.5–9 to over 100 μg/L with mean values of 16.5–41.2, 6.7–44.0, and 3.6–10.6 μg/L in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Volga, respectively. Mean Chl values that constantly decrease from the Upper Volga to Lower Volga, characterize Ivankovo, Uglich, and Cheboksary reservoirs as eutrophic, Saratov and Volgograd reservoirs as mesotrophic, while Gorky and Kuibyshev reservoirs in some years are mesotrophic or eutrophic. Chl seasonal dynamics in the Rybinsk reservoir that is dynamics of phytoplankton biomass, is characterized by spring, summer, and, in some years, autumn maxima. Water temperature and water regime of the reservoir are the main factors in Chl dynamics. Years with low-water conditions are favorable for the high Chl concentrations and intensive development of algae. Seasonally average Chl that make from 5 to 22 μg/L during 1969–2019, show variations in trophic state of reservoir from mesotrophic (Chl < 10 μg/L), to moderately eutrophic (10–15 μg/L), and eutrophic (15–22 μg/L).

Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA), in four coastal hydrographic stations of Colombian Pacific Ocean, were analyzed. The selected hydrographic stations were: Tumaco (1°48'N-78°45'W), Gorgona island (2°58'N-78°11'W), Solano Bay (6°13'N-77°24'W) and Malpelo island (4°0'N-81°36'W). SSTA time series for 1960-2015 were calculated from monthly Sea Surface Temperature obtained from International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). SSTA time series, Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO), Arctic Oscillation index (AO) and sunspots number (associated to solar activity), were compared. It was found that the SSTA absolute minimum has occurred in Tumaco (-3.93°C) in March 2009, in Gorgona (-3.71°C) in October 2007, in Solano Bay (-4.23°C) in April 2014 and Malpelo (-4.21°C) in December 2005. The SSTA absolute maximum was observed in Tumaco (3.45°C) in January 2002, in Gorgona (5.01°C) in July 1978, in Solano Bay (5.27°C) in March 1998 and Malpelo (3.64°C) in July 2015. A high correlation between SST and ONI in large part of study period, followed by a good correlation with PDO, was identified. The AO and SSTA have showed an inverse relationship in some periods. Solar Cycle has showed to be a modulator of behavior of SSTA in the selected stations. It was determined that extreme values of SST are related to the analyzed large scale oscillations.

Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA), in four coastal hydrographic stations of Colombian Pacific Ocean, were analyzed. The selected hydrographic stations were: Tumaco (1°48'N-78°45'W), Gorgona island (2°58'N-78°11'W), Solano Bay (6°13'N-77°24'W) and Malpelo island (4°0'N-81°36'W). SSTA time series for 1960-2015 were calculated from monthly Sea Surface Temperature obtained from International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). SSTA time series, Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO), Arctic Oscillation index (AO) and sunspots number (associated to solar activity), were compared. It was found that the SSTA absolute minimum has occurred in Tumaco (-3.93°C) in March 2009, in Gorgona (-3.71°C) in October 2007, in Solano Bay (-4.23°C) in April 2014 and Malpelo (-4.21°C) in December 2005. The SSTA absolute maximum was observed in Tumaco (3.45°C) in January 2002, in Gorgona (5.01°C) in July 1978, in Solano Bay (5.27°C) in March 1998 and Malpelo (3.64°C) in July 2015. A high correlation between SST and ONI in large part of study period, followed by a good correlation with PDO, was identified. The AO and SSTA have showed an inverse relationship in some periods. Solar Cycle has showed to be a modulator of behavior of SSTA in the selected stations. It was determined that extreme values of SST are related to the analyzed large scale oscillations.

Since the European Commission launched the Circular Economy Package in December 2015 named “Closing the loop: EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy”, many changes are expected both in European Union economy as well as in the Member States’ national economies. Due to new Package, a transposition of legislation is required as well as adjusting the business climate and citizens’ habits in order to fully implement the Package and experience the benefits of Circular Economy in Europe. The transition to a new economy pattern Commission perceived as essential due to new economic, global and environmental challenges. Assessing the waste management, the data showed that some member states already recycle almost 80 % of waste, while others are far away from achieving the Europe 2020 Strategy goals, including Croatia. The Circular Economy Package is nowadays part of EU Green Deal, one of the highest ranked strategic documents, which emphasizes the need for efficient use of resources by transition to the clean circular economy approach as well as to renew the biodiversity and to decrease the pollution. The authors analyse legislative framework and trends in green economy, with special attention on Croatia, and Primorje-Gorski Kotar county. This paper emphasizes the significance of the Circular Economy and its benefits and present the policy implementation capacities on the national and regional level to implement the circular approach to economic process.

