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1
Krasil’nikova, Elena Anatol’evna. "Development of Goods Circulation under the Influence of Digitization and Technological Transformations." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 720–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2142.
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Fyl, Ruslan, and Galina Luk'yanova. "ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS AGAINST CONTROLLING GOODS TURNOVER." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-165-169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this article is to describe the content of the economic and legal bases of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods. Using systemic and formal-logical methods, the amount of economic losses is outlined and the magnitudes of consequences arising from the circulation of counterfeit goods for the state, patent holders, consumers and manufacturers of counterfeits are outlined. It has been stated that drugs, toys, agrochemicals, and foodstuffs are the most counterfeit at the moment and are not only supported by crime as a crime in the field of intellectual property, but also endanger the lives and healths. Considering the market of counterfeit goods described its features, which are that the operation indicated the author but due to factors such as low solvency of the population in developing countries; the inability to sell counterfeit products separately from the original products, due to the fact that the original products are used for masking in the sale of counterfeiting; lack of specialized equipment for establishing counterfeit goods and knowledge of the original; scale and narrow specialization of counterfeit goods market participants; the transnational nature of this market; splicing organized crime with law enforcement agencies; high profitability of counterfeit market. The practical importance of the research is the documentary analysis examines the international legal aspects of counterfeiting of such goods and notes that the rules of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS and the EU Customs Regulation on Intellectual Property Observance set out measures to combat trafficking in goods that infringes intellectual property rights. Consequently, successfully tackling counterfeit goods trafficking requires a constant search for innovative methods of struggle. An effective strategy for overcoming this phenomenon should combine the various measures of its counteraction, all of them should be used in a coordinated and systematic way, complementing each other. Therefore, both economic and political management methods must be taken into account to overcome the counterfeit. And only their optimal combination will have the greatest effect in the formation of concepts of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods. And this is definitely worth the effort since the innovative and economic development of the state depends on solving the problem of creating an effective system of protection of intellectual property rights. Methodology. A methodological framework of the economic and legal bases of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods is defined by the complex of scientific cognition methods that allow us to look at this problem as a multi-aspect, interdisciplinary phenomenon. On the basis of the system, structural, systemic-functional and other scientific approaches, the idea of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods has formed a complex systemic category covering the theoretical and practical level of economic and legal activity.
3
Kononenko, S. V. "Tax administration object in the field of excisable goods circulation." Legal position 29, no. 4 (2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32836/2521-6473.2020-4.4.
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Bortko, Kamil, Patryk Pazura, Juho Hamari, Piotr Bartków, and Jarosław Jankowski. "From the Hands of an Early Adopter’s Avatar to Virtual Junkyards: Analysis of Virtual Goods’ Lifetime Survival." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071268.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the major questions in the study of economics, logistics, and business forecasting is the measurement and prediction of value creation, distribution, and lifetime in the form of goods. In ”real” economies, a perfect model for the circulation of goods is impossible. However, virtual realities and economies pose a new frontier for the broad study of economics, since every good and transaction can be accurately tracked. Therefore, models that predict goods’ circulation can be tested and confirmed before their introduction to ”real life” and other scenarios. The present study is focused on the characteristics of early-stage adopters for virtual goods, and how they predict the lifespan of the goods. We employ machine learning and decision trees as the basis of our prediction models. Results provide evidence that the prediction of the lifespan of virtual objects is possible based just on data from early holders of those objects. Overall, communication and social activity are the main drivers for the effective propagation of virtual goods, and they are the most expected characteristics of early adopters.
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Dennis, M. "Out of circulation: no trade mark infringement of goods in transit." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 3, no. 6 (April 14, 2008): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpn068.
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Santana-Acuña, Álvaro. "Aesthetic Labeling and Scale Shifting in Cultural Production and Circulation." Journal of World Literature 5, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 545–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00504004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Scholarship on production of cultural goods highlights translation of literary works as a key mechanism of cultural circulation. This article rethinks circulation beyond translation. It argues that changes in aesthetic labels applied to cultural goods can prompt a scale shifting that favors the diffusion of these goods beyond their vernacular space of circulation. This article studies the transnational success of the label literatura latinoamericana, which from the 1960s onward gained acceptance in Spanish, English, French, and other languages as the label that best captured the region’s literary uniqueness. This change in aesthetic labeling made it possible for literatura latinoamericana to enter world literature and for literary works such as One Hundred Years of Solitude to circulate at an unprecedented scale, as international bestsellers and classics. The article finds that aesthetic labeling – a “cultural kind” in the arts – is a far-reaching and understudied mechanism in cultural production and circulation.
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Frederickson, Kathleen. "Getting the Goods in Little Dorrit." Nineteenth-Century Literature 75, no. 2 (September 2020): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2020.75.2.159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kathleen Frederickson “Getting the Goods in Little Dorrit: Quarantine’s Queer Logistics” (pp. 159–183) Most queer readings of Charles Dickens’s Little Dorrit (1857) have focused on Miss Wade as a figure of proto-sexological pathology. Flipping critical attention to Tattycoram instead allows us to reexamine sexuality and quarantine in economic terms. Dickens chooses quarantine over other possible spaces of touch and confinement because it flags Tattycoram’s entry into the plot around these economics of circulation—the ability to profit from the movement rather than the production of commodities. In the 1820s, when Little Dorrit is set, a vocal anti-quarantine lobby was stridently lamenting the financial losses occasioned by holding goods in quarantine as they came into Europe from the Levant—a lament that was especially loud when it came to the costs incurred by northern mill owners who were importing increasingly large quantities of cotton from plague-prone Egypt. Dickens invokes the quarantine as the origin point of the connection between Tattycoram and Miss Wade to route a set of Gothic thematics through a scanty but significant plot structure that relies on what I call “logistical aesthetics,” by which I mean logistics rendered as form and tone, even when emptied of substantial parts of its diegetic function. Little Dorrit mixes its interest in the circulation of capital with the economics of inheritance, figured most prominently in the movement of the iron box containing the details of Arthur Clennam’s parentage. Tattycoram’s couriering of this box borrows the logistical urgency of anti-quarantine critique seemingly in the service of narrative resolution, drawing on logistics as a formal resource that substitutes narrative value for an absented economic value that, the novel suggests, occupies the place of her queerness. This joint focus on delivery and inheritance, moreover, strongly shapes the politics of kinship, intimacy, and desire for Tattycoram and Miss Wade.
