Дисертації з теми "Goods circulation"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-19 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Goods circulation".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Matchette, Elizabeth Ann. "Unbound possessions : the circulation of used goods in Florence, c.1450-1600." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427044.
Повний текст джерелаКононенко, С. В. "Адміністративно-правові засади адміністрування податків у сфері обігу підакцизних товарів". Thesis, НДІПП, 2021. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/18623.
Повний текст джерелаHémon, Jacques. "Le rôle de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne dans le processus de constitution et d'évolution du marché intérieur des marchandises." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G007/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe influence of the Court of Justice of the EU on the evolution of the internal market for goods within the EU is at the heart of the issue to determine the degree of freedom that Community law intends to grant to the member states through the process of negative integration. The criteria selected by the judicial body of the EU to interpret and apply the provisions of the treaty are not neutral. Our analysis emphasizes a sometimes criticisable compromise between commercial issues on one hand, and non economic issues, on the other hand. It also promotes the idea that the time for a stabilised jurisprudence would be a sign of maturity in the search for a compromise between the need for an integrated market and respect of national sovereignties
Neto, Antonio Gomes de Jesus. "Entre trilhos e rodas: fluidez territorial e os sentidos da circulação de mercadorias em Moçambique." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-21122016-130715/.
Повний текст джерелаMozambique is historically known for being a drain region for the inner production of Southern Africa, especially its neighbors South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Malawi. The course of its railways, built throughout the colonial period in the region, shows a territory divided by three distinct rail networks, each one linked to a major Mozambican port (Maputo, Beira and Nacala) but not interconnected. This constitutes a territory apparently little integrated and turned to its exterior. Even though an important part of the contemporary circulation of goods in Mozambique stills follows this extraverted logic, since the countrys independence in 1975 the Mozambican government has been making an effort to integrate its territory and set up a national economy. When it comes to the circulation of goods, this is a task that depends on road transport by means of numerous roads (mostly unpaved) and different transport operators (such as companies, autonomous drivers and informal carriers). These operate not only internally but also outwards. Thus, based on Milton Santos\' proposal to understand the geographical space through its technical and political-normative dimensions, this dissertation attempts at providing a framework for the circulation of goods in Mozambique regarding its historical constitution and the two directions that orientate it in the contemporary period: the extraverted and the internal circulation.
Кисельова, О. О. "Організація i методика обліку, аналізу і аудиту реалізації товарів". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/72281.
Повний текст джерелаВ работе исследованы теоретические и практические аспекты реализации товаров на предприятиях фармацевтической отрасли, их учет, анализ и аудит, а также разработаны пути их совершенствования. Проанализированы особенности реализации товаров фармацевтической отрасли. Разработаны практические рекомендации по совершенствованию методики учета, анализа и аудита реализации товаров фармацевтической отрасли.
The theoretical and practical aspects of the realization of goods at the enterprises of the pharmaceutical industry, their accounting, analysis and audit, and ways of their improvement, are developed. The peculiarities of sales of goods in the pharmaceutical industry are analyzed. Practical recommendations for improving the method of accounting, analysis and audit of goods sales in the pharmaceutical industry have been developed.