Joseph Stalin, as the ruler of the USSR, invited Maxim Gorky (who was living in Europe at that time) to return home to preach and consolidate socialist realism, and so socialist realism was established in Russia in the 1930s. Gorky played an important role in Russian literature during this time, while in China, different writers also introduced socialist realism through various literary translations of Russian writers, among which Gorky’s works were the most translated. Gorky advocated for the combination of realism and romanticism. He described positive heroes in his works and valued humanity. These thoughts, however, were interpreted in diverse ways by various Chinese writers, which were split into two teams. One team was represented by Zhou Yang (周 扬) and Xiao San (萧三), who underlined the political function of literature; the other team was represented by Hu Feng (胡风) and Mao Dun (茅盾), who were instead in favor of the fusion of the idea of humanism with socialist realism. This article begins with an introduction of Gorky’s thought through various literary works translated in the 1930s, representing the spread of Gorky’s ideas throughout China. The author then focuses on the different interpretations of his thoughts presented by Zhou Yang, Xiao San together with Hu Feng, and Mao Dun. The purpose of this article is first to elaborate on the significance of Gorky’s thoughts for Chinese literature in the 1930s, then to analyze the different interpretations of his thoughts, which serves to explain the reasoning for different interpretations and the objectives of these Chinese writers who put forward different perceptions of Gorky’s word. Finally, this article will conclude by analyzing whose interpretation is closer to Gorky’s original thoughts.

Abstract: the influence of environmental conditions on the formation of the aquatic landscapes of the Don Valley within the reserve "Galichya Gora" has been studied. It has been established that the formation of the chemical composition of water and the decrease in its quality are significantly influenced by an increase in anthropogenic load in the catchment area. Hydrochemical studies have determined the features of the ionic composition of natural waters of the Galichyegorsky section of the Don River flow within the Lipetsk region.

Nifedipine, as other calcium channel blockers, has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by various agonists in vitro. The therapeutic relevance of these findings are, however, questionable, as in vitro inhibition of platelet function occurs at plasma concentrations of nifedipine in excess of 50 uM, while the peak plasma concentration following a single 10 mg oral dose of nifedipine is only 0.2 uM. We have used the Haemostatometer, to assess the effect of nifedipine on haemostasis ex vivo. This instrument allows quantitative assessment of haemostasis by monitoring the pattern of haemostatic plug formation (HPF) in holes punched through polyethylene tubing through which non-anticoagulated blood flows under standard conditions (1,2). The pattern and speed of blood coagulation subsequent to HPF was measured as was the spontaneous thrombolysis time (STT) (taken as the time until expulsion of the haemostatic plug from heparinised blood). All values are for mean + SEM.Blood samples were taken from 10 healthy volunteers before and ninety minutes after a single 10 mg oral dose of nifedipine. Following nifedipine, the initial phase of the haemostatic reaction (HPF) was prolonged from 0.95 ± 0.12 min to 1.57 ± 0.14 min, (p< 0.01); clotting time was also increased from 13.1 ± 1.1 min to 20.7 ± 2.3 min, (p=0.013), and the STT fell from 48.0 ± 9.9 min to 27.5 ± 4.6 min (p=0.014).The increased bleeding time (HPF) provides evidence that a therapeutic dose of nifedipine evokes an anti-platelet effect. The prolongation of the clotting time seen in this study could be explained by,an effect of nifedipine on platelets and hence clotting. The mechanism of the enhanced spontaneous thrombolysis following nifedipine is not known.We suggest that the effect of nifedipine on haemostasis and thrombolysis may contribute to its therapeutic effect.(1) Gorog P and Kovacs I B. Haemostasis 16: 337-345, 1986.(2) Gorog P. Angiology 37: 99-105, 1986.