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Gallardo, Francisco, Itací Correa, Gonzalo Pimentel, and José Francisco Blanco. "CONSUMPTION CONSUMES: CIRCULATION, EXCHANGE, AND VALUE OF SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA BLACK POLISHED CERAMICS." Latin American Antiquity 28, no. 2 (June 2017): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2017.15.
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Exchange goods contribute to social complexity and identity construction, but our knowledge of past practices associated with the circulation and consumption of such goods is limited. We explore the polished black ceramics of the San Pedro de Atacama oasis in northern Chile, which were widely traded during the first seven centuries A.D. In particular, we consider the relationships established between the agricultural and pastoral communities of the highland oases and the marine hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Pacific coast in order to examine the circulation and consumption of exotics as prestige goods.
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Tarasiutina, S. "FEATURES MERCHANDISING RESEARCH OF MEDICAL GOODS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article outlines the issues of conducting forensic examination of medical goods. Attention is focused on regulating the turnover and sale of such goods by relevant regulatory and technical documents. According to the results of expert practice, the need for the creation of the research work “Methodological recommendations for merchandising research of medical goods” was revealed.
In order to optimize the work during the study, special attention is paid to the classification of goods. Despite the fact that the life and health of each of us depends on the safety and effectiveness of medical goods, the transparency and clarity of the settlement of legal relations in the production and circulation of these products guarantee its quality. Due to the imbalance of the economy, there is a cessation or a significant decrease in the volume of production of the pharmacy assortment, at the same time, the market is saturated with low-quality or counterfeit goods. The main areas of falsification: assortment, quality, value, quantitative, information. The careful application of merchandising analysis at all stages of product distribution, including when placing an order for a product, receiving it, evaluating it by quantity and quality, as well as when storing it in a pharmacy, pharmacy or medical treatment, can help eliminate or suspend these negative processes in practical pharmacy. preventive institution. Commodity analysis allows you to identify high-quality medical supplies by the organoleptic method, check their quantity, assortment accessories, evaluate their safety and the like. The following types of merchandising analysis are distinguished: documentary, qualitative, quantitative, assortment and complex. An integral part of any product is its labeling - a carrier of relevant information both about the product itself and about items related to its circulation. Starting January 1, 2019, mandatory marking was introduced using units of the International System (SI). Changes in the legislative framework regarding the taxation of medical goods affect their value.
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Bernadin, Viktor. "CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES IN THE CIRCULATION OF EXCISABLE GOODS." Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law 12 (2019): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.12.30.
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Campoy-Cubillo, Adolfo. "Global goods and the Spanish empire, 1492–1824: circulation, resistance and diversity." Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 18, no. 3 (June 20, 2017): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2017.1340131.
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Cholez, Céline, and Pascale Trompette. "Economic circuits in Madagascar: “Agencing” the circulation of goods, accounts and money." Consumption Markets & Culture 19, no. 1 (September 15, 2015): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2015.1067201.
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Korotun, Volodymyr, Nadiia Novytska, and Inna Khlebnikova. "ILLICIT MARKET FOR TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL IN UKRAINE: METHOD OF STATISTICAL EVALUATION." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(55) (2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.02.043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Illegal trade in alcoholic beverages / tobacco products deprives the state of tax revenues and increases the availability of such excisable goods around the world, undermining the goals of social policy. In this regard, the most urgent issue is the introduction and implementation of effective control strategies for the circulation of such goods based on the assessment of their illegal circulation. Accordingly, the urgent issue is the development of a methodology for assessing such illegal circulation and its use in the practice of fiscal authorities, it will allow obtaining information on the volume of non-receipt of excise tax and the effectiveness of controls on illegal circulation. Proceeding from the peculiarities of the development of the alcohol and tobacco segments of the excisable goods market in Ukraine, the authors of the article have developed and proposed a Methodology for assessing the illegal circulation of such excisable goods, it involves the use of macro methods, in particular, the method for estimating the implementation and method of estimating tax revenue losses. The source data base of the Methodology was provided by the official statistics of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the United Nations Trade Commerce Statistics Database, WHO data and the Second Global Adult Tobacco Survey. The purpose of the article is a development of methodology for statistical estimation of the volumes and share of illicit market for tobacco and alcohol and tax gap from such treatment. Results. The proposed methodology consists of four stages, which provide for the determination of the volume of consumption of alcoholic beverages / tobacco products and their sales in the retail chain; trade gap and adjusting the volume of sales of cigarettes in the retail chain; volumes and shares of illegal circulation; the tax break and its share in total tax revenues. Conclusionof the evaluation of the illegal circulation of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products according to the Methodology is indicate about the significant part of them from the legal market of such excisable goods, which was made up 36% for alcoholic beverages on average for 2012–2016, and for tobacco products in the scenario, adjustment of sales volume for trade the gap was 19,3%, in the scenario without adjustment was 13,1%. In turn, the share of losses of excise tax and VAT receipts from illegal circulation of alcoholic beverages / tobacco products was 4,8% in total tax revenues during the analyzed period in the first scenario and in the second scenario was 4,4%.
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Lapin, Sergey Sergeevich. "THE CONCEPT OF GOODS AS AN OBJECT OF COMMERCIAL LAW." Chronos 6, no. 2(52) (February 13, 2021): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-52-2-23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims to outline the exhaustive characteristics of the goods in the trade circulation, as well as to establish specific features that reveal the essence of goods in this area, which should be taken into account by contracting parties nowadays. The task of the research is to develop the concept of an item of goods as an object of commercial law through the formulation of its concept, taking into account all the latest legal and doctrinal ideas about it.