Leão, Cristiano Maciel Carneiro. "A emenda constitucional 33/01 e o "novo" ICMS - importação: manutenção da "transferência de titularidade" como núcleo constitucional da materialidade do ICMS - importação." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7782.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work has the purpose of analyzing the amendments to the 1988 Federal Constitution resulting from the Constitutional Amendment n.º 33/2001, more specifically as regards to the ICMS Importation [State Goods and Services Circulation Tax]. As it is known, it is not a new matter that the States and the Federal District are trying to collect the ICMS Importation on every and any entrance of assets or goods to the country. They were lacking only the indispensable constitutional authorization in order to do that. The legislator of the aforementioned Amendment, on its side, tried to make effective the intention of the States and the Federal District, taking steps for the amendment of the constitutional archetype of the ICMS Importation so as such tribute could be collected at the time of every and any importation, regardless the nature of the operation arranged abroad, who/which is fostering it and, finally, the utilization to be given to the imported assets. It seems to us that the intention, as referred to, was very successful as regards to some of its purposes as the newest ICMS Importation can be collected by means of the in abstracto tribute levying as regards to assets or goods, not taking into account the utilization that will be given to them. However, the purpose of the Constitutional Amendment n.º 33/01 was not fully reached. This problem so happened because the Amendment had not the ability of modifying the archetype of the ICMS Importation so as such exaction could have an incidence over merely physical circulations. Due to that reason, it is our conclusion, and the conclusion of the present work, that in spite of the modification as implemented by the Constitutional Amendment n.º 33/01 regarding the ICMS Importation, the exaction, as referred to, may not have an incidence over mere physical circulation, but only over operations that have to do with juridical circulation that is made effective only with the transfer of the ownership of the asset or good
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as alterações da Constituição Federal de 1988 produzidas pela Emenda Constitucional n.º 33/2001, mais especificamente em relação ao ICMS Importação. Não é de agora que os Estados e o Distrito Federal vêm tentando operar a cobrança de ICMS Importação sobre toda e qualquer entrada de bens ou mercadorias no país. Faltava-lhes tão-somente a indispensável autorização constitucional para tanto. A Emenda tentou realizar o anseio dos Estados e do Distrito Federal promovendo a alteração do arquétipo constitucional do ICMS Importação, de modo que tal tributo pudesse ser cobrado por ocasião de toda e qualquer importação, independentemente da natureza da operação entabulada no exterior, de quem a promove e da destinação dos bens importados. Parece-nos que a intenção foi bem-sucedida em relação a parte de seus objetivos, pois o novel ICMS Importação pode ser cobrado mediante a instituição do tributo in abstracto relativamente a bens ou mercadorias independentemente da destinação que lhes for dada, o que afeta, necessariamente, o rol das pessoas que podem ser contribuintes de tal exação. O objetivo da Emenda Constitucional n.º 33/01, todavia, não foi alcançado integralmente. Isso porque a mesma não teve o condão de modificar o arquétipo do ICMS Importação para que tal exação pudesse incidir sobre circulações meramente físicas. Em razão disso, é nossa conclusão, e conclusão do presente trabalho, que, a despeito das modificações implementadas pela Emenda Constitucional n.º 33/01 quanto ao ICMS Importação, a pretendida exação não pode incidir sobre mera circulação física, mas tão-somente sobre operações que contemplem circulação jurídica, que só se opera com a transferência da titularidade de bem ou mercadoria
Peureux, Virginie. "Recherche sur l'équilibre entre les droits nationaux de propriété intellectuelle et la liberté communautaire de circulation des marchandises : la mise en oeuvre de la théorie de l’épuisement des droits." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10023.
Повний текст джерелаThe dilemma in which the national and the European authorities had to face in the context of the conflict between the principle of the free movement of goods and the intellectual property rights was to know if the national authorities had to reinforce their protection of the intellectual property holders (conservative trend) or to increase their monopoly free access (libertarian trend). The European law did not vote for any of the two trends but chose a half-tone solution with the “exhaustion theory”, clearly anchored in the intellectual property panorama. From now on, once a good is put on the market for the first time, covered by a intellectual property right, on European market, by the owner himself or with his agreement, this person can no longer ask for his private right owned in another member state in order to prohibit further commercial actions such as importation of goods put on the market in another European member country that has as a similar protection. In this study emerges the fact that, if at the beginning, the opposition was the reasoning process of the community authorities to solve the conflicts in intellectual property rights, now with the major economic stakes in our market economy the complementarity prevails. Community and national authorities have found the right balance for the interests of all the different characters in the market economy who are the holder of rights, the consumers-users and the industrials
Sevin, Jean-Claude. "La desserte maritime et terrestre de l’Europe en trafics conteneurisés à l’horizon 2030." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CNAM0767/document.