Diabetics have an increased risk of developing coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vascular occlusions. The mechanism of the accelerated haemostatic/thrombotic system is not known and studies on 'hyperactive platelets' and the fibrinolytic system in diabetes are inconclusive. We have used the Haemostatometer to assess haemostasis and thrombolysis in diabetic patients. The Haemostatometer, a new instrument, allows quantitative measurement of haemostasis by monitoring the pattern of haemostatic plug formation (HPF) in holes punched through polyethylene tubing through which non-anticoagulated blood flows under standard conditions (1,2). The pattern and speed of blood coagulation subsequent to HPF was also measured as was the spontaneous thrombolysis time (STT) (taken as the time until expulsion of the haemostatic plug from heparinised blood). Blood was sampled from 20 diabetic patients (10 insulin (IDD) and 10 non-insulin dependant (NIDD)) as well as 20 age mathched controls. All values are for mean ± SEM. Both IDD and NIDD had shorter bleeding times (HPF) than did controls: 2.16 ± 0.44 min vs 3.08 ± 1.14 min (p=0.03) (the initial phase of HPF was even more significantly shorter: 0.53 ± 0.06 min vs 1.03 ± 0.14 min (p<0.0l). The STT in NIDD was significantly longer than in controls: 56.8 ± 3.1 min vs 36.9 ± 4.0 min (p=0.002) while in IDD, the STT was shorter at 22.0 ± 0.5 min (p=0.018 when compared vs controls 36.9 ± 4.0 min).The shortened bleeding time (HPF) in diabetics is most probably a manifestation of hyperactive platelets and could contribute to the increased risk of thrombosis seen. In NIDD the prolonged thrombolysis (STT) may be a contributing factor to the development of diabetic angiopathy, which is thought to be prevented by good diabetic control (ie insulin). This suggests that the diabetic vascular endothelium retains some capacity to generate plasminogen activator in response to insulin.(1). Gorog P and Kovacs IB. Haemostasis 16: 337-345, 1986.(2). Gorog P. Angiology 37: 99-105, 1986.

The rare book section appeared in the library named after M.V. Lomonosov 8 years ago. This fund is small - only a couple of hundred books. However, its value is measured not by size, but by uniqueness. The basis of the fund is made up of editions of the XIX–XX centuries. In terms of its content, the fund is universal. Most of it is fiction. In addition, there is popular science literature of past centuries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, newspapers. The collection of rare books includes: the collection “Poems and Prose Articles” by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, published in 1886 and donated in 1984 by the poet Ion Odobescu; A. Glazunov, 1895 edition; I. Turgenev –1898; M. Gorky – 1901; Emilian Bukov – 1938; V. Zhukovsky – 1902; N. Leskov – 1903; P. Tchaikovsky – 1908; I. Brahms – 1873; M. Yu. Lermonotov – 1940; H. Wells – 1909 “Otechestvennye zapiski” – 1840; “Bulletin of Europe” – 1879; “Course of Geography of NonEuropean Countries” – 1905; “Niva” – 1899; K. Marx’s “Capital” – published in 1950 and much more. Our books are not museum pieces. They form part of the actively used collection of the library. Any interested reader can get acquainted with the collection of rare books on the website of the library M. V. Lomonosov in the “Rare Books” section.

The aim of this work is to present the diversity of flora in terms of ecological requirements. The research was conducted in the area of two urban parks in the area of two cities in southern Poland: Bedzin and Czeladz. These parks were established in different historical periods, and were planned (and are managed) differently. The results of the investigation have shown that the occurrence of 192 vascular species has been observed in the Gora Zamkowa (Castle Hill) Park, while in the Grabek park, 334 such species are known to exist. Such disparity is the result of the occurrence of micro-habitats and of the differences between the ways the two parks are managed. It is also due to these parks’ different functions. In the first case, the park area is protected by law. In the latter case, human activity has created a new ecological niche for organisms with a high degree of ecological tolerance. Based on the ecological values, the following groups of plants were distinguished: saxi-frages grasslands, xerothermic grasslands, beech forests, alder forests and artificial planted trees. Analysis has shown that ur-ban parks are potential places for growth various type of vegetation and also for increasing biodiversity, and can constitute particularly important hotspots for biodiversity in the cityscape, even if their primary role is recreational. As the study shows, the environment of a highly urbanized and industrialized region can also have a positive influence on ecological and floristic diversity.