15
Rigaux, Francois. "Libre circulation des biens culturels et protection des tresors nationaux." European Review of Private Law 2, Issue 1 (March 1, 1994): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl1994005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zusammenfassung. Freier Verkehr von Kulturgütern und der Schutz von ‘nationalen Schätzen’. Die Verordnung der EG-Kommission zum Export von Kulturgütern und die Direktive hinsichtlich der Rückschaffung (Wiederherstellung) von Kulturgütern, die illegal aus dem Temtorium eines Mitgliedstaates entfernt wurden (O.J.E.C. Nr. L 395/1,31 Dezember 1992; Nr L 74/74, 27 März 1993), befassen sich rnit dem Transfer solcher Güter zwischen den Mitgliedstaten und dem Export dieser Gütern zu Nicht-Mitgliedstaaten. Beide Instmmentarien haben das Ziel, Art. 36 des EG-Vertrages, der die Mitgliedsstaaten dazu ermächtigt, die Entfernung von nationalen Kulturgütern von künstlerichem Wert, – sogar in andere Mitgliedstaaten – zu verbieten, mit der Verabschiedung jeglicher (systematischer) Kontrolle des freien Waren-verkehrs nach dem 1. Januar 1993 in Einklang zu bringen. Dieser Aufsatz versucht, beide vorliegende Instmmente und die damit zu erwartenden juristischen Probleme zu analysieren. Außerdem werden die Konseauenzen hinsichtlich der Abgabe von Kompetenzen für die Bauwerke und Sehenswürdigkeiten der Belgischen Regionen aufgezeigt. Die Nationalen Stellen, die die nationalen Kulturgüter zu schützen haben, sind nicht länger Autoritäten (Behörden) des belgischen Staates, aber has vorgesehene Recht, die Rückschaffung der Kulturgüter einzufordern, wird – im Einklang mit dem EG-Recht – innerhalb der Kompetenz der Mitgliedsstaaten bleiben. Abstract. Free movement of cultural goods and protection of national treasures. The EEC regulation on the export of cultural goods and the EEC directive on the restitution of cultural goods illicitly removed from the territory of a Member State (O.J.E.C. n° L 39511, 1992, December 31, n° L 74/74, 1993, March 27) are concerned with the transfer of such goods between the Member States and the export of such goods to non Member States. Both instruments aim to reconcile Article 36 of the EEC Treaty which empowers a Member State to forbid the removal of ‘national treasures’ of art, even to other Member States, and the abolition of any systematic control on the free movement of goods after 1 January 1993. The paper deals with the analysis of both instruments and the juridicial difficulties they will raise. Moreover it indicates the consequences of the devolution of competences, for the monuments and sites to the Belgian Regions. The ‘national’ authorities competent to protect ‘national treasures’ are no longer the authorities of the Belgian State, but the right to require the restitution provided for by the directive will remain, according to EEC law, within the competence of the Member States.
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Некрасова, Н. І. "SUBJECTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELD OF TURNOVER OF MEDICAL ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL PRODUCTS IN UKRAINE." Juridical science 1, no. 4(106) (April 2, 2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-106-4-1.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relevance of the article is that the creation of a quality system of public administration in various spheres of society is a priority of the domestic public administration. In accordance with such areas, public administration in the field of circulation of medical equipment and medical supplies in Ukraine belongs, in particular, the administration is carried out through a system of state and non-state bodies. Accordingly, the subjects of public administration must create all the necessary conditions in our country to provide quality medical services and ensure the right of citizens to treatment and maintenance of life. In addition, before we begin to consider our issues, we need to clarify such legal concepts as "public administration", "public administration" and "as public administration". Thus, revealing the essence of the topic "Subjects of public administration in the field of circulation of medical equipment and medical supplies in Ukraine", we must consider the most important aspects of their activities and determine their list. The purpose of the article is to determine the main subjects of public administration in the field of circulation of medical equipment and medical goods in Ukraine on the basis of the works of legal scholars. It is determined that the State Service of Ukraine for Medicines and Drug Control as a subject of public administration in the field of circulation of medical equipment and medical supplies in Ukraine is one of the main bodies of public administration, which in accordance with its powers should control the circulation of medical equipment and goods for medical purposes in Ukraine, in particular, should also be introduced control over the electronic system of circulation of such funds (which should include all elements of their circulation - from the stage of creation to their disposal). Entities of public administration in the field of circulation of medical equipment and medical supplies in Ukraine are an organizational and structural set of administrative bodies that have legal authority to state interests in the import, production, supply and circulation of quality goods in the field of medical equipment and medical supplies.
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SALYAKHOVA, A. Sh. "HOW TO ENSURE THE MONEY CIRCULATION WITHOUT THE SYSTEM OF TAXATION?" EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 6 (2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.06.02.005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The principles of the undertaking as of the centre of money and of goods, which invited to organize in the sphere of the every monеtary unit so as to guarantee the circulation to its without the system of taxation, is demonstrated in the article. Proof is given that the sort undertaking will be the guarantor of stability of value of the monetary unit and will facilitate to conduct of the plan production of all kinds goods in the State.