Повний текст джерелаThroughout the world globalisation exists as an everyday reality. Like many of our contemporaries, we are convinced that we are experiencing a completely new phenomenon. For the economic historian, talking about globalisation in the singular would mean ignoring all the others. It is not the purpose of this essay to deny the vigour of the current globalisation, but to grasp the size of a permanent phenomenon, which is now linked to containerisation. In fact, with the benefit of hindsight and a study of the past, we can understand better the current debates and possible future developments. But the future is largely determined by a certain number of change factors. If it is not possible to predict the final outcome of these changes, nonetheless, we can speculate on the way each might influence the future of the European economy, in general, and on the consequences which can result from the provision of containerised transport throughout Europe. Some of these factors can directly influence the strengths and weaknesses of the existing models; others can have indirect impacts.This thesis is an essay which is aimed at all the practitioners and university specialists interested in maritime trade. It is not a text about certitudes, nor a piece of condensed scholarship; the objective is neither to cover every aspect of maritime transport nor the economic history of Europe. Europe, which only represents 7% of the global land mass, is a peninsula bordered on three sides by the seas and does not have a neat geographical border on the fourth side separating it from the rest of the Eurasian continent. This geographical Europe has rarely coincided with an economic Europe. We must consider that the vast regions of east and south-east Europe were invaded and enslaved by non-European conquerors, and were liberated only after many centuries. In fact Europe has always had a variable geometry, which is normal, because, since ancient times it has been the result of all the different invasions and Eurasian trade. After the discovery of the American continent, Europeans developed commerce on a worldwide scale and imposed their hegemony until 1914. Spices and other oriental products were added to the products from the “East Indies”. This central position, obtained because of a demographic and technical superiority, stems from an economic and centralizing imperialism, challenged at the start of the 20th century and today largely condemned.With enormous transport capacities and very low costs, containerisation has accompanied globalisation for more than fifty years and has totally revolutionised the transport on regular lines of different merchandise. Henceforth, a permanent question about the globalisation of trade and navigation appears in different forms in this thesis; this is that access to the global market of Europe is certainly linked to the performance of European infrastructure but even more to global traffic. The future of Europe is inevitably linked to the Mediterranean and is thwarted by the “price scissors effect” which puts at risk the involvement of southern Mediterranean states in the process of globalisation. Europe has a major role to play in this region, but it does nearly nothing in response to the emergence of Asian and Latin American powers. If we wait for Europe to find its “road to Damascus”, there is a risk that by 2030 it will have lost its central role. On the other hand a reasonable prediction is that there will be a global system of trade and navigation centred on the Indian Ocean and the China seas, while European traffic gradually becomes peripheral to a new global containerised transport circulation
Guedria, Mohamed. "Modélisation et évaluation des livraisons urbaines à base de petits véhicules." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0206/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe VRP makes it possible to model the problem of TMV. However, in its most simplistic version it cannot be adapted to the new constraints which reinforce the complexity of the urban environment such as congestion. This is why this work is placed first on a TDVRP (Time-dependent-Vehicle-Routing-Problem) in order to best represent the current urban context. The resolution of these two problems is effective; resulting in a reduction in the number of additional vehicles needed due to congestion delays can be eliminated. But this solution is not without consequences for end customers since its goal is to avoid the switch to peak hours and this can lead to delivery delays. For this reason we want to propose a new solution that solves the problem of the shortest path and integrating time dependency (TDVRP). This solution relies on better operation of vehicles, in the first place, to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. This problem is called MT-VRP (Multi-Trip VRP) which was raised in 2007 by (Azi, et al. 2007). In a second step we want to propose a MT VRP that uses different types of vehicle in terms of loading capacity. In this perspective comes our work that proposes a new solution of MTTDVRP (TW with time windows) by testing a new solution using a light vehicle of low load capacity (tricycle type) in order to reduce the nuisance associated with TMV
Durand, Étienne. "Électricité de source renouvelable et droit du marché interieur européen." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3072.