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Topchiyiv, Alexandr G., Vitalii A. Sych, Victoria V. Yavorska, Kateryna V. Kolomiyets, Alexander V. Hryhoriev, and Ihor V. Hevko. "Methodological principles of systematics of recreational goods." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents an overview of modern directions and approaches to systematics of recreational resources (goods). The purpose of our study is to develop methodological principles of systematics of recreational goods, taking into account their subject specificity and modern research approaches to the systematics of natural, historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions and resources. The article has been used development by domestic and foreign scientists, as well as preliminary author’s studies. Working-out of a scheme of recreational goods systematics took place on the basis of a dialectical approach, which requires all phenomena and processes in their development, interconnection, and interdependence. The article presents an overview of modern directions and approaches to the systematics of recreational goods and provides a general methodological scheme of systematics of recreational goods. The proposed scheme includes the division of recreational goods to natural, cultural and historical and socio-economic, as well as directions of use by recreational goods – public, collective and personality. The intersections of these categories are marked by the main methodological approaches to the evaluation of recreational conditions and recreational resources. For each direction of the classification and systematics of recreational goods, it is necessary to develop methodological principles and methodological means of inventory and assessing the corresponding combination of recreational conditions and resourceswith forms of use by recreation goods. Such justification also requires enclosed blocks of recreational conditions and resources and social varieties of use. Recreational conditions and resources of public usage are available for all users without restrictions of property rights; they are considered as global civilization goods as the “property” of the world community; they do not have the content of the goods and do not form appropriate market relations, as a rule, a global or regional spatial scale. Recreational conditions and resources of collective usage form natural and geographical objects and phenomena with different forms of ownership (state, corporate) and collective (group) use. They can be shared by common goods, do not have a form of commodity and not take part in market commodity- money circulation. Recreational conditions and resources of individual usage are private or group property of vacationers. They remain outside the economic assessment, but can also form their market environments with competitive relations and be objects of commodity-money circulation.
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De Lucia, Luca. "One and Triune – Mutual Recognition and the Circulation of Goods in the EU." Review of European Administrative Law 13, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187479820x16007576818771.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article deals with mutual recognition in relation to the free movement of goods and aims to demonstrate that, as a result of harmonisation policies, this principle is not unitary in its design. Focusing in particular on the role of national authorities (or that of other bodies that carry out this same function), it examines three models through which mutual recognition operates. These models are: a) mutual recognition under the Treaty (the European legislator has laid down three different regulations over the years to facilitate the functioning of this mechanism); b) transnational administrative authorisations; c) conformity assessments and certifications of conformity issued by notified bodies. This article first highlights how these models protect the free circulation of goods to varying extents and how they are aimed at coordinating different forms of pluralism: regulatory, administrative and that of the market. Two legislative developments regarding this subject are then briefly discussed. Finally, after having mentioned some consequences of the harmonisation legislation on the principle of mutual recognition, some observations are made about possible research developments in this matter.
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Czetwertyński, Sławomir. "Non-market information goods circulation and the copying culture in the Internet era." Ekonomia i Prawo 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2016.030.
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Taché, Karine. "New Perspectives on Meadowood Trade Items." American Antiquity 76, no. 1 (January 2011): 41–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.1.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Early Woodland times, the creation of vast interaction spheres resulted in the widespread circulation of various objects and raw materials across northeastern North America. In this article, I discuss the contexts and spatial distribution of Meadowood trade items from over 240 archaeological sites. Traditionally viewed by William A. Ritchie as cult-related items, Meadowood artifacts have subsequently been interpreted as participating in a risk-buffering strategy. Alternatively, I present arguments supporting the role of Meadowood artifacts as part of a strategy used by a few individuals or corporate groups to increase their status through privilege access to rare and highly valued goods. Socially valued goods can be used in multiple ways and documenting this complexity is a prerequisite to understanding the mechanisms underlying the circulation of goods within the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, the structure of the network, and the incentives of the participating groups. This article stresses the need to move beyond the dichotomy between utilitarian/subsistence-related goods and non-utilitarian/ritual artifacts.
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Purnasari, Nina, Micelle Shelina, Ferdinand Lumbantobing, Erika Sirait, and Jan Evanyias Pasaribu. "Pengaruh Penjualan, Hutang Lancar, Modal Kerja dan Perpurtaran Persediaan Terhadap Laba Bersih pada Perusahaan Industri Barang Konsumsi di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2014-2018." Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 5, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v5i1.299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the study is to test and analyze the effect of sales, current liabilities, working capital and inventory circulation on the net profit of industry consumption goods listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period of 2014- 2018. The research used in a quantitative research approach and the nature of this research is a causal research. The research populations were all companies of industry consumption listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange totaling 23 companies. The research sample were 115 data, drawn by purposive sampling technique. The research data were analyzed by using multiple regression analysis using F test and the T test and the coefficient of determination was obtained by the value of adjusted R Square meaning that the variations in variables of sales, current liabilities, working capital and inventory circulation, while were explained by other independent variables, by testing the classic assumption using SPSS 23. The research finding showed that partially sales, current liabilities and working capital had a significant effect on net income while inventory circulation had no effect to net income in industry consumption goods listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2014- 2018. Simultaneosly sales, current liabilities, working capital, inventory goods had a significant effect on net income in industry consumption goods listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2014-2018.
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Volpp, Sophie. "The Literary Circulation of Actors in Seventeenth-Century China." Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 3 (August 2002): 949–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3096352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Actors were luxury goods traded among the elite in late Ming and early Qing China. Not only individual actors but entire troupes were sold, bestowed upon friends, and bequeathed upon relatives. Their circulation served to create and maintain networks of social exchange, in much the same manner as did gifts of fine ceramic ware, calligraphic scrolls, and ancient bronzes. The cultural prestige of the actor as a luxury good, in turn, was predicated on a highly refined discourse of connoisseurship. For example, the theater aficionado Pan Zhiheng's (1556–1622) disquisitions on the art of acting were collected in a volume entitledChongding xinshang pian(Recompiled texts on connoisseurship), published between 1600 and 1640 (Clunas 1991, 36). In this essay, I discuss the social significance of the connoisseurship of the actor, examining the exchange of actors and poems among a rarefied stratum of the mid-seventeenth-century elite.
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BERNADIN, Viktor. "Problem issues of penalties execution in administrative cases about excisable goods offenses." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.2.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the problematic issues of determining the peculiarities of implementation of rulings on cases of administrative offenses in the sphere of circulation of excisable goods. The nuances of calculating the terms of execution of the resolution in the case of administrative offenses are determined, as well as the reasons for delaying its execution for a term of up to one month. Іntroduction reveals the relevance of research into problematic issues of enforcement of administrative offenses in the field of excise goods circulation, as well as reveals the state of research in this area. All of the above determines the relevance of research on the administrative offenses in the sphere of circulation of excisable goods. Purpose of the article is to investigate the peculiarities of such a stage of administrative offenses in the enforcement of rulings. Results of the article substantiate that the content of the request for enforcement of the enforcement order is not a one-off action, but a specific activity of the authority or official who made it, consisting, first, of timely delivery or sending to the offender a copy of the administrative decision , explanations to the offender of the order and conditions of its execution; second, timely submission of the decision to the executing authority; third, the control over the enforcement of the decision imposing administrative penalties and resolving other issues such as: delay of execution, suspension of enforcement, statute of limitations, etc. Conclusions state that the enforcement of the decision imposing an administrative penalty should be carried out within three months, which are specified in the legislation. This term should be considered as the general statute of limitations on the enforcement of rulings on imposition of administrative penalties, and "appeal to enforcement" cannot be considered as a fact of sending a decision to the executing authority within three months. The expiry of the three-month period from the date of the ruling should make it impossible to continue its implementation.
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Ankersmit, Laurens. "What if Cassis de Dijon were Cassis de Quebec? The assimilation of goods of third country origin in the internal market." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 5 (October 1, 2013): 1387–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper attempts to reconcile the principle of assimilation with the principle of mutual recognition with respect to third country goods entering the EU. It argues that third country goods in free circulation should benefit from the principle of mutual recognition when imported into other Member States if those goods are marketable in any one of the Member States. Following the principle of assimilation, such goods should be able to rely on Article 34 TFEU "without distinction" between goods of EU origin and third country origin. Mutual recognition, on the other hand, allows traders to challenge indistinctly applicable product rules if goods are "lawfully produced and marketed in another Member State". This article assesses four different ways of reconciling these two principles. The article argues that the preferred option is to allow goods in free circulation that are "lawfully marketable" in another Member State to benefit from the presumption of equivalence that follows from mutual recognition when those goods are imported into another Member State. This is the least trade restrictive way to achieve the fundamental purpose of mutual recognition: subjecting goods within the EU internal market, as much as possible, to only one set of technical regulations, not two or zero. If goods of third country origin can be marketed in one Member State according its technical rules, those goods should be presumed to meet equivalent standards set by the Member State of importation. The burden of proof should be on the Member State seeking to apply its technical rules to the imported products in question to demonstrate their necessityin light of public interest requirements.
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De la Serna Nasser, Bruno. "José Luis Gasch-Tomás, The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleons. Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empire, 1565-1650." Estudios de Historia Novohispana, no. 64 (February 25, 2021): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iih.24486922e.2021.64.76641.
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Snell, Daniel C. "Circulation of Goods in Non-Palatial Context in the Ancient near East. A. Archi." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 47, no. 2 (April 1988): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373265.
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Utarov, Kanat. "On the concept of illegal circulation of industrial products in the Eurasian Economic Union." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 6, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls19261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A general description is given of the global illegal turnover of industrial products and its negative impact on the global economy, including the economy of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states (more than 17 million units of counterfeit goods in 2018).
Based on the analysis of the Treaty on the EAEU and other EAEU acts adopted in accordance with it, civil and other legislation of the EAEU Member States, the concepts of industry, industrial products (industrial goods), circulation of goods (products) are studied "," Illegal trade in industrial products. "
The conclusion is made that the existing regulatory framework of the EAEU is insufficient for the effective resolution of problems and coordinated counteraction of the Union member states to illegal trade in industrial products and, above all, its socially dangerous forms.
Definitions of the concepts of illegal circulation of industrial goods (industrial products) and substandard industrial products are formulated to fix them as terms in an additional special protocol to the Treaty on the EAEU.
The legalization of the definition of the concept of illegal trafficking in industrial products at the level of the EAEU Treaty is an important prerequisite for the formation and implementation of the agreed criminal policy of the EAEU member states in the field of countering such trafficking
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Yinlei, Yang. "A Review of the Influence of Rural Public Goods Supply on Rural Residents’ Consumption—A Case Study of 2009-2019." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 4 (November 28, 2020): p108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n4p108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The supply of rural public goods and the consumption of rural residents are not only an important symbol of the quality of life of rural residents, but also reflect the satisfaction of the majority of rural residents to a better life. At the same time, the supply of rural public goods and the consumption of rural residents are also the “engine” and “ballast stone”. The supply of rural public goods and the consumption of rural residents are the “Chinese experience” to solve the crisis. In the early days of the founding of the people’s Republic of China, the reform and opening up of the production package, the soft landing of the 2008 financial tsunami was a solution to the crisis by adjusting the supply of rural public goods. In the face of the complex situation of the current international economy and the influence of the epidemic situation, a new development pattern with the large domestic circulation as the main body and the domestic and international double circulation promoting each other can not only resolve the overproduction of the city, but also realize the redistribution of urban and rural resources by stimulating consumption. The research on the supply of rural public goods in China has been fruitful. From 2009 to 2019, there were 2729 articles on the supply of rural public goods and the consumption of rural residents.
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Nastich, V. N. "Monetary Economy of South Kazakhstan in the 19th Century (as evidenced by the “Turkestan Archive”)." Orientalistica 3, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 985–1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-4-985-1107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The review article is based on the materials of the talk given at the All-Union Barthold Readings in 1990. It comprises an analysis of the data regarding the monetary units circulating in the city ofTurkestanand its district (South Kazakhstan) during the period when it was subject to the Khoqand (Kokand) Khanate and subsequently to the Russian Empire. The sources are a large group of act and business documents written in oriental languages in Arabic script, which were discovered in the 1970s. The article provides a philological analysis of monetary terms and related metrology. It provides the relationship between local and Russian denominations as well as a general survey of monetary circulation in the region during the 19th century. Along with the coin types and some specific features of their circulation, the author supplies unique data regarding prices for goods, realty, food, etc., which existed in the region during that period.