Повний текст джерелаThe European Union is pursuing an ambitious policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20% in the European energy consumption by 2020. To that extent, the European legislator requests from all Member States that they implement national support for the production of renewable electricity, which may fall within the scope of the ban on restrictions and State aids. In parallel, the policy of achieving the internal energy market requires the Member States to liberate the economic sector in which renewable electricity is used. By observing the rules of the internal market, the thesis evaluates the articulation between these objectives that seem contradictory. While the environmental goal underlying the development of renewable electricity justifies an inflexion of the rules of the internal market, it promotes national separation and gives rise to normative competition between the Member States. Each of them uses the attractiveness of its own laws to persuade the economic operators to exploit national energy sources, independently of their natural distribution on a European scale. The empirical observation of this phenomenon highlights the risks it poses to the overall coherence of the European Union’s action in the field of renewable energies. By using some developments of the positive law and the practice of private actors in the market, the thesis evaluates the hypotheses to renew the market mechanisms so that the market becomes a full instrument for promoting renewable electricity in the European Union
Ullestad, Antoine. "Les frontières extérieures de l'Union européenne : étude de l'internationalisation du marché intérieur." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAA001/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlobalization questions the very dogma of the border. Perhaps the representation of the border as a clear and distinct line – separating unequivocally and timelessly – the “inside” from the “outside” is not the only possible legal status for the border. Perhaps the elimination of borders within the internal market of the European Union (in the sense of article 26 TFEU) and the implementation of a “global village”, which would have irreversibly erased all forms of dividing lines, do not match the legal reality of international trade. Perhaps globalization is not an invitation to question the decline or resurgence of borders, but an opportunity to think about their relevance in order to rediscover the very meaning of the notion of “border”
Silva, Willaine Araújo. "Isenções tributárias relativas ao ICMS e guerra fiscal : análise à luz do preceito federativo." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1273.
Повний текст джерелаCom o processo de redemocratização ocorrido no país na década de 80, trazido na ordem constitucional de 1988, significativas modificações tiveram lugar no Brasil, dentre elas a maior descentralização político-administrativa do Estado, aumento da extensão do âmbito de autonomia dos entes federativos e a diminuição do implemento de políticas de desenvolvimento regional promovidas pela União. Emergiu de tais conceitos a disseminação de condutas anti-cooperativas entre os entes federativos, principalmente no que condiz ao exercício da competência tributária relativa ao ICMS, passando os Estados-membros e Distrito Federal a exercerem sua autonomia de maneira unilateral, por meio da concessão de isenções tributárias do referido imposto sem a chancela do CONFAZ, com vistas a atrair a iniciativa privada para promoção do desenvolvimento regional e geração de empregos, implicando efeitos negativos na Federação como um todo. Dessa forma e diante de um Estado cujos parâmetros federativos foram erigidos como cláusula pétrea, indaga-se se tais condutas adotadas pelos Estados-membros e Distrito Federal estariam de acordo com os ditames constitucionais, bem assim propõe-se meios de diminuição da competição tributária entre os entes políticos brasileiros aos quais se atribui a competência relativa ao ICMS, sob as luzes do preceito federativo.
De, Gaulmyn Louis. "Les mécanismes de soutien à la production d'électricité de source renouvelable." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED023.
Повний текст джерелаThe European Union is pursuing a major policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20 % in total energy consumption in 2020. In this context, France has set up a policy to support renewable electricity generation, through support mechanisms that directly subsidize this generation. However, this mode of support faces several issues, which question its durability. On the one hand, the evolution of the internal electricity market policy renews the question of the compatibility of the support mechanisms with the provisions of European Union law on free movement of goods and State aid. On the other hand, the significant development of renewable electricity generation risks threatening the balance of the French electricity system. In order to cope with these obstacles, France has adopted a major reform of these support mechanisms and has set up several linked mechanisms aimed at adapting the growth of renewable electricity generation to the constraints posed by the electricity system. By using some recent developments of the positive law and the doctrines developed by the institutional players in the internal electricity market, the thesis evaluates the capacity of this reform to adapt the policy of support for renewable electricity generation to these legal and systemic constraints
Barufaldi, Cristiano Roesler. "Substituição tributária “para frente” no ICMS : da capacidade contributiva na tributação por fato gerador presumido." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115059.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of the forward taxation substitution technique in the state value-added tax on services and circulation of goods (“ICMS”) – and its conformity with the Ability-to-pay Principle are the aim of this paper. Firstly, this study attempts to trace the outlines of the progressive taxation substitution within the assumptions of passive tax subjection, also composing a history of legislative and jurisprudential precedents on the matter. The Second chapter is intended to examine the Ability-to-pay Principle, especially regarding its effectiveness and enforcement under the Brazilian Legal System. In the last part of the work, the assumptions and the limits regarding the ability to pay taxes are analyzed in relation to the progressive taxation substitution on state value-added tax on services and circulation of goods (ICMS). To this end, this study examines the need to link the tax legal substitute with the enforceable fact and the tax legal recipient, so that the impact of the tax burden of the amounts paid in substitution occurs, as well as the need to link the restrictions imposed on the legislator for the presumed calculation basis on the progressive taxation substitution.