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Soberman, D. A. "Free Movement of Goods in Canada and the United States." Les Cahiers de droit 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042885ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En ce qui regarde la circulation des biens, les constitutions américaines et canadiennes sont fort différentes l'une de l'autre. Le par. 91(2) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 semble attribuer au Parlement fédéral du Canada un vaste domaine de compétence économique, mais la jurisprudence, depuis les années cinquante, a interprété cette clause de façon très restrictive. Les autorités fédérales, d'autre part, ne jouissent pas d'un pouvoir explicite de mise en oeuvre des traités. En fait, il existe de nombreuses entraves, plus ou moins discutables, à la libre circulation des biens à l'intérieur même du Canada. Aux États-Unis, en revanche, la compétence apparemment limitée du Congrès en matière commerciale a été considérée par la Cour suprême comme étant l'équivalent d'un pouvoir général de réglementation. D'autre part, la Constitution stipule expressément que les traités ratifiés par le Sénat ont force de loi, de telle façon que le Gouvernement fédéral se trouve à jouir d'un plein pouvoir en ce qui regarde la mise en oeuvre des traités. Si l'Accord canado-américain sur le libre-échange devait être ratifié, sa mise en oeuvre ne causerait aucun problème aux États- Unis, mais elle serait susceptible d'en soulever au Canada. L'Accord ne s'applique pas à certaines questions de juridiction provinciale, comme les politiques d'achat préférentielles, les standards de qualité en matière de santé et de sécurité ou la réglementation professionnelle. Ces exclusions évitent des conflits entre le fédéral et les provinces, mais elles diminuent la portée de l'Accord. Il est peu probable que le mécanisme général prévu pour la solution des conflits fonctionne efficacement. L'arbitrage obligatoire des cas de dumping ou de droits compensatoires apparaît en revanche davantage de nature supranationale : il devrait s'avérer l'élément le plus significatif de l'Accord.
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Karanets, Snezhana M. "Terms of Circulation of Books in Public Libraries. Transformation of Demand." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 8, 2015): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-6-108-114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzed the main reasons of significant reduction of demand for the services of public libra-ries of Russia from 1980 to 2014. There are revealed the factors preventing reduction of the capacity of market of the cultural goods.
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Zhang, Feng Rong, Annik Magerholm Fet, and Xin Wei Xiao. "Grey RBF Neural Network Forecasting on LV under the View of Government Responsibility." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At present, the domestic research on the scale of macroscopic logistics has yet belonged to the blankness, therefore, this research tries using LV in circulation and LV in stock to measure the logistics volume and forecasting it in a long period. In order to overcome the phenomenon of “floating upward” in long-term period, this paper establish the improved Grey RBF to forecast the LV next 5-10 year in Jilin province of China. The results show that the increased circulation of goods is the main reason leading to increased logistics volume, and the simulation also shows that the improved gray RBF neural network model is a good method for the government to establish the logistics development policy.
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Sonalitha, Eltha. "SISTEM PENENTUAN DISKON PADA SWALAYAN BERBASIS JUMLAH PENJUALAN DAN STOK BARANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY CONTROL." MATICS 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/mat.v7i1.2876.
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<p><em>Abstract-</em>Competition supermarkets scattered everywhere with close proximity constraints have stock of goods in the supermarket is not immediately sold out even to reach the thresholds are exceeded. Sales management must be done to regulate the stock of goods in order to stock a lot of goods can be sold in advance. It is necessary to accelerate the inventory round. Monitoring and observation turnover should be done to determine the most salable goods and sought after by prospective customers with a high level of sales.In order to support the circulation of goods is required appropriate marketing strategies in the form of one of them by giving discounts on goods that are at risk of piling. The main target of this discounting is the amount of inventory that much and goods sales level slightly. The amount of stock that much should be given discounts in the hope that more rapid goods sold, thereby reducing the stock of goods that much. While the level of sales that little item must also be given a discount that much anyway so that goods are not up to the expiry date.This discount can not be separated determination of subjectivity manager self-service based on his experience as a sales management. Merging these two elements in determining the needs of this discount will rise to a complex calculation, to the researchers using fuzzy control methods to overcome them.</p> <p>The main objective of this research is to develop a system that can suppress the determination of prices of the losses suffered as a result of delays in circulation of goods. Research will implement determination system based discount rate of sales and inventory with fuzzy control in supermarkets.</p> <em>Keywords</em>: Supermaket, Discounts, Fuzzy, Control
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Sari, Chatrin Intan. "Consumer Protection on Nonofficial Drugs Case in Indonesia: How Far the Legal Protection is?" Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to know how the legal protection for consumers on the circulation of illegal drugs and how the accountability of business actors on the circulation of illegal drugs. By using normative juridical research method this study found that the legal protection to consumers on the circulation of illegal drugs conducted by the government through the Agency of Drugs and Food. The Agency highlighted that the attention that the government has run its supervision. In addition, the protection of consumer law arising from the existence of rights and obligations set forth in Article 4 letters a and c, article 7 letters a and d, article 8 paragraph 1 letter a, d and e of Law Number 8 Year 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The fulfilment of consumer rights over security, the right to be heard, the correct, clear, and honest information regulated in the UUPK is still not fulfilled. Article 98 paragraph 2, Article 106 paragraph 1 and 2 of Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health. The business actor is responsible as the manufacturer of the goods because the importer of the goods is not an agent or official importer. The business actor who is an individual shall be liable for the losses incurred even if only as an importer not as a producer of the goods.
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Desenclos, J. C., I. S. T. Fisher, and N. Gill. "Management of the investigation by Enter-net of international foodborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal organisms." Eurosurveillance 4, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.04.05.00065-en.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The free circulation of people, goods, and foods within the European Union (EU) states has increased the opportunity for international outbreaks of foodborne infections despite prevention efforts to reduce microbiological contamination of foodstuffs. The
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Cherrier, Hélène. "Disposal and simple living: exploring the circulation of goods and the development of sacred consumption." Journal of Consumer Behaviour 8, no. 6 (November 2009): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cb.297.
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Ishida, Minoru, and Osamu Yamada. "The Role of Diesel Trucks and the Impact of Diesel Engine Control, in Goods-Circulation." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 95, no. 882 (1992): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.95.882_398.
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Chen, Wen, and Lizhi Xing. "Measuring the Intermediate Goods’ External Dependency on the Global Value Chain: A Case Study of China." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074360.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the face of the anti-globalization trend and the shrinking of the global value chain, ensuring the safety of the global layout of the industrial chain and the sustainability of each country’s internal intermediate product production cycle has become an important new development strategy for all countries. The sustainability of the internal and external cycles of production systems is closely related to global value chains. Based on the world input-output model, we define the trade pattern of intermediate goods in various countries from the perspective of trade intermediary attributes, and propose two indicators by which to measure the dependence of China on the global value chain in the process of “dual circulation” development: the degree of vertical specialization (VSD) and the import share of domestic total consumption (IMS); China’s super-large market leads to low values of both VSD and IMS. China’s high-tech industry has the highest degree of external dependence in the process of participating in dual circulation, and there has been a fluctuation cycle since 2009. The external dependence of different industries shows heterogeneity.
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Clark, Leah R. "Transient Possessions: Circulation, Replication, and Transmission of Gems and Jewels in Quattrocento Italy." Journal of Early Modern History 15, no. 3 (2011): 185–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006511x565512.
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AbstractThis article examines the circulation of gems, jewelry, and antique hardstones, through merchant-banking networks in Italy in the late Quattrocento. The practices of pawning and exchange facilitated the circulation of objects, causing those goods to change hands constantly and to come into contact with a wide range of individuals, a process through which these artifacts accrued histories. Particular gems were sought after, not only for their material or artistic worth, but also for their histories and their previous illustrious owners, and many jewels were invested with names. Aside from their physical circulation, these objects were disseminated in visual form through replication across media, which raises questions around ownership, copies, and collections in the late fifteenth century.
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Kossak, Volodymyr M., Ihor Ye Yakubivskyi, and Mykola V. Oprysko. "Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Towards Harmonisation of Ukrainian and EU Law." Global Journal of Comparative Law 10, no. 1-2 (June 25, 2021): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-10010016.
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Abstract The article analyses the civil law means of protecting the ownership rights to intellectual property from the standpoint of Ukrainian law and practice. The focus is on those means of protecting intellectual property rights envisaged by the Association Agreement between the EU and the eaec and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, and outlines the prospects for their practical implementation within the legal framework of Ukraine. Among the means of protecting intellectual property rights, prohibition of the misuse of intellectual property in a specific way is considered. The paper also analyses the ways of protecting intellectual property rights, which are aimed at restoring the situation that existed prior to their violation, in particular, the removal from the civil circulation of goods manufactured or put into civil circulation, thus causing a violation of intellectual property rights, and subsequent destruction of such goods.
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Jora, Octavian-Dragomir, Matei-Alexandru Apăvăloaei, and Mihaela Iacob. "The cultural heritage circulation in a globalized world: Should we build stronger borders or stronger bridges?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 1069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0096.
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Abstract The scope of this paper is to explore if the free market and its corollaries - private property and the freedom to trade both nationally and internationally - are compatible with the conservation, search and optimal use of heritage goods. Our argument starts from the fact that culture is not a free-floating wraith but a set of tangible and intangible elements that are attributed special spiritual signification by the present generation and that are dependent on scarce material means to be expressed and passed on to our heirs. By taking scarcity as our starting point, we will provide an economic analysis of the implications that follow from the alternative approaches that can be employed to manage heritage goods, namely, a private property order coordinated through prices or a public property form of organisation coordinated through orders and interdictions. After tracing the implications of these two general principles of allocating resources, we will briefly look at how heritage goods are regulated, both on a national and international level, to gain a better understanding of the spirit that permeates the "rules of the game." Finally, we are going to see how the two general principles (market vs command and control) apply to the debate raging between the cosmopolites and the nationalists regarding the international trade in heritage goods. After carefully scrutinising some of the arguments put forward in this dispute over the appropriate means to be used, we conclude that free markets and free trade are the only adequate ways for reaching the objective sought by those on both sides of the debate.
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Panasenko, Svetlana, Ibragim Ramazanov, Maisa Seifullaeva, Alla Stolyarova, Elena Mayorova, and Alexander Nikishin. "Assessment of the current state of commodity circulation in the Russian Federation." Nexo Revista Científica 35, no. 01 (April 4, 2022): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v35i01.13926.
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This article presents the results of a study of the current state of the sphere of commodity circulation in the Russian Federation as part of the market economy and economic relations taking place in it. The process, system, situational methods of analysis were applied, which allowed identifying the main elements of the sphere of commodity circulation (commodity movement in the form of direct sales or wholesale trade, circulation of goods carried out by retail enterprises and organizations, cooperative activities for the purchase and sale of products), problems of the development of the sphere of circulation, including the uneven development of the transport network (especially at the level of such regions as the Far East, the Volga region), the underdevelopment of the market of wholesale distribution centers and the lack of federal platforms for effective redistribution of products between regions, its packaging, storage and transportation, customs services, lack of coordination of actions and adaptive abilities between economic entities in the sphere of commodity circulation. The authors have identified areas for improving the competitiveness of organizations in the sphere of commodity circulation, including the development of the logistics market of wholesale and distribution centers.
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KONONENKO, S. V. "SPECIAL FEATURES AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TAX ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELD OF CIRCULATION OF EXCISABLE GOODS." Scientific Journal of Public and Private Law 2, no. 5 (2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2618-1258.2020.5-2.11.
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Verbruggen, Paul. "The Impact of Primary EU Law on Private Law Relationships: Horizontal Direct Effect under the Free Movement of Goods and Services." European Review of Private Law 22, Issue 2 (April 1, 2014): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2014021.