Laarabi, Mohamed Haitam. "Optimisation multicritère des itinéraires pour transport des marchandises dangereuses en employant une évaluation en logique floue du risque et la simulation du trafic à base d'agents." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0074/document.
Повний текст джерелаEveryday thousands of trucks transporting hundreds of thousands of tons of dangerous goods by various modalities and both within and across nations. However, the term “dangerous” indicates an intrinsic adversity that characterize these products, which can manifest in an accident leading to release of a hazardous substance (e.g. radioactive, flammable, explosive etc.). In this situation, the consequences can be lethal to human beings, other living organisms and damage the environment and public/private properties.The importance of dangerous goods boils down to the significant economic benefits that generates. In fact, one cannot deny the contribution of the transport of all fossil fuel derived product, which represents more than 60% of dangerous goods transported in Europe. Eni, the Italian leading petrochemical company, every day operates a fleet of about 1,500 trucks, which performs numerous trips from loading terminals to filling stations. Distribution of petroleum products is a risky activity, and an accident during the transportation may lead to serious consequences.Aware of what is at stake, the division Eni R&M - Logistics Secondary, historically active in Genoa headquarters, is collaborating since 2002 with the DIBRIS department at University of Genoa, and the CRC at Mines ParisTech, with the purpose of studying possible improvements regarding safety in transport of dangerous goods, particularly petroleum products. Over years, this collaboration has led to the development of different technologies and mainly to an information and decision support system. The major component of this system is a platform for monitoring Eni fleet, at the national level, to deliver the products to the distribution points, called the Transport Integrated Platform (TIP). These vehicles are equipped with a device capable of transmitting data stream in real-time using a GPRS modem. The data transmitted can be of different nature and contain information about the state of the vehicle and occurred events during the trip. These data are intended to be received by centralized servers then get processed and stored, in order to support various applications within the TIP.With this in mind, the studies undertaken throughout the thesis are directed towards the development of a proposal to further minimize the risk related to the transportation of dangerous goods. In other words, a trade-off based model for route selection taking into consideration economic and safety factors. The objective is prompted by the need to support existent regulations and safety standards, which does not assure a full warranty against accidents involving dangerous goods.The goal is carried out by considering the existent system as basis for developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aggregating multiple software platforms. These platforms should allow planners and decision makers to monitor in real-time their fleet, to assess risk and evaluate all possible routes, to simulate and create different scenarios, and to assist at finding solutions to particular problems.Throughout this dissertation, I highlight the motivation for such research work, the related problem statements, and the challenges in dangerous goods transport. I introduce the TIP as the core for the proposed ITS architecture. For simulation purposes, virtual vehicles are injected into the system. The management of the data collection was the subject of technical improvement for more reliability, efficiency and scalability in real-time monitoring of dangerous goods shipment. Finally, I present a systematic explanation of the methodology for route optimization considering both economic and risk criteria. The risk is assessed based on various factors mainly the frequency of accident leading to hazardous substance release and its consequences. Uncertainty quantification in risk assessment is modelled using fuzzy sets theory
Ruzek, Vincent. "Communautarisation et mondialisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G009.