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Abstract: This article examines the basis on which the Court of Justice of the European Union draws a distinction between the free movement of goods (Art. 28 et seq. of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)) and services (Art. 56 et seq. TFEU) as regards their capacity to have horizontal direct effect, that is, be able to create, modify, or extinguish rights and obligations between private parties. It argues that this Court's position to deny horizontal direct effect to the freedom of goods, but award it to the freedom of services, is conceptually unclear and dents theuniform interpretation of EU free movement law. In particular, it is argued that the judge-made distinction between the freedoms of goods and services should be revisited in the light of the reality of today's business relationships and supply chains. Modern trends of the 'servitisation of products' and 'commodification of services' signify that trade in goods and the provision of services are intimately linked and mutually complementary. While the Court has recognized this interdependence in its case law, it fails to follow up on the consequences this has for its case law on the horizontal direct effect of the freedom of goods and services. Resumé: L'effet direct horizontal d'une norme consiste en la possibilité pour celle-ci de créer, modifier ou faire disparaître des droits ou obligations entre personnes privées. Si la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne l'admet en matière de libre circulation des services (Article 56 et suivantes TFUE), elle la refuse en revanche pour les biens (Article 28 et suivants TFUE). Cette contribution défend l'idée selon laquelle une telle distinction est conceptuellement équivoque et va à l'encontre de l'exigence d'interprétation uniforme des dispositions de l'Union relatives à la libre circulation. Il apparaît en particulier que cette distinction prétorienne entre biens et services devrait être repensée à la lumière de la réalité d'aujourd'hui en matière de relations commerciales et de chaîne logistique. Les tendances actuelles de 'servicisation des produits' et de 'chosification des services' témoignent de la relation étroite et complémentaire entre biens et services. Alors que la Cour a reconnu cette interdépendance dans sa jurisprudence, elle n'en a pas tiré les conséquences en matière d'effet direct horizontal des dispositions relatives à la libre circulation des biens et des services.
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Kleiner, G. "System Economics as a Platformfor development of modern Economic Theory." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6 (June 20, 2013): 4–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-6-4-28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article the concept of system economics — a new direction in economic theory based on a view of economic processes as the creation, operation, interaction and transformation of economic systems — has been developed. The co-ordinated basic typology of economic systems, goods, processes, and management operations, which allows to represent economy functioning as a structural model of economic goods circulation, has been proposed. Potential directions of system economics application as a conceptual platform for progress in solving current tasks of modern economic theory have been defined.
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Choi, Hye Rin. "A Study on the Jadeite Comma-shaped Beads Excavated from Young-nam area on Three Kingdoms Period." Yeongnam Archaeological Society, no. 81 (May 30, 2018): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2018.81.143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper focus on circulation and consumption of jadeite comma-shaped beads in Young-nam area. In the early of the 4C until 5C, the consumption was controlled by Daesung-dong and Bokcheon-dong groups, and It was buried in ruling class and reflect high classes. In the early of the 5C, Geumgwan Gaya had lost the control on surrounding areas, and the circulation spread to the ruling classes of Ham-an and Gyeongju area. In the late of the 5C, the most of consumption was concentrated in Gyeongju area. As phenomenon resulted from a construction of great tombs in Young-nam area, it had appeared in Hapcheon, Goryeong and Changnyeong area. In Gyeongju, the tombs of ruling rank had monopolized the consumption and had established costume system. This costume system was distributed to Gyeongsan area, these areas forged a political relationship. These patterns had continued after the 6C as expanding the influence of Silla on Yeongcheon and Yangsan area. Jadeite commashaped beads are appeared in So Gaya areas while the exchange between Japanese Island is lasting. The circulation had started to surrounding area as expanding the influence of Dae Gaya. The jadeite comma-shaped beads have highly possibility that had flown from Japanese Island. jadeite stone and finished goods had moved to Young nam area and had been produced in the goods. It is also that not only pivotal circulation related to the Kinai(近畿) but also related to the Fukuoka(福岡) and the Hokuriku area(北陸).
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van der woude, Marc. "The Limits of Free Circulation; The Torfaen Borough Council Case." Leiden Journal of International Law 3, no. 1 (April 1990): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500003782.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The energetic implementation of the 1992 programme should not be allowed to put the contribution of the Court of Justice to the establishment of the Common Market in the shade. Its case law on the direct effect of Treaty provisions concerning the free circulation of persons, services and goods enables European workers and business-men to fight effectively against protectionism in the EEC Member States. The Court gives, moreover, a very broad interpretation to the prohibitions contained in these provisions and, reciprocally, a very restrictive interpretation to their exceptions. This approach leads to the removal of nearly every obstacle to free trade. Liberalisation has its limits however. Certain economic activities require regulation, even if it has restrictive effects.
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EVANGELISTI, SILVIA. "MONASTIC POVERTY AND MATERIAL CULTURE IN EARLY MODERN ITALIAN CONVENTS." Historical Journal 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003480.
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This article discusses the meaning of material culture in early modern Italian convents. Although nuns were required to give up private property rights and embrace religious poverty, many of them brought into the convent a vast range of material objects and goods for their personal use. These goods could also be given away, exchanged, or lent to others within the monastic community and even outside it. By exploring the circulation of objects, money, and goods, we get an interesting picture of how female monastic institutions worked internally and interacted with the city. We also gain a better understanding of the role of objects in articulating religious discipline and regulating the networks of interpersonal relations within cloistered communities.
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Poncelet, Charles. "Free Movement of Goods and Environmental Protection in EU Law: A Troubled Relationship?" International Community Law Review 15, no. 2 (2013): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341249.
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Abstract This article examines the relationship between the principle of free movement of goods and the protection of the environment under the umbrella of European Union (EU) law. It will be discussed whether Member States are suitably provided with legal means which enable them to take due account of environmental circumstances when they take measures which have an impact on the circulation of goods within the internal market. To this end, the relevant provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) will be critically analysed in the light of their interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) over the last decades. Particular emphasis will be given to a recent decision of the CJEU which has shed new light on this subject.