Повний текст джерелаThe internationalization of IP Law, initiated at the end of the 19th century, has taken since the end of the 20th century a brand new twist with its inclusion in the field of multilateral trade disciplines. The signing of the TRIPS agreement marks the emergence of a global IP governance. Indeed, the ambition displayed by the WTO is to supervise the margin of maneuver of its Members in implementing their policies. Although Communitization of IP law started much later, it now has a considerable scope: national protection regimes have been conciliated with the cardinal principles of the Treaty, some important harmonization directives have been enacted, and various European titles of protection have even been created. Our study is designed to show how Communitization, beyond its traditional role of source of law, officiates as a necessary and efficient vector for structuring the European position towards the Globalization of IP Law. In its ascendant side first -- from Local to Global, the Communitization vector plays a role of merging the objectives to be promoted on the international scene. The issue at stake is to shape an IP global framework that corresponds to the system of interests and values of the EU, in accordance with the far-reaching objectives assigned by the Treaty. This merging process is, however, not automatic. In spite of several amendments to the Treaty and of the progress of internal harmonization, various institutional constraints thwart the emergence of a fully integrated external European policy in the field of IP. But it is precisely in light of these constraints that the scope of the achievements of the EU, which in now recognized as a central actor in the global IP governance, must be appreciated. In its down side then -- from Global to Local, the Communitization vector is accompanied by a rise of the European Court of Justice in arbitrating complex normative interactions between national, EU and International IP Laws. A systematic analysis of the resolution by the ECJ of these normative interactions reveals its determination to safeguard the autonomy of the EU legal order, by arranging for significant discretion in implementing international commitments. This margin of appreciation is used to defend an original European model under construction, taking advantage of the flexibilities of the global normative framework
Lo, Chun-Wei, and 羅均瑋. "See the Sustainable Design, through the Circulation of Goods." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79478763869230553651.
Повний текст джерела國立雲林科技大學
工業設計系
103
In primitive society, people used to barter for their required materials. After economic development, the circulation of money has become a trade pattern which is accustomed to the modern economic society . However, the event that a paper clip exchanged for a house in 2006 subverted the ideas that the transactions must be of equivalent value in a trade, and once again let the barter become a trend. The awareness of environmental protection awakes in recent years, and many areas have made efforts on the issue of environmental protection to reduce environmental damage and waste of resources. "Sustainability" has also become an important issue in the field of design. More and more designers are influenced by the awareness of environmental protection, trying to let new products have minimum damage to the environment with many methods of designing. Barter activities are considered as a unique environmental protection means. Through barter, the waste in the eyes of ordinary people becomes chips to exchange for other goods and articles. Those goods’lives will not terminate rapidly due to personal dislike . On the contrary, they could continue to demonstrate their value in different users who continues to show their value. This study interviewed various types of exchangers, who have various levels of bartering experiences, or have the experiences with different goods, to understand how users let the goods which are already out of the mainstream of the market mechanism circulate between people through bartering, a non-monetary transaction. In the last chapter, the value and the connotation innovation of bartering are discussed from different angles and by different cases. By throwing my points, I try to trigger for more valuable discussion about how the concept of cherishing, sharing, and community could be utilized in the thoughts of sustainable design, and enlighten the sustainable design in the future.
Slafter, Stewart. "The Augsburg Shopkeepers' Guild and the circulation of goods in early modern Europe /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9943117.
Повний текст джерелаStehly, Céline. "L'influence du contexte conjoncturel sur la fonction intégrative de la cour de justice des communautés européennes dans le domaine de la libre circulation des marchandises." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2771.
Повний текст джерелаThe integrative role played by the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC) in the construction of Europe is well known and documented. However the reasons that have motivated the CJEC in this role are far less known. Although some studies have been conducted on this topic, one aspect has been completely ignored: the influence of the conjunctural context on the European Community case law, and more precisely the orientation that the Court has chosen to give to the latter. Within this scope the Court's audiences play a determining role. To ensure that its decisions are well followed, the CJEC takes into consideration the expectations of the Member States, the European institutions, the judicial community (national tribunals, Advocates General, doctrine and practitioners), and the European citizens and economic operators. In regard to the question as to whether or not the CJEC decides to intervene in the domain of free movement of goods, in favour of the European economic integration, I argue the following hypothesis: the intervention of the Court depends on a central variable, that of the audiences, of which the expectations (and their relative weight) are determined by the conjunctural context. My objective is to point out the ideological aspects of the Court's decision making, mostly unknown to legal scholarship, and to demonstrate that the fluctuating character of case law in this domain, and more precisely in the interpretation of Article 28 of the CE Treaty, is explained by the Court’s taking into consideration the expectations of its audiences, which are mainly committed to the neoliberal ideology. In order to evaluate the varying weight of each audience of the CJEC, the first part of the thesis will delve into the conjunctural context and the European construction from 1990 to 2006 where in particular, we observe a turn towards neoliberalism. The study of the audiences and their impact on EC case law will be the subject of the second part of the thesis. I will show that this case law is "under influence", essentially to the service of the development and the strengthening of the European internal market.